3371:
49:
397:
261:
806:
Hill, Donald (2013). A History of
Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. p. 193."This inconvenience was remedied by the Spanish Arab al-Zarqali (Azarquiel, Arzachel) who made the vernal or the autumnal point the center, and the meridian passing through the solstitial points the plane
565:
contained tables which allowed one to find the days on which the Coptic, Roman, lunar, and
Persian months begin, other tables which give the position of planets at any given time, and still others facilitating the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. This almanac that he compiled directly provided
796:
Kennedy, Edward
Stewart (1983). Studies in the Islamic exact sciences. American University of Beirut. p. 502."Both of these are a recension made by the famous Spanish Arab astronomer Azarquiel, Abu Ishaq al-Naqqash al-Zarqalla, also known as al-Zarqall, Zarkali, al- Zarqellu, Azarcall,
479:
relative to the fixed background of the stars. He measured its rate of motion as 12.04 arcseconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern calculation of 11.77 arcseconds. Al-Zarqālī's model for the motion of the Sun, in which the center of the Sun's
786:
Kalin, Ibrahim (2014). The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p.72."And the most famous Arab Spanish feo, Ibn al-Zarqālī (Azarquiel; d. 1100), seems to have been the first to design a universal
777:: A number of these scholars sought to simplify the astrolabe, and finally al-Zarqālī (Azarquiel; died 1100) achieved success by inventing the apparatus called the azafea (Arabic: al-ṣafīḥah), which was widely used by navigators until the 16th century.
704:
613:
could play a role in astronomy, al-Zarqālī did not apply the ellipse to astronomical theory and neither he nor his
Iberian or Maghrebi contemporaries used an elliptical deferent in their astronomical calculations.
566:"the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation", it further simplifies longitudes using planetary cycles of each planet. The work provided the true daily positions of the sun for four
475:
from 62 degrees to the correct value of 42 degrees. In his treatise on the solar year, which survives only in a Hebrew translation, he was the first to demonstrate the motion of the
690:, "Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers", ed.Virginia Trimble, Thomas R. Williams, Katherine Bracher, Richard Jarrell, Jordan D. Marché, F. Jamil Ragep, (Springer, 2014), 1258.
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601:(or pine nut). Some writers have misinterpreted al-Zarqālī's description of an earth-centered oval path for the center of the planet's epicycle as an anticipation of
54:
3379:
358:
3425:
2794:
1379:
421:) for computing the position of the planets using diagrams of the Ptolemaic model. These works were translated into Spanish in the 13th century by order of
455:, his name is given as Abū al-Qāsim bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, also known as al-Zarqālī, which has made some historians think that this is a different person.
3684:
959:, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 218 "He was a trained artisan who entered the service of Qadi Said as a maker of instruments and water-clocks."
593:, al-Zarqālī noted that the path of the center of the primary epicycle is not a circle, as it is for the other planets. Instead it is approximately
3674:
1123:
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1713:
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Although his name is conventionally given as al-Zarqālī, it is probable that the correct form was al-Zarqālluh. In Latin he was referred to as
851:
2777:
2281:
1440:
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moved on a small, slowly rotating circle to reproduce the observed motion of the solar apogee, was discussed in the thirteenth century by
745:
Chaucer Name
Dictionary: A Guide to Astrological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, and Mythological Names in the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
1352:
2824:
1506:
3511:
2786:
2657:
1372:
1338:
447:, capable of determining the hours of the day and night and indicating the days of the lunar months. According to a report found in
3709:
3669:
2430:
1388:
330:. Al-Zarqālī and his colleagues, such as Al-Waqqashi (1017–1095) had to flee. It is unknown whether the aged Al-Zarqālī fled to
3432:
2185:
3689:
3573:
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2206:
1956:
1278:
3679:
3664:
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1365:
668:
606:
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924:
It is, therefore, really al-Zarḳālī who must be credited with the invention of this new type of an astrolabe. Through the
2731:
1910:
502:
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3351:
3315:
3168:
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1855:
1299:
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2027:
823:
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2819:
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1312:
1206:
1107:
917:
890:
752:
327:
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2057:
2047:
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wrote a commentary on one of al-Zarqali's works. In his "De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium", in the year 1530,
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1915:
1850:
3404:
1966:
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3081:
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1991:
1870:
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wrote a book in the 15th century on the advantages of the
Sahifah al-Zarqalia. In 1530, the German scholar
2809:
1455:
570:
from 1088 to 1092, the true positions of the five planets every 5 or 10 days over a period of 8 years for
257:. Assuming a leading position under Said, Al-Zarqālī conducted solar observations for 25 years from 1050.
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2646:
2525:
2399:
1445:
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known as "the tablet of al-Zarqālī" (al-ṣafīḥā al-zarqāliyya), which was famous in Europe under the name
203:
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3223:
3193:
2970:
2884:
1900:
1890:
1511:
1401:
1304:
2849:
1521:
214:(a perfected astrolabe) proved very popular and was widely used by navigators until the 16th century.
3178:
2930:
2167:
1748:
1632:
909:
31:
3249:
3208:
3076:
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1981:
1875:
1753:
1516:
1476:
855:
372:
translated al-Zarqali's works into Latin. He referred to Al-Zarqali as an astronomer and magician.
250:
17:
2935:
1971:
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on various occasions, and his extensive experience and knowledge eventually made him the foremost
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1986:
1935:
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768:
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1325:(Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2.) Philadelphia, 1956.
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8:
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113:
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1996:
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288:"the engraver of metals". His Latinized name, 'Arzachel' is formed from the Arabic
254:
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1336:
Muslim
Scientists Before the Renaissance: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
877:
602:
405:
238:
171:
maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer from the western part of the
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1763:
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1708:
1672:
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1240:
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In designing an instrument to deal with
Ptolemy's complex model for the planet
396:
88:
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in the 12th century, and contributed to the rebirth of a mathematically based
3638:
3254:
3173:
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1951:
1819:
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937:
610:
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74:
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1976:
1829:
1572:
1536:
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1007:
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in Al-Andalus, and later, after being translated, were very influential in
642:
Rissalat fi Tarikat Istikhdam as-Safiha al-Moushtarakah li Jamiâ al-ouroud
3397:
3341:
3096:
3061:
2990:
2610:
2600:
2565:
2374:
2354:
2233:
2073:
1809:
1758:
1718:
1486:
1184:
Willy Hartner, "The Mercury Horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice",
444:
1219:
Samsó, Julio; Honorino, Honorino (1994), "Ibn al-Zarqalluh on Mercury",
448:
233:
Al-Zarqālī, of Arab origin, was born in a village near the outskirts of
3305:
3132:
3005:
2975:
2950:
2945:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2440:
2420:
2344:
2012:
1961:
1799:
1789:
1627:
1622:
1607:
525:
497:
418:
385:
346:
342:
316:
281:
269:
195:
147:
123:
92:
1267:"Zarqālī: Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Tujībī al-Zarqālī"
852:"Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - ISESCO -"
273:
3300:
3188:
3056:
3015:
2965:
2920:
2915:
2839:
2590:
2530:
2309:
2088:
2032:
1703:
1637:
1612:
1496:
1099:
541:
433:
401:
350:
300:
211:
471:. Specifically, he corrected Ptolemy's estimate of the width of the
417:
Al-Zarqālī wrote two works on the construction of an instrument (an
326:
In the year 1085, Toledo was taken by the Christian king of Castile
3071:
3010:
2829:
2615:
2585:
2550:
2540:
2480:
2299:
1814:
1784:
1728:
1662:
1652:
1577:
1491:
598:
590:
586:
493:
481:
296:
1295:"Al-Zarqālī (or Azarquiel), Abū Isḥāqibrāhīm Ibn Yaḥyā Al-Naqqāsh"
609:
for the planets. Although this may be the first suggestion that a
3516:
2520:
2510:
2445:
2394:
2334:
2324:
2289:
1647:
562:
533:
464:
335:
3391:
The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
2495:
2490:
311:. Al-Zarqālī was also an inventor, and his works helped to put
207:
1150:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
1094:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005),
1056:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
972:(1969), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: A History of Errors",
2785:
2560:
2425:
2349:
571:
476:
103:
1387:
1096:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
594:
575:
500:
employed this model, modified to heliocentric form, in his
222:
168:
429:
entitled the "Libros de las laminas de los vii planetas".
3453:
2218:
957:
Cosmos: an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology
544:
in Christian Europe and were later incorporated into the
529:
932:) the instrument became known and famous under the name
3426:
Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures
1010:(1987), "The Solar Theory of az-Zarqāl: An Epilogue",
202:
later in his life. His works inspired a generation of
875:
M. T. Houtsma and E. van Donzel (1993), "ASṬURLĀB",
1093:
146:Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī
55:Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología
1199:Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory
688:Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī
578:, and so forth, as well as other related tables.
3636:
846:
844:
561:, of which many had been compiled. Al-Zarqālī's
520:, an adaptation of earlier astronomical data by
443:There is a record of an al-Zarqālī who built a
30:"Arzachel" redirects here. For other uses, see
2771:
1373:
1218:
841:
1348:'Transmission of Muslim astronomy to Europe'
1271:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
895:
463:Al-Zarqali corrected geographical data from
237:, the then capital of the newly established
53:Fictional portrait by Eulogia Merle for the
1121:
528:, to locate the coordinates of Toledo. His
2778:
2764:
1380:
1366:
1012:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
878:E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam
742:
514:Al-Zarqālī also contributed to the famous
47:
3685:Clockmakers of the medieval Islamic world
3512:Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din
2787:Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world
1269:. In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.).
319:. He is also referred to in the works of
303:. He is known to have taught and visited
1323:A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables,
1273:. New York: Springer. pp. 1258–60.
1089:
1087:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
395:
259:
3675:Inventors of the medieval Islamic world
1389:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
901:
284:and due to his skills he was nicknamed
14:
3637:
3433:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2186:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1532:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
1292:
1146:
1052:
1006:
968:
190:, meaning 'the engraver'. He lived in
2759:
2207:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2145:
1399:
1361:
1084:
821:
727:
716:
714:
702:
432:He also invented a perfected kind of
2156:
1264:
1221:Journal for the History of Astronomy
817:
815:
813:
669:List of Arab scientists and scholars
1188:, 1 (1955): 84–138, at pp. 118–122.
936:. It is practically identical with
698:
696:
509:
503:De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
384:quotes the works of al-Zarqali and
241:. He started work after 1048 under
156:
24:
1300:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1258:
1172:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
1078:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
1032:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37222.x
994:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00146.x
711:
25:
3721:
1329:
810:
769:"Spain - Culture of Muslim Spain"
27:Muslim astrologer, and astronomer
3369:
1413:
902:Hartner, W. (1960), "ASṬURLĀB",
720:s.v. "al-Zarqālī", Julio Samsó,
693:
488:and in the fifteenth century by
295:He was particularly talented in
1911:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1400:
1212:
1191:
1178:
1140:
1115:
1046:
1000:
962:
949:
928:(Vol. 3, Madrid 1864, 135-237:
869:
747:. Routledge, 1996. p. 41.
3710:Astronomical instrument makers
3670:Mathematicians from al-Andalus
2400:Schema for horizontal sundials
1916:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1441:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1201:, pp. 5–10. World Scientific.
1124:"Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī"
908:, vol. 1 (2nd ed.),
800:
790:
780:
761:
681:
622:Major works and publications:
597:and similar to the shape of a
536:were translated into Latin by
427:Libros del Saber de Astronomia
412:
315:on the intellectual center of
13:
1:
3405:Principles of Hindu Reckoning
724:, New edition, vol. 11, 2002.
585:, in which the center of the
3690:Scientific instrument makers
2658:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
627:Al Amal bi Assahifa Az-Zijia
548:in the 12th century and the
41:Abū Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali
7:
3680:Astrologers from Al-Andalus
3665:Astronomers from al-Andalus
3660:11th-century mathematicians
3595:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
3527:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2647:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1851:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
703:Julio, Samsó (March 2018).
652:
637:Al Madkhal fi Ilm Annoujoum
557:Famous as well for his own
496:. In the sixteenth century
10:
3726:
3497:Al-Mustansiriya University
3476:Islamic geometric patterns
3224:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
2146:
1891:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1241:10.1177/002182869402500403
391:
292:, meaning 'the engraver'.
167:(1029–1100), was an
29:
3695:People from Toledo, Spain
3587:
3561:
3535:
3484:
3463:
3378:
3367:
3334:
3278:
3242:
3161:
3115:
3034:
2898:
2802:
2793:
2732:Medieval European science
2714:
2683:
2624:
2413:
2280:
2216:
2163:
2152:
2141:
2102:
2066:
2005:
1992:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1944:
1843:
1772:
1749:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1691:
1560:
1464:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1395:
910:Brill Academic Publishers
458:
133:
119:
109:
99:
81:
67:
62:
46:
39:
32:Arzachel (disambiguation)
3700:11th-century astronomers
3655:11th-century Arab people
3250:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3209:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1982:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1876:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1517:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1353:'An Extensive biography'
674:
617:
157:إبراهيم بن يحيى الزرقالي
3619:History of trigonometry
3614:Trigonometric functions
3608:Western Arabic numerals
3604:Eastern Arabic numerals
3169:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
2084:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2058:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1936:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1856:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1305:Charles Scribner's Sons
773:Encyclopedia Britannica
400:A copy of al-Zarqālī's
228:
210:. His invention of the
3705:11th-century inventors
3543:Babylonian mathematics
3234:Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
3219:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3214:al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3138:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3067:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
2810:'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
2365:Navigational astrolabe
2120:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1886:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1805:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1754:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
1683:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
905:Encyclopaedia of Islam
722:Encyclopaedia of Islam
409:
359:Ibn al-Haim al-Ishbili
309:astronomer of his time
277:
3569:Byzantine mathematics
3357:Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
3184:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3148:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2701:Hellenistic astronomy
2672:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
2466:Deferent and epicycle
1866:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1835:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1477:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1197:Asghar Qadir (1989).
822:Samsó, Julio (2018).
589:moves on a secondary
554:in the 13th century.
399:
368:In the 12th century,
363:Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi
341:His works influenced
290:al-Zarqali al-Naqqash
263:
186:, a modified form of
3574:European mathematics
3522:Maragheh observatory
3347:Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
3326:Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
3199:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3107:Muhammad al-Baghdadi
2691:Babylonian astronomy
2506:Gravitational energy
1881:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1871:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
1552:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1451:Mashallah ibn Athari
1436:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1265:Puig, Roser (2007).
1128:The Forgotten Genius
425:in a section of the
323:, as 'Arsechieles'.
280:He was trained as a
225:is named after him.
3492:Al-Azhar University
3419:The Book of Healing
2825:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2632:Al-Azhar University
2451:Celestial mechanics
2241:Book of Fixed Stars
2200:The Book of Healing
2179:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1921:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1896:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1507:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1502:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1293:Vernet, J. (1970).
1233:1994JHA....25..289S
1186:Vistas in Astronomy
1164:1969Cent...14..306T
1070:1969Cent...14..306T
1024:1987NYASA.500..513T
986:1969Cent...14..306T
930:Libro de le acafeha
743:Weever, J. (1996).
453:Kitāb al-Juʿrāfīyya
404:as featured in the
382:Nicolaus Copernicus
204:Islamic astronomers
3624:History of algebra
3579:Indian mathematics
3553:Indian mathematics
3502:House of Knowledge
2956:Brethren of Purity
2850:Banū Mūsā brothers
2696:Egyptian astronomy
2637:House of Knowledge
2315:Astronomical clock
2125:Muhammad al-Rudani
1522:Banū Mūsā brothers
1472:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1341:2013-11-11 at the
955:John David North,
824:"Ibn al-Zarqālluh"
705:"Ibn al-Zarqālluh"
410:
278:
276:in the year 976.AD
247:Al-Mamun of Toledo
114:Islamic Golden Age
3632:
3631:
3548:Greek mathematics
3471:Alhazen's problem
3365:
3364:
2986:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
2936:Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2727:Chinese astronomy
2722:Byzantine science
2596:Temporal finitism
2526:Islamic cosmology
2456:Celestial spheres
2276:
2275:
2168:Arabic star names
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
1997:Fathullah Shirazi
1931:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1643:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1446:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1280:978-0-387-31022-0
1122:forgottengenius.
659:Islamic astronomy
647:Almanac Arzarchel
538:Gerard of Cremona
486:Bernard of Verdun
473:Mediterranean Sea
370:Gerard of Cremona
198:before moving to
159:); also known as
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
3717:
3447:Tabula Rogeriana
3373:
3321:Sibt al-Maridini
2981:Sinan ibn Thabit
2890:Abu Said Gorgani
2880:Thābit ibn Qurra
2870:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2855:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2800:
2799:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2737:Indian astronomy
2706:Indian astronomy
2674:
2667:
2660:
2581:Sublunary sphere
2571:Specific gravity
2471:Earth's rotation
2360:Mural instrument
2305:Armillary sphere
2228:Alfonsine tables
2193:Tabula Rogeriana
2173:Islamic calendar
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2038:Sibt al-Maridini
2023:Jamshid al-Kashi
1744:Said al-Andalusi
1547:Thābit ibn Qurra
1482:Abu Said Gorgani
1456:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1410:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1321:E. S. Kennedy.
1318:
1284:
1252:
1251:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1091:
1082:
1081:, at pp. 308–10.
1080:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1004:
998:
997:, at pp. 314–17.
996:
966:
960:
953:
947:
946:
926:Libros del Saber
899:
893:
883:Brill Publishers
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
854:. Archived from
848:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
808:
804:
798:
794:
788:
784:
778:
776:
765:
759:
758:
740:
725:
718:
709:
708:
700:
691:
685:
664:Islamic scholars
607:elliptical paths
605:'s sun-centered
551:Alfonsine tables
546:Tables of Toledo
517:Tables of Toledo
510:Tables of Toledo
375:
255:Taifa of Seville
243:Said al-Andalusi
158:
138:Tables of Toledo
51:
37:
36:
21:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3600:Arabic numerals
3583:
3557:
3531:
3507:House of Wisdom
3480:
3459:
3381:
3374:
3361:
3330:
3274:
3260:Ibn al-Durayhim
3238:
3157:
3123:Jabir ibn Aflah
3111:
3042:Abu Nasr Mansur
3030:
2926:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2894:
2789:
2784:
2754:
2741:
2710:
2679:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2642:House of Wisdom
2620:
2576:Spherical Earth
2409:
2340:Equatorial ring
2320:Celestial globe
2295:Analog computer
2272:
2267:Sullam al-sama'
2212:
2148:
2129:
2098:
2062:
2001:
1940:
1839:
1825:Jabir ibn Aflah
1768:
1699:Abu Nasr Mansur
1687:
1668:Abolfadl Harawi
1603:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1556:
1460:
1431:Ahmad Nahavandi
1419:
1404:
1391:
1386:
1343:Wayback Machine
1332:
1315:
1281:
1261:
1259:Further reading
1256:
1255:
1217:
1213:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1092:
1085:
1051:
1047:
1005:
1001:
967:
963:
954:
950:
920:
912:, p. 726,
900:
896:
874:
870:
861:
859:
850:
849:
842:
832:
830:
820:
811:
807:of projection."
805:
801:
795:
791:
785:
781:
767:
766:
762:
755:
741:
728:
719:
712:
701:
694:
686:
682:
677:
655:
620:
603:Johannes Kepler
574:, 79 years for
512:
461:
415:
406:Calahorra Tower
394:
374:Ragio Montanous
373:
365:(Alpetragius).
249:and also under
239:Taifa of Toledo
231:
134:Notable work(s)
128:Taifa of Toledo
95:
86:
77:
72:
58:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3440:Toledan Tables
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3412:Book of Optics
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3153:Ibn al-Yasamin
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Kushyar Gilani
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:Nazif ibn Yumn
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Na'im ibn Musa
2872:
2867:
2865:Yusuf al-Khuri
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Qusta ibn Luqa
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2795:Mathematicians
2791:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Elliptic orbit
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Circular orbit
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2247:Toledan Tables
2244:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Yang Guangxian
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1764:Ali ibn Khalaf
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:Kushyar Gilani
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Ali ibn Ridwan
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:Haseb-i Tabari
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Sahl ibn Bishr
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1331:
1330:External links
1328:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1290:
1279:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1211:
1190:
1177:
1158:(1): 306–336,
1139:
1114:
1108:
1102:, p. 30,
1083:
1064:(1): 306–336,
1045:
1018:(1): 513–519,
999:
961:
948:
918:
894:
868:
840:
809:
799:
789:
779:
760:
753:
726:
710:
692:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
654:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
619:
616:
559:Book of Tables
511:
508:
460:
457:
423:King Alfonso X
414:
411:
393:
390:
338:refugee camp.
272:depicting the
230:
227:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
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52:
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3722:
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3708:
3706:
3703:
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3640:
3625:
3622:
3620:
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3570:
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3528:
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3523:
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3513:
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3495:
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3483:
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3435:
3434:
3430:
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3423:
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3413:
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3333:
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3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Ibn al-Shatir
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Ibn al-Banna'
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Ahmad al-Buni
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
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3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
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2942:
2939:
2937:
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2929:
2927:
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2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
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2883:
2881:
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2866:
2863:
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2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Sanad ibn Ali
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:Observatories
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Triangulation
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Heliocentrism
2514:
2512:
2509:
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2260:Zij-i Sultani
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2253:Zij-i Ilkhani
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2028:Kadızade Rumi
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
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1952:Ibn al-Shatir
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1926:Ibn al‐Raqqam
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1820:Ibn al-Kammad
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1734:Ibn al-Saffar
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1314:0-684-10114-9
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1207:9971-5-0612-2
1204:
1200:
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1187:
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1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Toomer, G. J.
1143:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1109:0-415-96930-1
1105:
1101:
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1055:
1054:Toomer, G. J.
1049:
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1037:
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1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Toomer, G. J.
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:(1): 306–36,
979:
975:
971:
970:Toomer, G. J.
965:
958:
952:
945:
943:
939:
938:Gemma Frisius
935:
931:
927:
921:
919:90-04-08114-3
915:
911:
907:
906:
898:
892:
891:90-04-08265-4
888:
884:
880:
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872:
858:on 2012-03-31
857:
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754:9780815323020
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623:
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611:conic section
608:
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588:
584:
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531:
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495:
491:
490:Regiomontanus
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
407:
403:
398:
389:
387:
383:
379:
378:Jacob Ziegler
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:Ibn al-Kammad
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
334:or died in a
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:for the Emir
244:
240:
236:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
173:Islamic world
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
149:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
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102:
98:
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90:
84:
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76:
70:
66:
61:
56:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:Mathematical
3335:16th century
3286:Ibn al-Majdi
3279:15th century
3243:14th century
3162:13th century
3116:12th century
3102:Omar Khayyam
3035:11th century
2931:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2899:10th century
2860:Al-Khwarizmi
2625:Institutions
2476:Eccentricity
2436:Astrophysics
2330:Compass rose
2265:
2258:
2251:
2239:
2232:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2043:Ibn al-Majdi
2018:Abd al‐Wajid
1977:Al-Wabkanawi
1972:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1861:Jamal ad-Din
1830:Omar Khayyam
1658:Al-ʻIjliyyah
1633:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1618:Ibn al-A'lam
1537:Al-Khwarizmi
1322:
1303:. New York:
1298:
1270:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1175:, at p. 314.
1155:
1151:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1095:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1015:
1011:
1002:
977:
973:
964:
956:
951:
941:
933:
929:
925:
923:
903:
897:
876:
871:
860:. Retrieved
856:the original
831:. Retrieved
827:
802:
792:
782:
772:
763:
744:
687:
683:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
580:
568:Julian years
558:
556:
549:
545:
522:Al-Khwarizmi
515:
513:
501:
477:solar apogee
469:Al-Khwarizmi
462:
452:
442:
437:
431:
426:
416:
367:
353:(Averroës),
349:(Abubacer),
345:(Avempace),
340:
325:
294:
289:
285:
279:
232:
216:
187:
183:
179:
177:
164:
160:
145:
144:
3650:1087 deaths
3645:1029 births
3398:De Gradibus
3352:Taqi ad-Din
3342:Al-Birjandi
3316:al-Qalaṣādī
3097:Al-Isfizari
3062:Ibn al-Samh
2991:Al-Isfahani
2971:al-Uqlidisi
2941:al-Khojandi
2906:Abu al-Wafa
2845:al-Dinawari
2803:9th century
2611:Tusi couple
2601:Trepidation
2566:Salah times
2501:Geocentrism
2375:Planisphere
2355:Graph paper
2282:Instruments
2234:Huihui Lifa
2115:Ehmedê Xanî
2074:Al-Birjandi
2053:al-Kubunani
1810:Abu al-Salt
1759:Al-Isfizari
1719:Ibn al-Samh
1598:Abu al-Wafa
1583:al-Khojandi
1487:Al-Farghani
1402:Astronomers
1287:PDF version
833:18 December
787:astrolabe."
445:water clock
413:Instruments
251:Al-Mu'tamid
217:The crater
184:Arsechieles
165:Ibn Zarqala
3639:Categories
3562:Influenced
3536:Influences
3306:Ali Qushji
3265:Al-Khalili
3133:Al-Khazini
3128:Al-Kharaqī
3087:al-Zarqālī
3077:al-Jayyānī
3021:al-Majriti
3006:Abu al-Jud
2976:Al-Battani
2951:Al-Saghani
2946:Al-Nayrizi
2885:al-Marwazi
2820:al-Jawharī
2715:Influenced
2684:Influences
2556:Precession
2536:Multiverse
2441:Axial tilt
2421:Almucantar
2405:Triquetrum
2345:Equatorium
2094:Takiyüddin
1967:al-Battiwi
1962:Ibn Shuayb
1957:Al-Khalili
1800:Al-Khazini
1795:Al-Kharaqī
1790:Ibn Tufail
1780:Al-Bitruji
1714:Al-Zarqālī
1678:al-Majriti
1628:Al-Saghani
1623:Al-Nayrizi
1608:al-Battani
1527:Iranshahri
1512:Al-Marwazi
1416:by century
1227:(4): 292,
1133:2023-01-13
942:Astrolabum
862:2011-10-08
526:Al-Battani
498:Copernicus
419:equatorium
386:Al-Battani
347:Ibn Tufail
343:Ibn Bajjah
328:Alfonso VI
317:Al-Andalus
286:Al-Nekkach
282:metalsmith
270:Al-Andalus
196:Al-Andalus
161:Al-Zarkali
124:Al-Andalus
93:Al-Andalus
3311:al-Wafa'i
3301:Ulugh Beg
3204:al-Abhari
3189:Ibn Adlan
3179:Ibn Munim
3143:al-Hassar
3082:al-Nasawī
3057:Al-Biruni
3026:al-Jabali
3016:Al-Karaji
2966:Ibn Yunus
2921:Abu Kamil
2916:Al-Qabisi
2911:al-Khazin
2840:Al-Mahani
2591:Supernova
2546:Obliquity
2531:Moonlight
2431:Astrology
2310:Astrolabe
2089:Piri Reis
2079:al-Khafri
2048:al-Wafa'i
2033:Ulugh Beg
2013:Ali Kuşçu
1987:al-Jadiri
1906:al-Abhari
1704:al-Biruni
1638:Ibn Yunus
1613:Al-Qabisi
1588:al-Khazin
1497:Al-Mahani
1249:118108131
1152:Centaurus
1100:Routledge
1058:Centaurus
974:Centaurus
542:astronomy
434:astrolabe
402:astrolabe
351:Ibn Rushd
301:astronomy
264:Art from
148:al-Tujibi
3464:Concepts
3296:al-Kāshī
3270:al-Umawi
3072:Avicenna
3011:Al-Sijzi
2961:Ibn Sahl
2830:Al-Kindi
2665:Maragheh
2616:Universe
2586:Sunlight
2551:Parallax
2541:Muwaqqit
2481:Ecliptic
2414:Concepts
2380:Quadrant
2300:Aperture
1815:Averroes
1785:Avempace
1729:Avicenna
1663:Nastulus
1653:al-Sijzi
1578:Al-Adami
1492:Al-Kindi
1339:Archived
1040:85077697
653:See also
632:Attadbir
591:epicycle
587:deferent
494:Peurbach
482:deferent
449:al-Zuhrī
297:geometry
219:Arzachel
188:Arzachel
180:Arzachel
100:Religion
63:Personal
18:Arzachel
3588:Related
3517:Madrasa
3485:Centers
3291:al-Rūmī
3194:al-Urdi
3092:ibn Hud
3047:Alhazen
3001:al-Qūhī
2521:Inertia
2511:Gravity
2446:Azimuth
2395:Sundial
2385:Sextant
2335:Dioptra
2325:Compass
2290:Alidade
1901:al-Urdi
1724:Alhazen
1648:Ma Yize
1593:al-Qūhī
1568:al-Sufi
1229:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
1066:Bibcode
1020:Bibcode
982:Bibcode
934:Saphaea
583:Mercury
563:almanac
534:almanac
465:Ptolemy
438:Saphaea
392:Science
336:Moorish
332:Cordoba
321:Chaucer
305:Córdoba
274:Alcázar
253:of the
221:on the
212:Saphaea
200:Córdoba
89:Cordoba
71:1029 CE
2496:Galaxy
2491:Equant
2426:Apogee
2370:Octant
2147:Topics
1311:
1277:
1247:
1205:
1106:
1038:
916:
889:
751:
599:pignon
459:Theory
313:Toledo
266:Toledo
235:Toledo
208:Europe
192:Toledo
153:Arabic
120:Region
75:Toledo
57:(2011)
3382:works
2561:Qibla
2350:Globe
2157:Works
1245:S2CID
1036:S2CID
828:Brill
797:etc."
675:Notes
618:Works
572:Venus
104:Islam
2103:17th
2067:16th
2006:15th
1945:14th
1844:13th
1773:12th
1692:11th
1561:10th
1309:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1104:ISBN
914:ISBN
887:ISBN
835:2022
749:ISBN
595:oval
576:Mars
532:and
524:and
492:and
467:and
361:and
299:and
229:Life
223:Moon
169:Arab
85:1100
82:Died
68:Born
3454:Zij
2219:Zij
1573:Ibn
1465:9th
1424:8th
1237:doi
1168:doi
1074:doi
1028:doi
1016:500
990:doi
944:...
940:'s
530:zij
451:'s
268:in
182:or
163:or
110:Era
3641::
3606:,
1307:.
1297:.
1243:,
1235:,
1225:25
1223:,
1166:,
1156:14
1154:,
1126:.
1098:,
1086:^
1072:,
1062:14
1060:,
1034:,
1026:,
1014:,
988:,
978:14
976:,
922:,
885:,
881:,
843:^
826:.
812:^
771:.
729:^
713:^
695:^
506:.
440:.
388:.
357:,
194:,
175:.
155::
126:,
91:,
3610:)
3602:(
2779:e
2772:t
2765:v
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1317:.
1289:)
1285:(
1283:.
1239::
1231::
1209:.
1170::
1162::
1136:.
1076::
1068::
1043:.
1030::
1022::
992::
984::
865:.
837:.
775:.
757:.
707:.
408:.
151:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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