391:
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106:
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has ‘transparent walls’ and directly shows underlying mechanisms. All events at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of a dynamic system are directly visible at all stages of a white-box model's evolution. In most cases, mathematical modelers use the heavy black-box mathematical methods, which cannot produce mechanistic models of complex dynamic systems. Grey-box models are intermediate and combine black-box and white-box approaches.
2709:
878:. Many optimization algorithms have been crafted which borrow from or closely mirror alife techniques. The primary difference lies in explicitly defining the fitness of an agent by its ability to solve a problem, instead of its ability to find food, reproduce, or avoid death. The following is a list of evolutionary algorithms closely related to and used in alife:
357:
Black-box models are completely nonmechanistic. They are phenomenological and ignore a composition and internal structure of a complex system. Due to the non-transparent nature of the model, interactions of subsystems cannot be investigated. In contrast, a white-box model of a complex dynamic system
386:
of the subject before creating its white-box model distinguishes the cellular automata models of white-box type from cellular automata models based on arbitrary logical rules. If cellular automata rules have not been formulated from the first principles of the subject, then such a model may have a
301:
Individual modules are added to a creature. These modules modify the creature's behaviors and characteristics either directly, by hard coding into the simulation (leg type A increases speed and metabolism), or indirectly, through the emergent interactions between a creature's modules (leg type A
381:
because it is completely based on the deterministic logic and axiomatic theory of the subject. The purpose of the white-box modeling is to derive from the basic axioms a more detailed, more concrete mechanistic knowledge about the dynamics of the object under study. The necessity to formulate an
153:
A traditional model of a biological system will focus on capturing its most important parameters. In contrast, an alife modeling approach will generally seek to decipher the most simple and general principles underlying life and implement them in a simulation. The simulation then offers the
1326:. in: F. Heylighen, C. Joslyn and V. Turchin (editors): Principia Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels). For the importance of ALife modeling from a cosmic perspective, see also Vidal, C. 2008.
204:
position denies the possibility of generating a "living process" outside of a chemical solution. Its researchers try instead to simulate life processes to understand the underlying mechanics of biological
157:
Vladimir
Georgievich Red'ko proposed to generalize this distinction to the modeling of any process, leading to the more general distinction of "processes as we know them" and "processes as they could be".
1495:"Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? – In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature"
302:
moves up and down with a frequency of X, which interacts with other legs to create motion). Generally, these are simulators that emphasize user creation and accessibility over mutation and evolution.
277:
computer program than actual biological DNA. Assembly derivatives are the most common languages used. An organism "lives" when its code is executed, and there are usually various methods allowing
310:
Organisms are generally constructed with pre-defined and fixed behaviors that are controlled by various parameters that mutate. That is, each organism contains a collection of numbers or other
322:
These simulations have creatures that learn and grow using neural nets or a close derivative. Emphasis is often, although not always, on learning rather than on natural selection.
249:. The symbiosis between learning and evolution is central to theories about the development of instincts in organisms with higher neurological complexity, as in, for instance, the
369:
Creation of a white-box model of complex system is associated with the problem of the necessity of an a priori basic knowledge of the modeling subject. The deterministic logical
126:
in artificial environments in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complex information processing that define such systems. These topics are broad, but often include
390:
346:(mixtures of phenomenological and mechanistic models). In black-box models, the individual-based (mechanistic) mechanisms of a complex dynamic system remain hidden.
1290:
Aguilar, W., Santamaría-Bonfil, G., Froese, T., and
Gershenson, C. (2014). The past, present, and future of artificial life. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 1(8).
150:
The modeling philosophy of artificial life strongly differs from traditional modeling by studying not only "life as we know it" but also "life as it could be".
373:
are necessary but not sufficient condition of a white-box model. The second necessary prerequisite of a white-box model is the presence of the physical
361:
182:
1173:
1426:
Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A white-box model of S-shaped and double S-shaped single-species population growth",
1725:
1381:
Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. (2015), "A Solution to the
Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata",
995:
2442:
2414:
1692:
2467:
1330:. In Death And Anti-Death, ed. Charles Tandy, 6: Thirty Years After Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) p. 285-318. Ria University Press.)
1249:
1219:
1139:
809:
2318:
1040:
1623:
1306:
911:– A multi-agent system is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents within an environment.
2472:
1744:
805:
394:
Logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata model of interspecific competition for a single limited resource
1977:
1356:
1046:
2624:
2452:
1982:
273:
Program-based simulations contain organisms with a "genome" language. This language is more often in the form of a
2712:
1806:
335:
20:
2100:
2391:
2353:
2010:
1718:
72:, an American theoretical biologist, in 1986. In 1987, Langton organized the first conference on the field, in
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509:
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2015:
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of the object under study. The white-box modeling represents an automatic hyper-logical inference from the
194:
2702:
2437:
1935:
2674:
2323:
1266:
1209:
1153:
949:
2692:
2619:
2594:
2457:
2105:
1711:
692:". Efforts toward "wet" artificial life focus on engineering live minimal cells from living bacteria
234:
1239:
795:
Determine minimal conditions for evolutionary transitions from specific to generic response systems.
702:
185:) position states that "life is a process which can be abstracted away from any particular medium" (
2733:
2543:
2376:
1962:
1831:
1026: – Generative art in which complex shape development, or morphogenesis, enabled by computation
989:
801:
Determine the predictability of evolutionary consequences of manipulating organisms and ecosystems.
105:
1649:
365:
Logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata model of single species population growth
2604:
2538:
2429:
2245:
1905:
1012:
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881:
855:
694:
314:
parameters. Each parameter controls one or several aspects of an organism in a well-defined way.
286:
238:
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2500:
2381:
2148:
2138:
2133:
1180:
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871:
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started as a method within the alife community to abstract the processes of chemical reactions.
127:
73:
27:
2639:
2609:
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2495:
2409:
2285:
2225:
2192:
2182:
2065:
2030:
2020:
1957:
1826:
1801:
1796:
1761:
1131:
1023:
139:
2399:
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2343:
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2143:
2095:
2078:
2073:
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2002:
1952:
1947:
1864:
1810:
1698:
1536:
1478:
1112:
1029:
875:
865:
845:
772:
759:
1421:
1419:
349:
8:
2738:
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2505:
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2255:
2035:
1992:
1987:
1884:
1874:
1846:
1600:
1078:
896:
242:
110:
94:
69:
1540:
828:
Provide a quantitative model of the interplay between cultural and biological evolution.
2629:
2528:
2404:
2361:
2270:
2212:
2197:
2187:
1972:
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1557:
1522:
1499:
1446:
1416:
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960:
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are sometimes used to model the brain of an agent. Although traditionally more of an
2649:
2579:
2558:
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2328:
2295:
2275:
1967:
1879:
1753:
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1451:
1398:
1328:
The Future of
Scientific Simulations: from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis
1245:
1215:
1135:
1064:
1058:
891:
825:
Evaluate the influence of machines on the next major evolutionary transition of life.
789:
778:
Explain how rules and symbols are generated from physical dynamics in living systems.
681:
671:
282:
223:
were used in the early days of artificial life, and are still often used for ease of
89:
2482:
2366:
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2128:
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1939:
1925:
1920:
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1734:
1552:
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1527:
1441:
1431:
1410:
1390:
1235:
1205:
1070:
1067: – Research field that applies to methods of studying issues in social science
1000:
914:
721:
462:
404:
383:
339:
278:
268:
186:
1009: – Study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine
822:
Demonstrate the emergence of intelligence and mind in an artificial living system.
2553:
2447:
2419:
2313:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2090:
2085:
2025:
1915:
1889:
1841:
1786:
1310:
689:
667:
378:
274:
228:
57:
1374:
169:
to be alive, and they do not constitute part of the evolutionary process of any
2659:
2563:
2462:
2308:
2280:
1670:
1303:
1052:
1018:
798:
Create a formal framework for synthesizing dynamical hierarchies at all scales.
343:
256:
250:
1580:
1548:
1394:
1291:
710:
2727:
2548:
1836:
1340:
1174:"Artificial life: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up"
1158:
1015: – System whose behavior is not automatically predictable from its parts
1003: – Robot that performs behaviors or tasks with a high degree of autonomy
685:
543:
190:
173:. However, different opinions about artificial life's potential have arisen:
123:
1349:
Artificial Life II, Santa Fe
Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity
1344:
917:
uses techniques and methods from artificial life to create new forms of art.
281:. Mutations are generally implemented as random changes to the code. Use of
2644:
2303:
1684:
1627:
1566:
1455:
1402:
701:
In May 2019, researchers reported a new milestone in the creation of a new
478:
65:
2634:
2260:
2172:
1490:
1084:
930:
926:
675:
224:
963:
criticized certain artificial life work in 1994 as "fact-free science".
520:
Fandom still active to this day, some abortive attempts at new products
2654:
2584:
2177:
1910:
1766:
1323:
734:
698:
and in building non-living biochemical cell-like systems from scratch.
651:
493:
162:
135:
53:
1436:
1234:
1203:
2159:
2120:
1006:
849:
768:
Determine whether fundamentally novel living organizations can exist.
762:
430:
331:
170:
131:
923:
uses similar techniques, but applied to music instead of visual art.
2220:
1703:
1369:
The intent of this work is to synthesize rather than simulate life.
874:
are a practical application of the weak alife principle applied to
752:
717:
588:
374:
166:
98:, from biochemistry. Artificial life researchers study traditional
81:
76:. There are three main kinds of alife, named for their approaches:
61:
1327:
832:
655:
99:
1049: – Overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence
1674:
1090:
730:
572:
45:
19:
This article is about a field of research. For other uses, see
726:
641:
618:
113:
simulation, programmed in breve, an artificial life simulator
1270:
231:. Alife and cellular automata share a closely tied history.
1523:"Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome"
1343:(1991). Taylor, C. C.; Farmer, J. D.; Rasmussen, S (eds.).
713:
330:
Mathematical models of complex systems are of three types:
154:
possibility to analyse new and different lifelike systems.
49:
1055: – Robot interface specification and software system
862:
approach, while alife generally works from the bottom up.
197:
is not simulating life in a computer but synthesizing it.
706:
285:
is common but not required. Another example could be an
1081: – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields
848:
is used in artificial life and other fields to explore
241:
technique, neural nets can be important for simulating
102:
by trying to recreate aspects of biological phenomena.
52:, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of
939:
applies quantum algorithms to artificial life systems.
661:
142:
and the use of lifelike properties in artistic works.
783:
What are the potentials and limits of living systems?
122:
Artificial life studies the fundamental processes of
1679:
970:
635:
514:
neural net and simulated biochemistry & genetics
209:
1467:
817:
How is life related to mind, machines, and culture?
165:does not consider any current alife simulations or
812:, and information generation for evolving systems.
680:Biochemical-based life is studied in the field of
44:) is a field of study wherein researchers examine
959:Artificial life has had a controversial history.
646:Hardware-based artificial life mainly consist of
2725:
1425:
1380:
26:"ALife" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1520:
788:Determine what is inevitable in the open-ended
684:. It involves research such as the creation of
1179:. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Archived from
1132:The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences
929:and the origin of life sometimes employ alife
688:. The term "wet" is an extension of the term "
1743:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
1719:
1171:
1061: – Concept of a false version of reality
1521:Fredens, Julius; et al. (15 May 2019).
1514:
1483:
733:to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20
1292:https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2014.00008
542:evolvable code, with steps that mimick the
325:
1726:
1712:
1087: – Type of artificial human companion
1032: – Subgenre of simulation video games
1556:
1445:
1435:
1680:International Society of Artificial Life
1151:"The Game Industry's Dr. Frankenstein".
389:
360:
348:
104:
996:Applications of artificial intelligence
746:How does life arise from the nonliving?
725:, by reducing the natural number of 64
353:Mathematical models for complex systems
2726:
2443:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1647:
1489:
1345:"An approach to the synthesis of life"
403:This is a list of artificial life and
138:, as well as related issues about the
2468:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1707:
758:Achieve the transition to life in an
398:
1787:Energy consumption (Green computing)
1733:
1041:Mathematical and theoretical biology
751:Generate a molecular proto-organism
387:weak relevance to the real problem.
2473:Distributed artificial intelligence
1745:ACM Computing Classification System
1339:
1264:
1093: – Open-source robot simulator
839:
317:
13:
1978:Integrated development environment
1324:Mathematical Modeling of Evolution
1241:Artificial Life Models in Hardware
1211:Artificial Life Models in Software
1047:Outline of artificial intelligence
992: – Field in cognitive science
305:
161:At present, the commonly accepted
14:
2750:
2453:Automated planning and scheduling
1983:Software configuration management
1664:
1075: – Java based physics engine
2707:
2697:
2688:
2687:
973:
740:
262:
140:philosophy of the nature of life
21:Artificial life (disambiguation)
2698:
2101:Computational complexity theory
1650:"From Complexity to Perplexity"
1641:
1616:
1593:
1573:
1472:
1461:
1359:from the original on 2015-07-11
1333:
1316:
1172:Mark A. Bedau (November 2003).
835:principles for artificial life.
658:able to do tasks on their own.
296:
1885:Network performance evaluation
1313:. Addison-Wesley. ., section 1
1296:
1284:
1258:
1238:and Maciej Komosinski (2009).
1228:
1197:
1165:
1144:
1125:
1105:
68:. The discipline was named by
1:
2256:Multimedia information system
2241:Geographic information system
2231:Enterprise information system
1820:Computer systems organization
1689:journal, at MIT Press Journal
1098:
1036:List of emerging technologies
887:Bacterial colony optimization
557:3D Virtual Creature Evolution
214:
145:
2615:Computational social science
2203:Theoretical computer science
2016:Software development process
1792:Electronic design automation
1777:Very Large Scale Integration
1161:. November 1997. p. 10.
954:
623:continuous cellular automata
7:
2438:Natural language processing
2226:Information storage systems
1695:, a virtual environment lab
1113:"Dictionary.com definition"
966:
775:over its entire life cycle.
411:List of notable simulators
338:(mechanistic, based on the
117:
10:
2755:
2354:Human–computer interaction
2324:Intrusion detection system
2236:Social information systems
2221:Database management system
1624:"AI Beyond Computer Games"
1267:"What is Artificial Life?"
950:History of artificial life
947:
943:
665:
639:
291:multi-agent system/program
266:
235:Artificial neural networks
193:declared that his program
25:
18:
2683:
2620:Computational engineering
2595:Computational mathematics
2572:
2519:
2481:
2428:
2390:
2352:
2294:
2211:
2157:
2119:
2064:
2001:
1934:
1898:
1855:
1819:
1752:
1741:
1549:10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5
1395:10.1007/s10441-015-9257-9
1302:See Langton, C. G. 1992.
1043: – Branch of biology
858:has traditionally used a
662:Biochemical-based ("wet")
2630:Computational healthcare
2625:Differentiable computing
2544:Graphics processing unit
1963:Domain-specific language
1832:Computational complexity
1322:See Red'ko, V. G. 1999.
990:Artificial consciousness
326:Complex systems modeling
2605:Computational chemistry
2539:Photograph manipulation
2430:Artificial intelligence
2246:Decision support system
1693:The Artificial Life Lab
1309:March 11, 2007, at the
1134:, The MIT Press, p.37.
1013:Complex adaptive system
937:Quantum artificial life
882:Ant colony optimization
872:Evolutionary algorithms
856:Artificial intelligence
695:Mycoplasma laboratorium
636:Hardware-based ("hard")
287:artificial intelligence
239:artificial intelligence
210:Software-based ("soft")
134:of collective systems,
2670:Educational technology
2501:Reinforcement learning
2251:Process control system
2149:Computational geometry
2139:Algorithmic efficiency
2134:Analysis of algorithms
1782:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
1265:Langton, Christopher.
1244:. New York: Springer.
1214:. New York: Springer.
1204:Maciej Komosinski and
981:Systems science portal
806:information processing
395:
366:
354:
245:of organisms that can
114:
74:Los Alamos, New Mexico
2640:Electronic publishing
2610:Computational biology
2600:Computational physics
2496:Unsupervised learning
2410:Distributed computing
2286:Information retrieval
2193:Mathematical analysis
2183:Mathematical software
2066:Theory of computation
2031:Software construction
2021:Requirements analysis
1899:Software organization
1827:Computer architecture
1797:Hardware acceleration
1762:Printed circuit board
1024:Digital morphogenesis
876:optimization problems
666:Further information:
640:Further information:
393:
364:
352:
267:Further information:
128:evolutionary dynamics
108:
2400:Concurrent computing
2372:Ubiquitous computing
2344:Application security
2339:Information security
2168:Discrete mathematics
2144:Randomized algorithm
2096:Computability theory
2074:Model of computation
2046:Software maintenance
2041:Software engineering
2003:Software development
1953:Programming language
1948:Programming paradigm
1865:Network architecture
1030:Life simulation game
866:Artificial chemistry
846:Agent-based modeling
804:Develop a theory of
773:unicellular organism
760:artificial chemistry
334:(phenomenological),
2675:Document management
2665:Operations research
2590:Enterprise software
2506:Multi-task learning
2491:Supervised learning
2213:Information systems
2036:Software deployment
1993:Software repository
1847:Real-time computing
1699:The Bibites Project
1654:Scientific American
1648:Horgan, J. (1995).
1541:2019Natur.569..514F
1480:The Bibites Project
1079:Universal Darwinism
897:Genetic programming
716:, a variant of the
577:Fuzzy Cognitive Map
412:
243:population dynamics
132:emergent properties
111:Braitenberg vehicle
70:Christopher Langton
48:related to natural
2458:Search methodology
2405:Parallel computing
2362:Interaction design
2271:Computing platform
2198:Numerical analysis
2188:Information theory
1973:Software framework
1936:Software notations
1875:Network components
1772:Integrated circuit
1500:The New York Times
1383:Acta Biotheoretica
961:John Maynard Smith
921:Evolutionary music
909:Multi-agent system
902:Swarm intelligence
410:
399:Notable simulators
396:
367:
355:
163:definition of life
115:
2721:
2720:
2650:Electronic voting
2580:Quantum Computing
2573:Applied computing
2559:Image compression
2329:Hardware security
2319:Security services
2276:Digital marketing
2056:Open-source model
1968:Modeling language
1880:Network scheduler
1535:(7757): 514–518.
1437:10.7717/peerj.948
1251:978-1-84882-529-1
1221:978-1-84882-284-9
1140:978-0-262-73144-7
1065:Social simulation
1059:Simulated reality
892:Genetic algorithm
790:evolution of life
729:in the bacterial
682:synthetic biology
672:Synthetic biology
633:
632:
371:cellular automata
283:cellular automata
221:Cellular automata
2746:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2511:Cross-validation
2483:Machine learning
2367:Social computing
2334:Network security
2129:Algorithm design
2051:Programming team
2011:Control variable
1988:Software library
1926:Software quality
1921:Operating system
1870:Network protocol
1735:Computer science
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1439:
1430:, 3:e948: e948,
1423:
1414:
1413:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1269:. Archived from
1262:
1256:
1255:
1236:Andrew Adamatzky
1232:
1226:
1225:
1206:Andrew Adamatzky
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1072:Soda Constructor
1001:Autonomous robot
983:
978:
977:
976:
915:Evolutionary art
840:Related subjects
810:information flow
722:Escherichia coli
413:
409:
405:digital organism
384:axiomatic system
379:first principles
340:first principles
318:Neural net–based
279:self-replication
269:programming game
187:John von Neumann
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2734:Artificial life
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2679:
2660:Word processing
2568:
2554:Virtual reality
2515:
2477:
2448:Computer vision
2424:
2420:Multiprocessing
2386:
2348:
2314:Security hacker
2290:
2266:Digital library
2207:
2158:Mathematics of
2153:
2115:
2091:Automata theory
2086:Formal language
2060:
2026:Software design
1997:
1930:
1916:Virtual machine
1894:
1890:Network service
1851:
1842:Embedded system
1815:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1686:Artificial Life
1671:Artificial life
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1304:Artificial Life
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1157:. No. 35.
1154:Next Generation
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668:Artificial cell
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275:Turing complete
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58:computer models
34:Artificial life
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1665:External links
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1019:Darwin machine
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124:living systems
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1630:on 2008-07-01
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1273:on 2007-01-17
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1186:on 2008-12-02
1182:
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1159:Imagine Media
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931:methodologies
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741:Open problems
738:
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732:
728:
724:
723:
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715:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
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686:synthetic DNA
683:
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669:
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652:automatically
649:
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628:
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544:central dogma
541:
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523:
519:
516:
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294:
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263:Program-based
258:
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230:
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203:
199:
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189:) . Notably,
188:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
2645:Cyberwarfare
2304:Cryptography
1685:
1653:
1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1575:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1498:
1491:Zimmer, Carl
1485:
1474:
1463:
1427:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1348:
1335:
1318:
1298:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:the original
1260:
1240:
1230:
1210:
1199:
1188:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1167:
1152:
1146:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1107:
1071:
958:
720:
700:
693:
679:
647:
645:
604:The Bibites
479:TechnoSphere
407:simulators:
402:
368:
356:
329:
321:
311:
309:
300:
297:Module-based
272:
246:
201:
179:strong alife
178:
160:
156:
152:
149:
121:
93:
85:
77:
66:biochemistry
41:
37:
33:
32:
2655:Video games
2635:Digital art
2392:Concurrency
2261:Data mining
2173:Probability
1906:Interpreter
1581:"Libarynth"
1389:(2): 1–19,
1355:: 371–408.
1341:Ray, Thomas
1085:Virtual pet
927:Abiogenesis
852:in systems.
771:Simulate a
735:amino acids
676:Xenobiology
650:, that is,
225:scalability
54:simulations
2739:Simulation
2728:Categories
2713:Glossaries
2585:E-commerce
2178:Statistics
2121:Algorithms
2079:Stochastic
1911:Middleware
1767:Peripheral
1634:2008-07-04
1609:2015-05-11
1586:2015-05-11
1363:24 January
1277:2007-01-19
1190:2007-01-19
1118:2007-01-19
1099:References
831:Establish
709:) form of
707:artificial
705:(possibly
607:neural net
561:neural net
494:Framsticks
435:neural net
382:intrinsic
215:Techniques
205:phenomena.
202:weak alife
146:Philosophy
136:biomimicry
2534:Rendering
2529:Animation
2160:computing
2111:Semantics
1802:Processor
1601:"Caltech"
1007:Bioethics
955:Criticism
850:emergence
763:in silico
703:synthetic
517:1996–2001
510:Creatures
431:Polyworld
419:Driven By
336:white-box
332:black-box
183:Strong AI
171:ecosystem
2693:Category
2521:Graphics
2296:Security
1958:Compiler
1857:Networks
1754:Hardware
1567:31092918
1456:26038717
1403:25980478
1357:Archived
1307:Archived
1208:(2009).
967:See also
933:as well.
860:top down
753:in vitro
718:bacteria
656:machines
629:ongoing
613:ongoing
599:ongoing
593:Geppetto
589:OpenWorm
583:ongoing
551:ongoing
534:ongoing
525:GenePool
504:ongoing
473:ongoing
441:ongoing
375:ontology
344:grey-box
167:software
118:Overview
90:hardware
82:software
62:robotics
2703:Outline
1558:7039709
1537:Bibcode
1447:4451025
1411:2941481
944:History
833:ethical
690:wetware
654:guided
483:modules
422:Started
191:Tom Ray
100:biology
88:, from
80:, from
46:systems
1675:Curlie
1565:
1555:
1528:Nature
1506:16 May
1454:
1444:
1409:
1401:
1248:
1218:
1138:
1091:Webots
731:genome
727:codons
711:viable
674:, and
648:robots
573:EcoSim
447:Tierra
425:Ended
342:) and
312:finite
195:Tierra
92:; and
64:, and
42:A-Life
2106:Logic
1940:tools
1604:(PDF)
1469:Aevol
1428:PeerJ
1407:S2CID
1184:(PDF)
1177:(PDF)
642:Robot
619:Lenia
539:Aevol
463:Avida
457:2004
247:learn
181:(cf.
56:with
38:ALife
28:Alife
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610:2015
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580:2009
564:2008
548:2006
531:1997
501:1996
486:1995
470:1993
454:1991
438:1990
416:Name
289:and
227:and
200:The
177:The
86:hard
78:soft
50:life
1673:at
1553:PMC
1545:doi
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567:NA
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