548:
224:
1050:
371:
3287:
31:
904:
2369:
493:) was Kalinga Magha himself. Three main arguments are adduced to support the claim that these kings were of Eastern Ganga descent. The first is the similar device on their coins; the bull couchant and the crescent surmounting it were struck on coins issued by the Eastern Gangas and Ariyacakravartis. The second is the traditions of their origins are almost identical. The last is the assumption of titles
1028:, a notable traveller to the Far East in the 14th century, came to Sri Lanka sometimes between 1330 and 1350. He wrote in great detail about the country, its peoples and customs. According to him, the northern part of the island was ruled by a queen, with whom he had many audiences, who also lavished him with precious gifts. This queen is considered to be the mother of an Aryackaravarti and a
2269:
405:
sect of the
Rameswaram Hindu temple. The source also claims that two out of the 512 were selected as Kings of Ariyars. It also explains that a direct ancestor of the kings was a scribe in the Pandyan kingdom and was called during a war with other kingdoms to assist the king, and that the ancestors of
1097:
This rendition is fraught with many errors but the basic story line seems to fit the modern consensus. Father Queroz's time line is also anachronistic. The
Aryacakravarti dynasty came to power long before the ascendancy of the Madurai Nayaks as well as the Brahmins of Rameswaram had established a
774:
Beloved Kokila, wing the way to Yapa Patuna. Our Prince
Sapumal has driven away from there King Arya Chakravarti, and has established himself in war-like might. To him, I offer this message. Arya Chakravarti beheld his glory, dazzling as the glory of the sun. He beheld his might which was poised
321:
Some of the dignitaries noted in the inscriptions are one Devar
Arayacakravarti, Alakan Arayacakravarti, Minatungan Arayacakravarti and Iraman Arayacakravarti of whom Devar Arayacakravarti has at least two known inscriptions of which one at Sovapuri in Ramanathapuram in 1272 is the earliest. He
1119:
or even for that matter the
Chandrabanu's successors, but the direct undeniable evidence for it is lacking. The influence of Eastern gangas in its royal flag and the coins is indisputable. Kulingai Cakravarti mentioned by the Tamil chronicles of the Kingdom may have been Kalingha Magha.
1110:
The current consensus held by historians such as S. Pathmanathan, Patrick
Peebles and K.M. de Silva is that the Aryacakravartis were a Pandyan feudatory family that took power after the chaos created by the invasions of Kalinga Magha and Chandrabhanu. That the family was connected to the
513:'s history of the Jaffna kingdom, these only establish similarity, but not any conclusive direct connections. Pathmanathan believes that we cannot categorically link the Aryacakravarti dynasty with Eastern Gangas and can explain most of the similarities based on influence, even
696:, written during the rule of Cekarasacekaran V (1410–1440) by Soma Sarman has verifiable historical information and has been used extensively by historians from Humphrey Coddrington to S. Pathmanathan to reconstruct the kingdom's early history.
723:
mentions in detail the arrival and the conquest of the
Sinhalese capital Yapahuwa by a minister named Aryacakravarti during the period 1277 to 1283. It also mentions that the minister carried away the Budha's relic from the capital to
1036:" drawn in 1375 also indicates that northern Sri Lanka was ruled by a queen. Before Marignolli, there was another traveler, Friar Ordrick, who landed in Jaffna in 1322; he also wrote about the prosperity of the kingdom. According him
992:
or judge. He is best known as a traveler and explorer. He spent a few days as a guest of an
Aryacakravarti in 1344 and wrote a detailed account of his encounter. According to him, the king controlled the economically important
758:("Message carried by Kokila bird") written in the 15th century by the principal monk of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala. The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed on the road by the
2486:
940:). He reached a port in the northern part of present-day Sri Lanka between 1292 and 1294. According to him the local king was an independent ruler who did not pay tribute to any other monarchs. He named the king as
2327:
608:. This view has been refuted by noted Indian historian K.A. Nilakanta Sastry as having no credible evidence, and other historians such as Louis Charles Damais (1911–1966), an expert on
1098:
temple even longer before. Also the
Gujarati origin of the Kings paternal line also in not in conformance with native claims of origin from the city of Varanasi which is in today's
322:
caused a second inscription (1305) in
Tirupulani in Ramanathapuram to be engraved thus indicating he was a minister or a feudatory. Notably the inscriptions also had the epithet
2743:
2312:
643:
lineage to the Aryacakravarti. Further he notes that the inscriptions that S. Paranavitana used to make his theory have not been deciphered by any other scholar to imply a
845:
of the style of letters used. If this late date is to be accepted then this inscription stands in contrast to generally accepted theory based on Sinhalese literature that
2317:
3321:
1250:"Salem District, Namakkal Taluk, Namakkal. Narasimha-Perumal Temple – In The Underground Cellar, Near The Entrance Into The Central Shrine (A.R. No. 11 of 1906)"
3620:
793:
Parakramabahu V (1344–59) a king of Gampola who ruled from Dedigama retreated to the southeast of the island, to a place called Magul Maha Viharaya in the
2893:
3605:
2519:
2878:
2354:
2349:
2688:
584:
S. Paranavitana offered a novel surmise explaining the origins of the Ariyacakravarti. According to him the Aryacakravarti are descendants of
3600:
1033:
841:
in western Sri Lanka. The inscription was assigned to the 15th century by H.C.P. Bell, an archeologist, and Mudaliar Rasanayagam, based on
3314:
2924:
2883:
2785:
692:. These, composed not earlier than the 14th century, contain folkloric legends mixed with historical anecdotes. But an astrological work,
2802:
1249:
2868:
137:. The earliest Sri Lankan sources, between 1277 and 1283, mention a military leader of this name as a minister in the services of the
3625:
2626:
2344:
393:
written during the Aryacakravarti rule in Jaffna asserts that the direct ancestors of the Kings belonged to a group of 512 Ariyar (a
310:
seems to fit the structure of similarly used titles across the Pandyan kingdom. Inscriptions of 12th century mentions that the title
3610:
2860:
2662:
2258:
715:, have valuable information on the early and middle period of the kingdom, its activities and its eventual occupation by the rival
960:
furnished by any Western European. According to him, he saw the wreckage of sixty seagoing vessels in the general area of Jaffna.
3615:
3307:
2944:
215:
The origins of the Aryacakravarti are claimed in contemporary court chronicles; modern historians offer some competing theories.
1574:
349:
on behalf of the Pandyan king Maaravarman Kulasekaran between the years 1277–1283 and took the politically significant Buddha's
3249:
3044:
2780:
2563:
314:
was a title earned in the military service under the Pandyan kingdom, the title is frequently referenced in the inscription of
1596:
895:
being the capital of Arayacakravartis and Anurai the name for any Sinhalese capital; it is dated between 1449/50 and 1453/54.
2797:
2512:
2969:
2322:
1682:
2898:
2850:
2775:
2703:
3270:
3030:
2840:
1737:
1201:
315:
248:
243:. They administered land and held important military ranks. It is believed that most of them belonged to one family of
2236:
3265:
2180:
2161:
2138:
2115:
2090:
2071:
2036:
2013:
1992:
1969:
1806:
1224:
1162:
1082:
968:
365:
231:
From the thirteenth-century inscriptions commemorating dignitaries calling themselves Aryacakravartis in present-day
192:
3290:
2888:
2845:
2713:
2505:
475:
462:. Rasanayagam believes that a Brahmin from the town of Rameswaram married into the surviving family members of the
3585:
2873:
956:
missionary, traveller and statesman. He wrote in December 1291 (or 1292), the earliest noteworthy account of the
3237:
458:
In the opinion of Rasanayagam Mudaliar and Swami Gnanapragasar the Aryacakravarti dynasty was connected to the
3204:
2830:
2606:
2299:
797:
after a confrontation with the Aryacakravarti. This is evident from inscriptions in a place called Lahugala.
227:
Pandyan tribute-paying territories circa 1250, include what eventually became the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka
478:
is similar to the Royal insignia of the Eastern Gangas. Gangas themselves also claimed Brahmin origins. The
199:
of India. They ruled the Jaffna kingdom from the 13th until the 17th century, when the last of the dynasty,
3524:
2683:
2334:
2251:
2046:
597:
525:
around the year 1000 and interpret them simply as reflecting a claim of origin from the Hindu holy city of
467:
1093:, and one of them married a daughter of the king; and finally her descendants became heirs to the Kingdom.
3242:
3035:
3004:
2770:
2453:
2385:
2103:
Ancient Jaffna,being a research into the History of Jaffna from very early times to the Portuguese Period
1040:"The gold, silver and pearls this king had in his possession cannot be found anywhere else in the world".
3494:
3453:
3429:
3146:
2792:
2431:
2284:
2268:
1025:
418:
891:
who saw the backs of kings at Singai, Anurai,' and elsewhere, may refer to kings of Singai. Singai or
3474:
3181:
3113:
2825:
2820:
2728:
2708:
2558:
2537:
936:
662:
The earliest local Tamil chronicles on Jaffna Kingdom were composed in the Middle Ages. A prose work,
3590:
3230:
3189:
2939:
1054:
247:
in the modern Ramanathapuram District who had become prominent during the days of the Pandyan king
849:
the local chieftain who confronted the Aryacakravarti kings in 1391 was victorious in his effort.
3595:
3399:
3330:
3025:
2934:
2919:
2835:
2657:
2377:
2244:
1218:
1156:
736:
written during the 17th century refers to the fact that the Aryacakravartis collected taxes from
236:
196:
59:
930:
trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels. These were recorded in the book
616:
scholar, and S. Pathmanathan. They assert that there were no kingdoms in South East Asia called
3500:
3464:
3447:
3441:
3405:
2718:
2405:
857:
747:, a military leader sent by the Kotte king, seemed to have left an indelible impression on the
636:
569:
3435:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3342:
3220:
3199:
2667:
2621:
2442:
1116:
1078:
830:
814:
806:
664:
589:
514:
471:
459:
453:
547:
3194:
3156:
2914:
2738:
2481:
2476:
2107:
1566:
949:
908:
154:
8:
3225:
2636:
2616:
2573:
779:. Thereupon grief entered into his heart, he abandoned his realm and fled beyond the sea.
632:
not Kalinga. Further S. Pathmanathan asserts that Chandrabhanu had categorically claimed
440:("Protector of Cetu") confirms their connections to Rameswaram Hindu temple, as Teevai,
3161:
2929:
2698:
2583:
2266:
927:
868:
542:
126:
3553:
3536:
3530:
3512:
3121:
2578:
2528:
2414:
2224:
2203:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2134:
2111:
2086:
2067:
2032:
2009:
1988:
1965:
1802:
1197:
872:
421:'s rule the Pandyas overwhelmed their Hoysala enemies and killed the Hoysala monarch
204:
1473:
Damais, Luis Charles. "transcription Chinoise- Ho -ling comme designation de Java".
668:, compiled by poet Mayilvakana Pulavar in 1736, cites four earlier writings such as
3151:
3131:
2693:
2588:
2568:
2466:
1600:
1006:
957:
834:
748:
744:
621:
2101:
1049:
604:, and some of them came due to various reasons to north Sri Lanka and founded the
3563:
3299:
3171:
3141:
3126:
2641:
2410:
1422:
1191:
875:. It indicated that the stones for the renovations were shipped from the city of
794:
767:
737:
725:
601:
510:
490:
422:
2106:. Everymans Publishers Ltd, Madras (Reprint by New Delhi, AES in 2003). p.
3378:
3334:
3058:
2598:
2339:
2307:
2272:
1953:
1690:
1090:
838:
733:
605:
333:
295:
252:
223:
170:
146:
138:
130:
118:
73:
141:; he raided the western Sri Lankan coast and took the politically significant
3579:
3352:
3166:
3136:
2217:
The decline of Polonnaruwa and the rise of Dambadeniya (circa 1180–1270 A.D.)
1099:
998:
994:
979:
975:
817:
appointed tax collectors to collect taxes from the villages belonging to the
751:
716:
596:
in 1247. According to him refugees and immigrants from the Indian kingdom of
463:
1729:
1334:
A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present
688:(or list of kings) has not been found and all what we know about is through
3518:
3372:
3009:
2999:
2461:
2390:
2207:
2083:
Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka
1623:
Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka
892:
846:
585:
562:
522:
518:
162:
2497:
879:
in present-day eastern Sri Lanka. This inscription was destroyed in 1866.
161:. Political and military leaders of the same family name left a number of
3362:
3086:
3072:
2723:
2394:
2005:
888:
876:
861:
842:
763:
593:
573:
370:
485:
Swami Gnanapragasar believes that the first Ariyacakravarti also called
3542:
3100:
3079:
2733:
2471:
2436:
2289:
2228:
1086:
953:
923:
903:
810:
479:
374:
232:
200:
185:
166:
69:
30:
2192:
A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present
1406:
A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present
235:
we can deduce that they hailed from the coastal region of present-day
3506:
3051:
2153:
2130:
2028:
1799:
The Adventures of Ibn Battuta – A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century
912:
609:
411:
337:
330:
303:
134:
41:
3065:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2631:
1070:
1014:
1010:
860:
or his successor is credited with an inscription dated 1414 in the
613:
577:
552:
526:
402:
382:
346:
158:
1089:, whence they began to have trade and friendship with the king of
345:
or minister named Aryacakravarti invaded the Sinhalese capital of
3093:
2989:
2220:
2054:
1984:
1961:
1074:
972:
818:
407:
394:
342:
299:
279:
2199:
837:
are a record of victory left by the Aryacakravarti kings of the
444:
and Kantamalai are all names for the same location: Rameswaram.
2979:
2368:
1077:
called Arus, who claiming royal descent; and with the favor of
1029:
983:
759:
645:
530:
498:
482:
minted by the Aryacakravarti kings also have a similar symbol.
188:
1009:
and was located in the western coastal area of the island, in
2964:
1002:
887:
The Tenkasi Ten inscription of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of
864:
555:
398:
353:
350:
271:
182:
169:
state, with dates ranging from 1272 to 1305, during the late
150:
142:
2008:: Dynasty of Jaffna King's Historical Society. p. 122.
1435:
Paranavitana, Senarat. "The Aryan Kingdom in North Ceylon".
270:
seem to have been commonly used in the Pandyan kingdom as a
1112:
988:
620:
and such assertions are based on erroneous readings of the
441:
378:
244:
178:
1456:
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1437:
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1376:
Ceylon & Indian History from Early Times to 1505 A.D.
173:. According to contemporary native literature, such as
1506:
The Decline of Polonnaruwa and the rise of Dambadeniya
2051:
The Kingdom of Jaffna: Origins and early affiliations
1032:
who ruled on behalf of her young son. The so-called "
470:kingdom in India. Magha apparently belonged to the
129:: ආර්ය චක්රවර්තී රාජවංශය) were kings of the
3329:
1013:region. He was also noted as receiving tribute of
1454:Sastry, K.A. Nilakanta. "Ceylon and Sri Vijaya".
1057:was constructed by the first Aryacakravarti king.
754:. The victory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the
3577:
2057:: Ceylon Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 27.
1193:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
1044:
377:temple – Aryacakravarti kings claimed origin as
2175:. United States: Greenwood Press. p. 248.
1115:origin. It may have married into the family of
1001:and had trading links with countries as far as
1475:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
1417:Malays and all South East Asians are knows an
770:("Beautiful City") in the North of Sri Lanka.
406:the kings fought in wars against kings in the
3315:
2513:
2252:
2022:
1859:The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon
1730:"The Kotte Dynasty and its Portuguese allies"
707:and a number of Sandesya chronicles, such as
274:or job title. Compound titles exist, such as
2925:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
2214:
2085:. US: Oxford University Press. p. 304.
2064:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
2045:
1393:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
1216:
1154:
944:, which is considered to be a corruption of
298:could denote a noble or a learned person, a
83:Cinkaiariyan, Cetukavalan, Kangkaiariyarkoon
3621:17th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
2527:
2147:
2124:
2099:
2031:: Asian Educational Services. p. 122.
1567:"Looking anew at Kandyan combat strategies"
359:
218:
177:, the family also claimed lineage from the
3322:
3308:
2520:
2506:
2259:
2245:
2223:: Dept. of Cultural Affairs. p. 782.
1978:
1521:The throne name of Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan.
1223:(in Tamil). M. Rajendran. pp. 11–13.
657:
536:
29:
1063:Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon
911:, his sons Pandaram, Paranirupsingan and
3606:13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1999:
1952:
1434:
1048:
902:
813:at Medawala in Harispattuva reveal that
546:
369:
222:
16:Kings of the Jaffna Kingdom in Sri Lanka
2945:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
2170:
1111:Ramanathapuram Hindu temple and was of
1065:, Father Queroz records a tradition as
612:studies, Yutaka Iwamoto (1910–1988), a
592:chieftain, who invaded the island from
3578:
2189:
2061:
1344:
1342:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1161:(in Tamil). M. Rajendran. p. 11.
639:whereas S. Paranavitana had adduced a
509:from the Ganga dynasty). According to
3303:
2501:
2240:
1740:from the original on 10 December 2007
1230:from the original on 10 November 2020
1196:. Duke University Press. p. 83.
1168:from the original on 10 November 2020
1150:
1148:
210:
3601:13th-century establishments in India
2080:
1646:
1644:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1134:
1132:
1105:
948:. Polo's was followed by a visit by
600:founded similarly named Kingdoms in
326:signifying "in the order of Sethu."
2776:Government of the Northern Province
1339:
1306:
1069:In course of time, there came some
649:connection to the Aryacakravartis.
428:A study of their epithets, such as
13:
2841:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
1472:
1453:
1217:Pathmanathan, Subramanium (1978).
1155:Pathmanathan, Subramanium (1978).
1145:
699:The Sinhalese chronicles, such as
529:on the banks of the holiest river
436:("Ariyan King of Kantamalai") and
14:
3637:
2215:Liyanagamage, Amaradasa. (1968).
1801:, University of California, 2004
1641:
1180:
1129:
969:Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta
766:("City of Gods") in the south to
466:, an invader claiming to be from
366:Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram
3626:Transitional period of Sri Lanka
3286:
3285:
3031:Representations in Indian cinema
2851:Tamil People's National Alliance
2367:
2267:
1577:from the original on 5 June 2011
652:
521:lands after their defeat by the
476:Royal flag of the Jaffna kingdom
447:
3611:1619 disestablishments in India
2704:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
2100:Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar (1926).
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1812:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1722:
1705:
1670:
1657:
1628:
1615:
1589:
1554:
1541:
1524:
1515:
1510:Recuil des Inscriptions du Siam
1498:
1485:
1466:
1447:
1428:
1411:
1398:
1385:
1368:
1355:
1326:
1102:not in the historical Gujarat.
783:
517:descendants who had moved into
302:or alternatively a person from
3616:1619 disestablishments in Asia
2190:Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) .
2066:. US: Routledge. p. 253.
1293:
1280:
1267:
1242:
1210:
898:
1:
2846:Tamil National People's Front
2831:Tamil United Liberation Front
2133:: Vijitha Yapa. p. 290.
2047:Pathmanathan, Sivasubramaniam
2023:Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003).
1987:: Stamford Lake. p. 66.
1964:: Vijitha Yapa. p. 782.
1945:
1820:A Critical history of Jaffna,
1760:A critical history of Jaffna,
1045:Portuguese colonial documents
123:ஆரியச் சக்கரவர்த்திகள் வம்சம்
3525:Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran
2194:. Bangalore: Jupiter books.
2081:Holt, John Clifford (1991).
2025:A Critical History of Jaffna
1713:A Critical History of Jaffna
1683:"From Devundera to Dedigama"
1532:A Critical History of Jaffna
1378:, p. 353; Coddrington, H.,
1301:A critical history of Jaffna
1288:A Critical History of Jaffna
1017:from other southern rulers.
986:Islamic law, and at times a
7:
3243:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
2771:Northern Provincial Council
1981:Jaffna under the Portuguese
1979:Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005).
624:name for a locality called
10:
3642:
3495:Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
3454:Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan
3430:Gunabhooshana Cinkaiariyan
2793:Eastern Provincial Council
2744:NPC Resolution on Genocide
2663:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
2148:Coddrington, H.W. (1994).
2125:Coddrington, H.W. (1996).
1053:Tradition claims that the
743:The conquest by a certain
540:
451:
419:Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan
363:
3552:
3483:
3463:
3388:
3361:
3341:
3283:
3258:
3213:
3180:
3112:
3018:
2957:
2907:
2859:
2821:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
2813:
2763:
2756:
2729:Burning of Jaffna library
2676:
2650:
2597:
2564:Tissamaharama inscription
2559:History of Eastern Tamils
2551:
2544:
2538:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
2535:
2452:
2424:
2376:
2365:
2298:
2280:
2171:Peebles, Patrick (2006).
2127:Ceylon Coins and Currency
2062:Spence, Jonathan (1990).
1885:Ceylon Coins and Currency
1846:History of Ceylon Tamils,
1786:History of Ceylon Tamils,
1678:Ceylon coins and currency
1380:Ceylon Coins and Currency
1254:South Indian Inscriptions
1005:. The monarch also spoke
937:The Travels of Marco Polo
684:as its source. Of which
628:which actually stood for
259:meaning "the guardian of
122:
103:
95:
87:
79:
65:
55:
47:
37:
28:
23:
3231:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2940:Tamil Youth Organisation
2173:The History of Sri Lanka
1937:The history of Sri Lanka
1833:History of Ceylon Tamils
1715:, pp. 99–102; Kunarasa,
1123:
1055:Nallur Kandaswamy Temple
809:dated 1359 found near a
775:throughout the eighteen
360:Brahmins from Rameswaram
219:Pandyan feudatory family
115:Arya Chakravarti dynasty
3400:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
2935:Tamils Against Genocide
2920:Canadian Tamil Congress
2836:Tamil National Alliance
2658:American Ceylon Mission
2529:Sri Lankan Tamil people
2150:Short History of Ceylon
1898:Short history of Ceylon
1665:Short history of Ceylon
1026:Giovanni de' Marignolli
740:and southern lowlands.
658:Contemporary chronicles
559:Chedi Phrae Boromadhatu
537:Javaka-Kalinga invaders
266:Furthermore, the title
237:Ramanathapuram District
197:Ramanathapuram District
60:Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
3586:Dynasties of Sri Lanka
3501:Singai Pararasasegaram
3485:Aryacakravarti dynasty
3465:House of Siri Sanga Bo
3448:Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan
3442:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
3406:Kulotunga Cinkaiariyan
3390:Aryacakravarti dynasty
3182:Languages and dialects
2719:Vaddukoddai Resolution
2406:House of Siri Sanga Bo
2401:Aryacakravarti dynasty
1958:A History of Sri Lanka
1924:A History of Sri Lanka
1636:A History of Sri Lanka
1562:A History of Sri Lanka
1425:" in Indic literature.
1095:
1058:
1042:
1021:Giovanni de Marignolli
915:
858:Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan
781:
581:
386:
316:Maravarman Kulasekaran
249:Maravarman Kulasekaran
228:
3436:Virodaya Cinkaiariyan
3424:Martanda Cinkaiariyan
3418:Varodaya Cinkaiariyan
3412:Vickrama Cinkaiariyan
3343:Eastern Ganga dynasty
2668:Jaffna Youth Congress
2622:Kotagama inscriptions
2443:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
2000:Kunarasa, K. (2003).
1911:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1872:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1549:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1536:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1534:, p.#; Pathmanathan,
1493:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1350:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1321:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1220:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1158:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1140:The Kingdom of Jaffna
1067:
1052:
1038:
906:
871:about renovating its
843:paleographic analysis
831:Kotagama inscriptions
815:Martanda Cinkaiariyan
807:Medawala inscriptions
772:
690:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
665:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
550:
515:Western Ganga Dynasty
497:(From the country of
472:Eastern Ganga Dynasty
460:Eastern Ganga Dynasty
454:Eastern Ganga Dynasty
434:Kantamalayaariyarkoon
385:sect from this temple
373:
239:, which they called
226:
2915:British Tamils Forum
2482:Madawala inscription
2477:Kotagama inscription
2156:: AES. p. 290.
1773:History of Sri Lanka
950:John of Montecorvino
909:Singai Parasasekaran
713:Selalihini Sandesaya
694:Cekarasacekara Malai
432:("King of Teevai"),
203:, was ousted by the
3226:Naguleswaram temple
2627:Portuguese conquest
2617:Jaffna Palace ruins
2574:Ketheeswaram temple
2345:Portuguese conquest
1857:Fernao de Queyroz,
1734:Humphry Coddrington
1190:Holt, John (2011).
678:Pararasasekaran Ula
391:Cekaracecekaramalai
286:that belonged to a
278:that belonged to a
175:Cekaracecekaramalai
2930:Global Tamil Forum
2584:Munneswaram temple
2002:The Jaffna Dynasty
1717:The Jaffna Dynasty
1693:on 6 November 2007
1299:Gnanaprakasar, S.
1275:The Jaffna Dynasty
1059:
995:pearlfishing trade
934:("The Million" or
916:
582:
543:Indianized kingdom
387:
318:in Ramanthapuram.
255:claimed the title
229:
211:Theories of origin
165:in the modern-day
3573:
3572:
3554:Portuguese puppet
3537:Ethirimana Cinkam
3531:Puviraja Pandaram
3513:Puviraja Pandaram
3297:
3296:
3279:
3278:
2953:
2952:
2814:Political parties
2752:
2751:
2579:Koneswaram temple
2495:
2494:
2415:Portuguese puppet
2328:Liberation battle
1687:S. Pathiravithana
1597:"Buddhist Jaffna"
1361:Rasanayagam, M.,
1106:Current consensus
1081:, they erected a
873:sanctum sanctorum
853:Rameswaram temple
306:. Thus the title
282:chief as well as
181:of the prominent
111:
110:
3633:
3475:Bhuvanekabahu VI
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3190:Batticaloa Tamil
3016:
3015:
2761:
2760:
2694:Sinhala Only Act
2589:Tenavaram temple
2569:Annaicoddai seal
2549:
2548:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2487:Mural of soldier
2467:Cankilian Thoppu
2371:
2323:Kotte's campaign
2313:Tambralinga rule
2271:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2211:
2186:
2167:
2144:
2121:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2042:
2019:
1996:
1975:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1676:Coddrington, K.
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1599:. Archived from
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1079:Nayque of Madura
958:Coromandel coast
835:Kegalle District
756:Kokila Sandesaya
745:Sapumal Kumaraya
709:Kokila Sandesaya
284:Malavacakravarti
276:Maravacakravarti
241:Cevvirukkai Nadu
157:capital city of
124:
33:
24:Arya Chakravarti
21:
20:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3591:Hindu dynasties
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:Don Constantine
3556:
3548:
3487:
3479:
3467:
3459:
3392:
3384:
3365:
3357:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3298:
3293:
3275:
3254:
3250:Village deities
3209:
3176:
3108:
3045:Saturday Review
3014:
2970:Genetic studies
2949:
2903:
2861:Militant groups
2855:
2809:
2803:Chief Ministers
2786:Chief Ministers
2748:
2709:Standardisation
2672:
2646:
2642:Demala Hatpattu
2593:
2540:
2531:
2526:
2496:
2491:
2448:
2420:
2411:Don Constantine
2386:Kalinga dynasty
2372:
2363:
2335:Portuguese rule
2294:
2276:
2265:
2235:
2183:
2164:
2141:
2118:
2093:
2074:
2039:
2016:
1972:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1870:Pathamanathan,
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1818:Gnanaprakasar,
1817:
1813:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1711:Gnanaprakasar,
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1603:on 19 July 2011
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1571:Betty Weerakoon
1565:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1530:Gnanaprakasar,
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:II, 26, tr. 27.
1503:
1499:
1491:Pathamanathan,
1490:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1452:
1448:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1348:Pathamanathan,
1347:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1319:Pathamanathan,
1318:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1286:Gnanaprakasar,
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1188:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1153:
1146:
1138:Pathamanathan,
1137:
1130:
1126:
1108:
1047:
901:
795:Ampara District
786:
726:Pandyan Kingdom
660:
655:
602:South East Asia
545:
539:
511:S. Pathmanathan
456:
450:
423:Vira Someshwara
368:
362:
329:According to a
312:Ariyacakravarti
308:Ariyacakravarti
251:. The kings of
221:
213:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3639:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Jaffna kingdom
3593:
3588:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3379:Savakanmaindan
3376:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3335:Jaffna kingdom
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3167:United Kingdom
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3059:Tamil Guardian
3055:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Aryacakravarti
2609:
2603:
2601:
2599:Jaffna kingdom
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2340:Mannar martyrs
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2308:Pandya dynasty
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:Jaffna kingdom
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2212:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2145:
2139:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2020:
2014:
1997:
1976:
1970:
1954:de Silva, K.M.
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1909:Pathmanathan,
1902:
1896:Coddrington,
1889:
1876:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1797:Ross E. Dunn,
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1721:
1704:
1669:
1663:Coddrington,
1656:
1652:Ancient Jaffna
1640:
1627:
1614:
1588:
1553:
1547:Pathmanathan,
1540:
1523:
1514:
1497:
1484:
1465:
1446:
1427:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1367:
1363:Ancient Jaffna
1354:
1338:
1325:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1241:
1209:
1203:978-0822349822
1202:
1179:
1144:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1117:Eastern Gangas
1107:
1104:
1046:
1043:
1023:
1022:
999:Palk Straights
966:
965:
921:
920:
900:
897:
885:
884:
855:
854:
839:Jaffna Kingdom
827:
826:
803:
802:
791:
790:
785:
782:
734:primary source
719:in 1450–1467.
659:
656:
654:
651:
606:Jaffna Kingdom
541:Main article:
538:
535:
452:Main article:
449:
446:
361:
358:
334:primary source
253:Jaffna Kingdom
245:Tamil Brahmins
220:
217:
212:
209:
195:in the modern
179:Tamil Brahmins
171:Pandyan Empire
139:Pandyan Empire
131:Jaffna Kingdom
109:
108:
105:
104:Cadet branches
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
91:Jaffna Kingdom
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
74:Jaffna Kingdom
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3638:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3353:Kalinga Magha
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Negombo Tamil
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:United States
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Federal Party
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:Post-colonial
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2356:
2355:1591 invasion
2353:
2351:
2350:1560 invasion
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:0-313-33205-3
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2163:81-206-0946-8
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:81-206-1202-7
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2117:81-206-0210-2
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2092:0-19-506418-6
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2073:0-415-04461-8
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:81-206-1686-3
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:955-8455-00-8
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:955-1131-70-1
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1971:955-8095-92-3
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1883:Coddrington,
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1807:0-520-24385-4
1804:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1758:Gnaprakasar,
1755:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:, pp. 74–76;
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1650:Rasanayagm,
1647:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1365:, pp. 303–304
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:Tamil Brahmin
1103:
1101:
1100:Uttar Pradesh
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:, natives of
1072:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
985:
981:
977:
974:
970:
963:
962:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
918:
917:
914:
910:
905:
896:
894:
890:
882:
881:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
852:
851:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
823:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
799:
798:
796:
788:
787:
780:
778:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
717:Kotte Kingdom
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Kailaya Malai
667:
666:
653:Other sources
650:
648:
647:
642:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
575:
571:
568:
564:
560:
557:
554:
549:
544:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Kangkaiariyan
500:
496:
495:Kangkainaadan
492:
489:(Ariyan from
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Kalinga Magha
461:
455:
448:Ganga dynasty
445:
443:
439:
438:Ceetukaavalan
435:
431:
430:Teevaiyarkoon
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
379:Tamil Brahmin
376:
372:
367:
357:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:
335:
332:
327:
325:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
216:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
116:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3519:Periyapillai
3484:
3389:
3373:Chandrabhanu
3195:Jaffna Tamil
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3000:Thesavalamai
2689:Colonisation
2611:
2462:Mantri Manai
2441:
2400:
2391:Chandrabhanu
2216:
2191:
2172:
2149:
2126:
2102:
2082:
2063:
2050:
2024:
2001:
1980:
1957:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1686:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1374:Perera, H.,
1370:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1219:
1212:
1192:
1170:. Retrieved
1157:
1139:
1109:
1096:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1039:
1024:
987:
980:jurisprudent
978:scholar and
967:
952:, who was a
946:Cinkaiariyan
945:
941:
935:
931:
922:
886:
862:South Indian
856:
847:Alagakkonara
828:
804:
792:
784:Inscriptions
776:
773:
755:
742:
729:
720:
712:
708:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
661:
644:
640:
633:
629:
625:
617:
586:Chandrabhanu
583:
566:
563:Chandrabhanu
558:
523:Chola Empire
506:
502:
494:
487:Cinkaiariyan
486:
484:
457:
437:
433:
429:
427:
416:
390:
388:
336:
328:
323:
320:
311:
307:
291:
287:
283:
275:
267:
265:
260:
257:Sethukavalar
256:
240:
230:
214:
174:
163:inscriptions
114:
112:
18:
3539:(1591–1616)
3527:(1565-1570)
3515:(1561–1565)
3503:(1478–1519)
3488:(1467–1619)
3444:(1380–1410)
3438:(1371–1380)
3432:(1347–1371)
3414:(1292–1302)
3393:(1277–1450)
3363:Tambralinga
3238:Catholicism
3157:New Zealand
3087:Thinakkural
3073:Tamil Times
2724:Tamil Eelam
2684:Nationalism
2395:Tambralinga
2006:Johor Bahru
1939:, pp. 31–32
1922:de Silva,
1900:, pp. 91–92
1844:Natarajan,
1835:, pp. 78–79
1831:Natarajan,
1784:Natarajan,
1771:Nadarajan,
1719:, pp. 67–68
1697:19 November
1560:de Silva,
1538:, pp. 14–16
1382:, pp. 74–75
1234:10 November
1172:10 November
1091:Jaffnapatae
1034:Catalan Map
899:Travelogues
893:Cinkainakar
883:Tenkasi Ten
877:Trincomalee
764:Devi Nuwara
674:Vaiya Padal
594:Tambralinga
574:Tambralinga
491:Cinkainakar
381:priests of
96:Dissolution
66:Final ruler
3580:Categories
3543:Cankili II
3101:Virakesari
3080:Thinakaran
3036:Literature
2764:Government
2734:Black July
2472:Yamuna Eri
2437:Setu coins
2318:Kotte rule
2229:B0006C248I
1946:References
1913:, pp. 1–13
1634:de Silva,
1581:2 December
1564:, p. 136;
1508:, p. 136;
1504:Liyanage,
1462:: 125–140.
1443:: 174–224.
964:Ibn Batuta
954:Franciscan
932:Il Milione
924:Marco Polo
919:Marco Polo
889:Tinnevelly
869:Rameswaram
762:bird from
730:Rajavaliya
705:Rajavaliya
641:Gangavamsa
634:Padmavamsa
610:Indonesian
567:Padmavamsa
480:Setu coins
375:Rameswaram
364:See also:
324:Sethumukam
268:Cakravarti
233:Tamil Nadu
205:Portuguese
201:Cankili II
193:Rameswaram
186:pilgrimage
167:Tamil Nadu
70:Cankili II
3566:(1619–24)
3557:(1619–24)
3545:(1617–19)
3533:(1582–91)
3521:(1565–82)
3509:(1519–61)
3507:Cankili I
3497:(1467–78)
3468:(1450–67)
3456:(1440–50)
3450:(1410–40)
3426:(1325–47)
3420:(1302–25)
3408:(1284–92)
3402:(1277–84)
3381:(1262-77)
3375:(1255-62)
3366:(1255–77)
3346:(1215–55)
3205:Loanwords
3122:Australia
3052:Sudar Oli
2798:Governors
2781:Governors
2739:Civil War
2714:Militancy
2454:Landmarks
2154:New Delhi
2131:New Delhi
2029:New Delhi
1935:Peebles,
1822:pp. 85–88
1744:3 January
1607:4 January
1495:, pp. 5–8
1481:: 93–141.
1323:, pp. 4–5
1273:Kunarasa,
1071:Brahmanes
982:from the
942:Cantheman
913:Cankili I
907:Image of
833:found in
821:kingdom.
749:Sinhalese
721:Culavamsa
701:Culavamsa
686:Rasamurai
682:Rasamurai
561:built by
425:in 1254.
412:Karnataka
401:) of the
397:priestly
338:Culavamsa
331:Sinhalese
304:Aryavarta
155:Sinhalese
153:from the
135:Sri Lanka
127:Sinhalese
88:Estate(s)
42:Sri Lanka
3331:Monarchs
3291:Category
3271:Football
3221:Hinduism
3214:Religion
3162:Pakistan
3152:Malaysia
3114:Diaspora
3066:TamilNet
3005:Vellalar
2995:Paraiyar
2985:Mukkuvar
2975:Karaiyar
2908:Diaspora
2757:Politics
2651:Colonial
2632:Vannimai
2378:Monarchs
2200:80905179
2049:(1974).
1956:(2005).
1926:, p. 132
1738:Archived
1654:, p. 364
1638:, p. 136
1625:, p. 102
1575:Archived
1423:Javanese
1408:, p. 118
1404:Kamath,
1395:, p. 116
1391:Spence,
1336:, p. 118
1332:Kamath,
1259:17 March
1225:Archived
1163:Archived
1087:Ramancor
1075:Guzarata
1015:cinnamon
1011:Puttalam
973:Moroccan
928:Venetian
825:Kotagama
801:Medawela
789:Lahugala
752:literati
614:Buddhist
578:Thailand
553:Buddhist
527:Varanasi
403:Pasupata
383:Pasupata
347:Yapahuwa
159:Yapahuwa
3333:of the
3266:Cricket
3137:Germany
3094:Uthayan
3019:Culture
2990:Nalavar
2958:Society
2637:Vanniar
2607:History
2552:Ancient
2545:History
2425:Culture
2300:History
2221:Colombo
2208:7796041
2055:Colombo
1985:Colombo
1962:Colombo
1887:, p. 74
1874:, p. 10
1775:, p. 75
1667:, p. 89
1419:Javakas
1352:, p. 15
1303:, p. 84
1290:, p. 83
1277:, p. 66
1061:In his
1007:Persian
997:in the
867:temple
819:Gampola
811:bo-tree
738:Udarata
637:lineage
626:Ho-ling
622:Chinese
618:Kalinga
598:Kalinga
570:lineage
565:of the
468:Kalinga
417:During
408:Hoysala
395:Brahmin
343:warlord
300:Brahmin
290:chief.
280:Maravar
145:of the
56:Founder
51:1277 CE
48:Founded
38:Country
3132:France
3127:Canada
3026:Cinema
2980:Koviar
2275:topics
2227:
2206:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2137:
2114:
2089:
2070:
2035:
2012:
1991:
1968:
1805:
1621:Holt,
1551:, p. 8
1200:
1142:, p. 9
1083:pagoda
1030:regent
984:Maliki
976:Berber
971:was a
926:was a
768:Nallur
760:cookoo
728:. The
646:Javaka
630:Walain
531:Ganges
507:Ariyan
501:) and
499:Ganges
474:. The
292:Ariyar
288:Malava
189:temple
147:Buddha
80:Titles
3259:Sport
3147:India
3142:Italy
3040:News
3010:Vedar
2965:Eelam
2894:PLOTE
2879:EPRLF
2869:ENDLF
2699:Riots
1861:p. 48
1848:p. 77
1788:p. 76
1762:p. 84
1228:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1124:Notes
1003:Yemen
865:Hindu
777:ratas
590:Malay
576:(now
556:stupa
519:Tamil
399:caste
354:relic
351:tooth
296:Tamil
272:caste
183:Hindu
151:tooth
143:relic
119:Tamil
2899:TELO
2889:LTTE
2884:EORS
2874:ENLF
2432:Flag
2290:Coin
2285:Flag
2225:ASIN
2204:OCLC
2196:LCCN
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1746:2008
1699:2007
1609:2008
1583:2008
1460:VIII
1421:or "
1261:2008
1236:2020
1198:ISBN
1174:2020
989:Qadi
829:The
805:The
711:and
680:and
551:The
442:Cetu
410:and
389:The
341:, a
261:Cetu
113:The
107:None
99:1619
2108:390
1479:III
1085:at
572:in
294:in
263:".
191:of
149:'s
133:in
72:in
3582::
2219:.
2202:.
2152:.
2129:.
2110:.
2053:.
2027:.
2004:.
1983:.
1960:.
1736:.
1732:.
1685:.
1643:^
1573:.
1569:.
1477:.
1458:.
1441:II
1439:.
1341:^
1308:^
1252:.
1182:^
1147:^
1131:^
732:a
703:,
676:,
672:,
588:a
533:.
414:.
356:.
207:.
125:,
121::
3323:e
3316:t
3309:v
2521:e
2514:t
2507:v
2417:)
2413:(
2397:)
2393:(
2260:e
2253:t
2246:v
2231:.
2210:.
2185:.
2166:.
2143:.
2120:.
2095:.
2076:.
2041:.
2018:.
1995:.
1974:.
1809:.
1748:.
1701:.
1611:.
1585:.
1263:.
1238:.
1206:.
1176:.
580:)
505:(
117:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)