Artificial insemination

563:. Insemination in this way means that the sperm do not have to swim through the cervix which is coated with a mucus layer. This layer of mucus can slow down the passage of sperm and can result in many sperm perishing before they can enter the uterus. Donor sperm is sometimes tested for mucus penetration if it is to be used for ICI inseminations but partner sperm may or may not be able to pass through the cervix. In these cases, the use of IUI can provide a more efficient delivery of the sperm. In general terms, IUI is usually regarded as more efficient than ICI or IVI. It is therefore the method of choice for single and lesbian women wishing to conceive using donor sperm since this group of recipients usually require artificial insemination because they do not have a male partner, not because they have medical problems. Owing to the high number of these recipients using donor sperm services, IUI is therefore the most popular method of insemination today at a fertility clinic. The term 'artificial insemination' has, in many cases, come to mean IUI insemination. 542:, may be inserted into the vagina following insemination and may be left in place for several hours. Using this method, a woman may go about her usual activities while the cervical cap holds the semen in the vagina close to the entrance to the cervix. Advocates of this method claim that it increases the chances of conception. One advantage with the conception device is that fresh, non-liquefied semen may be used. The man may ejaculate straight into the cap so that his fresh semen can be inserted immediately into the vagina without waiting for it to liquefy, although a collection cup may also be used. Other methods may be used to insert semen into the vagina notably involving different uses of a conception cap. These include a specially designed conception cap with a tube attached which may be inserted empty into the vagina after which liquefied semen is poured into the tube. These methods are designed to ensure that semen is inseminated as close as possible to the cervix and that it is kept in place there to increase the chances of conception. 356:, the use of artificial insemination for such couples has largely been rendered unnecessary. However, there are still reasons why a couple would seek to use artificial insemination using the male partner's sperm. In the case of such couples, before artificial insemination is turned to as the solution, doctors will require an examination of both the male and female involved in order to remove any and all physical hindrances that are preventing them from naturally achieving a pregnancy including any factors which prevent the couple from having satisfactory sexual intercourse. The couple is also given a fertility test to determine the motility, number, and viability of the male's sperm and the success of the female's ovulation. From these tests, the doctor may or may not recommend a form of artificial insemination. The results of investigations may, for example, show that the woman's immune system may be rejecting her partner's sperm as invading molecules. Women who have issues with the cervix – such as cervical scarring, cervical blockage from 517:

lies on her back and the syringe is inserted into the vagina. Care is optimal when inserting the syringe, so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. A vaginal speculum may be used for this purpose and a catheter may be attached to the tip of the syringe to ensure delivery of the semen as close to the entrance to the cervix as possible. The plunger is then slowly pushed forward and the semen in the syringe is gently emptied deep into the vagina. It is important that the syringe is emptied slowly for safety and for the best results, bearing in mind that the purpose of the procedure is to replicate as closely as possible a natural deposit of the semen in the vagina. The syringe (and catheter if used) may be left in place for several minutes before removal. The woman can bring herself to orgasm so that the cervix 'dips down' into the pool of semen, again replicating closely vaginal intercourse, and this may improve the success rate.

2081:, which is adopted individually on a state by state basis, was revised to address non married couples and states that an unmarried couple has the same rights to the child that a married couple would. This extended who has the right to be a parent to a man who would supposedly fill in the social role as a “father.” There were now numerous ways to establish parental rights for both the mother and the father depending on if the child was born using a sperm donor or a surrogate. Currently, a revised version of the Uniform Parentage Act is starting to be passed in a few states that expands how parental relations can be determined. This bill includes expanding “father” to mean any person who would fill the role of a father, regardless of their gender and “mother” is expanded to anyone who gives birth to the child regardless of gender. In addition, this act would also change any language of “husband” or “wife” to “spouse.” 2045:

surrogacy, paternity rights, and eventually artificial insemination and LGBT+ parents began to arise. Prior to the use of artificial insemination, the legal parents of a child were the two people who conceived the child or the person who birthed the child and their legal spouse, but artificial insemination complicates the legal process of becoming a parent as well as who is the parent of the child. Deciding who the parents of the child are is the largest legal predicament around artificial insemination. However, questions around surrogacy and donor's rights also appear as a side question to determining the parent(s). Some major cases that deal with artificial insemination and parental rights are,

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reproductive outcomes when compared to heterosexual female peers." Therefore, it is imperative that providers take extra care in educating their LGBTQ+ patients on potential risk factors of artificial insemination. The implications of this knowledge gap between LGTBQ+ individuals and their heterosexual counterparts are serious and worth noting. Lack of access to proper information and risk factors around procedures like these may dissuade someone from pursuing these procedures altogether. As a result, there will be less normalization of LGBTQ+ family making and reproduction, which only perpetuates this cycle of lack of information among LGBTQ+ folks.

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emphasis on this being a family-centered process. Even in a medical setting, it is important to bring intimacy and family-centeredness into this process, as this promotes connectedness and inclusiveness in what can be seen as a hostile and discriminatory environment. LGBTQ couples or individuals typically have to navigate more complexities and barriers than heterosexual couples when undergoing fertility treatment, such as stigma and carrier decisions, so allowing room for intimacy and connectedness in the process can improve the experience for individuals, reduce stress, and minimize barriers that target marginalized individuals.

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insemination using a sperm donor for LGBTQ+ individuals and couples is one of the more cost-effective avenues to parenting. While clinic based IUI may be open to many, it typically still includes hetero-reproductive narratives which dates from the early days of fertilization procedures when these were often exclusively for married couples and when there was a resistance in many societies to extend these services to the LGBTQ+ community. Indeed, in the early days, there were very few fertility clinics which would provide services to single women and lesbian couples. In the UK, notable pioneers in this respect were the

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rights before they can participate. When the mother knows the donor, however, or engages in artificial insemination while unmarried, complications may arise. In cases of private sperm donation, paternity rights and responsibilities are often conferred onto sperm donors when: the donor and recipient did not comply with state laws regarding artificial insemination, the sperm donor and recipient know one another, or the donor had the intent of being a father to the child. When one or a number of these things is true, courts have at times found written agreements relinquishing parental rights to be unenforceable.

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lesbians using donor semen in a fertility centre. Lesbians and single women are less likely to have fertility issues of their own and enabling donor sperm to be inserted directly into the womb will often produce a better chance of conceiving. A 2019 showed that pregnancy rates were similar between lesbian women and heterosexual women undergoing IUI. However, it was found that there is a significantly higher multiple gestation rate among lesbian women undergoing ovulation induction (OI) when compared to lesbian women undergoing natural cycles.

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into question. Prior to the passage of the Uniform Parentage Act in 1973, children conceived via artificial insemination were deemed as “illegitimate” children. The Uniform Parentage Act then recognized the children born from artificial insemination as legal and laid precedent for how the legal parents of the child were decided. However, this act only applied to the children of those married couples. It established that the person who birthed the child was the mother and the father would be the husband of the woman. In 2002, the

2123:, the intrauterine insemination (IUI) of “licitly obtained” (normal intercourse with a silastic sheath i.e. a perforated condom) but technologically prepared semen sample (washed, etc.) has been neither approved nor disapproved by Church authority and its moral validity remains under discussion. Some religious groups, such as the Catholic Church, and individuals have also criticized artificial insemination because acquiring sperm for the procedure is seen as "a form of adultery promoting the vice of masturbation." 1767: 535:(IVI). Sperm supplied by a sperm bank will be frozen and must be allowed to thaw before insemination. The sealed end of the straw itself must be cut off and the open end of the straw is usually fixed straight on to the tip of the syringe, allowing the contents to be drawn into the syringe. Sperm from more than one straw can generally be used in the same syringe. Where fresh semen is used, this must be allowed to liquefy before inserting it into the syringe, or alternatively, the syringe may be back-loaded. 2145: 1779: 1947: 1935: 806:(TMSC), used in a cycle. The success rate increases with increasing TMSC, but only up to a certain count, when other factors become limiting to success. The summed pregnancy rate of two cycles using a TMSC of 5 million (may be a TSC of ~10 million on graph) in each cycle is substantially higher than one single cycle using a TMSC of 10 million. However, although more cost-efficient, using a lower TMSC also increases the average time taken to achieve pregnancy. Women whose age is becoming a major 2249: 1528: 1923: 791:

insemination. The literature is conflicting on immobilization after insemination has increasing the chances of pregnancy. Previous data suggests that it is statistically significant for the patient to remain immobile for 15 minutes after insemination, while another review article claims that it is not. A point of consideration, is that it does cost the patient or healthcare system to remain immobile for 15 minutes if it does increase the chances. For couples with

744:(BPAS) and the Pregnancy Advisory Service (PAS), both of which operated before statutory control of fertility services in 1992, and the London Women's Clinic (LWC) which provided artificial insemination to single women and lesbians from 1998. Most donor insemination procedures undertaken in many countries today are for lesbian couples or single mainly lesbian women, yet much of their rhetoric and advertising is directed at heterosexual couples. Indeed, many 1887: 2153: 1791: 1827: 2007: 1995: 1911: 1875: 1863: 1755: 1959: 1815: 1803: 2019: 1899: 1851: 180: 1839: 1971: 1983: 614:. One of the prominent private clinic in Europe has published a data A multiple logistic regression model showed that sperm origin, maternal age, follicle count at hCG administration day, follicle rupture, and the number of uterine contractions observed after the second insemination procedure were associated with the live-birth rate The steps to follow in order to perform an intrauterine insemination are: 553: 423:. Washed sperm is required in certain situations. Pre- and post-concentration of motile sperm is counted. Sperm from a sperm bank will be frozen and quarantined for a period, and the donor will be tested before and after production of the sample to ensure that he does not carry a transmissible disease. Sperm from a sperm bank will also be suspended in a 4871:

In an eye-opening article in The Huffington Post, Bruce Friedrich gives readers one more reason to boycott meat, dairy and eggs: institutionalized bestiality. Aside from horrifying personal accounts from factory farmers and slaughterhouse workers bragging about sexually abusing animals and undercover

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in 1946) to control bacterial growth, decreasing embryonic mortality, and increase fertility. This, and various new techniques for processing, freezing, and thawing of frozen semen significantly enhanced the practical utilization of artificial insemination in the livestock industry and earned him the

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Artificial insemination is much more common than natural mating, as it allows several female animals to be impregnated from a single male. For instance, up to 30-40 female pigs can be impregnated from a single boar. Workers collect the semen by masturbating the boars, then insert it into the sows via

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When children are conceived the traditional way, there is little discrepancy around who the legal parents of the child are. However, because children conceived using artificial insemination may not be genetically related to one or more of their parents, who the legal parents of the child are can come

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Artificial insemination used to be seen as adultery and was illegal until the 1960s when states started recognizing the child born from artificial insemination as legitimate. Once the children began to be recognized as legitimate, legal questions around who the parents of the child are, how to handle

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The risk factors of artificial insemination are comparatively low to other forms of fertility treatment. The most prominent risk factor would be infection after the procedure, with other risk factors including a higher risk of having twins or triplets, and minor vaginal bleeding during the procedure.

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However, these pregnancy rates may be very misleading, since many factors have to be included to give a meaningful answer, e.g. definition of success and calculation of the total population. These rates can be influenced by age, overall reproductive health, and if the patient had an orgasm during the

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Lesbian couples may either select a friend or family member as their sperm donor or choose an anonymous donor. After a sperm donor is selected, a couple can proceed with donor sperm IUI. IUI is an economic option for same-sex couples and can be done without the use of medication. According to a study

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Semen capacitation: wash and centrifugation, swim-up, or gradient. The insemination should not be performed later than an hour after capacitation. 'Washed sperm' may be purchased directly from a sperm bank if donor semen is used, or 'unwashed semen' may be thawed and capacitated before performing IUI

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Unlike ICI, intrauterine insemination normally requires a medical practitioner to perform the procedure. One of the requirements is to have at least one permeable tube, proved by hysterosalpingography. The infertility duration is also important. A female under 30 years of age has optimal chances with

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During ICI, air is expelled from a needleless syringe which is then filled with semen which has been allowed to liquify. A specially-designed syringe, wider and with a more rounded end, may be used for this purpose. Any further enclosed air is removed by gently pressing the plunger forward. The woman

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In modern species conservation, semen collection and artificial insemination are used also in birds. In 2013 scientist of the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany, from the working group of Michael Lierz, Clinic for birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, developed a novel technique for semen

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Although these risk factors are minor and generally manageable, there is a significant knowledge gap between identity groups around risk factors for fertility treatments in general. For instance, it was found that LGBTQ+ individuals had "had significant knowledge gaps of risk factors associated with

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found no difference in live birth rate between single and double intrauterine insemination. A Cochrane found uncertain evidence about the effect of IUI compared with timed intercourse or expectant management on live birth rates but IUI with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is probably better than

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The cost breakdown for Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) involves several components. The procedure itself typically ranges from $ 300 to $ 1,000 per cycle without insurance. The cost of the sperm may vary widely, with prices per vial ranging from $ 500 to $ 1,000 or more from a sperm bank. Additional

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Although ICI is the simplest method of artificial insemination, a meta-analysis has shown no difference in live birth rates compared with IUI. It may also be performed privately by the woman, or, if she has a partner, in the presence of her partner, or by her partner. ICI was previously used in many

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It may be used for many reasons, including to allow a male to inseminate a much larger number of females, to allow the use of genetic material from males separated by distance or time, to overcome physical breeding difficulties, to control the paternity of offspring, to synchronize births, to avoid

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Mild controlled ovarian stimulation (COS): there is no control of how many oocytes are at the same time when stimulating ovulation. For that reason, it is necessary to check the amount being ovulated via ultrasound (checking the amount of follicles developing at the same time) and administering the

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If sperm is provided by a private donor, either directly or through a sperm agency, it is usually supplied fresh, not frozen, and it will not be quarantined. Donor sperm provided in this way may be given directly to the recipient woman or her partner, or it may be transported in specially insulated

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Generally paternity is not an issue when artificial insemination is between a married woman and an anonymous donor. Most states provide that anonymous donors' paternity claims are not recognized, and most sperm donation centers make use of contracts that require donors to sign away their paternity

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There is no federal law that applies to all fifty states when it comes to artificial insemination and paternity rights, but the Uniform Parentage Act is a model which many states have adopted. Under the 1973 UPA, married heterosexual couples making use of artificial insemination through a licensed

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The extent of insurance coverage for fertility treatments, including Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), varies considerably. Some insurance plans may cover some of the costs, while others may not provide any financial support for fertility treatments. Coverage depends on various factors, such as the

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Semen used is either fresh, raw, or frozen. Where donor sperm is supplied by a sperm bank, it will always be quarantined and frozen, and will need to be thawed before use. The sperm is ideally donated after two or three days of abstinence, without lubrication as the lubricant can inhibit the sperm

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is used. Additionally, an egg donor may be used and so the recipient patient uses artificial insemination to carry a child that she is not genetically related to, and that may or may not be related to her partner (if she has one), depending on how the sperm is acquired. This is typically an option

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ICI is commonly used in the home, by self-insemination and practitioner insemination. Sperm used in ICI inseminations does not have to be 'washed' to remove seminal fluid so that raw semen from a private donor may be used. Semen supplied by a sperm bank prepared for ICI or IUI use is suitable for

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seem reluctant to inform donors that most of their donations will be used for lesbians and single women. To improve the way society talks about and carries out donor insemination inclusive language may be used. One way to do this is to bring LGBTQ narratives into this process, with a particular

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Following insemination, fertile sperm will swim through the cervix into the uterus and from there to the fallopian tubes in a natural way as if the sperm had been deposited in the vagina through intercourse. The woman is therefore advised to lie still for about half-an-hour to assist conception.

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Although many fertilization procedures, such as IUI are typically carried out in a medical setting, society is increasingly recognizing the important role that this plays in the lives of individuals who might otherwise not conceive through heterosexual penetrative sexual intercourse. Artificial

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of more than 5 million per ml is optimal. In practice, donor sperm will satisfy these criteria and since IUI is a more efficient method of artificial insemination than ICI and, because of its generally higher success rate, IUI is usually the insemination procedure of choice for single women and

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When performed at home without the presence of a professional, aiming the sperm in the vagina at the neck of the cervix may be more difficult to achieve and the effect may be to 'flood' the vagina with semen, rather than to target it specifically at the entrance to the cervix. This procedure is

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causes decreased success rates; women aged 38–39 years appear to have reasonable success during the first two cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation and IUI. However, for women aged over 40 years, there appears to be no benefit after a single cycle of COH/IUI. Medical experts therefore recommend

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of infertility creates a framework in which individuals are encouraged to think of infertility quite negatively. In many cultures donor insemination is religiously and culturally prohibited, often meaning that less accessible "high tech" and expensive ARTs, like IVF, are the only solution.

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For heterosexual couples, the indications to perform an intrauterine insemination are usually a moderate male factor, the incapability to ejaculate in vagina and an idiopathic infertility. A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher

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registries allow registration of foals created through artificial insemination, and the process is widely used allowing the breeding of mares to stallions not resident at the same facility – or even in the same country – through the use of transported frozen or cooled semen.

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Timing is critical, as the window and opportunity for fertilization is little more than twelve hours from the release of the ovum. To increase the chance of success, the woman's menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests, such as

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is a solution that allows the semen from a donor to impregnate more females by making insemination possible with fewer sperm. Antibiotics, such as streptomycin, are sometimes added to the sperm to control some bacterial venereal diseases. Before the actual insemination,

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Nazem, Taraneh Gharib; Chang, Sydney; Lee, Joseph A.; Briton-Jones, Christine; Copperman, Alan B.; McAvey, Beth (March 2019). "Understanding the Reproductive Experience and Pregnancy Outcomes of Lesbian Women Undergoing Donor Intrauterine Insemination".

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Cimino, C.; Guastella, G.; Comparetto, G.; Gullo, D.; Perino, A.; Benigno, M.; Barba, G.; Cittadini, E. (1988). "Direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) for the treatment of refractory infertility unrelated to female organic pelvic disease".

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through selection of particular traits. The line of reasoning follows the history of artificial insemination in breeding livestock and other domesticated animals wherein preferred traits are encouraged through human-controlled selection.

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frequently write against the practice in their articles. Much of the meat production in the United States depends on artificial insemination, resulting in an explosive growth of the procedure over the past three decades. The state of

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Due to the lack of reliable evidence from controlled clinical trials, it is not certain which semen preparation techniques are more effective (wash and centrifugation; swim-up; or gradient) in terms of pregnancy and live birth rates.

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Cordary, D.; Braconier, A.; Guillet-May, F.; Morel, O.; Agopiantz, M.; Callec, R. (December 2017). "Immobilization versus immediate mobilization after intrauterine insemination: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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The number of samples (ejaculates) required to give rise to a child varies substantially from person to person, as well as from clinic to clinic. However, the following equations generalize the main factors involved:

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In the 1980s, direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) was occasionally used, where doctors injected sperm into the lower abdomen through a surgical hole or incision, with the intention of letting them find the

1716:" of central and southern Africa – from dealing with many of the key causes of infertility treatable by artificial insemination techniques; namely preventable infections, dietary and lifestyle influences. 633:

in the endometrium could end a pregnancy. To avoid that 200 mg/day of micronized progesterone are administered via vagina. If there is pregnancy, this hormone is kept administering until the tenth week of

691:. The cervix is then clamped to prevent leakage to the vagina, best achieved with a specially designed double nut bivalve (DNB) speculum. The sperm is mixed to create a volume of 10 ml, sufficient to fill the 351:

Artificial insemination techniques were originally used mainly to assist heterosexual couples to conceive where they were having difficulties, but with the advancement of techniques in this field, notably

3234: 895: 3256: 289:, a professor in Philadelphia, took sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an anesthetized woman without her knowledge. The case was reported 25 years later in a medical journal. The 344:

There are multiple methods used to obtain the semen necessary for artificial insemination, and the sperm used in artificial insemination may be provided by the recipient patient's partner or by a

1028: 715:, mild or moderate male infertility, and mild or moderate endometriosis. In non-tubal sub fertility, fallopian tube sperm perfusion may be the preferred technique over intrauterine insemination. 2092:

physician could list the husband as the natural father of the child, rather than the sperm donor. Since then a revised version of the Act has been introduced, though to less widespread adoption

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Some countries restrict artificial insemination in a variety of ways. For example, some countries do not permit AI for single women, and other countries do not permit the use of donor sperm.

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were able to pioneer the technique in the early 2000s, resulting in "the first successful conceptions, resulting in live offspring, using artificial insemination in any cetacean species".

1238: 1137: 501:. It is painless and is the simplest, easiest and most common method of artificial insemination involving the introduction of unwashed or raw semen into the vagina at the entrance to the 391:

and who is able to receive artificial insemination. Some women who live in a jurisdiction which does not permit artificial insemination in the circumstance in which she finds herself may

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injury incurred during natural mating, and to avoid the need to keep a male at all (such as for small numbers of females or in species whose fertile males may be difficult to manage).

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Nowadays artificial insemination in humans is mainly used as a substitute for sexual intercourse for women without a male partner who wish to have their own children—such as women in

5043: 2346:. A small number of equine associations in North America accept only horses that have been conceived by "natural cover" or "natural service" – the actual physical mating of a 412:

tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus, and the softness of the nose of her cervix. To improve the success rate of artificial insemination, drugs to create a

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are also bred using this method (up to 85% of all inseminations). It is an economical means for a livestock breeder to improve their herds utilizing males having desirable traits.

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Hurd WW, Randolph JF, Ansbacher R, Menge AC, Ohl DA, Brown AN (February 1993). "Comparison of intracervical, intrauterine, and intratubal techniques for donor insemination".

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video footage exposing animals being raped and sexually assaulted, Friedrich explains how routine – and legal – acts of bestiality are perpetrated every day on modern farms.

2272:, Poland, as part of an international research project. The participants included Prawochenki (Poland), Milovanoff (USSR), Hammond and Walton (UK), and Thomasset (Uruguay). 643:

insurance plan, state policies and regulations, and the underlying cause of infertility. Several states have mandated insurers to provide coverage for infertility services.

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Custers, I. M; Flierman, P. A; Maas, P.; Cox, T.; Van Dessel, T. J H M; Gerards, M. H; Mochtar, M. H; Janssen, C. A H; van der Veen, F.; Mol, B. W. J (29 October 2009).

2213:. To allow the sperm to remain viable during the time before and after it is frozen, the semen is mixed with a solution containing glycerol or other cryoprotectants. An 2763: 1701:(ARTs) is the pressure placed on couples to conceive, "where children are highly desired, parenthood is culturally mandatory, and childlessness socially unacceptable". 6027: 2209:, extended, then cooled or frozen. It can be used on-site or shipped to the female's location. If frozen, the small plastic tube holding the semen is referred to as a 4486: 577:

Using this technique, as with ICI, fertilization takes place naturally in the external part of the fallopian tubes in the same way that occurs following intercourse.

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from 2021, lesbian women undergoing IUI had an average clinical pregnancy rate of 13.2% per cycle and 42.2% success rate giving the average number of cycles at 3.6.

4008:"Clomifene citrate or unstimulated intrauterine insemination compared with expectant management for unexplained infertility: pragmatic randomised controlled trial" 513:

fertility centers as a method of insemination, but its popularity in this context has waned as other, more reliable methods of insemination have become available.

6382: 3151:"GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation does not improve pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles: a randomized controlled trial" 2110: 1370: 527:

Ordinary sexual lubricants should not be used in the process, but special fertility or 'sperm-friendly' lubricants can be used for increased ease and comfort.

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Yao, Hong; Yang, Jieyi; Lo, Iris Po Yee (June 2023). "Lesbian couples' childbearing experiences using assisted reproductive technology: A netnography study".

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a raised catheter known as a pork stork. Boars are still physically used to excite the females prior to insemination, but are prevented from actually mating.

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With these numbers, one sample would on average help giving rise to 0.1–0.6 children, that is, it actually takes on average 2–5 samples to make a child.

2428:, who identify the practice as a form of rape due to its sexual, involuntary and perceived painful nature. Animal rights organizations such as PETA and 2055: 959:

The pregnancy rate increases with increasing number of motile sperm used, but only up to a certain degree, when other factors become limiting instead.

731:, where both eggs and sperm are mixed outside the woman's body and then immediately inserted into the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place. 727:, although this procedure is no longer generally regarded as having any beneficial effect compared with IUI. ITI however, should not be confused with 566:

It is important that washed sperm is used because unwashed sperm may elicit uterine cramping, expelling the semen and causing pain, due to content of

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Mercy For Animals pursues change for the better by reducing the suffering of the 80 billion farmed animals raped and killed every year, Garcés says.

2789:"Oral Sex, a Knife Fight and Then Sperm Still Impregnated Girl. Account of a Girl Impregnated After Oral Sex Shows Sperms' Incredible Survivability" 2253: 4472: 524:

One insemination during a cycle is usually sufficient. Additional inseminations during the same cycle may not improve the chances of a pregnancy.

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Cows and other factory-farmed female animals endure being raped repeatedly, and their babies are torn away from them before they're all killed.

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Annales de Gembloux L´Organisation Scientifique de l Índustrie Animale en URSS, Artificial Insemination in the URSS, by Luis Thomasset, 1936

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Intracervical insemination (ICI) is the method of artificial insemination which most closely mimics the natural ejaculation of semen by the

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Artificial insemination of farm animals is common in the developed world, especially for breeding dairy cattle (75% of all inseminations).

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Intrauterine insemination. Information notes from the fertility clinic at Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby. By PhD Ulrik Kesmodel et al.

5602: 2835: 2741: 2421: 2047: 570:. (Prostaglandins are also the compounds responsible for causing the myometrium to contract and expel the menses from the uterus, during 2557: 5034: 2945: 244: 6464: 6013: 650:(COH). Clomiphene Citrate is the first line, Letrozole is second line, in order to stimulate ovaries before moving on to IVF. Still, 4084:

Inhorn, Marcia C (May 2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt".

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in 1790, who helped impregnate a linen draper's wife. The first reported case of artificial insemination by donor occurred in 1884:

216: 3074:"Predictive factors for pregnancy after intrauterine insemination (IUI): An analysis of 1038 cycles and a review of the literature" 2116: 197: 832: 610:

administration at the time of implantation does not improve pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles according to a

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An over-reliance on reproductive technologies in dealing with infertility prevents many – especially, for example, in the "

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O'Brien, P; Vandekerckhove, P (26 October 1998). "Intra-uterine versus cervical insemination of donor sperm for subfertility".

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is the fraction of the volume that remains after centrifugation of the sample, which may be about half (0.5) to a third (0.33).

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The first viviparous animal to be artificially fertilized was a dog. The experiment was conducted with success by the Italian

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According to the 2021 Bioethics Law, the criteria that must be met to benefit from artificial insemination are as follows:

364:– may also benefit from artificial insemination, since the sperm must pass through the cervix to result in fertilization. 3518:"Comparison of fallopian tube sperm perfusion and intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination:a prospective randomized study" 973: 6200: 5902: 5070: 3738:

Johal, Jasmyn K.; Gardner, Rebecca M.; Vaughn, Sara J.; Jaswa, Eleni G.; Hedlin, Haley; Aghajanova, Lusine (2021-09-01).

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The parenting project must be validated through a series of interviews with professionals (doctors, psychologists, etc.).

671: 647: 413: 230: 3379:"Single versus double intrauterine insemination in multi-follicular ovarian hyperstimulation cycles: a randomized trial" 3338:"Poor success of gonadotropin-induced controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination for older women" 2672: 5768: 741: 6210: 5803: 5668: 3192:"Influence of follicle rupture and uterine contractions on intrauterine insemination outcome: a new predictive model" 3030:"A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates" 263: 4885: 4145:"Barriers to conception: LGBT individuals have worse fertility health literacy than their heterosexual female peers" 3006: 2993: 212: 6439: 6429: 6190: 6165: 6036: 5907: 5607: 5132: 2511: 1698: 353: 313: 135: 112: 1189: 1088: 574:.) Resting on the table for fifteen minutes after an IUI is optimal for the woman to increase the pregnancy rate. 6261: 5959: 5673: 4918: 662:

A double intrauterine insemination theoretically increases pregnancy rates by decreasing the risk of missing the

4656:"Reproductive Physiology and Development of Artificial Insemination Technology in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)1" 4056: 955:

recommended for vaginal insemination (VI) or intra-cervical insemination (ICI), approximately 20 million pr. ml.

6273: 6220: 5723: 3788: 2648: 728: 388: 201: 2449:

Artificial insemination can be performed using sperm from the husband or frozen sperm from an anonymous donor.

2375:

collection and artificial insemination in parrots producing the world's first macaw by assisted reproduction.

2288:

in Agriculture. Many techniques developed by him have since been applied to other species, including humans.

509:

ICI. ICI is a popular method of insemination amongst single and lesbian women purchasing donor sperm on-line.

6377: 6215: 6205: 5748: 5655: 5157: 3190:

Blasco V, Prados N, Carranza F, González-Ravina C, Pellicer A, Fernández-Sánchez M, et al. (June 2014).

2437:

makes no exceptions for artificial insemination under its bestiality law, thus making the procedure illegal.

2276: 2233: 687:

Intrauterine tuboperitoneal insemination (IUTPI) involves injection of washed sperm into both the uterus and

4989: 2131:

There are critics of artificial insemination who voice concerns regarding the potential for AI to encourage

399:, artificial insemination can be more expensive and more invasive, and may require professional assistance. 6117: 5753: 5713: 5212: 3941:"Immobilisation versus immediate mobilisation after intrauterine insemination: randomised controlled trial" 3689: 2440: 2383: 603: 333: 4858: 4654:

Robeck, T.R.; Steinman, K.J.; Gearhart, S.; Reidarson, T.R.; McBain, J.F.; Monfort, S.L. (1 August 2004).

6434: 5582: 5393: 5366: 4972: 3891: 1290: 787:

using ICI, and 15–20% per cycle for IUI. In IUI, about 60 to 70% have achieved pregnancy after 6 cycles.

611: 5788: 5625: 5383: 5308: 5278: 807: 639:

expenses might include consultation fees, ovulation-inducing medication, ultrasounds, and blood tests.

444: 305: 4381:«Reproductive Technology (Evaluation & Treatment of Infertility): Guidelines for Catholic Couples» 5838: 5450: 5190: 5114: 4578: 1713: 626:

insemination, provided that the capacitation leaves a minimum of, usually, five million motile sperm.

237: 4696: 3284:"Laboring to Conceive: Reducing Barriers to Fertility Care for Same-Sex Mothers Pursuing Parenthood" 5200: 4599:"A novel method for semen collection and artificial insemination in large parrots (Psittaciformes)" 1541: 952: 803: 770: 586: 559:

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves injection of washed sperm directly into the uterus with a

58: 3814: 6469: 6256: 6251: 6082: 5773: 5638: 5376: 5104: 5063: 2864: 2342:

Although common with cattle and swine, artificial insemination is not as widely practiced in the

792: 712: 376:

for women who are unable to use their own eggs due to age and/or health concerns and is done via

190: 3149:

Bellver J, Labarta E, Bosch E, Melo MA, Vidal C, Remohí J, Pellicer A, et al. (June 2009).

2827: 1747:

As of May 2013, the following European countries permit medically assisted AI for single women:

416:

may be used, but the use of such drugs also results in an increased chance of a multiple birth.

6387: 6321: 6266: 6160: 6149: 5892: 5708: 5273: 5152: 5021: 4994: 4555: 2486: 656: 409: 377: 5026: 4945:"La loi de bioéthique qui encadre l'AMP (ou PMA) - Assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP)" 4527: 4448: 2843: 5887: 5743: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5512: 5465: 5460: 5428: 5248: 2285: 2265: 2078: 651: 297:

starting in the 1950s in research conducted by University of Iowa medical school researchers

282: 104: 4359:"Who's Your Daddy? Defining Paternity Rights in the Context of Free, Private Sperm Donation" 2420:. Artificial insemination of farm animals is condemned by animal rights campaigners such as 6454: 6278: 6170: 6092: 5994: 5933: 5793: 5650: 5574: 5482: 5472: 5268: 5169: 5147: 5031: 4610: 2496: 773:). Values are for intrauterine insemination. (Old data, rates are likely higher these days) 431:

containers. Some donors have their own freezing apparatus to freeze and store their sperm.

396: 20: 3559:"Intrauterine insemination versus fallopian tube sperm perfusion in non-tubal infertility" 2452:

Both spouses or the unmarried woman must consent in advance to artificial insemination or

2268:

in 1899. In 1935, diluted semen from Suffolk sheep was flown from Cambridge in Britain to

2237: 8: 6290: 6241: 6185: 6180: 6105: 6100: 5897: 5808: 5763: 5663: 5522: 5440: 5423: 5388: 5243: 5164: 5124: 4944: 2501: 2313: 2261: 1891: 1886: 1455:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}\times {\frac {V_{v}}{V_{v}}}} 124: 4614: 4400: 3310: 3283: 2441:

Criteria for benefiting from artificial insemination according to the 2021 Bioethics Law

6444: 6316: 6283: 6052: 5783: 5678: 5643: 5502: 5351: 5263: 5228: 5109: 5056: 4821: 4789: 4738: 4631: 4598: 4500: 4425: 4261: 4244: 4032: 4007: 3965: 3940: 3860: 3835: 3764: 3739: 3671: 3583: 3558: 3493: 3468: 3444: 3419: 2921: 2599: 2582: 2466:

The 2021 Bioethics Law has expanded the scope of Medically Assisted Procreation (MAP).

2177: 498: 439: 368: 108: 4097: 3619: 2700: 35: 6367: 6077: 6072: 6062: 5862: 5738: 5477: 5418: 5258: 5238: 5233: 4771: 4761: 4742: 4677: 4636: 4535: 4430: 4412: 4266: 4161: 4144: 4101: 4037: 3970: 3921: 3865: 3769: 3675: 3663: 3623: 3588: 3539: 3534: 3517: 3498: 3449: 3400: 3359: 3354: 3337: 3315: 3213: 3208: 3191: 3172: 3167: 3150: 3131: 3095: 3090: 3073: 3051: 3046: 3029: 2976: 2816: 2704: 2604: 2481: 2476: 2429: 2325: 2317: 2161: 1720: 799: 766: 700: 539: 392: 298: 46: 4358: 3377:

Bagis T, Haydardedeoglu B, Kilicdag EB, Cok T, Simsek E, Parlakgumus AH (May 2010).

2115:

Some theologically buttressed arguments reject the moral validity of this practice,

6341: 6246: 6195: 6067: 6057: 6005: 5833: 5445: 5318: 5313: 5207: 4730: 4667: 4626: 4618: 4420: 4256: 4156: 4093: 4027: 4019: 3960: 3952: 3913: 3855: 3847: 3759: 3751: 3655: 3615: 3578: 3570: 3529: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3390: 3349: 3305: 3295: 3203: 3162: 3123: 3085: 3041: 2968: 2696: 2594: 2206: 2193: 2165: 761: 708: 704: 667: 595: 309: 143: 4672: 4655: 3072:

Merviel P, Heraud MH, Grenier N, Lourdel E, Sanguinet P, Copin H (November 2008).

2888: 6372: 6331: 6175: 5882: 5597: 5492: 5361: 5253: 5142: 5091: 5038: 5011: 4585: 3821: 2491: 2453: 2425: 2321: 1951: 1946: 1677:

On the other hand, only 5 million motile sperm may be needed per cycle with IUI (

784: 317: 116: 64: 5016: 3988: 3917: 3740:"Pregnancy success rates for lesbian women undergoing intrauterine insemination" 3574: 2462:

Individuals benefiting from artificial insemination must be of reproductive age.

2279:. He improved breeding efficiency by the use of antibiotics (first proven with 1521:

and may be eliminated. In short, the smaller the vials, the more vials are used)

6459: 6336: 5928: 5843: 5549: 5497: 5195: 3755: 3659: 2526: 2516: 2343: 2301: 2215: 2157: 1783: 1778: 1705: 778: 724: 692: 688: 663: 582: 452: 424: 345: 139: 4775: 3851: 2972: 6449: 6423: 6392: 6295: 5938: 5828: 5617: 5592: 5344: 5185: 5099: 4734: 4416: 2680: 2531: 2409: 2403: 2358:

being the most notable of these, as no artificial insemination is allowed in

2248: 783:

The rates of successful pregnancy for artificial insemination are 10-15% per

567: 420: 357: 162:). Where gametes from a third party are used, the procedure may be known as ' 5032:

The Hastings Center's Bioethics Briefing Book entry on assisted reproduction

3395: 3378: 3282:

Richburg, Caroline E.; Jackson Levin, Nina; Moravek, Molly B. (March 2022).

6326: 6127: 5974: 5554: 5507: 5455: 5413: 5048: 4990:

Detailed description of the different fertility treatment options available

4681: 4640: 4434: 4270: 4105: 4041: 3974: 3925: 3869: 3773: 3667: 3592: 3543: 3502: 3453: 3418:

Ayeleke, RO; Asseler, JD; Cohlen, BJ; Veltman-Verhulst, SM (3 March 2020).

3404: 3363: 3319: 3217: 3176: 3135: 3127: 3099: 3055: 3007:"Immobilization May Improve Pregnancy Rate After Intrauterine Insemination" 2980: 2708: 2608: 2379: 2359: 2144: 1527: 630: 607: 571: 465: 456: 120: 3627: 2820: 795:, unstimulated IUI is no more effective than natural means of conception. 723:

Intratubal insemination (ITI) involves injection of washed sperm into the

6044: 5964: 5559: 5517: 5435: 4055:

Essig, Maria G. (2007-02-20). Van Houten, Susan; Landauer, Tracy (eds.).

3300: 2738:"British man 'fathered 600 children' at own fertility clinic - Telegraph" 2408:

Artificial insemination on animals has been criticised as a violation of

2355: 2225: 2181: 1939: 1934: 916: 745: 464:

motility. When an ovum is released, semen is introduced into the woman's

389:

Some countries have laws which restrict and regulate who can donate sperm

372: 1667:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times f_{c}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}} 6346: 6132: 5969: 5487: 5409: 5288: 5083: 2521: 2506: 2417: 2280: 2152: 1927: 1922: 290: 204: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5005:

United States state court rules sperm donor is not liable for children

4622: 3956: 2558:"ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 February 1958)" 74: 6300: 6110: 5079: 4697:"I trained killer whales at SeaWorld for 12 years. Here's why I quit" 4023: 3690:"Lesbian Fertility Options - Donor Sperm IUI - Reciprocal IVF - LGBT" 2946:"Procedure for intrauterine insemination (IUI) using processed sperm" 2536: 2367: 2296:

Artificial insemination is used in many non-human animals, including

2173: 100: 3417: 2275:

Modern artificial insemination was pioneered by John O. Almquist of

2269: 179: 6351: 5848: 5564: 3189: 3028:

Marshburn PB, Alanis M, Matthews ML, et al. (September 2009).

2387: 2351: 2132: 1795: 1790: 622:

Ovulation induction: using substances known as ovulation inductors.

599: 560: 4760:. Routledge handbooks in applied ethics. New York, NY: Routledge. 4245:"Paternity Law: Sperm Donors, Surrogate Mothers and Child Custody" 1689:

Thus, only 1–3 samples may be needed for a child if used for IUI.

5371: 2391: 2229: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1963: 1958: 1915: 1910: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 696: 479:

Sperm is occasionally inserted twice within a 'treatment cycle'.

146:

techniques. Artificial insemination techniques available include

4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4143:

Thomas, S.; Chung, K.; Paulson, R.; Bendikson, K. (March 2018).

3902: 915:

is the volume of a sample (ejaculate), usually between 1.0

5877: 5339: 5334: 4653: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 2434: 2305: 2221: 2023: 2018: 1975: 1970: 1903: 1898: 1855: 1850: 1719:

If good records are not kept, the offspring when grown up risk

502: 494: 473: 469: 448: 325: 96: 92: 3376: 2805: 1697:

One of the key issues arising from the rise of dependency on

5923: 5587: 5356: 2336: 2297: 2120: 1987: 1982: 1506:

is the number of motile sperm recommended for use in a cycles

659:

after one failed COH/IUI cycle for women aged over 40 years.

490: 361: 329: 88: 4597:

Lierz M, Reinschmidt M, Müller H, Wink M, Neumann D (2013).

4169: 3469:"Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination" 3281: 2624:"The First Artificial Insemination Was an Ethical Nightmare" 2394:

as being the first orca to receive artificial insemination.

2256:

in 1935 to work at Cambridge Laboratories and South America.

1467:

is how many children a single sample can help giving rise to

1261:

is the number of motile sperm recommended for use in a cycle

929:, approximately 5–20 million per ml but varies substantially 890:{\displaystyle N={\frac {V_{s}\times c\times r_{s}}{n_{r}}}} 4917:

Rosenberg, Gabriel N.; Dutkiewicz, Jan (11 December 2020).

4721:

Rosenberg, Gabriel (October 2017). "How Meat Changed Sex".

4142: 4006:

Bhattacharya S, Harrild K, Mollison J, et al. (2008).

4005: 3071: 2889:"Europe moves towards complete statutory regulation of ART" 2413: 2363: 2347: 2329: 2309: 1517:

is the volume of the vials used (its value does not affect

294: 4596: 4579:

The Jockey Club has never allowed artificial insemination.

3605: 695:, pass through the interstitial part of the tubes and the 4886:"Mercy For Animals: Interview with President Leah Garcés" 4489:. Qld Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 4475:. Qld Government Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 4401:"Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones" 3420:"Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility" 3112: 2962: 2583:"Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones" 128: 3467:

Boomsma, CM; Cohlen, BJ; Farquhar, C (15 October 2019).

5000:

What are the Ethical Considerations for Sperm Donation?

4063:. Reviewed by Martin Gabica and Avery L. Seifert. WebMD 3906:

Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction

3737: 3148: 3027: 2987: 2252:

Artificial insemination tools brought from the USSR by

281:

The first recorded case of artificial insemination was

40:

Schematic illustration of human artificial insemination

4804:"Why Vegans Are Going On TV to Call Farmers 'Rapists'" 3938: 3335: 2764:"Mary's Babies review — Fertility clinic's dark truth" 2111:

Religious response to assisted reproductive technology

904:

is how many children a single sample can give rise to.

552: 6475:

Ethically disputed business practices towards animals

4912: 4910: 3466: 3229: 3227: 2840:

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

2686: 1599: 1373: 1293: 1192: 1091: 1037:

is how many children a single sample can give rise to

976: 940:

is the pregnancy rate per cycle, between 10% and 35%

835: 6035: 4857:. Mercy for Animals. 3 November 2010. Archived from 4379:

U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) (2020).

3515: 2687:

Gregoire, A.; Mayer, R. (1964). "The impregnators".

2071:

Legal Parental Relations and Artificial Insemination

1023:{\displaystyle N={\frac {n_{s}}{n_{c}}}\times r_{s}} 4916: 3836:"Intrauterine Insemination: Fundamentals Revisited" 963:

Derivation of the equation (click at right to view)

427:which assists with freezing, storing and shipping. 383: 4907: 3224: 2148:A man performing artificial insemination of a cow. 2126: 1666: 1454: 1325: 1232: 1131: 1022: 889: 6409:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction 4398: 3840:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2580: 925:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 6421: 5027:IntraUterine TuboPeritoneal Insemination (IUTPI) 3787:England, Fertility Centers of New (2011-03-03). 2722:Kara W. Swanson, "The Birth of the Sperm Bank," 2412:, with animal rights advocates equating it with 1484:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 1360:is the concentration of motile sperm in a sample 707:where it would be mixed with the peritoneal and 332:or after entering the genital tract through the 304:In the United Kingdom, the British obstetrician 4120:"Intrauterine insemination (IUI) - Mayo Clinic" 3336:Harris, I.; Missmer, S.; Hornstein, M. (2010). 2673:"Letter to the Editor: Artificial Impregnation" 1364:Thus, the factors can be presented as follows: 594:IUI; A promising cycle is one that offers two 393:travel to another jurisdiction which permits it 147: 2168:from horses for use in artificial insemination 682: 6021: 5064: 3789:"Andrology: Sperm Volume & Concentration" 2416:and arguing it constitutes institutionalized 2039:History of Law Around Artificial Insemination 371:and single women—and thus where sperm from a 339: 5078: 1553:). Values are for intrauterine insemination. 1233:{\displaystyle n_{c}={\frac {n_{r}}{n_{s}}}} 1132:{\displaystyle n_{s}={\frac {V_{s}}{V_{v}}}} 765:Approximate pregnancy rate as a function of 505:, usually by means of a needleless syringe. 4242: 3473:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3424:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2422:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 2099: 2032: 1540:) among infertile couples as a function of 6028: 6014: 5071: 5057: 3833: 3810: 3808: 3235:"What Is Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)?" 3067: 3065: 3004: 2926:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2172:Artificial insemination is used for pets, 2119:. However, according to a document of the 1149:is the number of vials produced per sample 1048:is the number of vials produced per sample 967:In the simplest form, the equation reads: 34: 19:"IUI" redirects here. For other uses, see 4883: 4723:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 4720: 4671: 4630: 4424: 4260: 4160: 4079: 4077: 4031: 3964: 3859: 3763: 3645: 3582: 3556: 3533: 3492: 3443: 3394: 3353: 3331: 3329: 3309: 3299: 3207: 3166: 3089: 3045: 2761: 2598: 2264:in 1780. Another pioneer was the Russian 2187: 455:connects the interiors of the uterus and 264:Learn how and when to remove this message 4919:"The Meat Industry's Bestiality Problem" 4694: 4319:"Parentage Act - Uniform Law Commission" 2943: 2833: 2247: 2151: 2143: 1526: 760: 551: 438: 115:for humans, and is a common practice in 4851:"Sex and Violence in the Meat Industry" 4758:The Routledge handbook of animal ethics 4755: 4291:"The New Uniform Parentage Act of 2017" 3834:Allahbadia, Gautam N. (December 2017). 3805: 3786: 3062: 2965:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2362:breeding. Other registries such as the 2104: 1343:is the number of motile sperm in a vial 1272:is the number of motile sperm in a vial 810:may not want to spend that extra time. 798:The pregnancy rate also depends on the 16:Pregnancy through in vivo fertilization 6422: 4534:. World Scientific. pp. 121–134. 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4083: 4074: 3326: 2646: 2397: 1692: 1250:is the number of vials used in a cycle 1059:is the number of vials used in a cycle 476:, depending on the method being used. 6009: 5052: 4977:The Artificial Insemination of Cattle 4884:Jarvenpaa, Mikko (23 December 2019). 4394: 4392: 4313: 4311: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4054: 4048: 3641: 3639: 3637: 2939: 2937: 2911: 2735: 2679:: 163–164. April 1909. Archived from 2649:"A Brief History of Donor Conception" 1739: 602:of more than 500 pg/mL on the day of 538:A conception cap, which is a form of 348:whose identity is known or unknown. 4995:A history of artificial insemination 4949:Assistance médicale à la procréation 4525: 4399:Ombelet, W.; Van Robays, J. (2015). 4356: 4288: 3599: 2944:Ginsburg, Elizabeth (June 4, 2018). 2621: 2581:Ombelet, W.; Van Robays, J. (2015). 813: 646:IUI can be used in conjunction with 598:measuring more than 16 mm, and 202:adding citations to reliable sources 173: 5903:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 4335: 4225: 3989:"Fertility treatments 'no benefit'" 3824:Subject: Infertility FAQ (part 4/4) 3516:Leonidas Mamas, M.D. (March 2006). 2786: 2084: 1326:{\displaystyle n_{s}=V_{v}\times c} 648:controlled ovarian hyperstimulation 134:Artificial insemination may employ 13: 4966: 4405:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 4389: 4308: 4277: 4243:Luetkemeyer, Lisa (June 1, 2015). 3634: 3563:Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2934: 2865:"Egg Donation (for the recipient)" 2587:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 2224:may be induced through the use of 742:British Pregnancy Advisory Service 734: 87:is the deliberate introduction of 14: 6486: 6211:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 4983: 4822:"Is your food a product of rape?" 4790:"Is Your Food a Product of Rape?" 756: 320:fathering hundreds of offspring. 155: 6465:Assisted reproductive technology 6191:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 6166:Autologous endometrial coculture 6037:Assisted reproductive technology 5908:Postpartum physiological changes 5608:Postpartum physiological changes 5133:Assisted reproductive technology 4695:Hargrove, John (22 March 2016). 4556:"Equine Artificial Insemination" 4507:. London. 16 May 1936. p. 3 4162:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.102 3793:Fertility Centers of New England 3535:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.08.025 3355:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.040 3209:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.031 3168:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.044 3091:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.058 3047:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.972 2914:in vitro fertilization technique 2512:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 2320:animals generally, zoo animals, 2139: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1699:assisted reproductive technology 1577:) may be added to the equation: 629:Luteal phase support: a lack of 484: 445:human female reproductive system 384:Barriers for patients and donors 178: 136:assisted reproductive technology 5960:Adaptation to extrauterine life 4979:(Cambridge, Heffer, 1947, 61pp) 4937: 4877: 4843: 4814: 4796: 4782: 4749: 4714: 4688: 4647: 4590: 4572: 4548: 4519: 4493: 4479: 4465: 4449:"Pigs | The Vegetarian Society" 4441: 4373: 4136: 4112: 3999: 3981: 3932: 3896: 3885: 3876: 3827: 3780: 3731: 3706: 3682: 3550: 3509: 3460: 3411: 3370: 3275: 3249: 3183: 3142: 3106: 3021: 2998: 2956: 2905: 2881: 2857: 2799: 2787:Cox, Lauren (3 February 2010). 2762:Hitchings, Henry (2019-03-26). 2127:Other morality-based opposition 1726: 1495:is the pregnancy rate per cycle 1354:is the volume of the vials used 1171:is the volume of the vials used 1070:is the pregnancy rate per cycle 547: 419:Sperm can be provided fresh or 402: 316:in the 1930s, with her husband 189:needs additional citations for 99:for the purpose of achieving a 6274:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 6221:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 5603:Maternal physiological changes 5017:UK Sperm Donors Lose Anonymity 4501:"Experiment in Sheep Breeding" 3485:10.1002/14651858.CD004507.pub4 3436:10.1002/14651858.CD001838.pub6 3261:American Pregnancy Association 2834:Robinson, Sarah (2010-06-24). 2780: 2755: 2729: 2716: 2665: 2640: 2622:Yuko, Elizabeth (2016-01-08). 2615: 2574: 2550: 729:gamete intrafallopian transfer 1: 6378:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 6206:Partner-assisted reproduction 5158:partner-assisted reproduction 4673:10.1095/biolreprod.104.027961 4487:"Collecting semen from boars" 4363:William & Mary Law Review 4357:Gill, Lauren (1 April 2013). 4098:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00208-3 4086:Social Science & Medicine 3694:Southern California Fertility 3620:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55671-4 3557:Shekhawat, G.S. (July 2012). 2736:Smith, Rebecca (2016-08-10). 2701:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35476-0 2543: 2277:Pennsylvania State University 1531:Approximate live birth rate ( 802:, or, more specifically, the 718: 666:during ovulation. However, a 434: 4221:Rainbow Europe Country Index 2647:Kramer, Wendy (2016-05-10). 2243: 447:. The cervix is part of the 334:ostium of the fallopian tube 7: 6216:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 5394:Traditional birth attendant 4584:September 20, 2008, at the 4560:www.equine-reproduction.com 3918:10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.09.005 3718:Obstetrics & Gynecology 3575:10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.02.013 2469: 1082:can be further split into: 683:Intrauterine tuboperitoneal 619:desired amount of hormones. 612:randomized controlled trial 10: 6491: 5626:Brain health and pollution 5022:AI technique in the equine 3756:10.1016/j.xfre.2021.04.007 3714:"LGBTQ Fertility Services" 3660:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103656 2809:Acta Europaea Fertilitatis 2401: 2291: 2191: 2108: 927:after freezing and thawing 824:intracervical insemination 776: 769:(may be twice as large as 533:intravaginal insemination' 531:sometimes referred to as ' 340:Patients and gamete donors 276: 148:intracervical insemination 18: 6401: 6383:Religious response to ART 6360: 6309: 6229: 6148: 6091: 6043: 5987: 5952: 5916: 5870: 5861: 5839:Chorionic villus sampling 5821: 5616: 5573: 5542: 5535: 5402: 5327: 5296: 5287: 5221: 5191:Obstetric ultrasonography 5178: 5123: 5115:Pre-conception counseling 5090: 4532:Wolf Prize in Agriculture 3852:10.1007/s13224-017-1060-x 2973:10.1002/14651858.CD000317 2726:71 (Summer 2012), 241–76. 2324:and creatures as tiny as 2180:, and animals in zoos or 1562:intrauterine insemination 1478:is the volume of a sample 1160:is the volume of a sample 711:. IUTPI can be useful in 606:administration. However, 308:founded one of the first 213:"Artificial insemination" 169: 156:intrauterine insemination 71: 57: 45: 33: 28: 6201:Ovarian hyperstimulation 5729:Intrahepatic cholestasis 4735:10.1215/10642684-4157487 2378:Scientists working with 2184:difficult to transport. 2100:Opposition and criticism 2033:Law in the United States 1542:total motile sperm count 953:total motile sperm count 804:total motile sperm count 771:total motile sperm count 672:ovarian hyperstimulation 6440:Reproduction in mammals 6430:Artificial insemination 6237:Artificial insemination 6083:Male infertility crisis 5799:Motor vehicle emissions 5660:Concomitant conditions 5634:environmental toxicants 5377:Auxiliary nurse midwife 5138:artificial insemination 5105:Natural family planning 4792:. PETA. September 2016. 4660:Biology of Reproduction 4149:Fertility and Sterility 3522:Fertility and Sterility 3342:Fertility and Sterility 3009:. Medscape Medical News 2994:European Sperm Bank USA 2689:Fertility and Sterility 2117:such as Pope John XXIII 1566:centrifugation fraction 793:unexplained infertility 713:unexplained infertility 699:, finally reaching the 85:Artificial insemination 29:Artificial insemination 6388:Mitochondrial donation 6322:Donor Sibling Registry 6161:Assisted zona hatching 6150:In vitro fertilisation 5893:Postpartum confinement 5153:in vitro fertilisation 4828:. PETA. September 2016 3128:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0151 2912:Adams, Robert (1988). 2487:Donor conceived people 2257: 2188:Reasons and techniques 2169: 2149: 1668: 1554: 1456: 1327: 1234: 1133: 1024: 891: 774: 675:expectant management. 670:of insemination after 657:in vitro fertilization 556: 460: 410:basal body temperature 5888:Postpartum depression 5769:Pruritic folliculitis 5513:Unassisted childbirth 4756:Fischer, Bob (2019). 3396:10.1093/humrep/deq112 2286:Wolf Foundation Prize 2251: 2155: 2147: 2079:Uniform Parentage Act 1669: 1530: 1457: 1328: 1235: 1134: 1025: 892: 764: 652:advanced maternal age 555: 442: 369:lesbian relationships 164:assisted insemination 105:in vivo fertilization 6279:Reproductive surgery 6171:Cytoplasmic transfer 6101:Estrogen antagonists 6093:Fertility medication 5995:Gravidity and parity 5975:Congenital disorders 5934:Lactation consultant 5804:Pre-existing disease 5483:Childbirth positions 5473:Rupture of membranes 5170:Unintended pregnancy 5148:fertility medication 3301:10.3390/women2010005 3257:"Donor Insemination" 3237:. Planned Parenthood 2497:Ex-situ conservation 2133:eugenicist practices 2105:Religious opposition 1597: 1371: 1291: 1190: 1089: 974: 833: 397:natural insemination 360:, or thick cervical 198:improve this article 107:by means other than 21:IUI (disambiguation) 6291:Selective reduction 6242:Ovulation induction 6186:In vitro maturation 6181:Gestational carrier 6106:aromatase inhibitor 5898:Sex after pregnancy 5705:Endocrine diseases 5651:Prenatal depression 5523:Placental expulsion 5441:Uterine contraction 5424:cervical effacement 5165:Fertility awareness 4855:MercyforAnimals.org 4615:2013NatSR...3E2066L 4526:Chet, Ilan (2009). 4473:"Inseminating sows" 4323:www.uniformlaws.org 4295:www.americanbar.org 4289:Pedersen, Jamie D. 2502:Frozen bovine semen 2398:Violation of rights 2390:trainer, describes 2262:Lazzaro Spallanzani 1693:Social implications 1284:may be split into: 1183:may be split into: 808:factor in fertility 301:and Raymond Bunge. 287:William H. Pancoast 125:frozen bovine semen 113:fertility treatment 6435:Fertility medicine 6317:Donor registration 6284:Vasectomy reversal 5674:Hypercoagulability 5503:Natural childbirth 5352:Postterm pregnancy 5110:Male contraceptive 5037:2016-08-06 at the 5010:2007-10-13 at the 4810:. 6 February 2018. 4528:"John O. Almquist" 4453:Vegetarian Society 4124:www.mayoclinic.org 3951:(oct29 1): b4080. 3820:2018-10-01 at the 2768:www.standard.co.uk 2344:breeding of horses 2328:and as massive as 2258: 2207:Semen is collected 2178:endangered species 2170: 2150: 1740:Legal restrictions 1664: 1555: 1452: 1323: 1230: 1129: 1020: 887: 775: 557: 499:sexual intercourse 461: 314:donor insemination 109:sexual intercourse 6417: 6416: 6368:Accidental incest 6078:Fertility tourism 6073:Fertility testing 6003: 6002: 5988:Obstetric history 5983: 5982: 5944:Confinement nanny 5857: 5856: 5724:Acute fatty liver 5531: 5530: 5419:cervical dilation 4890:Sentientmedia.org 4767:978-1-13-809506-9 4623:10.1038/srep02066 4541:978-981-283-585-7 4249:Missouri Medicine 3957:10.1136/bmj.b4080 2677:The Medical World 2562:api.parliament.uk 2482:Conception device 2477:Accidental incest 2430:Mercy for Animals 2332:(killer whales). 2238:Prostaglandin F2α 2162:artificial vagina 2052:Johnson v Calvert 1721:accidental incest 1662: 1450: 1423: 1228: 1127: 1005: 885: 814:Samples per child 800:total sperm count 767:total sperm count 701:peritoneal cavity 585:. For the man, a 540:conception device 310:fertility clinics 299:Jerome K. Sherman 293:was developed in 274: 273: 266: 248: 82: 81: 6482: 6342:Semen collection 6247:Cryopreservation 6196:Oocyte selection 6068:Fertility clinic 6030: 6023: 6016: 6007: 6006: 5868: 5867: 5834:Cardiotocography 5540: 5539: 5446:Vaginal delivery 5319:Nesting instinct 5294: 5293: 5279:Rudimentary horn 5208:Prenatal testing 5073: 5066: 5059: 5050: 5049: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4923:The New Republic 4914: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4892:. Sentient Media 4881: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4594: 4588: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4396: 4387: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4354: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4240: 4223: 4218: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4092:(9): 1837–1851. 4081: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4057:"Semen Analysis" 4052: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4024:10.1136/bmj.a716 4003: 3997: 3996: 3995:. 7 August 2008. 3985: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3900: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3831: 3825: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3537: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3479:(11): CD004507. 3464: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3202:(4): 1034–1040. 3187: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3005:Laurie Barclay. 3002: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2842:. Archived from 2831: 2825: 2824: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2740:. Archived from 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2554: 2194:Captive breeding 2166:semen collection 2086:Paternity rights 2056:Matter of Baby M 2022: 2021: 2010: 2009: 1998: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1961: 1950: 1949: 1938: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1866: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1829: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1805: 1794: 1793: 1782: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1758: 1757: 1714:infertility belt 1673: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1631: 1630: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1392: 1391: 1381: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1316: 1315: 1303: 1302: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1116: 1115: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1006: 1004: 1003: 994: 993: 984: 896: 894: 893: 888: 886: 884: 883: 874: 873: 872: 854: 853: 843: 709:follicular fluid 705:Pouch of Douglas 668:randomized trial 414:stimulated cycle 395:. Compared with 269: 262: 258: 255: 249: 247: 206: 182: 174: 144:animal husbandry 91:into a female's 75:edit on Wikidata 67: 38: 26: 25: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6397: 6373:Fertility fraud 6356: 6305: 6225: 6176:Embryo transfer 6153: 6144: 6087: 6039: 6034: 6004: 5999: 5979: 5948: 5912: 5883:Postpartum care 5853: 5817: 5720:Liver diseases 5714:Thyroid disease 5612: 5598:Gestational age 5569: 5527: 5493:Labor induction 5398: 5389:Perinatal nurse 5362:Birth attendant 5323: 5283: 5217: 5213:Medical imaging 5174: 5143:fertility fraud 5119: 5086: 5077: 5039:Wayback Machine 5012:Wayback Machine 4986: 4969: 4967:Further reading 4964: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4908: 4895: 4893: 4882: 4878: 4864: 4862: 4861:on 31 July 2021 4849: 4848: 4844: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4768: 4754: 4750: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4693: 4689: 4652: 4648: 4595: 4591: 4586:Wayback Machine 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4505:Daily Telegraph 4499: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4397: 4390: 4378: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4287: 4278: 4241: 4226: 4219: 4170: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4053: 4049: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3937: 3933: 3912:(10): 747–751. 3901: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3832: 3828: 3822:Wayback Machine 3815:Utrecht CS News 3813: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3781: 3744:F&S Reports 3736: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3644: 3635: 3604: 3600: 3555: 3551: 3514: 3510: 3465: 3461: 3430:(3): CD001838. 3416: 3412: 3375: 3371: 3334: 3327: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3263:. 25 April 2012 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3188: 3184: 3147: 3143: 3111: 3107: 3070: 3063: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2967:(2): CD000317. 2961: 2957: 2942: 2935: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2804: 2800: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2734: 2730: 2724:Annals of Iowa, 2721: 2717: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2616: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2492:Embryo transfer 2472: 2454:embryo transfer 2443: 2426:Joey Carbstrong 2406: 2400: 2294: 2246: 2196: 2190: 2142: 2129: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2089: 2035: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1952:North Macedonia 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1860: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1742: 1729: 1695: 1685: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1576: 1552: 1539: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1505: 1494: 1477: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1353: 1342: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1271: 1260: 1249: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1170: 1159: 1148: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1069: 1058: 1047: 1014: 1010: 999: 995: 989: 985: 983: 975: 972: 971: 968: 964: 950: 939: 919:and 6.5 mL 914: 879: 875: 868: 864: 849: 845: 844: 842: 834: 831: 830: 816: 785:menstrual cycle 781: 759: 737: 735:LGBTQ+ concerns 721: 689:fallopian tubes 685: 583:pregnancy rates 550: 487: 437: 405: 386: 342: 318:Bertold Wiesner 279: 270: 259: 253: 250: 207: 205: 195: 183: 172: 117:animal breeding 78: 63: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6470:Theriogenology 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6262:ovarian tissue 6259: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6154:and expansions 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5929:Health visitor 5926: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5844:Nonstress test 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5760:Skin diseases 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5550:Amniotic fluid 5546: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5498:Multiple birth 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5304:Bradley method 5300: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5196:Pregnancy test 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4984:External links 4982: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4936: 4906: 4876: 4842: 4813: 4795: 4781: 4766: 4748: 4729:(4): 473–507. 4713: 4687: 4666:(2): 650–660. 4646: 4589: 4571: 4547: 4540: 4518: 4492: 4478: 4464: 4440: 4411:(2): 137–143. 4388: 4385:www.usccb.org. 4372: 4334: 4307: 4276: 4255:(3): 162–165. 4224: 4168: 4155:(3): e53–e54. 4135: 4111: 4073: 4047: 3998: 3980: 3931: 3895: 3884: 3875: 3846:(6): 385–392. 3826: 3804: 3779: 3750:(3): 275–281. 3730: 3705: 3681: 3633: 3608:Fertil. Steril 3598: 3569:(3): 226–230. 3549: 3528:(3): 735–740. 3508: 3459: 3410: 3389:(7): 1684–90. 3369: 3348:(1): 144–148. 3325: 3274: 3248: 3223: 3196:Fertil. Steril 3182: 3161:(3): 1065–71. 3155:Fertil. Steril 3141: 3105: 3078:Fertil. Steril 3061: 3034:Fertil. Steril 3020: 2997: 2986: 2955: 2933: 2916:. Monterey CA. 2904: 2880: 2856: 2826: 2798: 2779: 2754: 2728: 2715: 2683:on 2012-07-24. 2664: 2639: 2614: 2593:(2): 137–143. 2573: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527:Sperm donation 2524: 2519: 2517:Semen extender 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2402:Main article: 2399: 2396: 2293: 2290: 2254:Luis Thomasset 2245: 2242: 2189: 2186: 2160:with built-in 2158:breeding mount 2141: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2088: 2083: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1728: 1725: 1706:medicalization 1694: 1691: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1572: 1548: 1535: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1002: 998: 992: 988: 982: 979: 966: 965: 962: 961: 957: 956: 946: 941: 935: 930: 920: 910: 905: 898: 897: 882: 878: 871: 867: 863: 860: 857: 852: 848: 841: 838: 815: 812: 779:Pregnancy rate 777:Main article: 758: 757:Pregnancy rate 755: 736: 733: 725:fallopian tube 720: 717: 693:uterine cavity 684: 681: 664:fertile window 636: 635: 627: 623: 620: 568:prostaglandins 549: 546: 486: 483: 453:cervical canal 436: 433: 425:semen extender 404: 401: 385: 382: 341: 338: 278: 275: 272: 271: 254:September 2017 186: 184: 177: 171: 168: 140:sperm donation 97:uterine cavity 80: 79: 72: 69: 68: 61: 55: 54: 49: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6487: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6393:Sex selection 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Sex selection 6294: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230:Other methods 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6128:Gonadotropins 6126: 6124: 6123:GnRH agonists 6121: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6008: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5939:Monthly nurse 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:Amniocentesis 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789:Vaginal flora 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5679:Substance use 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Fundal height 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345:Preterm birth 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Hypnobirthing 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186:3D ultrasound 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5100:Birth control 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4973:Hammond, John 4971: 4970: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3888: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614:(2): 339–42. 3613: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2870: 2869:Yale Medicine 2866: 2860: 2846:on 2012-11-04 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2744:on 2016-08-10 2743: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2532:Sperm sorting 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410:animal rights 2405: 2404:Animal rights 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384:John Hargrove 2381: 2380:captive orcas 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2146: 2140:Other animals 2137: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1000: 996: 990: 986: 980: 977: 970: 969: 960: 954: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 931: 928: 924: 921: 918: 913: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 880: 876: 869: 865: 861: 858: 855: 850: 846: 839: 836: 829: 828: 827: 825: 820: 811: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 788: 786: 780: 772: 768: 763: 754: 750: 747: 743: 732: 730: 726: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 680: 676: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 653: 649: 644: 640: 632: 628: 624: 621: 617: 616: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 591: 588: 584: 578: 575: 573: 569: 564: 562: 554: 545: 543: 541: 536: 534: 528: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 485:Intracervical 482: 480: 477: 475: 471: 467: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 432: 428: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 400: 398: 394: 390: 381: 379: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 358:endometriosis 355: 349: 347: 337: 335: 331: 327: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 268: 265: 257: 246: 243: 239: 236: 232: 229: 225: 222: 218: 215: – 214: 210: 209:Find sources: 203: 199: 193: 192: 187:This section 185: 181: 176: 175: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 76: 70: 66: 62: 60: 56: 53: 50: 48: 44: 37: 32: 27: 22: 6327:Egg donation 6236: 5669:Hypertension 5656:Immunization 5639:in pregnancy 5555:Amniotic sac 5508:Silent birth 5451:Presentation 5414:Bishop score 5384:Obstetrician 5274:Interstitial 5201:home testing 5137: 4976: 4953:. Retrieved 4948: 4939: 4927:. Retrieved 4922: 4901: 4894:. Retrieved 4889: 4879: 4870: 4863:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4854: 4845: 4837: 4830:. Retrieved 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4784: 4757: 4751: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4704:. Retrieved 4700: 4690: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4574: 4563:. Retrieved 4559: 4550: 4531: 4521: 4509:. Retrieved 4504: 4495: 4481: 4467: 4456:. Retrieved 4452: 4443: 4408: 4404: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4362: 4326:. Retrieved 4322: 4298:. Retrieved 4294: 4252: 4248: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4127:. Retrieved 4123: 4114: 4089: 4085: 4065:. Retrieved 4060: 4050: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3887: 3878: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3796:. Retrieved 3792: 3782: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3722:. Retrieved 3720:. 2018-12-18 3717: 3708: 3697:. Retrieved 3693: 3684: 3651: 3647: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3345: 3341: 3294:(1): 44–55. 3291: 3287: 3277: 3265:. 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Retrieved 2561: 2552: 2465: 2444: 2407: 2377: 2373: 2360:Thoroughbred 2354: – the 2341: 2334: 2295: 2274: 2259: 2228:and another 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2182:marine parks 2171: 2130: 2114: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2029: 1746: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1727:Risk factors 1718: 1711: 1703: 1696: 1688: 1686:=5 million) 1682: 1678: 1676: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1363: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1141: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1034: 958: 947: 943: 936: 932: 926: 922: 911: 907: 901: 823: 821: 817: 797: 789: 782: 751: 738: 722: 686: 677: 661: 655:considering 645: 641: 637: 631:progesterone 608:GnRH agonist 592: 579: 576: 572:menstruation 565: 558: 548:Intrauterine 544: 537: 532: 529: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 488: 481: 478: 462: 429: 418: 406: 403:Preparations 387: 366: 350: 343: 322: 303: 280: 260: 251: 241: 234: 227: 220: 208: 196:Please help 191:verification 188: 163: 159: 151: 133: 121:dairy cattle 119:, including 84: 83: 6455:Cryobiology 6133:menotropins 6045:Infertility 5965:Apgar score 5749:Hepatitis C 5735:Infections 5575:Development 5560:Endometrium 5518:Water birth 5436:Bloody show 5367:Men's roles 5297:Preparation 5249:Heterotopic 4951:(in French) 4706:25 February 3267:December 3, 3241:December 3, 3116:LGBT Health 3013:October 31, 2893:EurekAlert! 2836:"Professor" 2424:(PETA) and 2356:Jockey Club 2266:Ilya Ivanov 2226:progestogen 2063:In Re K.M.H 1940:Netherlands 746:sperm banks 373:sperm donor 346:sperm donor 306:Mary Barton 283:John Hunter 6424:Categories 6347:Sperm bank 5970:Child care 5863:Postpartum 5822:Procedures 5774:Dermatoses 5630:Nutrition 5488:Home birth 5410:Pelvimetry 5289:Childbirth 5269:Unintended 5125:Conception 5084:childbirth 4975:, et al., 4955:2023-11-12 4929:15 January 4896:15 January 4865:15 January 4832:15 January 4776:1111771459 4565:2018-03-01 4458:2019-06-03 4369:(5): 1715. 4328:2023-03-24 4129:2023-11-29 4067:2007-08-05 4061:Healthwise 3798:2021-01-04 3724:2021-12-07 3699:2021-12-07 3654:: 103656. 3383:Hum Reprod 2898:2024-08-16 2874:2024-08-16 2850:2012-12-27 2773:2021-07-29 2748:2020-02-05 2685:(cited in 2658:2021-07-29 2633:2019-07-17 2567:2020-03-02 2544:References 2522:Sperm bank 2507:Frozen zoo 2418:bestiality 2281:penicillin 2192:See also: 1928:Montenegro 719:Intratubal 634:pregnancy. 435:Techniques 291:sperm bank 224:newspapers 111:. 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