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902:, were sent to the states in June 1789, North Carolina ratified the Constitution. Finally, Rhode Island, after having rejected the Constitution in a March 1788 referendum, called a ratifying convention in 1790. Faced with the threat of being treated as a foreign government, it ratified the Constitution by just two votes.
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In 1787 and 1788, following the
Constitutional Convention, a great debate took place throughout the United States over the Constitution that had been proposed. The supporters of the Constitution began the ratification campaign in those states where there was little or no controversy, postponing until
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for its endorsement. After eight days of debate, the opposing sides came to the first of many compromises that would define the ratification process. The
Confederation Congress voted to release the proposed Constitution to the states for their consideration, but neither endorsed nor opposed its
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to take effect and prescribes the method through which the states may ratify it. Under the terms of
Article VII, constitutional ratification conventions were held in each of the thirteen states, with the ratification of nine states required for the Constitution to take effect.
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remained outside the new government. The
Congress of the Confederation chose March 4, 1789, as the day "for commencing proceedings under the Constitution." Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution before the members of the new
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became the ninth state to ratify the
Constitution, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. Though officially enacted, four states,
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The
Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
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The
Constitution was ratified by the 13 states between December 7, 1787, and May 29, 1790, as follows:
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became the ninth state to ratify the
Constitution, ensuring that the Constitution would take effect.
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was the first state to ratify the
Constitution, doing so on December 7, 1787. On June 21, 1788,
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was the last state to ratify the
Constitution under Article VII, doing so on May 29, 1790.
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assembled on the appointed day to bring the new government into operation.
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Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution
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On September 20, 1787, three days after its adoption by the
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For the closing endorsement following Article Seven, see
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994:. Center for the Study of the American Constitution,
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Confederation Period § Struggle for ratification
2524:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
898:After twelve amendments, including the ten in the
2618:
538:, the drafted Constitution was submitted to the
16:Portion regarding requirements for ratification
2535:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
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484:Dates the 13 states ratified the Constitution
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2627:Articles of the United States Constitution
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966:"The Ratification Process: State by State"
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992:"The States and the Ratification Process"
21:Signing of the United States Constitution
2591:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
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479:
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2570:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1065:The Federalists and Anti-Federalists
1058:When Did the Constitution become Law
806: – November 21, 1789
626: – December 18, 1787
606: – December 12, 1787
2558:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
2085:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
686: – February 6, 1788
586: – December 7, 1787
13:
1649:Drafting and ratification timeline
1394:District of Columbia Voting Rights
666: – January 9, 1788
646: – January 2, 1788
324:Drafting and ratification timeline
14:
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1102:Constitution of the United States
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706: – April 28, 1788
1505:Convention to propose amendments
786: – July 26, 1788
766: – June 25, 1788
746: – June 21, 1788
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1056:Gary Lawson & Guy Seidman,
996:University of Wisconsin–Madison
946:. Cornell University Law School
867:later the more difficult ones.
826: – May 29, 1790
726: – May 23, 1788
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2120:Separation of church and state
1060:, 77Notre Dame L. Rev.1 (2001)
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113:Amendments to the Constitution
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1624:Virginia Ratifying Convention
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540:Congress of the Confederation
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2585:National Constitution Center
2383:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1682:Assemble and Petition Clause
1028:"Observing Constitution Day"
7:
2456:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1510:State ratifying conventions
1447:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1442:Electoral College abolition
1369:Congressional Apportionment
1067:, usconstitution.net (2003)
1010:"Article VII. Ratification"
944:"Article VII, Ratification"
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360:Reconstruction Amendments
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1914:Privileges or Immunities
1629:New York Circular Letter
1619:Massachusetts Compromise
418:United States portal
28:This article is part of
2060:Dormant Commerce Clause
1904:Presidential succession
1639:Fayetteville Convention
1634:Hillsborough Convention
1570:Three-fifths Compromise
1550:Philadelphia Convention
1540:Mount Vernon Conference
1427:Campaign finance reform
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2223:William Samuel Johnson
2095:Nondelegation doctrine
1667:Admission to the Union
1614:Anti-Federalist Papers
1565:Connecticut Compromise
998:Department of History.
924:Anti-Federalist Papers
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485:
2430:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1899:Presidential Electors
1874:Original Jurisdiction
1814:Full Faith and Credit
1687:Assistance of Counsel
1608:The Federalist Papers
1437:Crittenden Compromise
918:The Federalist Papers
860:Further information:
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400:Unratified Amendments
267:Unratified Amendments
56:Preamble and Articles
2599:A More Perfect Union
2575:Constitution Gardens
2496:Convention Secretary
2158:Convention President
2130:Symmetric federalism
2125:Separation of powers
1859:Necessary and Proper
1854:Natural-born citizen
1799:Freedom of the Press
1737:Copyright and Patent
1727:Contingent Elections
1545:Annapolis Convention
40:of the United States
2606:Worldwide influence
2347:Gunning Bedford Jr.
2075:Executive privilege
2055:Criminal sentencing
1978:Title of Nobility (
1969:Taxing and Spending
1869:Oath or Affirmation
1829:House Apportionment
1692:Case or Controversy
1575:Committee of Detail
1467:"Liberty" amendment
1432:Christian amendment
442:Politics portal
393:Amendments XI–XXVII
2260:William Livingston
2244:Alexander Hamilton
2050:Criminal procedure
2045:Constitutional law
1980:Foreign Emoluments
1944:State of the Union
1929:Self-Incrimination
1919:Recess appointment
1712:Compulsory Process
1374:Titles of Nobility
870:On June 21, 1788,
499:necessary for the
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304:D.C. Voting Rights
282:Titles of Nobility
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2580:Constitution Week
2565:Independence Mall
2553:National Archives
2511:
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2326:Gouverneur Morris
2311:Thomas Fitzsimons
2291:Benjamin Franklin
2165:George Washington
2065:Enumerated powers
2040:Concurrent powers
2035:Balance of powers
1864:No Religious Test
1804:Freedom of Speech
1595:Independence Hall
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1032:National Archives
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2270:William Paterson
2202:Nathaniel Gorham
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1472:Ludlow amendment
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2090:Judicial review
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15:
9:
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2530:Jacob Shallus
2528:
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2500:
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2473:
2467:
2466:Pierce Butler
2464:
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2451:John Rutledge
2449:
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2446:
2442:
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2433:
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2426:
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2416:
2410:
2409:James Madison
2407:
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2378:James McHenry
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2306:George Clymer
2304:
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2301:Robert Morris
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2228:Roger Sherman
2226:
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2195:Massachusetts
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2174:New Hampshire
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2100:Plenary power
2098:
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2070:Equal footing
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2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
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1989:
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1857:
1855:
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1847:
1845:
1844:Ineligibility
1842:
1840:
1839:Import-Export
1837:
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1827:
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1822:
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1794:Free Exercise
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1783:Ex Post Facto
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1767:Establishment
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510:New Hampshire
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497:ratifications
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348:Republicanism
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27:
26:
22:
2597:
2589:
2522:
2321:James Wilson
2284:Pennsylvania
2181:John Langdon
1939:Speedy Trial
1781:
1672:Appointments
1606:
1389:Equal Rights
1285:20th century
1150:
1038:November 14,
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1004:
986:
974:. Retrieved
969:
960:
948:. Retrieved
938:
916:
897:
888:Rhode Island
869:
865:
824:Rhode Island
604:Pennsylvania
550:
547:Ratification
533:
524:
514:Rhode Island
501:Constitution
488:
487:
299:Equal Rights
265:
102:
38:Constitution
2482:William Few
2362:Jacob Broom
2342:George Read
2216:Connecticut
2150:Signatories
2000:Legislative
1974:Territorial
1894:Presentment
1879:Origination
1834:Impeachment
1789:Extradition
1757:Engagements
1747:Due Process
1697:Citizenship
1384:Child Labor
976:October 23,
950:November 4,
664:Connecticut
292:Child Labor
2594:(painting)
2546:and legacy
2404:John Blair
2253:New Jersey
2207:Rufus King
2105:Preemption
2019:War Powers
1954:Suspension
1772:Exceptions
1462:Human Life
1361:Unratified
1161:Amendments
930:References
624:New Jersey
530:Background
343:Federalism
331:Convention
2115:Saxbe fix
2004:Executive
1959:Take Care
1949:Supremacy
1824:Guarantee
1752:Elections
1523:Formation
1236:1795–1804
370:Full text
2621:Category
2397:Virginia
2371:Maryland
2335:Delaware
2237:New York
2014:Vicinage
2008:Judicial
1732:Contract
1702:Commerce
1590:Printing
1404:Proposed
1116:Preamble
1109:Articles
906:See also
893:Congress
880:New York
876:Virginia
784:New York
764:Virginia
704:Maryland
584:Delaware
506:Delaware
65:Preamble
30:a series
2544:Display
2516:Related
2475:Georgia
1996:Vesting
1964:Takings
1849:Militia
1707:Compact
1659:Clauses
1585:Signing
1530:History
840:Total:
644:Georgia
491:of the
336:Signing
314:History
2602:(film)
1986:Treaty
1889:Postal
1884:Pardon
1014:Justia
886:, and
562:Votes
287:Corwin
32:on the
843:1071
655:100%
635:100%
595:100%
259:XXVII
239:XXIII
212:XVIII
1040:2018
978:2022
952:2016
849:65%
846:577
835:52%
815:72%
809:194
795:53%
775:53%
755:55%
735:67%
729:149
715:85%
695:53%
692:168
689:187
675:76%
669:128
615:67%
575:Nay
572:Yea
520:Text
254:XXVI
244:XXIV
232:XXII
205:XVII
185:XIII
158:VIII
1151:VII
1131:III
832:32
829:34
820:13
812:77
800:12
792:27
789:30
780:11
772:79
769:89
760:10
752:47
749:57
732:73
712:11
709:63
672:40
649:26
629:38
612:23
609:46
589:30
566:PCT
249:XXV
227:XXI
217:XIX
200:XVI
190:XIV
180:XII
153:VII
133:III
103:VII
83:III
2623::
2006:/
2002:/
1347:27
1342:26
1337:25
1332:24
1327:23
1322:22
1317:21
1312:20
1307:19
1302:18
1297:17
1292:16
1276:15
1271:14
1266:13
1248:12
1243:11
1227:10
1146:VI
1136:IV
1126:II
1030:.
1012:.
968:.
882:,
878:,
740:9
720:8
700:7
680:6
660:5
652:0
640:4
632:0
620:3
600:2
592:0
580:1
222:XX
195:XV
175:XI
163:IX
148:VI
138:IV
128:II
98:VI
88:IV
78:II
2010:)
1998:(
1982:)
1222:9
1217:8
1212:7
1207:6
1202:5
1197:4
1192:3
1187:2
1182:1
1141:V
1121:I
1094:e
1087:t
1080:v
1042:.
1016:.
980:.
954:.
469:e
462:t
455:v
270::
168:X
143:V
123:I
93:V
73:I
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
