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Artifact (archaeology)

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33: 110: 299: 457:. Relative dating occurs when artifacts are placed in a specific order in relation to one another while historical dating occurs for periods of written evidence; relative dating was the only form of dating for prehistoric periods of time. Typology is the process that groups together artifacts that are similar in material and shape. This strategy is based around the ideas that styles of objects match certain time periods and that these styles change slowly over time. 5523: 7220: 6236: 208: 7230: 98:; all three of these can sometimes be found together at archaeological sites. They can also exist in different types of context depending on the processes that have acted on them over time. A wide variety of analyses take place to analyze artifacts and provide information on them. However, the process of analyzing artifacts through scientific archaeology can be hindered by the 339:, but this is not always the case. Sites can be distinguished through categories, such as location and past functions. How artifacts exist at these sites can provide archaeological insight. An example of this would be utilizing the position and depth of buried artifacts to determine a chronological timeline for past occurrences at the site. 4992: 472:
centered around the difference in beliefs between collectors and archaeologists. Archaeologists are focused on excavation, context and lab work when it comes to artifacts, while collectors are motivated by varying personal desires. This brings many to ask themselves the archaeological question, "Who owns the past?"
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artifacts can help archaeologists study how technology has developed throughout history by showing a variety of tools and manufacturing techniques from different periods of time. However, even deeper questions can be answered through this type of analysis; these questions can revolve around topics
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is a physical setting within which an artifact exists, and a provenience refers to a specific location within a matrix. When an artifact is found in the realm of primary context, the matrix and provenience have not been changed by transformational processes. However, the matrix and provenience are
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These distinctions are often blurred; a bone removed from an animal carcass is a biofact but a bone carved into a useful implement is an artifact. Similarly there can be debate over early stone objects that could be either crude artifact or naturally occurring and happen to resemble early objects
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analysis exists to study artifacts in the form of animal remains. Just as with lithic artifacts, faunal remains are extremely common within the field of archaeology. Faunal analysis provides insight to trade due to animals being exchanged in different markets over time and being traded over long
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Artifact collecting and looting has sparked heavy debate in the archaeological realm. Looting in archaeological terms is when artifacts are dug up from sites and collected in private or sold before they are able to be excavated and analyzed through formal scientific archaeology. The debate is
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changed by transformational processes when referring to secondary context. Artifacts exist in both contexts, and this is taken into account during the analysis of them. Another important type of context for archeologists, particularly from an art history perspective, is the term
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refers to analyzing artifacts that are created with stones and are often in the form of tools. Stone artifacts occur often throughout prehistoric times and are, therefore, a crucial aspect in answering archaeological questions about the past. On the surface,
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Artifacts, features and ecofacts can all be located together at sites. Sites may include different arrangements of the three; some might include all of them while others might only include one or two. Sites can have clear boundaries in the form of walls and
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Dating artifacts and providing them with a chronological timeline is a crucial part of artifact analysis. The different types of analyses above can all assist in the process of artifact dating. The major types of dating include
4717: 409:. This type of analysis can help archaeologists gain information on the raw materials that were used and how they were utilized in the creation of pottery. Laboratory techniques that allow for this are mainly based around 86:
or a more specific term such as "carving". The same item may be called all or any of these in different contexts, and more specific terms will be used when talking about individual objects, or groups of similar ones.
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that include how societies were organized and structured in terms of socialization and the distribution of goods. The following lab techniques all contribute to the process of lithic analysis:
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There are also ethical issues over the display of artifacts in museums which have been taken from other countries in questionable circumstances, for example the display of the
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of non-European countries by European museums – particularly those taken during the European conquest of Africa – has also raised ethical questions.
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Crabtree, Pam J. (1990). "Zooarchaeology and Complex Societies: Some Uses of Faunal Analysis for the Study of Trade, Social Status, and Ethnicity".
63:) is a general term for an item made or given shape by humans, such as a tool or a work of art, especially an object of archaeological interest. In 7076: 6553: 6446: 6409: 6210: 4999: 992: 6389: 6124: 3345: 2750: 2491: 2087: 6708: 6603: 6187: 6099: 4407: 737:
Cariati, Franco (February 2003). "A new approach for archaeological ceramics analysis using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy".
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Objets et symboles: de la culture matérielle à l'espace culturel : actes de la 1re Journée doctorale d'archéologie, Paris, 20 mai 2006
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and pottery production; it helps provide insight to past societies in terms of their technology, economy and social structure.
78:"Artifact" is the general term used in archaeology, while in museums the equivalent general term is normally "object", and in 7036: 6875: 6286: 5345: 4274: 17: 7021: 6865: 6633: 6172: 6141: 5611: 5542: 5258: 5194: 5172: 4853: 4096: 3376: 985: 4124: 7265: 6151: 5929: 5807: 5797: 5587: 5433: 5268: 4470: 4200: 4150: 2892: 6477: 4710: 7031: 6106: 5868: 5231: 5013: 4552: 825: 773: 721: 638: 441:
distances. Faunal remains can also provide information on social status, ethnic distinctions and dieting from previous
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Peacock, Evan (1 January 1991). "Distinguishing between Artefacts and Geofacts: A Test Case from Eastern England".
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that show signs of human modification are also examples. Natural objects, such as fire cracked rocks from a
7122: 6984: 6801: 6431: 6399: 5888: 5040: 4100: 2931: 2852: 2343: 1883: 1356: 259: 5748: 4800: 1032: 930:"A French Court Fined Activists for Attempted Theft of a Museum Artifact. They Say It Belongs to Africans" 7270: 7193: 7026: 6892: 6784: 6762: 5965: 5933: 5883: 5691: 5641: 5532: 5273: 5035: 4911: 4905: 4886: 4091: 3920: 3803: 3350: 1309: 5409: 5062: 277:, also referred to as biofacts, are objects of archaeological interest made by other organisms, such as 7113: 6990: 6967: 6852: 6755: 6693: 6665: 6301: 6114: 5847: 5621: 5278: 5209: 4864: 4734: 4663: 3808: 3642: 3632: 2611: 2412: 246:
The context of an artifact can be broken into two categories: primary context and secondary context. A
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against European museums, aiming to restitute items they believe to belong to Africa.
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Artifact analysis is determined by what type of artifact is being examined, the best.
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Carol Kramer, "Pots and Peoples" in; Louis D. Levine and T. Cuyler Young (eds.),
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vessels, metal objects such as weapons and items of personal adornment such as
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Artifacts exist in many different forms and can sometimes be confused with
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Mountains and Lowlands: Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia
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and transformational processes. A behavioral process involves acquiring
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Artifacts are distinguished from stratigraphic features and ecofacts.
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or plant material used for food, are classified by archaeologists as
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Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition
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Natural objects that humans have moved but not changed are called
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spoon from 1017 that was found on archaeological excavation of
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analysis, which is based around the archaeological study of
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are non-portable remains of human activity that include
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Professionalization and institutionalization of history
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A 2nd century AD Sarmatian-Parthian gold necklace and
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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
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Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
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Oxford: Oxford University Press. 423:inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 273:, deposits, trenches and similar remains. 5982:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 847:International Journal of Heritage Studies 7201:Historical geographic information system 3967: 788: 763: 297: 206: 108: 31: 962:Royal Military College of Canada Museum 840: 736: 653: 628: 14: 7248: 6841:English historical school of economics 4893:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 2947: 927: 901: 818:Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction 483:. The display of objects belonging to 7157: 7102: 7037:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 6876:Historical reliability of the Gospels 6734: 6261: 5334: 5323: 3966: 3709: 3473: 3112: 2946: 2841: 2164: 1803: 1069: 974: 766:Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics 711: 401:Another type of artifact analysis is 354:in the dictum "pots are not people." 7229: 5324: 4854:More Irish than the Irish themselves 2165: 815: 624: 622: 620: 618: 497:Front Multi Culturel Anti-Spoliation 5924:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 3113: 27:Objects created and used by humans. 24: 6937:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 4881:Fourth Italian War of Independence 2867: 902:Feiger, Leah (22 September 2020). 611:– via CollinsDictionary.com. 25: 7282: 2117:Megalithic architectural elements 951: 928:Haynes, Suyin (14 October 2020). 631:Archaeology: Discovering Our Past 615: 7228: 7219: 7218: 6735: 6235: 6234: 6076:Palestinian expulsion and flight 4588:5000-year civilization assertion 4164:Nadir of American race relations 1804: 791:Archaeological Method and Theory 7065:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 5939:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 5874:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 5681:Causes of the Armenian genocide 3990:Pyramid construction techniques 3557:Comparative historical research 3474: 3175:Library and information science 2736:Evolutionary origin of religion 921: 895: 873: 834: 809: 388:particle-induced x-ray emission 231:Artifacts exist as a result of 7077:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7027:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 6836:Historical school of economics 6773:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 6211:Gunpowder and gun transmission 6085:Zionism as settler colonialism 5090:Limpieza de sangre controversy 4057:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 841:Chilton, Elizabeth S. (2015). 782: 757: 730: 705: 674: 647: 590: 555: 13: 1: 7256:Archaeological artefact types 6886:Opposition to Papal supremacy 6262: 4074:Indigenous population history 2349:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 1879:British megalith architecture 751:10.1016/S0584-8547(02)00253-7 583: 39:stirrup jar from Ras Shamra ( 6802:Desacralization of knowledge 5073:Carlism in the Francoist era 5041:Holodomor in modern politics 3710: 2344:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 1884:Nordic megalith architecture 859:10.1080/13527258.2014.934267 656:Journal of Field Archaeology 130:Artifacts can come from any 7: 7194:Historiographic metafiction 7158: 7104:Organizations, publications 6893:Proto-orthodox Christianity 5843:German resistance to Nazism 5699:Persian famine of 1917–1919 5109:Islamic revolution of Spain 5036:Holodomor genocide question 4912:Revisionism of Risorgimento 4906:Rerum italicarum scriptores 4887:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 4654:Self-Strengthening Movement 3804:decolonization of knowledge 764:Sinopoli, Carla M. (1991). 506: 357: 10: 7287: 7266:Archaeological terminology 6991:Wissenschaft des Judentums 6968:Criticism of Protestantism 5848:Nazi foreign policy debate 5279:Second colonial occupation 5026:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 4664:Tibetan sovereignty debate 4208:Progressive-era historians 3643:Nationalization of history 3594:Historical-critical method 2492:British Isles and Brittany 2413:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 882:Lord Elgin and the marbles 668:10.1179/009346991791548645 464: 204:rather than as artifacts. 125: 7213: 7164: 7153: 7109: 7098: 7047: 6851: 6810: 6741: 6730: 6586: 6272: 6268: 6257: 6229: 6198: 6162: 6056: 6010: 5996:Second Sino-Japanese War 5974: 5904: 5856: 5818: 5778: 5654: 5476: 5395: 5371: 5330: 5319: 5295: 5193: 5160: 5051: 4975: 4932: 4873: 4838: 4810: 4801:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 4745: 4672: 4578: 4506: 4220: 4149: 4082: 4044: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3787: 3720: 3716: 3705: 3482: 3469: 3296: 3163: 3125: 3121: 3108: 2985: 2959: 2955: 2942: 2875: 2694: 2507: 2334: 2181: 2177: 2160: 2046: 2010: 1859: 1816: 1812: 1799: 1606: 1437: 1410: 1335: 1261: 1252: 1157: 1082: 1078: 1070: 1065: 1008: 712:Odell, George H. (2004). 477:Parthenon (Elgin) Marbles 460: 158:or other domestic setting 7261:Archaeological artifacts 6751:Crisis of historiography 5914:Auschwitz bombing debate 5600:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5451:Late Bronze Age collapse 5385:List of military museums 4988:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 4960:Polish People's Republic 4795:Sybel-Ficker controversy 4159:African-American history 4132:Colonial Spanish America 3921:Second Thirty Years' War 888:19 February 2022 at the 548: 453:, historical dating and 5864:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5723:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5274:Porter–MacKenzie debate 5031:Causes of the Holodomor 4568:Problem of two emperors 4516:Catilinarian conspiracy 3743:Historical significance 3604:Indiscipline of history 3579:Historical anthropology 2724:Evolutionary musicology 2127:Oldest extant buildings 2054:Archaeological features 1573:Prepared-core technique 629:Ashmore, Wendy (2003). 6958:Protestant Reformation 6932:Second Vatican Council 6910:Succession to Muhammad 6905:Criticism of the Quran 6656:Religious perspectives 6390:Klemens von Metternich 5987:"Battle for Australia" 5869:Soviet offensive plans 5838:Broad vs. narrow front 5677:Late Ottoman genocides 4610:Century of humiliation 4391:Goguryeo controversies 4369:2,500-year celebration 4027:Double genocide theory 3814:Historical negationism 3638:Ancestral civilisation 3626:Historical materialism 3584:Historical determinism 3534:History of mentalities 2686:Unchambered long cairn 2534:Mound Builders culture 1867:Neolithic architecture 1002:Prehistoric technology 467:Archaeological looting 309: 228: 132:archaeological context 122: 48: 7082:Torsion mangonel myth 6985:Modern Jewish history 6980:Jesuit historiography 6973:Protestant work ethic 6953:Hesychast controversy 6818:Industrial Revolution 6768:Library of Alexandria 6686:The Lord of the Rings 6336:Constantine the Great 6216:Torsion mangonel myth 6148:Sri Lankan Civil War 5227:Storm over the gentry 5128:Colonies or Provinces 4659:Sprouts of capitalism 3733:Historic preservation 3728:Change and continuity 2361:List of Stone Age art 1563:Microblade technology 1511:Langdale axe industry 1109:Ard / plough 879:St Clair, W. (1998). 533:Out-of-place artifact 518:Biofact (archaeology) 465:Further information: 301: 210: 112: 35: 18:Artifact (archeology) 7169:Commemorative plaque 6385:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5833:"Blitzkrieg" concept 5704:Powder keg of Europe 5579:Franco-Prussian War 5249:Winter of Discontent 5232:Suffragette Campaign 4899:Italiani brava gente 4865:Revolutionary period 4687:Frankish Interregnum 4620:"Chineseness" debate 4553:Byzantine succession 4538:Fall of Western Rome 4479:Executed Renaissance 3968:By country or region 3912:Age of Enlightenment 3886:Vaticinium ex eventu 3833:Modernisation theory 3667:Quantitative history 3043:Historical documents 2768:Prehistoric medicine 2763:Prehistoric counting 2746:Prehistoric religion 2741:Paleolithic religion 2719:Behavioral modernity 2076:Causewayed enclosure 1968:Abri de la Madeleine 1092:Neolithic Revolution 523:Chronological dating 6998:Schools of thought 6963:Proto-Protestantism 6832:School of Thoughts 6714:William Shakespeare 6699:Robert Falcon Scott 6604:Friedrich Nietzsche 6442:Cult of personality 6427:Neville Chamberlain 6287:Alexander the Great 6169:Russo-Georgian War 6142:Sovereignty dispute 6121:Iranian Revolution 5951:"Polish death camp" 5928:In relation to the 5637:Myth of English aid 5628:War of the Pacific 5405:Albigensian Crusade 4830:Indigenous Aryanism 4526:Constantinian shift 4062:Residential schools 3819:Historian's fallacy 3738:Historic recurrence 3236:Numismatics (Money) 3008:Archaeological site 2932:theories of history 2807:Prehistoric warfare 1553:Magdalenian culture 1516:Levallois technique 1447:Earliest toolmaking 958:Artifact Collection 816:Bahn, Paul (2012). 421:atomic absorption, 134:or source such as: 7271:Historical objects 7189:Historical realism 7184:Historical fiction 7129:History institutes 7119:Historical society 7114:Heritage registers 7002:Biblical criticism 6915:Islamic golden age 6866:Early Christianity 6746:Bears in antiquity 6634:Medieval Christian 6432:Pedro II of Brazil 6380:José de San Martín 6184:Syrian revolution 6096:Malayan Emergency 6071:1948 Palestine war 5804:Spanish Civil War 5754:War guilt question 5563:American Civil War 5543:Invasion of Russia 5519:New Russian School 5303:Colonial Australia 5019:October Revolution 4782:Strukturgeschichte 4718:Location of Alésia 4637:Hua–Yi distinction 4558:Moscow, third Rome 4174:Reconstruction era 3995:Black Egypt Thesis 3917:European Civil War 3873:Translatio imperii 3828:Invented tradition 2949:Historical sources 2758:Origin of language 2751:Spiritual drug use 2661:Rectangular dolmen 2563:Dartmoor kistvaens 2376:Carved stone balls 2088:Circular enclosure 2047:Other architecture 1990:Alp pile dwellings 1578:Solutrean industry 1489:Gravettian culture 1139:Secondary products 598:"artefact. (n.d.)" 491:activists such as 485:indigenous peoples 427:x-ray fluorescence 384:x-ray fluorescence 380:neutron activation 310: 229: 123: 49: 7243: 7242: 7209: 7208: 7149: 7148: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7007:Catholic theology 6861:Avestan geography 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6709:Søren Kierkegaard 6582: 6581: 6493:Warren G. Harding 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6052: 6051: 5930:Armenian genocide 5793:Polish–Soviet War 5788:Burning of Smyrna 5774: 5773: 5764:Reichstag inquiry 5687:Patriotic consent 5558: 5557: 5533:War in the Vendée 5497:French Revolution 5479:century conflicts 5468:Peloponnesian War 5429:Eighty Years' War 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5220:Westminster Stone 4917:Southern question 4756:Alltagsgeschichte 4706:Legendary Saracen 4408:Early settlements 4216: 4215: 4196:Political history 4181:Consensus history 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3940:Continuity thesis 3879:Translatio studii 3765:Theory of history 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3655:Subaltern Studies 3540:Nouvelle histoire 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3377:Medieval churches 3364:Geistesgeschichte 3308:Paleoanthropology 3216:Encyclopaedistics 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 2972:Secondary sources 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2780:Prehistoric music 2729:music archaeology 2386:Cup and ring mark 2211:Clothing/textiles 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1598:Yubetsu technique 1583:Striking platform 1548:Lithic technology 1433: 1432: 1418:Game drive system 1337:Projectile points 1229:Mortar and pestle 966:Kingston, Ontario 493:Mwazulu Diyabanza 443:complex societies 415:atomic absorption 243:of an artifact. 176:Examples include 69:cultural artifact 16:(Redirected from 7278: 7232: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7174:Documentary film 7155: 7154: 7134:History journals 7100: 7099: 7073: 6945: 6881:Primacy of Peter 6828:Great Depression 6808: 6807: 6781: 6759: 6732: 6731: 6680:J. R. R. Tolkien 6535: 6534: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6488:Ulysses S. Grant 6483:Thomas Jefferson 6474: 6450: 6413: 6376: 6364: 6332: 6320: 6312:Chiang Ching-kuo 6302:Cato the Younger 6292:Amin al-Husseini 6270: 6269: 6259: 6258: 6238: 6237: 6221:War and genocide 6045: 6031:Résistancialisme 6018:Battle of France 6000:Nanjing Massacre 5854: 5853: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5695: 5645: 5527: 5510: 5483: 5482: 5410:Catharism debate 5396:pre-18th century 5378:Military history 5355: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5325:By war, conflict 5321: 5320: 5269:Cambridge School 5255: 5254: 5153: 5141: 5117: 5098: 5008: 4996: 4968: 4790: 4768:Historikerstreit 4738: 4726: 4714: 4695: 4681:Cordon sanitaire 4627:New Qing History 4615:Conquest dynasty 4606: 4521:Christianization 4504: 4503: 4423: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4290: 4278: 4270:Byzantine Empire 4125:Iquicha Royalism 4114: 4080: 4079: 4003: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3907:Age of Discovery 3896:Periodization of 3893: 3892: 3867:Transhistoricity 3862:Thirty-year rule 3773: 3761: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3706: 3687:Great Man theory 3650:People's history 3612: 3517: 3516: 3509:Three-age system 3471: 3470: 3171:Archival science 3123: 3122: 3110: 3109: 2977:Tertiary sources 2957: 2956: 2944: 2943: 2893:by area of study 2862: 2855: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2795:Divje Babe flute 2702:Archaeoastronomy 2445:Petrosomatoglyph 2179: 2178: 2162: 2161: 2011:Water management 1814: 1813: 1801: 1800: 1704:Denticulate tool 1526:Lithic reduction 1259: 1258: 1080: 1079: 1067: 1066: 995: 988: 981: 972: 971: 945: 944: 942: 940: 925: 919: 918: 916: 914: 899: 893: 877: 871: 870: 838: 832: 831: 813: 807: 806: 786: 780: 779: 761: 755: 754: 734: 728: 727: 709: 703: 701: 678: 672: 671: 651: 645: 644: 626: 613: 612: 610: 608: 594: 577: 559: 344:material culture 307:Harald Bluetooth 213:Crusading Period 162:Votive offerings 119:Black Sea region 21: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7205: 7160: 7145: 7105: 7086: 7069: 7052: 7043: 6939: 6847: 6823:Great Recession 6806: 6777: 6753: 6737: 6718: 6609:H. P. Lovecraft 6578: 6540: 6533: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6468: 6444: 6417:Muammar Gaddafi 6407: 6395:Leonid Brezhnev 6370: 6358: 6341:Gregory Palamas 6326: 6324:Chiang Kai Shek 6314: 6274: 6264: 6245: 6244: 6225: 6206:Conflict thesis 6194: 6158: 6048: 6039: 6006: 5970: 5900: 5852: 5814: 5780:Interwar period 5770: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5709:Schlieffen Plan 5689: 5650: 5639: 5554: 5521: 5504: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5456:Dorian invasion 5441:Fall of Babylon 5397: 5391: 5390: 5367: 5359: 5326: 5307: 5283: 5260: 5253: 5215:Kingdom of Alba 5196: 5189: 5156: 5147: 5135: 5133:Spanish decline 5111: 5092: 5047: 5002: 4990: 4971: 4962: 4928: 4869: 4834: 4820:Greater Magadha 4806: 4784: 4741: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4689: 4668: 4642:Four Barbarians 4600: 4574: 4502: 4459:Götaland theory 4427:Lusotropicalism 4417: 4398:North Macedonia 4330: 4318: 4306: 4284: 4272: 4212: 4191:Frontier thesis 4186:Cyclical theory 4169:Neoabolitionism 4145: 4108: 4078: 4040: 4017:Greater Morocco 3997: 3969: 3946: 3897: 3891: 3783: 3767: 3755: 3712: 3693: 3606: 3521: 3515: 3497:Historical eras 3478: 3457: 3292: 3189:Writing systems 3159: 3117: 3115:Fields of study 3096: 3090:Service records 3075:Religious texts 2981: 2967:Primary sources 2951: 2938: 2937: 2871: 2866: 2836: 2823: 2690: 2676:Stone box grave 2646:Megalithic tomb 2551:Cotswold-Severn 2503: 2408:Guardian stones 2336:Prehistoric art 2330: 2173: 2148: 2137:Timber trackway 2042: 2006: 2002:Wattle and daub 1855: 1834:Standing stones 1808: 1787: 1602: 1429: 1406: 1331: 1248: 1158:Food processing 1153: 1102:New World crops 1074: 1061: 1004: 999: 954: 949: 948: 938: 936: 926: 922: 912: 910: 900: 896: 890:Wayback Machine 878: 874: 839: 835: 828: 814: 810: 787: 783: 776: 762: 758: 735: 731: 724: 714:Lithic Analysis 710: 706: 699: 679: 675: 652: 648: 641: 627: 616: 606: 604: 596: 595: 591: 586: 581: 580: 560: 556: 551: 509: 469: 463: 451:relative dating 366:Lithic analysis 360: 128: 61:British English 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7226: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6653: 6648: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6599:Charles Darwin 6596: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6569:United Kingdom 6566: 6561: 6559:Modern Germany 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6532: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6478:Thomas Aquinas 6475: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6365: 6353: 6348: 6346:Horatio Nelson 6343: 6338: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6178:Responsibility 6175: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6090:New Historians 6087: 6082: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5956:Responsibility 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5732: 5720: 5714:Spirit of 1914 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5684: 5674: 5671:Fischer thesis 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5612:Paraguayan War 5609: 5608: 5607: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5538:Napoleonic era 5535: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5516: 5511: 5502:Pre-revolution 5493: 5491: 5487:Coalition Wars 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5365:historiography 5358: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5263: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5183:Decline thesis 5180: 5173:Ottoman Empire 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5099: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5000:Skeptic School 4985: 4983:Anti-Normanism 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Golden Liberty 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4922:Neo-Bourbonism 4914: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4762:Borussian myth 4759: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4696: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4233:Dealbanisation 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4155: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4103: 4097:May Revolution 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4067:Staples thesis 4064: 4059: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3899:modern history 3890: 3889: 3882: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3845: 3843:Paradigm shift 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3797: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3618: 3613: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3536: 3529:Annales school 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3392:Constitutional 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3328: 3315: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3268:Postage stamps 3265: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065:Oral tradition 3062: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2869:Historiography 2865: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2785:Alligator drum 2777: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712:lunar calendar 2709: 2698: 2696: 2695:Other cultural 2692: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2513: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2499:Venus figurine 2496: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2430:Megalithic art 2427: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2383: 2381:Cave paintings 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2183:Material goods 2175: 2174: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1906: 1901: 1899:Cliff dwelling 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1484:Fire hardening 1481: 1476: 1474:Clovis culture 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1397:Manis Mastodon 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276:throwing stick 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1088: 1086: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1009: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 990: 983: 975: 969: 968: 953: 952:External links 950: 947: 946: 920: 894: 872: 853:(4): 318–335. 833: 827:978-0199657438 826: 808: 781: 775:978-0306435751 774: 756: 729: 723:978-0306480683 722: 704: 673: 662:(3): 345–361. 646: 640:978-0767427272 639: 614: 588: 587: 585: 582: 579: 578: 553: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 508: 505: 481:British Museum 462: 459: 436:Additionally, 419:electrothermal 359: 356: 192:and clothing. 174: 173: 164: 159: 148: 127: 124: 47:, 1400–1300 BC 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7283: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7235: 7227: 7225: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7156: 7152: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7060:Merton thesis 7058: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012:Panbabylonism 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6574:United States 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6454:Bolivarianism 6452: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6437:Simon Bolivar 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6368:Joseph Stalin 6366: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6241: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163:Post-Cold War 6161: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6137:Falklands War 6135: 6133: 6132:Iran–Iraq War 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6080:Ongoing Nakba 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6043: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011:Western Front 6009: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5992:Bengal famine 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5906:The Holocaust 5903: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857:Eastern Front 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5588:Paris Commune 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573:Turning point 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477:18th and 19th 5475: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:Islamic views 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5145:Ser de España 5143: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Ottoman claim 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4543:Prosopography 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4496:Trưng sisters 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243:Habsburg myth 4241: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4151:United States 4148: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4084:Latin America 4081: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677:Transnational 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567:Decoloniality 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548:Historiometry 3546: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3492:Periodization 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278:Sigillography 3276: 3274: 3273:Prosopography 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150:Local history 3148: 3144: 3143:Human history 3141: 3140: 3139: 3138:World history 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671:Simple dolmen 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2656:Passage grave 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602:Gallery grave 2600: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2517:Burial mounds 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2477:Statue menhir 2475: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465:Stone carving 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304:Sewing needle 2302: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2132:Timber circle 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081:Tor enclosure 2079: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2069:fulacht fiadh 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 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action 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 468: 458: 456: 452: 446: 444: 439: 434: 432: 431:raw materials 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 394:analysis and 393: 390:, individual 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 367: 363: 355: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 332: 330: 327:artifact and 326: 322: 321: 316: 308: 304: 300: 296: 294: 289: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 260:Stratigraphic 256: 254: 249: 244: 242: 238: 237:raw materials 234: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 172: 169:, such as in 168: 165: 163: 160: 157: 153: 149: 147: 143: 140: 137: 136: 135: 133: 120: 116: 111: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 85: 81: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 6989: 6791:The Simpsons 6789: 6736:Other topics 6684: 6661:Christianity 6651:Resurrection 6282:Adolf Hitler 6111:Six-Day War 6107:Algerian War 6078: / 6037:Vichy France 6029: 6022: 5932: / 5820:World War II 5716: / 5383: 5376: 5178:Ghaza thesis 5101: 5077: 5063:White legend 5061: / 5059:Black 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Retrieved 933: 923: 911:. Retrieved 907: 897: 881: 875: 850: 846: 836: 817: 811: 794: 790: 784: 765: 759: 742: 738: 732: 713: 707: 686: 681: 676: 659: 655: 649: 630: 605:. Retrieved 601: 592: 573: 570: 566: 557: 496: 474: 470: 447: 435: 411:spectroscopy 400: 376:petrographic 364: 361: 352:Carol Kramer 341: 333: 320:Homo sapiens 318: 315:early humans 311: 303:Curmsun Disc 290: 257: 245: 230: 217:Tursiannotko 175: 129: 89: 77: 56: 52: 50: 29: 7179:Hagiography 6940: [ 6900:Early Islam 6754: [ 6646:Historicity 6624:Historicity 6614:Jane Austen 6594:The Beatles 6564:Netherlands 6525: [ 6522:Zhuge Liang 6513: [ 6501: [ 6498:Yuan Shikai 6469: [ 6466:Sun Yat Tse 6445: [ 6408: [ 6371: [ 6359: [ 6356:Jiang Zemin 6327: [ 6315: [ 6307:Che Guevara 6040: [ 5975:Pacific War 5759:Article 231 5749:Reparations 5726: [ 5690: [ 5667:Color books 5656:World War I 5640: [ 5617:War of 1812 5522: [ 5505: [ 5490:(1792–1815) 5461:Sea Peoples 5446:Gallic Wars 5148: [ 5136: [ 5123:Revisionist 5112: [ 5103:Reconquista 5093: [ 5085:Inquisition 5079:Convivencia 5003: [ 4991: [ 4963: [ 4860:Revisionism 4785: [ 4733: [ 4721: [ 4709: [ 4690: [ 4632:Golden ages 4601: [ 4598:Wunu School 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1239:Quern-stone 797:: 155–205. 745:: 177–184. 700:(in French) 567:arte factum 543:Small finds 513:Antiquities 489:Pan-African 178:stone tools 80:art history 65:archaeology 7250:Categories 7234:Multimedia 7053:Technology 7017:Urreligion 6920:Kharijites 6871:Background 6539:Historical 6510:Zhou Enlai 6405:Mao Zedong 6400:Louis Riel 6173:Background 6024:Guilty Men 5966:Uniqueness 5889:Background 5884:Winter War 5808:Background 5741:Versailles 5595:Great Game 5242:Ricardians 5237:Tudor myth 4955:Partitions 4548:Succession 3838:Narratives 3823:Presentism 3779:Philosophy 3599:Humanistic 3487:Case study 3419:Indigenous 3397:Diplomatic 3341:Capitalism 3241:Onomastics 3199:Chronology 3028:Facsimiles 3013:Chronicles 2911:historians 2882:Historians 2773:trepanning 2666:Ring cairn 2624:Jar burial 2607:transepted 2539:U.S. sites 2440:Petroglyph 2366:Bird stone 2324:wine press 1997:Stone roof 1980:Roundhouse 1872:long house 1849:Stonehenge 1817:Ceremonial 1761:Stone tool 1588:Tool stone 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4420:pt 4333:ru 4321:ru 4309:ru 4287:ru 4275:de 4111:es 4000:es 3770:de 3758:es 3609:pt 932:. 906:. 861:. 851:21 849:. 845:. 793:. 743:58 741:. 698:. 660:18 658:. 617:^ 600:. 445:. 417:, 386:, 382:, 288:. 269:, 223:, 211:A 188:, 180:, 144:a 43:) 7125:) 7121:( 7051:/ 5683:) 5679:( 5673:) 5665:( 5354:e 5347:t 5340:v 4856:" 4852:" 3181:) 3177:( 2861:e 2854:t 2847:v 994:e 987:t 980:v 943:. 917:. 869:. 857:: 830:. 805:. 795:2 778:. 753:. 749:: 726:. 702:. 670:. 666:: 643:. 569:~ 227:. 121:. 59:( 20:)

Index

Artifact (archeology)

Mycenaean
Ugarit
Syria
British English
archaeology
cultural artifact
cultural
art history
artwork
ecofacts
features
looting
collecting

amulet
Black Sea region
archaeological context
Buried
along with
body
feature
midden
Votive offerings
Hoards
wells
stone tools
pottery
buttons

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