56:
1173:
1507:
1181:
647:
1076:
47:
741:
652:
1600:, among others, oxidises sorbose into 2-ketogluconic acid (2-KGA), which can then undergo ring-closing lactonization via dehydration. This method is used in the predominant process used by the ascorbic acid industry in China, which supplies 70% of the world's ascorbic acid. Researchers are exploring means for one-step fermentation.
651:
988:
1463:
As justified by its reaction with iodine, it is used to negate the effects of iodine tablets in water purification. It reacts with the sterilized water, removing the taste, color, and smell of the iodine. This is why it is often sold as a second set of tablets in most sporting goods stores as
Potable
920:
and sent him in the previous year, deduced the correct structure and optical-isomeric nature of the compound, and in 1934 reported its first synthesis. In reference to the compound's antiscorbutic properties, Haworth and Szent-Györgyi proposed to rename it "a-scorbic acid" for the compound, and later
650:
1326:
However, being a good electron donor, excess ascorbate in the presence of free metal ions can not only promote but also initiate free radical reactions, thus making it a potentially dangerous pro-oxidative compound in certain metabolic contexts.
2338:
1631:. Iodine is reduced by ascorbic acid, and when all the ascorbic acid has reacted, the iodine is in excess, forming a blue-black complex with the starch indicator. This indicates the end-point of the titration.
2117:
2704:
1675:
and starch. The NBS first oxidizes the ascorbic acid; when the latter is exhausted, the NBS liberates the iodine from the potassium iodide, which then forms the blue-black complex with starch.
1059:
2676:
1993:
2123:
2697:
2292:
Nahata MC, Cummins BA, McLeod DC, Schondelmeyer SW, Butler R (1982). "Effect of urinary acidifiers on formaldehyde concentration and efficacy with methenamine therapy".
653:
2074:
Widengren J, Chmyrov A, Eggeling C, Löfdahl PA, Seidel CA (January 2007). "Strategies to improve photostabilities in ultrasensitive fluorescence spectroscopy".
2690:
2665:
141:
4308:
951:
588:
1896:
Seck, S., Crouzet, J. (1981). "Formation of
Volatile Compounds in Sugar-Phenylalanine and Ascorbic Acid-Phenylalanine Model Systems during Heat Treatment".
1297:
2501:
1634:
As an alternative, ascorbic acid can be treated with iodine in excess, followed by back titration with sodium thiosulfate using starch as an indicator.
754:
1551:. Only one of the six hydroxy groups is oxidized by this enzymatic reaction. From this point, two routes are available. Treatment of the product with
2366:
1457:
In plastic manufacturing, ascorbic acid can be used to assemble molecular chains more quickly and with less waste than traditional synthesis methods.
1590:
A biotechnological process, first developed in China in the 1960s but further developed in the 1990s, bypassing acetone-protecting groups. A second
675:
1649:
solution. Electrolyzing the potassium iodide solution produces iodine, which reacts with ascorbic acid. The end of the process is determined by
905:
isolated a candidate for this substance, which he called it "hexuronic acid", first from plants and later from animal adrenal glands. In 1932
2051:
The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
814:. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves freely in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild
360:
2196:"The Riordan IVC Protocol for Adjunctive Cancer Care: Intravenous Ascorbate as a Chemotherapeutic and Biological Response Modifying Agent"
4034:
3897:
3893:
1140:
1093:
134:
3826:
1112:
1583:
as the bleaching solution. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of this product performs the dual function of removing the two acetal groups and
749:
668:
2003:
1319:, proteins, and lipids. Sometimes these radicals initiate chain reactions. Ascorbate can terminate these chain radical reactions by
2146:"The impact of citrate introduction at UK syringe exchange programmes: a retrospective cohort study in Cheshire and Merseyside, UK"
1870:
994:
For this reason, ascorbic acid is much more acidic than would be expected if the compound contained only isolated hydroxyl groups.
1119:
1724:
1460:
Heroin users are known to use ascorbic acid as a means to convert heroin base to a water-soluble salt so that it can be injected.
4500:
4238:
1399:-ascorbic acid and its salts is as food additives, mostly to combat oxidation. It is approved for this purpose in the EU with
3770:
2652:
2635:
1420:
256:
1126:
1432:
Ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and so is used as a reductant in photographic developer solutions (among others) and as a
2249:
Strom JG, Jun HW (1993). "Effect of urine pH and ascorbic acid on the rate of conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde".
2202:
1315:
Reactive oxygen species are damaging to animals and plants at the molecular level due to their possible interaction with
2227:
1517:
Seventy percent of the world's supply of ascorbic acid is produced in China. Ascorbic acid is prepared in industry from
1218:
Ascorbic acid is special because it can transfer a single electron, owing to the resonance-stabilized nature of its own
4495:
3144:
2383:
1108:
897:
discovered that the antiscorbutic factor was a water-soluble chemical substance, distinct from the one that prevented
4505:
3889:
3885:
2616:
2593:
2570:
2551:
1880:
1761:
1658:
1159:
335:
3787:
761:
4465:
3459:
661:
1454:
It is also commonly used to remove dissolved metal stains, such as iron, from fiberglass swimming pool surfaces.
3953:
3819:
2516:
1097:
29:
This article is about the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. For information about its role in nutrition, see
4011:
4546:
4536:
1475:
17:
1998:
1831:
1567:. The unprotected hydroxyl group is oxidized to the carboxylic acid by reaction with the catalytic oxidant
312:
1972:
4571:
4490:
3875:
3468:
3450:
1845:
1133:
4231:
1542:
564:
2682:
1739:
929:: in Chemistry and in Physiology or Medicine were awarded to Haworth and Szent-Györgyi, respectively.
181:
3812:
2046:
1510:
The outdated but historically significant industrial synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose via the
212:
4446:
4441:
4106:
3281:
1650:
4451:
4119:
3838:
3775:
3105:
1440:
1208:
1086:
1778:
902:
4526:
4019:
3861:
3137:
2877:
2814:
2339:"Vantage Market Research: Global Vitamin C Market Size & Share to Surpass $ 1.8 Bn by 2028"
1684:
1654:
1580:
1323:. The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive and do not cause cellular damage.
841:
isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form ("
201:
4566:
4531:
4224:
4029:
4024:
3871:
2895:
2452:"Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of vitamin C from D-glucose"
979:
68:
3937:
3736:
3516:
3240:
2083:
1797:
1728:
1591:
1296:, ascorbic acid will undergo further oxidative decomposition to various products including
1204:
1188:
The ascorbate ion is the predominant species at typical biological pH values. It is a mild
321:
2671:
8:
4111:
3917:
3630:
3010:
1572:
1467:
1197:
1027:
1015:
100:
2087:
1801:
723:
161:
110:
55:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4460:
4261:
4133:
3409:
3304:
2839:
2605:
2582:
2540:
2478:
2451:
2427:
2400:
2317:
2274:
2172:
2145:
1909:
1821:
1782:
1699:
1665:
1522:
1511:
1416:
1035:
870:
858:
2657:
1948:
1637:
This iodometric method has been revised to exploit the reaction of ascorbic acid with
1587:. This step yields ascorbic acid. Each of the five steps has a yield larger than 90%.
894:
4556:
4355:
4204:
3963:
3945:
3696:
3671:
3130:
2631:
2612:
2589:
2566:
2547:
2483:
2432:
2379:
2309:
2266:
2177:
2099:
1953:
1876:
1813:
1757:
1356:(ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl stearate) can be used as antioxidant food additives.
1320:
1039:
1011:
906:
717:
2321:
2278:
1825:
849:, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes
3706:
3681:
3601:
2473:
2463:
2422:
2412:
2371:
2301:
2258:
2167:
2157:
2091:
2054:
1943:
1905:
1805:
1672:
1628:
1331:
1223:
1212:
1007:
1003:
777:
619:
609:
599:
550:
462:
388:
3381:
3376:
3371:
1809:
1172:
4474:
4266:
3967:
3711:
3268:
3253:
3094:
2756:
2746:
1689:
1613:
495:
301:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
1924:
1579:
solution). Historically, industrial preparation via the
Reichstein process used
1481:
It is sometimes used as a urinary acidifier to enhance the antiseptic effect of
916:, working with samples of "hexuronic acid" that Szent-Györgyi had isolated from
4346:
4318:
3983:
3781:
3701:
3414:
3227:
3049:
3028:
2834:
2824:
2716:
2468:
2195:
2025:
1448:
1189:
971:
967:
913:
732:
2417:
701:
4520:
4096:
4049:
4001:
3550:
3540:
3525:
3245:
3111:
2962:
2952:
2912:
2885:
2867:
2733:
2375:
1705:
1538:
1526:
1338:
1305:
854:
483:
451:
238:
3188:
3183:
4419:
4101:
4091:
4059:
3756:
3676:
3635:
3588:
3555:
3535:
3530:
3391:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3157:
3089:
3079:
2982:
2967:
2947:
2917:
2849:
2724:
2487:
2436:
2262:
2181:
2162:
2103:
1957:
1817:
1693:
1471:
1443:
and related fluorescence-based techniques, ascorbic acid can be used as an
1433:
1316:
1301:
853:, formerly a major disease of sailors in long sea voyages. It is used as a
614:
604:
594:
2313:
2270:
1506:
674:
4404:
4379:
4364:
4313:
4276:
4247:
4086:
4039:
3688:
3545:
3366:
3258:
3000:
2977:
2972:
2957:
2942:
2937:
2862:
2857:
2829:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2713:
1482:
1444:
1335:
1309:
1219:
1193:
1180:
1050:
926:
862:
344:
InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1
2144:
Beynon CM, McVeigh J, Chandler M, Wareing M, Bellis MA (December 2007).
2059:
978:
anion, which is stabilized by electron delocalization that results from
660:
4394:
4384:
4374:
4369:
4341:
4331:
4288:
4166:
4054:
4044:
3907:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3575:
3568:
3495:
3441:
3423:
3339:
3314:
3288:
3263:
3222:
3099:
3069:
3044:
2932:
2922:
2819:
2776:
2751:
2741:
2720:
2712:
2305:
1369:
1353:
1346:
1100: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
890:
886:
822:
667:
546:
528:
510:
487:
477:
416:
246:
213:
192:
2450:
Tian YS, Deng YD, Zhang WH, Yu-Wang, Xu J, et al. (August 2022).
2095:
987:
456:
190 to 192 °C (374 to 378 °F; 463 to 465 K) decomposes
4425:
4408:
4398:
4336:
4323:
4303:
4292:
4282:
4161:
4156:
3991:
3977:
3731:
3723:
3640:
3606:
3432:
3401:
3331:
3208:
3198:
3175:
3084:
3023:
2927:
2904:
2805:
2795:
1620:
1609:
1556:
1495:
1379:
975:
963:
885:
properties of certain foods were demonstrated in the 18th century by
846:
30:
1075:
1058:
731:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4389:
4298:
3804:
3509:
3018:
2992:
1560:
1530:
1464:
Aqua-Neutralizing
Tablets, along with the potassium iodide tablets.
1400:
1376:
962:. This −C(OH)=C(OH)−C(=O)− structural pattern is characteristic of
959:
898:
633:
532:
276:
230:
140:
133:
46:
4414:
4197:
4141:
3853:
3193:
3153:
3122:
3074:
2786:
1596:
1584:
1552:
1548:
1518:
1365:
955:
947:
917:
842:
514:
491:
437:
288:
2401:"One-Step Biosynthesis of Vitamin C in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
2291:
1872:
Ingredient
Interactions: Effects on Food Quality, Second Edition
1525:. In the first of a five-step process, glucose is catalytically
4216:
4171:
4146:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
3927:
3835:
3666:
3653:
3583:
2073:
1922:
1642:
1638:
1624:
1608:
The traditional way to analyze the ascorbic acid content is by
1576:
1564:
1293:
1200:
882:
850:
826:
172:
1923:
Sealock RR, Goodland RL, Sumerwell WN, Brierly JM (May 1952).
1341:. These compounds are water-soluble and, thus, cannot protect
1568:
1534:
1498:
occurs through various processes in many plants and animals.
1349:
1031:
943:
815:
152:
123:
2143:
4176:
4151:
4064:
2537:
1646:
267:
2602:
2045:
1447:
to increase fluorescent signal and chemically retard dye
1342:
1053:
of ascorbic acid on a proton results in a 1,3-diketone:
503:
499:
2119:
Vitamin C, water have benefits for plastic manufacturing
1421:
909:
confirmed that it was indeed the antiscorbutic factor.
2666:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
1026:
Ascorbic acid can also react with organic acids as an
2560:
1776:
1751:
1330:
Ascorbic acid and its sodium, potassium, and calcium
1196:. It is oxidized with loss of one electron to form a
231:
2449:
925:-ascorbic acid. Because of their work, in 1937 two
2611:(3rd ed.). Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson PDR.
2228:"High-Dose Vitamin C (PDQ): Human/Clinical Studies"
2201:. Riordan Clinic Research Institut. February 2013.
1973:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"
1895:
1657:. The amount of ascorbic acid can be calculated by
255:
2604:
2603:Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, eds. (2004).
2581:
2539:
2538:Clayden J, Greeves N, Warren S, Wothers P (2001).
4518:
1868:
1846:"MetaCyc Compound: monodehydroascorbate radical"
1742:. Profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2012-12-04.
1671:(NBS) as the oxidizing agent in the presence of
1203:and then with loss of a second electron to form
300:
2122:. Reliable Plant Magazine. 2007. Archived from
1925:"The role of ascorbic acid in the oxidation of
966:, and increases the acidity of one of the enol
649:
109:
2398:
2367:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2333:
2331:
1756:. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 48.
1616:, and several procedures have been developed.
1364:It creates volatile compounds when mixed with
4232:
3820:
3138:
2698:
2017:
2672:IPCS Poisons Information Monograph (PIM) 046
2588:(3rd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry.
2363:
2328:
2026:"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients"
1207:. It typically reacts with oxidants of the
4239:
4225:
3827:
3813:
3264:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
3145:
3131:
2705:
2691:
2561:Davies MB, Austin J, Partridge DA (1991).
2364:Eggersdorfer, M., et al. "Vitamins".
1964:
1752:Davies MB, Austin J, Partridge DA (1991).
1403:E300, the US, Australia, and New Zealand.
1345:from oxidation: For this purpose, the fat-
873:, but has no significant biological role.
200:
2563:Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry
2477:
2467:
2426:
2416:
2294:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2171:
2161:
2058:
2023:Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
1994:"Listing of Food Additives Status Part I"
1947:
1754:Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry
1501:
1160:Learn how and when to remove this message
320:
2579:
2248:
1505:
1179:
1171:
2658:SIDS Initial Assessment Report for
2653:International Chemical Safety Card 0379
2625:
2251:Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition
2230:. National Cancer Institute. 2013-02-08
2039:
1985:
1929:-Tyrosine by guinea pig liver extracts"
1740:Story of Vitamin C's chemical discovery
1470:high-dose ascorbate is being used as a
1426:
14:
4519:
1869:Gaonkar AG, McPherson A (2016-04-19).
1045:
932:
4220:
3808:
3126:
2686:
2677:Interactive 3D-structure of vitamin C
2584:Food: The Chemistry of Its Components
2399:Zhou M, Bi Y, Ding M, Yuan Y (2021).
2053:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1843:
1406:
347:Key: CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N
180:
160:
3834:
1725:Safety (MSDS) data for ascorbic acid
1521:in a method based on the historical
1098:adding citations to reliable sources
1069:
618:
608:
598:
2679:with details on the x-ray structure
2076:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
1936:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1478:. It is undergoing clinical trials.
1476:biological response modifying agent
291:
275:
24:
3460:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
3152:
2530:
1910:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb15349.x
1783:"The Chemical Nature Of Vitamin C"
1359:
645:
25:
4583:
2646:
2630:(7e ed.). Thomson Learning.
1991:US Food and Drug Administration:
1834:collection. Accessed January 2007
1352:of ascorbic acid with long-chain
1176:Semidehydroascorbate acid radical
4246:
2515:(305): 131. 2002. Archived from
2345:(Press release). 8 November 2022
1603:
1594:microbe species, such as mutant
1390:
1074:
1057:
986:
739:
400:
54:
45:
2494:
2443:
2392:
2357:
2285:
2242:
2220:
2208:from the original on 2022-10-09
2188:
2137:
2110:
2067:
1559:converts four of the remaining
1085:needs additional citations for
735:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
3469:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3451:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
2565:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
1916:
1889:
1862:
1837:
1770:
1745:
1733:
1718:
406:
394:
13:
1:
2502:"A Simple Test for Vitamin C"
1949:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52407-3
1810:10.1126/science.75.1944.357-a
1711:
1999:Food and Drug Administration
1832:National Library of Medicine
1489:
1109:"Chemistry of ascorbic acid"
1065:
821:Ascorbic acid exists as two
577:4.10 (first), 11.6 (second)
432:White or light yellow solid
7:
2546:. Oxford University Press.
2456:Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod
1678:
1555:in the presence of an acid
690:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
4588:
2469:10.1186/s13068-022-02184-0
2063:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
1970:UK Food Standards Agency:
1585:ring-closing lactonization
1002:The ascorbate anion forms
954:. It contains an adjacent
937:
876:
28:
4483:
4434:
4254:
4189:
4132:
4010:
3852:
3845:
3765:
3749:
3722:
3494:
3485:
3400:
3330:
3259:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3207:
3174:
3165:
3062:
3037:
3009:
2991:
2903:
2894:
2876:
2848:
2804:
2785:
2732:
2418:10.3389/fmicb.2021.643472
2047:World Health Organization
1664:Another alternative uses
1496:biosynthesis of vitamin C
1021:
901:. Between 1928 and 1932,
729:
686:
627:
581:
381:
356:
331:
93:
85:
76:)--3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5
67:
62:
53:
44:
4447:Butylated hydroxytoluene
4442:Butylated hydroxyanisole
2607:PDR for Herbal Medicines
2376:10.1002/14356007.a27_443
1844:Caspi R (Aug 19, 2009).
1702:: salts of ascorbic acid
1651:potentiometric titration
997:
373:C((1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O
3106:Lactobacillus fermentum
2370:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1898:Journal of Food Science
1441:fluorescence microscopy
1415:-ascorbic acid is as a
1385:
1226:. The net reaction is:
1209:reactive oxygen species
912:In 1933, sugar chemist
869:" form can be made via
2815:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
2263:10.1002/bdd.2510140106
2163:10.1186/1477-7517-4-21
2150:Harm Reduction Journal
1685:Colour retention agent
1655:Karl Fischer titration
1581:potassium permanganate
1514:
1502:Industrial preparation
1185:
1177:
837:" (for "dextro"). The
656:
368:OC=1C(OC(=O)C=1O)(O)CO
3282:Dihydroergocalciferol
2509:School Science Review
1627:in the presence of a
1509:
1411:Another major use of
1334:are commonly used as
1183:
1175:
914:Walter Norman Haworth
829:), commonly denoted "
655:
4547:Corrosion inhibitors
4537:Dietary antioxidants
3737:Dehydroascorbic acid
3241:7-Dehydrocholesterol
2580:Coultate TP (1996).
1729:University of Oxford
1592:genetically modified
1427:Niche, non-food uses
1375:It is a cofactor in
1224:semidehydroascorbate
1205:dehydroascorbic acid
1184:Dehydroascorbic acid
1094:improve this article
903:Albert Szent-Györgyi
833:" (for "levo") and "
810:, originally called
638:(fire diamond)
3631:Pyridoxal phosphate
2088:2007JPCA..111..429W
1802:1932Sci....75..357K
1575: –
1573:sodium hypochlorite
1051:Nucleophilic attack
1046:Nucleophilic attack
1016:potassium ascorbate
982:between two forms:
970:. The deprotonated
952:2-ketogluconic acid
942:Ascorbic acid is a
933:Chemical properties
463:Solubility in water
424: g·mol
239:(antioxidants, ...)
41:
4572:3-Hydroxypropenals
4461:1,2-Diaminopropane
4262:6-Hydroxymelatonin
3792:Never to phase III
3305:Dihydrotachysterol
2626:McMurry J (2008).
2306:10.1007/bf00545228
2028:. 8 September 2011
1781:(April 25, 1932).
1700:Mineral ascorbates
1523:Reichstein process
1515:
1512:Reichstein process
1417:dietary supplement
1407:Dietary supplement
1298:diketogulonic acid
1186:
1178:
1036:ascorbyl palmitate
871:chemical synthesis
859:dietary supplement
762:Infobox references
657:
36:
4514:
4513:
4435:Fuel antioxidants
4326:
4277:Alpha-lipoic acid
4270:
4255:Food antioxidants
4214:
4213:
4185:
4184:
3802:
3801:
3745:
3744:
3697:Adenosylcobalamin
3672:Dihydrofolic acid
3481:
3480:
3120:
3119:
3058:
3057:
2661:
2637:978-0-495-11628-8
2628:Organic Chemistry
2542:Organic Chemistry
2096:10.1021/jp0646325
1928:
1696:of ascorbic acid.
1669:-bromosuccinimide
1321:electron transfer
1170:
1169:
1162:
1144:
1040:ascorbyl stearate
1012:calcium ascorbate
907:Charles Glen King
865:properties. The "
770:Chemical compound
768:
767:
718:Safety data sheet
712:g/kg (oral, rat)
142:Interactive image
135:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
4579:
4359:-Acetylserotonin
4324:
4268:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4217:
3850:
3849:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3707:Hydroxocobalamin
3682:Levomefolic acid
3602:Pantothenic acid
3492:
3491:
3415:Phylloquinone (K
3172:
3171:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3050:Methylrosaniline
2901:
2900:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2659:
2641:
2622:
2610:
2599:
2587:
2576:
2557:
2545:
2524:
2523:
2522:on July 4, 2016.
2521:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1673:potassium iodide
1629:starch indicator
1571:(regenerated by
1533:, which is then
1472:chemotherapeutic
1414:
1398:
1395:The main use of
1276:
1275:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1213:hydroxyl radical
1165:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1102:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1008:sodium ascorbate
990:
958:adjacent to the
924:
868:
840:
836:
832:
809:
808:
807:
799:
798:
790:
789:
778:organic compound
752:
746:
743:
742:
711:
677:
670:
663:
648:
622:
612:
602:
558:
551:propylene glycol
540:
522:
471:
445:
423:
408:
402:
396:
389:Chemical formula
324:
304:
293:
279:
259:
233:
215:
204:
184:
164:
144:
137:
113:
58:
49:
42:
39:
35:
21:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4479:
4475:Ethylenediamine
4466:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
4430:
4350:-Acetylcysteine
4250:
4245:
4215:
4210:
4181:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4006:
3997:
3989:
3973:
3959:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3881:
3867:
3841:
3833:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3782:Clinical trials
3761:
3741:
3718:
3712:Methylcobalamin
3692:
3663:
3650:
3622:
3598:
3579:
3565:
3520:
3506:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3424:Menaquinones (K
3418:
3396:
3326:
3292:
3278:
3269:Calcitroic acid
3254:Cholecalciferol
3249:
3237:
3219:
3203:
3167:
3161:
3151:
3121:
3116:
3095:Povidone-iodine
3054:
3033:
3005:
2987:
2890:
2872:
2844:
2800:
2781:
2757:Oxytetracycline
2747:Chloramphenicol
2728:
2717:anti-infectives
2711:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2619:
2596:
2573:
2554:
2533:
2531:Further reading
2528:
2527:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2448:
2444:
2405:Front Microbiol
2397:
2393:
2386:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2290:
2286:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2072:
2068:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1796:(1944): 357–8.
1785:
1779:Szent-Györgyi A
1775:
1771:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1690:Erythorbic acid
1681:
1614:oxidizing agent
1606:
1504:
1492:
1429:
1419:. It is on the
1412:
1409:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1372:at 90 °C.
1362:
1360:Other reactions
1292:On exposure to
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1079:
1068:
1048:
1024:
1000:
968:hydroxyl groups
940:
935:
922:
895:Theodor Frølich
879:
866:
838:
834:
830:
806:
803:
802:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
771:
764:
759:
758:
757: ?)
748:
744:
740:
736:
709:
705:
699:
682:
681:
680:
679:
672:
665:
658:
654:
646:
591:
573:
556:
538:
520:
496:petroleum ether
469:
465:
443:
421:
411:
405:
399:
391:
377:
374:
369:
364:
363:
352:
349:
348:
345:
339:
338:
327:
307:
294:
282:
262:
249:
225:
207:
187:
167:
147:
127:
116:
103:
89:
81:
40:-Ascorbic acid
37:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4585:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4463:
4458:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4319:Hydroxytyrosol
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Cyanocobalamin
3699:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3410:Naphthoquinone
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:Ergocalciferol
3225:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3029:Amphotericin B
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2835:Broxyquinoline
2832:
2827:
2825:Chlorquinaldol
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2669:
2662:-Ascorbic acid
2655:
2648:
2647:External links
2645:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2600:
2594:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2493:
2442:
2391:
2385:978-3527306732
2384:
2356:
2343:Globe Newswire
2327:
2300:(3): 281–284.
2284:
2241:
2219:
2187:
2136:
2109:
2066:
2038:
2016:
1984:
1963:
1915:
1904:(3): 790–793.
1888:
1881:
1861:
1836:
1830:. Part of the
1769:
1762:
1744:
1732:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1623:approach uses
1605:
1602:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:photobleaching
1437:
1428:
1425:
1408:
1405:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1361:
1358:
1339:food additives
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1211:, such as the
1190:reducing agent
1168:
1167:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1023:
1020:
999:
996:
992:
991:
972:conjugate base
939:
936:
934:
931:
878:
875:
825:(mirror-image
816:reducing agent
812:hexuronic acid
804:
795:
786:
769:
766:
765:
760:
738:
737:
733:standard state
730:
727:
726:
721:
714:
713:
706:
697:
695:
692:
691:
684:
683:
673:
666:
659:
644:
643:
642:
641:
639:
630:
629:
625:
624:
592:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
561:
560:
553:
543:
542:
535:
525:
524:
517:
507:
506:
480:
474:
473:
466:
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
447:
440:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
397:
392:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
376:
375:
372:
370:
367:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
334:
333:
332:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
309:
308:
306:
305:
297:
295:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
272:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
252:
250:
245:
242:
241:
235:
227:
226:
224:
223:
219:
217:
209:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
169:
168:
166:
165:
157:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
138:
130:
128:
121:
118:
117:
115:
114:
106:
104:
99:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4584:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:Organic acids
4525:
4524:
4522:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:Ascorbic acid
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Molybdopterin
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Cofactor F430
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4002:Coenzyme F420
4000:
3993:
3985:
3984:Phylloquinone
3982:
3979:
3978:Ascorbic acid
3976:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:Multivitamins
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Ascorbic acid
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Prosultiamine
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Fursultiamine
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Acefurtiamine
3524:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3113:
3112:Copper usnate
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Propenidazole
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Fenticonazole
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Metronidazole
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2886:Sulfatolamide
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:Ascorbic acid
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2850:Organic acids
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:Gynecological
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2618:9781563635120
2614:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2595:0-85404-513-9
2591:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2572:0-85186-333-7
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2553:0-19-850346-6
2549:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2126:on 2007-09-27
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:(3): 429–40.
2081:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2020:
2006:on 2012-01-17
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1882:9781420028133
1878:
1875:. CRC Press.
1874:
1873:
1865:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:Svirbelf JL,
1773:
1765:
1763:0-85186-333-7
1759:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:Acids in wine
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1659:Faraday's law
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:Determination
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:microorganism
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1404:
1402:
1391:Food additive
1383:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:nucleic acids
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:threonic acid
1303:
1299:
1295:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111: –
1110:
1106:
1105:Find sources:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1083:This section
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
995:
989:
985:
984:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
930:
928:
921:specifically
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:antiscorbutic
874:
872:
864:
860:
856:
855:food additive
852:
848:
844:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
780:with formula
779:
775:
774:Ascorbic acid
763:
756:
751:
734:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
707:
703:
694:
693:
689:
685:
678:
671:
664:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:Pharmacology
580:
576:
570:
566:
563:
562:
554:
552:
548:
545:
544:
536:
534:
530:
527:
526:
518:
516:
512:
509:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:diethyl ether
482:Insoluble in
481:
479:
476:
475:
467:
464:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:Melting point
450:
449:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
427:
420:
418:
415:
414:
393:
390:
386:
385:
380:
371:
366:
365:
362:
355:
341:
340:
337:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
314:
311:
310:
303:
299:
298:
296:
290:
286:
285:
278:
274:
273:
271:
269:
266:
265:
258:
254:
253:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
234:
229:
228:
221:
220:
218:
216:
211:
210:
203:
199:
198:
196:
194:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
176:
174:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
156:
154:
151:
150:
143:
139:
136:
132:
131:
129:
125:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
105:
102:
98:
97:
92:
84:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
32:
27:
19:
18:Ascorbic acid
4567:Biomolecules
4532:Antioxidants
4491:Folin method
4484:Measurements
4470:-butylphenol
4467:
4456:-butylphenol
4453:
4422:(coenzyme Q)
4405:Tocotrienols
4356:
4347:
4248:Antioxidants
4202:
4196:
4102:Mycofactocin
4092:Methanofuran
4012:non-vitamins
3846:Active forms
3750:Combinations
3677:Folinic acid
3636:Pyridoxamine
3607:Dexpanthenol
3556:Sulbutiamine
3536:Benfotiamine
3531:Allithiamine
3433:Menadione (K
3392:Tocofersolan
3320:Paricalcitol
3310:Calcipotriol
3300:Alfacalcidol
3296:D analogues
3246:Previtamin D
3104:
3090:Furazolidone
3080:Policresulen
2983:Flutrimazole
2968:Butoconazole
2948:Ketoconazole
2918:Clotrimazole
2878:Sulfonamides
2840:Oxyquinoline
2627:
2606:
2583:
2562:
2541:
2517:the original
2512:
2508:
2496:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2365:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2342:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2257:(1): 61–69.
2254:
2250:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2190:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:the original
2118:
2112:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2060:10665/371090
2050:
2041:
2030:. Retrieved
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1997:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1966:
1942:(2): 761–7.
1939:
1935:
1918:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1871:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1839:
1793:
1789:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1735:
1720:
1694:diastereomer
1666:
1663:
1636:
1633:
1619:The popular
1618:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1541:
1527:hydrogenated
1516:
1493:
1434:preservative
1410:
1394:
1374:
1363:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1302:xylonic acid
1291:
1217:
1187:
1156:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1104:
1092:Please help
1087:verification
1084:
1049:
1025:
1001:
993:
941:
927:Nobel Prizes
911:
880:
820:
811:
773:
772:
687:
634:
568:
94:Identifiers
86:Other names
77:
73:
26:
4395:Tocopherols
4380:Resveratrol
4365:Oleocanthal
4314:Glutathione
4309:Polyphenols
4289:Carotenoids
4285:(vitamin C)
4087:Lipoic Acid
4065:Heme / Haem
3992:Menaquinone
3778:from market
3589:Niacinamide
3546:Octotiamine
3367:Tocotrienol
3001:Terconazole
2978:Oxiconazole
2973:Omoconazole
2958:Azanidazole
2943:Tioconazole
2938:Isoconazole
2896:Antifungals
2863:Acetic acid
2858:Lactic acid
2830:Dequalinium
2808:derivatives
2772:Clindamycin
2767:Mepartricin
2762:Carfecillin
2734:Antibiotics
2721:antiseptics
2349:21 December
1543:Acetobacter
1483:methenamine
1468:Intravenous
1445:antioxidant
1370:amino acids
1354:fatty acids
1336:antioxidant
1310:oxalic acid
1220:radical ion
1194:antioxidant
889:. In 1907,
863:antioxidant
823:enantiomers
702:median dose
688:Lethal dose
429:Appearance
382:Properties
162:CHEBI:29073
4521:Categories
4420:Ubiquinone
4385:Selegiline
4375:Rasagiline
4370:Oleuropein
4342:Mofegiline
4332:Ladostigil
4327:-carnitine
4271:-carnitine
4190:Base forms
4134:metal ions
4060:Coenzyme Q
4055:Coenzyme M
4045:Coenzyme B
3908:Coenzyme A
3862:TPP / ThDP
3667:Folic acid
3627:Pyridoxine
3612:Pantethine
3569:Riboflavin
3442:Various (K
3340:Tocopherol
3315:Tacalcitol
3223:Ergosterol
3189:β-Carotene
3184:α-Carotene
3100:Protiofate
3070:Clodantoin
3045:Ciclopirox
2933:Ornidazole
2923:Miconazole
2905:Imidazoles
2820:Clioquinol
2777:Pentamycin
2752:Hachimycin
2742:Candicidin
2411:: 643472.
2234:2 February
2212:2 February
2130:2007-06-25
2032:2011-10-27
2010:2011-10-27
1978:2011-10-27
1855:2014-12-08
1712:References
1563:groups to
1545:suboxydans
1150:March 2024
1120:newspapers
1006:, such as
964:reductones
891:Axel Holst
887:James Lind
547:Solubility
529:Solubility
511:Solubility
488:chloroform
478:Solubility
417:Molar mass
322:PQ6CK8PD0R
247:IUPHAR/BPS
193:ChemSpider
122:3D model (
101:CAS Number
69:IUPAC name
4562:Vitamin C
4552:Furanones
4542:Coenzymes
4426:Uric acid
4409:vitamin E
4399:vitamin E
4337:Melatonin
4304:Edaravone
4293:vitamin A
4120:THMPT / H
3918:PLP / P5P
3839:cofactors
3788:Phase III
3776:Withdrawn
3641:Pyritinol
3521:analogues
3199:Tretinoin
3085:Nifuratel
3024:Natamycin
2993:Triazoles
2928:Econazole
2806:Quinoline
2796:Acetarsol
2789:compounds
2664:from the
2462:(1): 86.
2156:(1): 21.
1621:iodometry
1610:titration
1577:bleaching
1490:Synthesis
1380:oxidation
1277:→ ROH + C
1222:, called
1066:Oxidation
980:resonance
976:ascorbate
847:vitamin C
222:200-066-2
214:EC Number
182:ChEMBL196
88:Vitamin C
31:Vitamin C
4557:Vitamers
4390:Selenium
4299:Curcumin
4205:vitamins
4198:vitamins
4112:THB / BH
3946:DHFA / H
3938:THFA / H
3854:vitamins
3510:Thiamine
3154:Vitamins
3019:Nystatin
3011:Polyenes
2488:35996146
2437:33717042
2322:31796137
2279:11151179
2203:Archived
2182:18072971
2104:17228891
2049:(2023).
1958:12981016
1826:33277683
1818:17750032
1679:See also
1612:with an
1561:hydroxyl
1557:catalyst
1535:oxidized
1531:sorbitol
1494:Natural
1401:E number
1377:tyrosine
1260:→ RO + C
1034:such as
1030:forming
960:carbonyl
899:beriberi
861:for its
724:JT Baker
635:NFPA 704
628:Hazards
589:ATC code
533:glycerol
232:E number
202:10189562
4452:2,6-Di-
4415:Tyrosol
4273:(ALCAR)
4267:Acetyl-
3488:soluble
3194:Retinol
3168:soluble
3075:Inosine
2787:Arsenic
2479:9396866
2428:7947327
2314:7106162
2271:8427945
2173:2245922
2084:Bibcode
1850:MetaCyc
1798:Bibcode
1790:Science
1597:Erwinia
1565:acetals
1553:acetone
1549:sorbose
1537:by the
1519:glucose
1366:glucose
1347:soluble
1198:radical
1134:scholar
1028:alcohol
974:is the
956:enediol
948:lactone
946:-based
938:Acidity
918:paprika
877:History
843:vitamer
827:isomers
755:what is
753: (
617: (
615:S01XA15
607: (
605:G01AD03
603:)
597: (
595:A11GA01
565:Acidity
515:ethanol
492:benzene
438:Density
422:176.124
289:PubChem
111:50-81-7
4152:Fe, Fe
3964:AdoCbl
3928:Biotin
3836:Enzyme
3771:WHO-EM
3654:Biotin
3584:Niacin
3486:Water
2668:(OECD)
2634:
2615:
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845:") of
776:is an
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720:(SDS)
710:
557:
539:
521:
470:
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3063:Other
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2520:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
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2275:S2CID
2206:(PDF)
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1932:(PDF)
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1127:books
1004:salts
998:Salts
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446:g/cm
336:InChI
237:E300
153:ChEBI
124:JSmol
80:)-one
4506:FRAP
4501:TEAC
4496:ORAC
4468:tert
4454:tert
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4030:SAMe
3954:MTHF
3894:NADP
3890:NADH
3377:Beta
3350:Beta
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2613:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2548:ISBN
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2433:PMID
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2100:PMID
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1038:and
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559:g/L
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523:g/L
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500:oils
472:g/L
442:1.65
313:UNII
302:5785
268:KEGG
257:4781
4124:MPT
4107:PQQ
4040:GSH
4025:CTP
4020:ATP
3990:),
3980:(C)
3886:NAD
3876:FAD
3872:FMN
3158:A11
2725:G01
2474:PMC
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2423:PMC
2413:doi
2372:doi
2302:doi
2259:doi
2168:PMC
2158:doi
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2080:111
2055:hdl
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1940:196
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950:of
620:WHO
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610:WHO
600:WHO
549:in
531:in
513:in
468:330
292:CID
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4201::
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4162:Mn
4157:Mg
4147:Cu
4142:Ca
4079:,
4075:,
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3994:(K
3986:(K
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