1937:
1221:"The publication of my poems brought me new contacts. Above all, I think of Arthur W. Ryder. My first meeting with this professor of Sanskrit and notable writer on Hindu lore occurred before the days of my Examiner appearance, and at the cost of a brief diversion I will tell of it. One evening the members of the university chess team played a team from the faculty. As a sharer of the not highly esteemed, not greatly contested honor of belonging to the student team, I was one of the warriors who was to charge with knights and rooks against a member of the teaching staff. I arrived at the hall of combat aglow with hope— the pride of recent victory over a member of the Stanford team (in a long-drawn game, a last-ditch affair won by a single pawn). Still, the narrowness of my conquest did not make me any the less confident. Now to bring one of the professors crashing into the dust! I found myself seated opposite a quiet-looking, middle-aged man with a clear-cut virile face, who seemed placidly unaware of his impending doom. But something, alas, went wrong at the game's very start. After a mere half-dozen moves, I was hopelessly ensnarled and, after another two or three moves, I was entirely stunned by that most disheartening word, "Checkmate!" How had it happened? In my humiliation, I could not explain. But the flush on my cheeks was somewhat relieved when I learned that my opponent was ranked as one of the two best chess players on the Pacific Coast.
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203:. He was an instructor in Sanskrit at Harvard University from 1902 until January 1906, when he moved to the University of California at Berkeley, to its linguistics department, as an instructor in Sanskrit and German. He became an instructor in Sanskrit alone later in the same year, became assistant professor in 1908, associate professor in 1919, and professor in 1925. From his arrival at Berkeley until his death, Sanskrit was a separate department with Ryder as chairman and sole member, after which it was absorbed into the Department of
507:"Ryder felt and thought and talked as a Stoic ... a special subclass of the people who have a tragic sense of life, in that they attribute to human actions the completely decisive role in the difference between salvation and damnation. Ryder knew that a man could commit irretrievable error, and that in the face of this fact, all others were secondary." Tartly intolerant of humbug, laziness, stupidity and deceit, Ryder thought that "Any man who does a hard thing well is automatically respectable and worthy of respect."
42:
1956:
425:. In his ideal world, the university curriculum would have been mostly limited to Latin, Greek, and mathematics, with subjects like history, philosophy, physics, and languages like Sanskrit, Hebrew, German, and French being allowed to serious students only later, as a sort of reward. The then-new disciplines like psychology and sociology were dismissed "out of hand as not worth damning."
133:
Taken as a whole, Ryder's work as a translator is probably the finest ever accomplished by an
American. It is also probably the finest body of translation from the Sanskrit ever accomplished by one man, if translation be regarded as a branch of literary art, not merely as a faithful rendering of the
381:
He was known for his love of the language, preferring to publish whatever most delighted him, rather than scholarly articles. In fact, he was outspoken in his contempt for such articles, holding the view that
Sanskrit ought to be studied not for philological reasons, but for the great literature it
459:
In particular, his translation of the
Shakuntala was regarded as the best at the time, his "accurate and charming" translation of the Panchatantra remains popular and highly regarded, while his translation of the Bhagavad Gita was not so successful.
1834:
G. L. Anderson, 1959: "Arthur W. Ryder's translation of
Kalidasa's work is the best in English, though Monier Williams' translation of 'Shakuntala' is satisfactory and Sir William Jones' (1789) is still worth reading." Cited in
369:. Following his death in 1938, some of his original poems were published in a posthumous memorial volume with a biography, along with several of his translated verses. This was the only book of original poetry published by the
1071:
the department of linguistics at the
University of California is to be enriched by the acquisition of Professor Arthur W. Ryder of Harvard University, one of the greatest authorities in the world on Sanskrit language and
433:
His translations were noted for their high fidelity to the originals despite his practice of translating into lively and natural conversational language using rhyme and modern
English idiom:
499:, which they read together in the original language. Later Oppenheimer cited it as one of the most influential books to shape his philosophy of life, famously recalling the Gita at the
491:. In 1933, Oppenheimer, then 29, was a young physics professor at Berkeley and studied Sanskrit under Ryder alongside enrolled students, doing assignments and recitation, and reading
2193:
1379:
The 'Arrows of Love Fly True,' in the third number, is a translation from the
Sanskrit made by Professor Arthur W. Ryder of the university and set to music by H. B. Pasmore.
468:
Despite being described as "a loner with a caustic wit", as an educator he was encouraging and generous toward students, and consequently he found many devoted students.
234:, and wrote the society's annual poem for its meeting in 1912. It is also said that he was at one time ranked one of the two best chess players on the Pacific Coast.
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207:. When in summer 1920 Berkeley first began offering courses in religion and religious education, Ryder was among the faculty, along with Herbert Francis Evans,
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magazine described him as the "greatest
Sanskrit student of his day", and an Italian Sanskritist said of him: "Ten men like that would make a civilization".
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At a time when the university curriculum was undergoing upheavals, Ryder was a staunch defender of the traditional system of education in the
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Ryder died on March 21, 1938, of a heart attack, while teaching an advanced class with only one student. When he died,
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in
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1315:"In India Too There Lived An Uncle Remus: Ancient Tales of the Panchatantra Now Appear in English"
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Although Ryder disdained "scholarship", he published a few scholarly papers early in his career.
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Ryder, Arthur W. (1902), "Krṣṇanātha's
Commentary on the Bengal Recension of the Çakuntalā",
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310:. He also wrote excellent original verse which he circulated privately, but did not publish.
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Cannon; Pandey (1976). "Sir William Jones Revisited: on His Translation of the Śakuntalā".
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Adventures of a freelancer: the literary exploits and autobiography of Stanton A. Coblentz
114:. He is best known for translating a number of Sanskrit works into English, including the
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Malavika: A Five-Act Comedy and Stories from the Hitopadeça and Kathasaritsagara
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The Little Clay Cart (Mrcchakatika): A Hindu Drama Attributed to King Shūdraka
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1167:"College President to Deliver Oration and Professor Ryder to Read Poem"
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http://illuminations.berkeley.edu/archives/2005/history.php?volume=9
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described him as "a friend half divine in his great humanity". When
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1946:
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The Song Celestial: Two Centuries of the "Bhagavad Gītā" in English
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
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764:'s Chaura-panchashika, the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Raghuvamsha, etc.
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Ryder, Arthur W. (1902), "Note on bṛhácchandas, AV. iii. 12. 3",
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1969:
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A Skeptic Among Scholars: August Frugé on University Publishing
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August Frugé (1993), "Chapter 15: The Poetry-Hating Director",
27:
Professor of Sanskrit at the University of California, Berkeley
807:
735:
1549:"'Clay-Cart' Hero Wins: 'Twas Ever Thus—Even in the Sanskrit"
1463:
South Asian American Theatre: (Un/Re-)Painting the Town Brown
476:, who had been a student of his at Berkeley, wrote his novel
196:
172:
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Original Poems, together with translations from the Sanskrit
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Original poems: together with translations from the Sanskrit
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Original poems: together with translations from the Sanskrit
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Relatives: Being Further Verses Translated from the Sanskrit
690:
923:
1714:"South/Southeast Asia Library | UC Berkeley Library"
412:
is a man who hates literature." Perhaps for this reason,
313:
Some verses from his translations were set to music. His
1771:
Murray, M. A. (June 1956), "Review: The Panchatantra",
814:
Women's Eyes: Being verses translated from the Sanskrit
791:
767:
742:
Women's Eyes: Being verses translated from the Sanskrit
640:
Ryder, Arthur W. (1906), "Notes on the Mṛcchakaṭika",
276:
and several volumes of verse translated from works by
147:, in the United States. He had his early education at
1749:"'The Panchatantra' is translated by Arthur W. Ryder"
1410:
1408:
782:
Kālidāsa; Arthur William Ryder; Garnet Holme (1914),
774:
Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala, and Other Works
376:
1173:, vol. 111, no. 155, p. 9, 3 May 1912
1025:
George Rapall Noyes (1939), "Arthur William Ryder",
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978:Arthur William Ryder; George Rapall Noyes (1939),
949:Arthur William Ryder; George Rapall Noyes (1939),
1908:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1341:, San Jose, California, p. 5, Dec 24, 1917,
1099:Classics at Berkeley: The First Century 1869–1970
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242:In 1905, when still at Harvard, Ryder translated
175:and literature at Andover for a year, he went to
171:degree from Harvard in June 1897. After teaching
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1897:
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1034:, University of California Press, archived from
280:and others. His prose translations included the
163:, from which he graduated in June 1894, to join
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1815:, University of California Press, p. 222,
1546:
1335:"Swapping Heads Presents Queer Family 'Mix-Up'"
1284:, San Jose, California, p. 8, Oct 17, 1925
1183:
1131:John W. Leonard; Albert Nelson Marquis (1913),
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284:in 1925, excerpts from which were published as
1691:, p. 75, November 8, 1948, archived from
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930:Dandin's Dasha-kumara-charita: The ten princes
1985:
1805:
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1578:, University of California Press, p. 217
353:in 1953, and at the Potboiler Art Theater in
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1059:"From Gazette Files: Twenty Years Ago Today"
102:(March 8, 1877 – March 21, 1938) was a
1434:"Hindu Drama on a California Mountain-Side"
1278:"Old Sanskrit Legends Are Given in English"
1250:
1231:
1229:
785:Shakuntala: an acting version in three acts
2462:University of California, Berkeley faculty
1992:
1978:
1965:: English Translation, at Hinduism E-Books
1779:(2), Folklore Enterprises, Ltd.: 118–120,
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1007:University of California: In Memoriam 1938
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867:, Berkeley: University of California Press
682:Besides books, some were published in the
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54:
40:
1306:
1077:
917:Gold's gloom: tales from the Panchatantra
878:Twenty-two Goblins: With 20 Illustrations
797:"Malavika: A Five-act Comedy of Kalidasa"
444:You can't prevent his gnawing at a shoe.
357:in 1926, when it featured actors such as
254:, which was published as volume 9 of the
1839:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1828:
1764:
1726:
1720:
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1387:
1327:
1238:"A New Translation of The Bhagavad-Gita"
1226:
849:, Canto 104, which inspired the plot of
817:(third reprint ed.), A.M. Robertson
642:Journal of the American Oriental Society
605:Journal of the American Oriental Society
568:Journal of the American Oriental Society
440:It serves as guide in everything you do:
179:for graduate studies. He studied at the
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1296:"New Sanskrit Tales in English Volumes"
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843:, 19, vol. (Oct.), pp. 364–76
442:Give a dog all the meat that he can eat
438:Your nature is a thing you cannot beat;
428:
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1594:"Translations from the Sanskrit epics"
1416:"Famous Play to be Given in this City"
1371:"Singer and Cellist Will Give Concert"
1352:
1313:Charles Johnston (November 29, 1925),
1236:Charles Johnston (February 23, 1930),
1209:, Wildside Press LLC, pp. 37–38,
1177:
1124:
830:, 19, vol. (Jan.), pp. 15–29
648:, American Oriental Society: 418–454,
1973:
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1478:"PROF. A. W. RYDER, OF SANSKRIT FAME"
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1592:Eda Lou Walton (November 19, 1939),
1547:Edwin Schallert (December 9, 1926),
1467:
1452:
1114:"Religious Courses Taught on Campus"
1011:
611:, American Oriental Society: 79–83,
574:, American Oriental Society: 77–78,
487:Another of his devoted students was
143:Ryder was born on March 8, 1877, at
1812:The Bhagavadgītā: a new translation
1606:
24:
1747:Harvey Clarke (February 3, 1926),
1302:, Chicago, p. 9, Oct 15, 1925
1190:University of California Chronicle
971:University of California Chronicle
841:University of California Chronicle
828:University of California Chronicle
801:University of California Chronicle
756:University of California Chronicle
724:University of California Chronicle
684:University of California Chronicle
408:He would say that "A professional
377:Views on scholarship and education
272:, and other works, as well as the
187:, from which he got the degree of
112:University of California, Berkeley
25:
2503:
2442:20th-century American translators
1938:Works by or about Arthur W. Ryder
1922:
1137:, Marquis Who's Who, p. 1816
1067:Through the efforts of President
944:, The University of Chicago Press
720:"The Old Tiger and the Traveller"
503:. He described his teacher thus:
228:American Philological Association
2487:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita
1999:
1963:The Panchatantra of Vishnu Sarma
1954:
1900:"The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer"
1885:"The Anthony Boucher Chronicles"
1203:Scott Alan Burgess, ed. (1993),
1192:, vol. 14, pp. 430–436
1149:"Phi Beta Kappa to Hold Reunion"
982:, University of California Press
973:, vol. 14, pp. 430–436
953:, University of California Press
811:; Arthur William Ryder (1917) ,
803:, vol. 17, pp. 123–167
758:, vol. 14, pp. 296–314
726:, vol. 10, pp. 450–453
478:The Case of the Seven of Calvary
2194:The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma
1526:Milton Bracker (June 7, 1953),
927:; Arthur William Ryder (1927),
901:, University of Chicago Press,
752:"More Verses From the Sanskrit"
739:; Arthur William Ryder (1910),
694:; Arthur William Ryder (1905),
522:
515:said that the greatest mind in
1898:Hijiya, James A. (June 2000),
1266:, p. E4, October 18, 1925
1186:"Tolstoi—A Critical Symposium"
967:"Tolstoi—A Critical Symposium"
728:. A story translated from the
495:. Ryder introduced him to the
387:Scholarship is less than sense
371:University of California Press
230:. He was also a member of the
13:
1:
1929:Works by Arthur William Ryder
1102:, Department of Classics, UCB
987:
938:Arthur William Ryder (1929),
933:, University of Chicago Press
919:, University of Chicago Press
886:Arthur William Ryder (1919),
861:Arthur W. Ryder (1908–1917),
777:, J. M. Dent & sons, ltd.
537:Arthur William Ryder (1901),
389:Therefore seek intelligence.
325:, which was performed by the
134:meaning of the original text.
2437:Sanskrit–English translators
2096:The Brahmin and the Mongoose
2081:The Mouse Turned into a Maid
2037:The Moral Philosophy of Doni
1557:, p. A9, archived from
1528:"Story of a Determined Lady"
1359:Lied and Art Song Texts Page
824:"Fables from the Hitopadeça"
543:, Druck von C. Bertelsmann,
7:
2171:One Thousand and One Nights
2033:The Fables of Bidpai/Pilpay
1953:(public domain audiobooks)
1120:, p. 8, April 27, 1920
10:
2508:
2467:American Sanskrit scholars
2091:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
2066:The Tortoise and the Birds
1377:, p. 4, Oct 2, 1919,
1065:, p. 4, Jan 7, 1926,
795:; Arthur W. Ryder (1915),
771:; Arthur W. Ryder (1912),
399:Ryder translated from the
2457:Leipzig University alumni
2452:Harvard University alumni
2398:
2326:Edward Backhouse Eastwick
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2221:
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2185:
2114:
2106:The milkmaid and her pail
2071:The Bear and the Gardener
2051:
2009:
1659:Harper's Monthly Magazine
1422:, p. 3, June 5, 1914
463:
327:Mountain Play Association
298:The Ten Princes of Dandin
224:American Oriental Society
79:
63:
48:
39:
32:
2086:The Deer without a Heart
1947:Works by Arthur W. Ryder
1728:Grierson, George Abraham
1683:"The Eternal Apprentice"
1300:Lewiston Evening Journal
1184:Arthur W. Ryder (1912),
1155:, p. 2, May 6, 1912
965:Arthur W. Ryder (1912),
915:Arthur W. Ryder (1925),
897:Arthur W. Ryder (1925),
835:Arthur W. Ryder (1917),
822:Arthur W. Ryder (1917),
750:Arthur W. Ryder (1912),
2472:Translators of Kalidasa
1759:St. Petersburg, Florida
1499:The Distance Traveled:
1258:"The Wisdom of Kashmir"
702:Harvard Oriental Series
257:Harvard Oriental Series
237:
222:He was a member of the
138:
2280:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
2235:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
2139:Hikayat Panca Tanderan
2076:The Lion and the Mouse
1420:Berkeley Daily Gazette
1375:Berkeley Daily Gazette
1153:Berkeley Daily Gazette
1118:Berkeley Daily Gazette
1063:Berkeley Daily Gazette
509:
457:
406:
343:Neighborhood Playhouse
232:Phi Beta Kappa Society
209:Walter Goodnow Everett
161:Andover, Massachusetts
136:
2029:The Lights of Canopus
1871:Gerald James Larson,
1496:Lauren Hobbs Sexton,
540:Die Ṛbhu's im Ṛgveda.
505:
489:J. Robert Oppenheimer
435:
384:
373:for several decades.
307:Vetala Panchavimshati
185:University of Leipzig
131:
2447:American Indologists
2134:La Fontaine's Fables
1754:St. Petersburg Times
1695:on December 20, 2009
1661:, pp. 419–420,
1134:Who's who in America
1069:Benjamin Ide Wheeler
718:Ryder, A.W. (1908),
429:Style of translation
345:, which was then an
337:was also enacted in
319:Hearst Greek Theatre
252:The Little Clay Cart
189:Doctor of Philosophy
181:University of Berlin
100:Arthur William Ryder
18:Arthur William Ryder
2250:Jean de La Fontaine
2101:The Fox and the Cat
1096:(January 1, 1982),
317:was enacted at the
304:, a translation of
266:Abhijñānaśākuntalam
67:21 March 1938
2351:Ion Keith-Falconer
1599:The New York Times
1533:The New York Times
1512:2010-07-02 at the
1505:in Athens, Georgia
1483:The New York Times
1459:Sudipto Chatterjee
1399:2012-02-16 at the
1320:The New York Times
1263:The New York Times
1243:The New York Times
1171:San Francisco Call
845:. Translated from
760:Translations from
470:Harold F. Cherniss
302:Twenty-Two Goblins
213:Morris Jastrow Jr.
165:Harvard University
52:8 March 1877
2424:
2423:
2394:
2393:
2371:Silvestre de Sacy
2331:Franklin Edgerton
2321:Hermann Brockhaus
2231:(putative author)
2045:Nandaka-prakarana
1933:Project Gutenberg
1822:978-0-520-03741-0
1634:978-0-87772-342-4
1554:Los Angeles Times
1216:978-0-89370-438-4
1094:Joseph Fontenrose
941:The Bhagavad-gita
837:"Lovers' Meeting"
403:and quoted often.
97:
96:
16:(Redirected from
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2356:Patrick Olivelle
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2164:Kathasaritsagara
2041:Tantri Kamandaka
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899:The Panchatantra
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892:, A.M. Robertson
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847:Kathāsaritsāgara
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745:, A.M. Robertson
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513:Gilbert N. Lewis
455:
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349:theatre, at the
335:Little Clay Cart
315:Little Clay Cart
294:Daśakumāracarita
260:. He translated
250:into English as
217:Walter B. Pitkin
191:in 1901, with a
157:Phillips Academy
125:In the words of
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84:English language
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2366:Arthur W. Ryder
2341:Johannes Hertel
2336:A. N. D. Haksar
2299:
2270:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
2255:Antoine Galland
2214:
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1561:on May 30, 2009
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410:literary critic
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363:Symona Boniface
359:James A. Marcus
341:in 1924 at the
331:Mount Tamalpais
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34:Arthur W. Ryder
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2122:Aesop's Fables
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2013:Tantrakhyayika
2010:
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1923:External links
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1851:10.2307/600085
1845:(4): 528–535.
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2115:Related works
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541:
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508:
504:
502:
498:
497:Bhagavad Gita
494:
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167:. He got his
166:
162:
158:
154:
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146:
145:Oberlin, Ohio
135:
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128:
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121:
120:Bhagavad Gita
117:
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91:
85:
82:
78:
72:
66:
62:
57:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2492:Panchatantra
2376:C. H. Tawney
2365:
2361:N. M. Penzer
2285:Thomas North
2213:translators,
2201:Jungle Tales
2200:
2192:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2151:Jataka tales
2143:
2126:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:Panchakhyana
2016:
2012:
2002:Panchatantra
2000:
1962:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1879:
1867:
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1830:
1811:
1801:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1708:
1697:, retrieved
1693:the original
1686:
1658:
1623:
1619:Henry F. May
1597:
1574:
1567:
1559:the original
1552:
1542:
1536:, p. X3
1531:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1419:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1354:
1338:
1329:
1318:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1261:
1252:
1246:, p. 68
1241:
1220:
1205:
1198:
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1161:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1098:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1043:, retrieved
1036:the original
1027:
979:
970:
950:
940:
929:
916:
898:
888:
877:
863:
854:
840:
827:
813:
800:
784:
773:
755:
741:
723:
696:
683:
681:
678:Translations
645:
641:
608:
604:
571:
567:
556:Dissertation
539:
531:
523:Bibliography
510:
506:
501:Trinity test
486:
477:
467:
458:
437:
432:
420:
413:
407:
401:Panchatantra
386:
380:
347:off-Broadway
334:
322:
314:
312:
305:
301:
297:
286:Gold's Gloom
285:
282:Panchatantra
255:
251:
248:Mṛcchakatika
241:
221:
193:dissertation
142:
132:
124:
116:Panchatantra
99:
98:
2482:1938 deaths
2477:1877 births
2411:Frame story
2406:Beast fable
2386:Ramsay Wood
2295:Simeon Seth
2186:Other media
2177:Śukasaptati
2145:Hitopadesha
1072:literature.
881:, J.M. Dent
730:Hitopadesha
452:Hitopadesha
367:Gale Gordon
355:Los Angeles
127:G. R. Noyes
2431:Categories
2265:Kshemendra
2245:Durgasimha
1667:1301520414
1444:August 23,
1045:2010-05-25
988:References
851:Bhavabhuti
809:Bhartṛhari
737:Bhartṛhari
519:was gone.
323:Shakuntala
278:Bhartṛhari
155:, and the
1785:0015-587X
1699:March 21,
853:'s drama
662:0003-0279
625:0003-0279
588:0003-0279
450:from the
270:Meghadūta
149:Ann Arbor
104:professor
75:(aged 61)
2275:Narayana
2215:adapters
2211:Editors,
1951:LibriVox
1809:(1979),
1773:Folklore
1730:(1906),
1663:ProQuest
1621:(1993),
1510:Archived
1397:Archived
1347:32749491
875:(1917),
793:Kālidāsa
769:Kālidāsa
528:Articles
493:Kalidasa
448:—
423:classics
393:—
382:opened.
262:Kālidāsa
226:and the
205:Classics
183:and the
153:Michigan
118:and the
108:Sanskrit
80:Language
2240:Borzuya
2053:Stories
1940:at the
1793:1258527
762:Bilhaṇa
692:Śudraka
397:epigram
244:Śudraka
199:in the
195:on the
177:Germany
110:at the
2399:Topics
2304:Modern
2290:Rudaki
1859:600085
1857:
1819:
1791:
1783:
1665:
1631:
1345:
1213:
925:Daṇḍin
905:
708:
670:592869
668:
660:
633:592382
631:
623:
596:592381
594:
586:
560:German
547:
464:Legacy
300:, and
290:Daṇḍin
215:, and
201:Ṛgveda
86:
2416:Katha
2222:Early
2011:aka:
1903:(PDF)
1855:JSTOR
1789:JSTOR
1039:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
666:JSTOR
629:JSTOR
592:JSTOR
482:rider
197:Rbhus
173:Latin
1817:ISBN
1781:ISSN
1701:2009
1688:Time
1629:ISBN
1446:2012
1343:OCLC
1211:ISBN
903:ISBN
706:ISBN
658:ISSN
621:ISSN
584:ISSN
558:(in
545:ISBN
484:".)
415:Time
365:and
238:Work
169:A.B.
139:Life
64:Died
49:Born
1949:at
1931:at
1915:(2)
1913:144
1847:doi
650:doi
613:doi
576:doi
395:an
296:as
292:'s
264:'s
246:'s
159:in
106:of
2433::
2043:—
2039:—
2035:—
2031:—
2027:-
2023:—
2019:—
2015:—
1911:,
1905:,
1853:.
1843:96
1841:.
1787:,
1777:67
1775:,
1757:,
1751:,
1685:,
1674:^
1657:,
1642:^
1608:^
1596:,
1584:^
1551:,
1530:,
1480:,
1469:^
1461:,
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20:)
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