Astarte - Knowledge

83: 7962: 5943: 7596: 6759: 9858: 7977:, where stood one of the most famous temples of hers at the top of the acropolis of the city. The temple of ʿAštart of Amathous was erected in the 8th century BC, when the city was under Tyrian influence, with the presence of two Phoenician graffiti and Phoenician-type anthropoid sarcophagi at Amathous and Kition attesting of the existence of a Phoenician community living in these cities. The shrine of Amathous, like most Cypriot shrines of ʿAštart, thus exhibited partial Phoenician influences, such as worship halls, courtyards, and altars within a 7757: 7129: 8292: 7169: 6783: 7042: 2459:). The following lines recorded that the goddess saw something whose name is lost due to damage to the text, and line 5 mentions that the deeps surge with water, which might either refer to a celestial sign or to a possible damp terrain where ʿAṯtartu was hunting. The lines 6-13 described ʿAṯtartu taking cover in the low ground and holding her weapons while hunting, and she finally slew an animal whose name is lost in line 14. Following this, ʿAṯtartu fed the animal she had slain to the gods 7323: 7730: 8225: 6339:ʿAṯtart in the Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt text was referred to both as "ʿAttar my mother" and "the huntress", attesting of the continuation of the healer role of this goddess recorded since the Bronze Age at Ugarit, as well as of her pairing with Baal. The incantation's invocation of ʿAṯtart and Baal against the "enemy", that is the scorpion which has stung an individual, parallels the combat of these deities against cosmic or divine enemies in the Ugaritic texts. 4355: 5883: 15893: 5841: 14331: 8814: 34: 6613:, the Phoenician ʿAštart was a complex goddess with multiple aspects: being the feminine principle of the life-giving force, ʿAštart was a fertility goddess who promoted love and sensuality, in which capacity she presided over the reproduction of cattle and family growth; the goddess was also the consort of the masculine principle of this life-giving force, variously personified as 9844: 2728:), and the incantation itself is intended to be delivered to Anat's home at ʾInbubu, thus putting ʿAṯtartu on a secondary level compared to Anat. ʿAṯtartu was also mentioned on the side of the tablet on which the inscription was written. In this incantation, the first instance of ʿAṯtartu was that of ʿAṯtartu of Ugarit, while the second one was ʿAṯtartu of Mari. 2507:, where she and her sister Anat are consistently described as hunting together and bringing back game whose meat they distributed to the gods. In this text, ʿAṯtartu is mentioned before Anat, unlike most Ugaritic texts where this order is inverted, although the two goddesses are again connected through poetic parallels in the lines 10 to 11, reading 7291:, a phenomenon would take place at site of the temple of Afqa whereby a bright and fiery star-like object would be shot up from the top of a Lebanese mountain and would fall into the Adonis river. Pilgrims would gather at the temple on days of this occurrence, and would throw precious objects, such as gold- and silverworks or 9337:

either was modelled on the entrance of a shrine or was intended to be a receptacle for a divine image: the leonine animal, who was depicted as imposing its power against the human figures, might have guarded the shrine against human intrusion, and might thus have represented the passage recorded earlier in Ugaritic texts as

9329:) appears to have disappeared from most of inland Palestine during the Iron Age due to the ruling classes of the states in the region no longer identifying with the practise of hunting, so that her cult became restricted to the coastal areas such as in Philistia, where it enjoyed high prestige until the Graeco-Roman period. 9679:. On one of the tesserae used by the Bel Yedi'ebel for a religious banquet at the temple of Bel, the deity Allat was given the name Astarte ('štrt). The assimilation of Allat to Astarte is not surprising in a milieu as much exposed to Aramaean and Phoenician influences as the one in which the Palmyrene theologians lived. 1919:, and that therefore Ishtar, not Astarte, was the direct forerunner of the Cypriot goddess. However, evidence from Iron Age Phoenicia show that Astarte became a more erotic goddess as opposed to her early Bronze Age worship in Ugarit and Syria, and that early attestations of Aphrodite, were more war-like. 9375:

Following the trend of the disappearance of the worship of ʿAštart in inland Palestine, the state-level cult of this goddess was absent from Israelite and Judahite records from an early date, and she seems to have become one of many former gods demoted to the status of entities and powers of blessing

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and by extension chariots. The dove might be a symbol of her as well, as evidenced by some Bronze Age cylinder seals. The only images identified with absolute certainty as Astarte are these depicting her as a combatant on horseback or in a chariot. While many authors in the past asserted that she has

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after Juno Caelestis, that is, after ʿAštart. The Romans also rebuilt the temple of ʿAštart and dedicated it to Juno Caelestis, who was thus a Roman continuation of the initial Punic cult of ʿAštart, and a distinct goddess from the native Roman Juno Regina. During the Roman period, ʿAštart was still

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which was the principal divine couple at Emar, and despite there being no evidence yet that ʿAṯtart was explicitly paired with Baal at Emar as she was among the Canaanites, ʿAṯtart and Baal nevertheless had temples dedicated in common to both of them, and a common cult to this pair is suggested from

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possibly because ʿAṯtartu might have been regarded as the consort of Baal at Ugarit. Contemporary sources, including Egyptian adaptations of West Semitic myths which feature ʿAṯtartu and Anat as the brides of Baal, and later sources, such as the role of the Phoenician ʿAštart as the consort of Baal,

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Thus, while Baal and Resheph were both hunter gods whose roles as such made them conform to masculine gender roles, the roles of ʿAṯtartu and Anat as hunter and warrior goddesses constituted an inversion with respect to the gender roles of human women. This made them role models and mentors, as Anat

3139:

Although divine roles were often modelled on human ones, such as masculine gods in relation to patriarchy and kingship being represented like human men, and feminine goddesses in relation to marriage and domestic chores being represented like human women, the exceptional roles of ʿAṯtartu and ʿAnatu

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The worship of ʿAštart might nevertheless have survived as a minor and popular, but not royal, cult among the Israelite population, with the practice of hunting for undomesticated animals to be sacrificed being restricted to the family and local shrines, but not at the state level. The influence of

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Another Emarite text records that the hunt of ʿAṯtart was performed on the 16th of the month of Marzaḫāni, with the hunt of Baal being on the 17th of this same month, and both hunts being mentioned together in the texts from Emar, suggesting that the hunt of the goddess involved game or provisions,

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vocalization, in his kingdom, although it is uncertain whether this claim rests on any historical basis or if it was made retroactively as a reaction against Phoenician religious imports. The cult of the Phoenician ʿAštart appears to have nevertheless enjoyed some level of royal support during the

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was topped with a leonine figure, suggesting it was the emblematic animal of ʿAṯtart/ʿAštart, with an open mouth and dangling tongue lying in a prone position with its front limbs outstretched and of its paws placed, claws extended, each over a human head. Below the animal is a large opening which

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The sanctuary of ʿAštart at Tas-Silg was of large dimensions, being 100 metres wide, and was renowned in antiquity for its great wealth. The Tas-Silġ temple has yielded many Punic inscriptions dating from the 5th to 1st centuries BC containing short dedications to ʿAštart, who was there identified

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in the latter's role as the patron goddess of a municipality, in which capacity she was represented as seated on a rock, wearing a crown made of crenellated towers, and placing one foot on the shoulder of a young swimmer who personnified the river Orontes, although the swimmer in the coins of Acre

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rather than between unrelated deities in Canaanite or Bronze Age Ugaritic religion) sums up the issue with such claims: "(...) Athtart begins with an ayin, and Athirat with an aleph. (...) Athtart appears in parallel with Anat in texts (...), but Athirat and Athtart do not occur in parallel." God

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The Phoenician imagery of "the woman at the window", as well as the "Peeper" of Cyprus, the Venus prōspiciēns of Salamis, as well as the El Carambolo statuette depicting a naked ʿAštart and some specific feminine images were semantically connected to sacred prostitution performed in the honour of

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in the 5th century AD recorded that pilgrims still gathered at the site of the temple to make offerings on the days when the luminous phenomenon would occur. The temple building itself was permanently destroyed in an earthquake during the 6th century AD, although it remained a popular sacred site

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As well as the goddess of carnal love and of fertility, ʿAštart was also a warrior goddess, although she no longer exhibited much of the hunter aspect of the Bronze Age ʿAṯtart, which had faded away so that by the 1st millennium BC the hunting scenes on the shrine of the Phoenician ʿAštart at the

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The practise of sacred prostitution is attested at the temple of ʿAštart in Byblos, and sacred prostitutes and "whelps" are recorded at the temples of ʿAštart at Afqa and Baalbek until the 4th century AD. The practise is also recorded in Cyprus, especially at Paphos, Amathous, and Kition, and in

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of this god at Bustān aš-Šayḫ where these statuettes were found was in fact a common sanctuary of Eshmun and ʿAštart. A large shrine to ʿAštart was located on the eastern side of the sanctuary, below the platform upon which the temple proper rested, and it contained a paved waterpool and a stone

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The Ugaritic deity-lists gave minimal importance to ʿAṯtartu in the realm of rituals, and she was the last mentioned in several of these, although she was nevertheless important politically for the ruling dynasty of Ugarit and the administration of that city-state, being thus associated with the

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Although the once widespread view that Anat was also a consort of Baal has recently fallen out of favour due to lack of evidence from Ugarit, indirect evidence, such as Egyptian adaptations of West Semitic myths in which both ʿAṯtartu and Anat were the consorts of Baal might constitute indirect

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The hymn especially emphasizes ʿAṯtartu and her name, with its mention of the goddess as "name" possibly being connected to her role as the Name-of-Baal, and the second line calls her a "lioness" while the fourth and fifth lines liken her to a panther. This association of ʿAṯtartu with the lion

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hunting together. They were frequently treated as a pair in cult. For example, an incantation against snakebite invokes them together in a list of gods who asked for help. Texts from Emar, which are mostly of ritual nature unlike narrative ones known from Ugarit, indicate that ʿAṯtartu was a

6797:ʿAštart was often depicted with a "Hathoric" hairstyle, which connected her with the Phoenician ivory sculptures of the woman at the window and to amulets representing a goddess who was analogous to Qetesh. ʿAštart was also sometimes depicted surrounded by twin gods in some Phoenician coins. 1957:

in which a globe appears, presumably a stone representing Astarte. "She was often depicted on Sidonian coins as standing on the prow of a galley, leaning forward with right hand outstretched, being thus the original of all figureheads for sailing ships." In Sidon, she shared a temple with

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Thus, present in the Northwest Semitic goddess was present a trait which was also characteristic of the South Arabian masculine hypostasis of ʿAṯtar, in whose honour sacred hunts were performed as fertility rite. This hunter aspect of ʿAṯtartu later faded away by the 1st millennium BC.

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Another trait which both Anat and ʿAṯtartu shared was their love of war, and their pairing appears to have been due to their common roles as beautiful hunters and warrior goddesses. The Ugaritic ʿAṯtartu nevertheless did not yet possess the erotic traits of the later Canaanite ʿAštart.

8877:, on "the day of the burial of the god (Melqart)." The practise of this cult to the Phoenician-Punic by an Etruscan king might have been the result of a possible treaty with Carthage, and the rites practised at the shrine of Pyrgi included sacred prostitution, performed by the " 2345:, with Anat usually preceding ʿAṯtartu, and the two goddesses were often connected to each other through poetic parallelism. Both goddesses shared common traits such as perfect beauty, which characterised young goddesses, with the human Ḥuraya being compared to them in the text 9590:

and later assists him in the battle against the sea god, possibly "exhorting him to complete the task" during it. It's a matter of academic debate if they were also viewed as consorts. Their close relation is highlighted by the epithet "face of Baal" or "of the name of Baal."

2685:, ʿAṯtartu and Anat also went to hunt for ingredients to cure the drunkenness of El, to whose household they belonged, and they are later mentioned in the narrative as applying the components of the cure to cause the healing, thus connecting the two goddesses with healing. 6647:, as a male hunter figure; ʿAštart was also a celestial goddess possessing astral traits and who was identified with the Morning Star, and occasionally to the Moon. The dove was a sacred animal of ʿAštart, as, like with her East Semitic equivalent Ishtar, was the lion. 3632:

The temple of ʿAṯtartu was likely located within the city of Ugarit, perhaps within the complex of the city's royal palace itself, with administrative records mentioning the existence of cultic personnel devoted to the goddess at this temple, the Ugaritic Akkadian text

6433:) in the Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt inscription, which defined the goddess as representing the presence of the god Baal, especially in his temple. This usage of the name of a deity to represent their presence is also attested among the Phoenicians, who called the goddess 3161:

does in the story of Aqhat, in which she addresses him with the intimate term "my brother" and tells him that she will instruct him in hunting, thus being able to bond with the addressee and be present and active in him development into an accomplished hunter.

2338:), was devoid of any astral aspects or associations with ʿAṯtar, and she played a minor role in mythological texts, but was often mentioned in Ugaritic ritual and administrative texts, thus suggesting that she was important for the institution of the royalty. 5897:, where she was renowned as a West Semitic war-goddess and often appeared alongside ʿAnat, with the West Semitic association of the two goddesses having also been borrowed by the Egyptians. Her cult is attested in Egypt from as early as the reign of 8584:). ʿAštart, like Tanit, possessed a temple of her own in the city of Carthage, which was located in the city's centre. It was likely the warrior form of the goddess who was worshipped in this temple, since her weapons and chariot were kept there. 9594:

A different narrative, so-called "Myth of Astarte the huntress" casts ʿAṯtartu herself as the protagonist, and seemingly deals both with her role as a goddess of the hunt stalking game in the steppe, and with her possible relationship with Baal.

8941:, where she was invoked using her Phoenician name and associated to the "Tyrian Hercules," that is to Melqart, thus being a continuation of the close connection between Melqart and ʿAštart, and attesting of the Phoenician origin of this cult. 8247:

into a temple of ʿAštart where offerings were given to her by readjusting its walls, placing their alter on an older altar stone, building several shrines, and placing there large numbers of votive gifts, especially Hellenistic-style statues.

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The cult of ʿAštart reached its highest level of prestige among the Phoenicians, in both mainland Phoenicia and thanks to the extensive maritime trade endeavours of the Phoenicians, in the Phoenician, and later Punic, colonies throughout the

6419:), and then instructs her to ask the Ennead to give him their daughter, with ʿAṯtart's tribute being unsuccessful since it is followed by a conflict between Set and Yam following the Levantine tradition of the contest between Baal and Yammu. 7351:, has been argued to have been a hypostasis of ʿAštart in older scholarship, the two goddesses to have been nevertheless possibly distinguished from each other in inscriptions. However, the evidence for so is still ambiguous and the name 1868:, it has been called into question if she had an astral character at all, at least in Ugarit and Emar. God lists known from Ugarit and other prominent Bronze Age Syrian cities regarded her as the counterpart of Assyro-Babylonian goddess 9201:

Sacred prostitution in the honour of ʿAštart was also practised at Carthage, as well as at Sicca Veneria, which was renowned for its sacred prostitution rituals, and sacred prostitution might have also been performed at some brothels.

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The episode of ʿAṯtartu performing filial duties by "shutting down the jaws" of the enemies of El was another case of gender inversion where the goddess successfully performed actions which among mortals were reserved for men only.

6397:, and after this proves to be unsuccessful, they send him more appealing tribute to be delivered to him by ʿAṯtart, who weeps on being informed of this. When she goes to Yam, he sees her singing and laughing and addresses her as a 6774:

were depictions of ʿAštart, although not every image of a naked woman from this location was a representation of her. ʿAštart was also depicted in the form of "concubines of the dead" statuettes placed in burials, as well as in

7989:. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC, local hand-made votive figurines were associated to Phoenician-type small moulded plates depicting ʿAštart as a naked standing goddess holding her breasts, as well as to small Greek-type 8905:

The worship of ʿAštart also continued in Hispania after it was conquered by the Romans, with the goddess being there also called Juno, and the existence of a temple and an altar to "Juno," that is to ʿAštart, is mentioned by

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texts from Ugarit and Emar identified ʿAṯtartu with her Mesopotamian counterpart Ištar, with the Akkadian milieu within which the Ugaritic texts were composed not distinguishing ʿAṯtartu from Ištar, and the Akkadian text

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into the waterpool of the temple as offerings: the offerings which sunk into the water were believed to have been accepted by ʿAštart while the ones which floated were considered to have been rejected by the goddess.

7211:, and it contained a waterpool, as well as pipelines which were used for lustrations linked to the cultic practises, and sacred prostitution, which was a typical part of the cult of ʿAštart, was also performed there. 6240:), who was depicted on 19th and 20th dynasty Egyptian stelae as a naked goddess with a Hathoric hairstyle, standing on a powerful lion and holding flowers or snakes in her outstretched hands, and often accompanied by 2494:), meaning either raising a shadow like the stars, implying that ʿAṯtartu herself was brilliant and removed a shadow like the stars do, or as herself shining like the stars. This passage leads to another one in which 9214:

Other ancient Mediterranean peoples considered ʿAštart to be the supreme goddess of the Phoenicians, due to which several of them identified her with their own supreme goddess, with the Greeks identifying her with

3744:, further attesting of her importance for the royalty of Ugarit, and she appears to have been popular enough in northern Syria and the Hittite Empire that she was worshipped in Hatti, where her name was written as 7825:

in ancient Kition, which has yielded a 4th-century BC alabaster tablet on which were recorded the expenses of the shrine over the course of a whole month as well as a mention of ʿAštart by her common title of

7214:ʿAštart of Afqa, who possessed erotic traits, was a goddess of the planet Venus as the Evening Star which brought together the sexes. This goddess later identified in Graeco-Roman times with the Greek goddess 3187:), whose name has been variously interpreted as ʿAṯtartu of the Hurrians, ʿAṯtartu of the Grotto or Cavern, ʿAṯtartu of the Tomb(s), or ʿAṯtartu of the Window, and was also recorded at Ugarit in Akkadian as 6621:, who himself incarnated plant growth and presided over rain, water, springs, floods, and the sprouting and growth of cereals. This pairing of ʿAštart and Baal was later mentioned in the 1st century AD by 4193:

and that ʿAṯtart and Baal appeared together at Emar, likely under the influence of their pairing in the Levant; Baal himself appears as a hunter at Ugarit, but never alongside ʿAṯtart as he does at Emar.

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In the Warhammer 40,000 setting, the High Gothic (stand-in used in place of Latin) name of the Imperial Space Marines is the Adeptus Astartes, named for one of their creators, Amar Astarte, an immortal

8914:. One Latin inscription from the Roman imperial period refers to a priest named Herculis whose father was named Junonis, reflecting the Punic association of "Hercules" (Melqart) and "Juno" (ʿAštart). 8370:, and according to a Roman coin from the 1st century BC, it had four columns, the mountain itself was surrounded by a wall, so that the shrine could only reached by passing through a monumental gate. 6606:

had emerged in the 1st millennium BC, ʿAštart overshadowed the other Semitic goddesses in the Phoenician pantheon and had become the main personification of a less war-like and more sensual vitality.

9620:) and ʿAṯtartu were ever conflated, let alone that Athirat was ever viewed as Baal's consort like ʿAṯtartu possibly was. Scholar of Ugaritic mythology and the Bible Steve A. Wiggins in his monograph 9396:

the Neo-Assyrian Ishtar later increased the influence of this cult within the Israelite religion, so that the Ishtar-influenced Israelite ʿAštart might have been the same goddess referred to as the

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Images of an armed goddess might also have been representation of ʿAštart as a goddess of war and hunting, due to which she was often depicted on horseback or on a war chariot, sometimes holding an

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The name of Astronoë was given to a Tyrian port, and she was mentioned in a Tyrian inscription from the 1st century AD after "Hercules", that is Melqart. The name Astronoë is also recorded from

1915:. An outdated argument, however, postulates that Astarte's character was less erotic and more warlike than Ishtar originally was, perhaps because she was influenced by the Canaanite goddess 3282:), and supporters of the interpretation of the name ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri as "ʿAṯtartu of the Hurrians" suggest that this manifestation of ʿAṯtartu was the one identified with the Hurrian goddess 12060:. Serie Historia y geografía (in Spanish). Vol. 165. Coordinators: María Luisa de la Bandera Romero & Eduardo Ferrer Albelda. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla. pp. 465–490. 13466: 8902:

As attested by the Seville/El Carambolo Statuette, imported from the Levant to Hispania, the Phoenician activities in the Mediterranean had spread the cult of ʿAštart till Hispania.

8953:, which was performed by specific categories of her temples' clergy who were exercised this function on a permanent basis. The different categories of sacred prostitutes were the: 3740:), with ʿAṯtartu Šadî herself being referred to as Ištar Ṣēri in Akkadian texts from Ugarit. Ištar Ṣēri was invoked as a divine witness in an oath between the kings of Ugarit and 4114:), that is the hunt of ʿAṯtart, which was performed on the 16th of the month of Abi. This ritual hunt was performed on the same day as the procession to her manifestation of the 3629:), placing Baal and ʿAṯtartu in the initial position and naming ʿAṯtartu first, before the other Ugaritic goddesses, indicating the political importance of ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit. 2551:, where she and Anat together restrain Baal by holding, respectively, his left and right hands. This text also linked ʿAṯtartu and Anat through poetic parallelism in the lines 1922:

Greeks in classical, Hellenistic, and Roman times occasionally equated Aphrodite with Astarte and many other Near Eastern goddesses, in keeping with their frequent practice of

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During the Punic period, ʿAštart was connected to the worship of Eshmun, as she was in the Sidonian temple at Bustān aš-Šayḫ, and she was herself worshipped under the name of

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as hunter and warrior goddesses signalled them as being at odds with the social norms of the societies where human women were not supposed to hunt of which they were deities.

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While the association between ʿAṯtartu and Anat is well attested, primary sources from Ugarit and elsewhere provide no evidence in support of the misconception that Athirat (

8778:) Attesting of her primacy at Mididi was a stela discovered there, with the goddess being depicted on its pediment, while on its lower level was the African Saturn (that is, 7721:, the Phoenicians who lived in Egypt during the Hellenistic period continued the identification of ʿAštart with Isis, in which capacity they worshipped this latter goddess. 3439:

did refer to Baal as sexually desiring ʿAṯtartu, with possible mention of a bed in line 32 of the text perhaps alluding to these two deities engaging in sexual intercourse.

8085:, the inhabitants of Cyprus considered the shrine of Venus, that is, ʿAštart) at Amathous as one of the three most reverend sites on Cyprus, along with Paphos and Salamis. 6071:

During the 20th dynasty, one of the inscriptions of Ramesses III recording his military victories against the Libyans mentioned ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart in a praise to the king,

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during the Late Bronze Age, where she received a major cult and possessed a temple at the highest point of the city of Emar itself, with a treasure of existing there of

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before becoming a Punic fort during the 4th to 3rd century BC. The temple of Mount Eryx was initially dedicated to an indigenous goddess named in Oscan inscriptions as

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might itself have been a title which was attributed to multiple deities, including to ʿAštart. One inscription from Sarepta recording the dedication of a statue to

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Under the 18th and 19th dynasties, ʿAṯtart was depicted either standing or on horseback and holding a sword and shield, and she was sometimes associated to the god

5966:, where a significant community of Semitic origin had been living since the New Kingdom, and where a temple of the goddess was part of the city's temple of the god 4266:). There is nonetheless little beyond this curcumstantial evidence at Emar for any pairing of ʿAṯtart with Baal, which appears to have been a Levantine occurrence. 3157:), meaning either "now do womenfolk hunt?" as a question, or "now womenfolk hunt!" sarcastically, to contrast her with human women, who were not supposed to hunt. 13027:

Pardee, Dennis (2014). "RS 18.113A+B, Lettre d'un serviteur du roi d'Ougarit se trouvant à Chypre" [Letter of a servant of the king of Ugarit in Cyprus].

9820:(2015), with her name stylized as "Ashtart". However, she first introduces herself as "Space Ishtar", and only reveals her true name after her third Ascension. 13103:. (Ejemplar dedicado a: Acta Palaeohispanica XI: Actas del XI Coloquio Internacional de Lenguas y Culturas Prerromanas de la Península Ibérica) (in Spanish). 7512:, ʿAštart formed a triad with the god Milk-ʿAštart and the Angel of Milk-ʿAštart, and the city's sanctuary of Milk-ʿAštart contained a dedication to ʿAštart. 6925:

The royal family of Ṣidōn worshipped ʿAštart, with several of its members bearing names in which the name of ʿAštart appears as a theophoric element, such as

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of Ugarit, ʿAṯtartu is one of the allies of the eponymous hero. With the help of Anat she stops him from attacking the messengers who deliver the demands of

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and was assimilated to Melqart, with the divine couple of Uni and Tinia being thus assimilated to the Phoenician-Punic divine couple of ʿAštart and Melqart.

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also suggest that ʿAṯtartu was a consort of Baal, although this evidence is still very uncertain and this pairing appears to have been distinctly Levantine.

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possessed an open-air altar from which all the sacrifices offered to the goddess during the day would disappear during the night and would be replaced with

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Although the wooden throne upon which the Seville/El Carambolo Statuette rested had perished, its surviving bronze stool was inscribed with a dedication to

6766:ʿAštart was often depicted as a naked goddess because of her role as a fertility and sexuality goddess, and many terracotta figures of naked women found in 7125:

throne flanked with sphinxes dedicated to the Sidonian ʿAštart, which itself rested against the background wall, which was decorated with hunting scenes.

6046:, as attested by the fragmented Papyrus so-called of "ʿAṯtart and the Sea," the Egyptian translation of a West Semitic myth in which ʿAṯtart is called a 5869: 8393:, which was commonly found within Phoenician religion and thus showed the presence of West Asian influences on her. Later coins represent her wearing a 6533:

During the 11th to 10th centuries BC, the early Canaanites invoked the lioness aspect of their variant of ʿAštart through inscriptions bearing the name

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Among the Ugaritic incantations mentioning ʿAṯtartu are two where she is invoked to protect against snakebites: in the first incantation, from the text

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The identification of ʿAštart with the Egyptian Isis continued in the formerly Punic territories of North Africa after the Roman conquest, and several

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A 7th century BC golden medallion from Carthage mentioned the goddess ʿAštart alongside an individual named Pygmalion to whom the medallion belonged.

3834:ʿAṯtart was worshipped at Emar, where, like at Mari, the name of the goddess was written in cuneiform using ideograms and without the feminine suffix 13487: 12625: 7494:

and was his consort, a custom which was carried on by the colonists who set out from Tyre to establish themsselves throughout the Mediterranean sea.

1568: 13523: 8793:, was of large proportions, and was surrounded by shrines to various deities associated to the goddess, and the 5th century AD Bishop of Byzacena 13555: 7204: 3651:

contains the record of a payment of silver for the temple of the goddess immediately before that of a payment for the temple of the god Resheph.

499: 8870:

and Phoenician-Punic inscriptions recording the dedication of a cult centre to ʿAštart by the king Tiberius Velianas of Cisra, who ruled around

4281:

By the Iron Age, the name of ʿAṯtart appears to have become used to mean "goddess" in general, so that an Akkadian inscription from the city of

3887:, variously interpreted as "ʿAṯtart of the Sea," ʿAṯtart as patron-goddess of the abû shrines and of the month Abî, or "ʿAṯtart of the fathers"; 2671:). Moreover, the attribute animal of Resheph was the lion, which was analogous to the lioness being the symbol of the warrior goddess ʿAṯtartu. 14245: 8144: 7384:, where she was identified with the Greek goddess Aphrodite in Graeco-Roman times, when she was the patron-goddess of the city's public baths. 6036: 7207:, this was the location of the tomb of Tammuz; and this temple was believed in ancient times to have been built by the legendary Cypriot king 3599:

institution of the monarchy. In one letter to the king of Ugarit concerning maritime commercial activities with Cyprus, the lines 6 to 9 read

9787: 7191:, in the territory of the city-state of Byblos, was one of the most renowned sanctuaries in ancient Phoenicia, located at the source of the 2068:

as a headdress, and with her lions either lying prostrate to her feet or directly under those. Aside from the lion, she's associated to the

8213: 8140: 7516: 7502: 2698:

to be delivered to a succession of deities, she is mentioned immediately after Anat, and the two goddesses' names are combined in the form

6663:, with the oldest recorded mention of the Phoenician ʿAštart is from an 8th-century inscription from a bronze statuette, often called the 8747:, where she was called by her Phoenician-Punic name, and was called the "wife of Baal", as recorded in a neo-Punic inscription reading 492: 3494:ʿAṯtartu's role as the Name-of-Baal might also have been connected to the use of Baal's name as a magical weapon, such as in the text 14238: 9608:

prominent deity in that city as well, and unlike in Ugarit, she additionally played a much bigger role in cult followings than Anat.

8605:

and its annexation by the Roman Republic at the end of the Punic Wars, the Romans continued the worship of ʿAštart under the name of

7872: 3767:

Although ʿAṯtartu had none of the erotic traits of her later Canaanite variant, ʿAṯtartu Šadî/Ištar Ṣēri was nevertheless present in

3878:), while also appearing in ritual texts and onomastica there. ʿAṯtart at Emar was worshipped under various manifestations, such as: 2312:

A contemporary incantation against snakebites from Ugarit recorded the existence of a manifestation of ʿAṯtart who resided in Mari.

9553:

was assigned to a male demon bearing little resemblance to the figure known from antiquity. For the use of the Hebrew plural form

8000:

Two dedications offered by Androcles, the last king of Amathous, some time between 330 and 310 BC, respectively to the goddesses

5862: 4142:) from "the storehouse", which ascribes to ʿAṯtart agricultural traits otherwise unknown of her elsewhere during the Bronze Age. 3950:ʿAṯtart's role as a warrior goddess is more attested at Emar due to the widespread reference of the manifestation of ʿAṯtart as 13788: 12767:(1960). "Astarté a cheval d'après les représentations égyptiennes" [Astarte on horseback in Egyptian representations]. 3654:

Ugaritic administrative texts also mentioned the use of wine in the royal rituals pertaining to ʿAṯtartu, with the ritual text

3425:), thus signaling ʿAṯtartu as performing filial duties by protecting El, the patriarch of whose household she was a member of. 8416:

recorded an old man's advice to a pimp in which he mentioned that courtesans at the shrine would earn large amounts of money.

3981:

The warrior role of ʿAṯtart at Emar is also attested in the use of her name as a theophoric element in personal names such as

3771:

royal entry rituals whereby a statue or a woman representing the goddess was inserted in the alcove of Ugarit's royal palace.

1780:

as being etymologically related while considering the exact relationship between them to be unclear. The meaning of the names

15973: 15383: 13618: 13597: 13381: 13315: 13082: 13048: 13017: 12982: 12955: 12884: 12754: 12552: 12218: 12065: 9624:

notes that such arguments rest on scarce biblical evidence (which indicates at best a confusion between obscure terms in the

13391: 6910:) already attested in the Bronze Age at Ugarit. This name defined the identity of the goddess as being in relation to Baal. 6272:, that is the Northwest Semitic healer-god Eshmun, to whom she would be often found associated later in Iron Age Phoenicia. 2737:, ʿAṯtartu was mentioned after Anat in a pairing of the two goddesses as part of a list also including pairings of Baal and 1813:

from /ā/ to /ō/ (despite the unexpected occurrence of the shift in this position), or, with an assumption of an early form *

15923: 14320: 13634:

Der Londoner medizinische Papyrus (Brit. Museum nr. 10,059) und der Papyrus Hearst: in Transkription, Übersetzung Kommentar

13278: 6579:), meaning "Son of Anat," implying that ʿAštart and ʿAnat were the patron-goddesses of the warriors who used these arrows. 4411: 4394: 1561: 6275:ʿAṯtart was still remembered as a huntress goddess during the Iron Age, and she was mentioned as such in a 5th-century BC 15798: 14355: 8602: 7505:

17) was dedicated to ʿAštart in a sacred site located in the middle of the fields of the one who offered the dedication.

7387:ʿAštart of Acre was depicted as Aphrodite on coins of the city from the 3rd century AD, where she was represented with a 6652: 1595: 642: 51: 12645:

Hamed, M. (2021). "Multiwavelength dissection of a massive heavily dust-obscured galaxy and its blue companion at z~2".

6668: 6664: 3433:

Although there is little to no evidence of ʿAṯtartu being explicitly considered the consort of Baal at Ugarit, the text

15933: 14275: 9392:), became used as a term for goddesses and for fertility, while her role as a deity of warfare was absorbed by Yahweh. 8598:

During the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, a temple to the Egyptian goddess Isis, identified to ʿAštart, existed at Carthage.

8592: 5855: 4369: 4335: 2545:

Attestations of ʿAṯtartu as a warrior goddess at Ugarit are minimal, with the principal one being her role in the text

1655: 1544: 267: 6826:

already attested in pre-Phoenician times, or maybe associated with Ἀφροδίτης λιμνησία, Aphrodite of the salt marshes.

6389:, which in this story stood for the West Semitic divine council headed by El, initially offers tribute to the sea-god 3831:). Like at Ugarit, she did not exhibit any astral traits and was not associated to her masculine counterpart, ʿAṯtar. 3010:, whose name was linked to that of ʿAṯtartu's later Phoenician iteration, ʿAštart, was represented with a lion's head; 15763: 15758: 15513: 14365: 13781: 13746: 13727: 13566:(1984). "Ein Zauberspruch gegen Skorpione im Wadi Hammamat" [A Spell against Scorpions in Wadi Hammamat]. In 9649:

pointed out the similarity between Astarte's role as a goddess associated with horses and chariots to that played in

6922:

dates from the Late Bronze Age, when her name was recorded in Hittite texts, Ugaritic epics, and evocatory formulae.

6348: 5518: 4438: 3446:

Sacrifice to ʿAṯtartu might have been included in the list of sacrifices for the family of Baal in the Ugaritic text

2625:

in Ugaritic texts, such as in administrative documents, with jars of wine for the temples of ʿAṯtartu and of Resheph-

13639:

The London Medical Papyrus (Brit. Museum n. 10,059) and the Hearst Papyrus: in Transcription, Translation Commentary

13511: 6625:, who wrote about the goddess Astarte and Zeus (that is, Baal), called Adōdos (itself a Hellenisation of Phoenician 15958: 15806: 14710: 12232: 11740: 8847:

discovered in 1964 at the site of renowned sanctuary built in the 6th century BC to the goddess Uni in the town of

8471:, which was well known in ancient times for its practise of sacred prostitution, which was performed there by the " 7414:, ʿAštart was depicted coins similarly to a Syrian goddess, with a calathus hat, and seated between two lions like 6779:

figurines possessing fertile traits intended to ensure that women desiring to have children would become pregnant.

6385:

In the story of "ʿAṯtart and the Sea," which is an Egyptian translation of a Levantine mythological tradition, the

4772: 12856: 16003: 15703: 14350: 14280: 13224: 13166: 12812: 12487: 12428: 8640: 5826: 5758: 4429: 4374: 1554: 13768: 7877: 3603:𐎀𐎐𐎋𐎐𐎟𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍𐎟𐎕𐎔𐎐𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎌𐎔𐎌𐎟𐎓𐎍𐎎𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎋𐎍𐎟𐎛𐎍𐎟𐎀𐎍𐎘𐎊 14745: 12974: 12316: 10232: 9799: 8389:, which was an attribute of the Levantine ʿAštart, as well as with the Greek Erōs, the son of Aphrodite, and a 7068:

was "priestess of ʿAštart." Before his death, Eshmunazar II and Amoashtart had built a sanctuary of ʿAštart at

4813: 956: 262: 82: 47: 13700: 13654:

Zernecke, Anna Elise (2013). "The Lady of the Titles: The Lady of Byblos and the Search for her "True Name"".

7753:

from early times, due to which many early shrines of Aphrodite in Cyprus showed partial Phoenician influence.

7152:

was issued bearing the image of ʿAštart resting her right arm on a cross-headed standard and holding a ship's

6678:

During the Hellenistic period, the Phoenicians identified their own goddess ʿAštart with the Egyptian goddess

15978: 15968: 15963: 14370: 14305: 14045: 13809: 8921:, as well as the island of Junonia in the Atlantic Ocean and the "Cape of Hera" or "Cape of Juna" (presently 8547:, where her cult was imported directly from Phoenicia, especially from Tyre and Ṣidōn, as well as from Eryx. 4401: 1724:, following the importation of foreign cults there. Phoenicians introduced her cult in their colonies on the 252: 13447: 13395: 13164:(1992). "Northwest Semitic Incantations in an Egyptian Medical Papyrus of the Fourteenth Century B. C. E.". 13120:

Schmitt, Rüdiger (2013). "Astarte, Mistress of Horses, Lady of the Chariot: The Warrior Aspect of Astarte".

12940:

Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy

15993: 15948: 13074: 8176:

A Sidonian woman is recorded as having honoured ʿAštart, assimilated to the Egyptian Isis, in the official

7867:; most of the archive is economic, but some of it is religious, and one of the ostraca records ʿAštart and 7078:(the Lofty Heavens), and a third sanctuary for ʿAštart šim Baʿl, with Eshmunazar II's cousin and successor 2203:), who appears to have been distinguished from ʿAṯtart's East Semitic equivalent, the Mesopotamian goddess 1805:

is in dispute: most scholars consider it as an artificial superimposition of the vowels of the Hebrew word

1327: 13398:[Inscribed Monuments from the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities of the Austrian Imperial Family] 7961: 5978:

discovered at Ur and which had been dedicated to ʿAṯtart by the daughter of one an individual whose name,

2057:, identified respectively with symbols of sexuality and war. She is also depicted as winged, carrying the 1880:; in some cities, the western forms of the name and the eastern form "Ishtar" were fully interchangeable. 15928: 15748: 14315: 13237: 13179: 12825: 12500: 12320: 12245: 10252: 9397: 8591:

invoked ʿAštart, referring to her in Greek as Hera, as one of the many deities he took as witness in the

8070:

provided evidence that goats and sheep were the main animals offered in sacrifice at the shrine ʿAštart.

5962:

The cult of ʿAṯtart would remain well-established in Late Period Egypt, during the 1st millennium BC, at

5740: 4406: 2128: 1721: 1662: 12160: 8093:

The name of the goddess ʿAštart was used as a theophoric element in several personal names, attested at

7430:, where she was a dynastic goddess, as attested by the names of the 10th to 9th century BC Tyrian kings 3047:ʿAṯtartu in her form as a lioness might have been invoked as a theophoric element in the personal names 2261:). However, her name was otherwise written in cuneiform using ideograms and without the feminine suffix 15938: 15773: 14285: 12369: 12275: 9259:, the goddess Venus mentioned the Cypriot shrine of ʿAštart at Amathous among her most famous temples. 7616: 7398:

The goddess was however most often depicted on the coins of Acre under the traits of the Greek goddess

4434: 2618:), mentions the horses of ʿAṯtartu, which might possibly be another allusion to her role as a warrior. 2230:

during the Amorite period, when her name is attested as a theophoric element in personal names such as

2210:

One text from Mari records that offerings were made to both ʿAṯtarat and the river-god Nārum together.

699: 9783:, Astarté is a woman, a queen of Babylon reduced to slavery, who finds her first and only love: Zadig. 7562:). This description of ʿAštart paralleled that of the Mesopotamian Ishtar, who was given the title of 15988: 15983: 15816: 15788: 14261: 13307: 12445: 8309:, where stood a temple a goddess, on a rocky outcrop which domonates from its north-east the city of 4343: 3624:

I do indeed speak to Baal Ṣapānu, to the Eternal Sun, to ʿAṯtartu, to Anat, to all the gods of Cyprus

2621:

Possibly due to her role as a goddess of warfare, ʿAṯtartu was sometimes mentioned alongside the god

1717: 17: 8056:), as well as two monumental limestone vases have been found at the site of the shrine of Amathous. 7303:

The Roman emperor Constantine I ordered the destruction of the temple of Afqa, although Zosimus and

15743: 14395: 13805: 8676:

in the 2nd century AD noted the parallels between the African Caelestis and the Levantine ʿAštart;

5901:

in the 15th century BC, and the goddess herself was attested under various manifestations, such as

4465: 2814: 2088: 1111: 532: 243: 60: 2859:ʿAṯtartu's emblem was the lion, and she was explicitly called a lioness and a panther in the hymn 15953: 15598: 13571: 13396:"Inschriftliche Denkmäler der Sammlung Ägyptischer Alterthümer des Österreichischen Kaiserhauses" 13009: 12894:

Madsen, Henry (1904). "Zwei Inschriften in Kopenhagen" [Two inscriptions in Copenhagen].

12876: 10257: 8891: 6355:, ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart are referred to as divine daughters who are also the future wives of the god 5970:. From at least as early as the 6th century BC, ʿAṯtart was identified with the Egyptian goddess 1591: 1585: 952: 13093: 8212:

dedicated a piece of maritime art to the goddess ʿAštart-Aphrodite for the life of the sailors (

7557:

May ʿAštart break your bow in the thick of battle, and have you crouch at the feet of your enemy

6833:

held a certain importance, especially as part of royal rituals, and her domains were located at

6035:),, and both deities were depicted and mentioned on a private votive stele found at the site of 4274:

The worship of ʿAṯtart in the Middle Euphrates region, including at Emar, lasted until the Late

1896: 15998: 15768: 15548: 15533: 15349: 15272: 14550: 14385: 13567: 13423: 13303: 13036: 8805:, and it was finally destroyed in 421 AD following unrest by the pagan population of the city. 8382:

and fresh herbs, which was similar to some characteristics of the cult of the Cypriot ʿAštart.

8147:), the full title of one of the temple attendants who participated of the cult of Melqart, the 8078: 8063:

authors had claimed that it was forbidden to spill blood in the temple of Amathous, remains of

7595: 7064:, who died when he was 14 years old, did not hold the title of "priest of ʿAštart," his mother 6253: 5555: 5441: 5358: 4608: 1739: 1666: 1107: 9689:, indicates that the King and Queen of Byblos, who, unknowingly, have the body of Osiris in a 6280: 1977:

Other significant locations where she was introduced by Phoenician sailors and colonists were

13549: 12611: 12291: 9897: 9824: 9772: 9543: 9136:

Sicily, at Eryx, from where two sacred prostitutes of Carthaginian origin are known by name:

6366:

represented ʿAṯtart as a warrior, and was inscribed with the name of the goddess, written as

6326:

Face of Baal! Cover, coat his wounds (with spittle)! Face of the Huntress (and) face of Baal!

3610:ʾanākuna ragamtu lê Baʿli Ṣapuni lê Šapši ʿālami lê ʿAṯtarti lê ʿAnati lê Kulli ʾIlī ʾAlaṯiya 2532:ʿAṯtartu and Anat he approached; ʿAṯtartu had prepared a steak for him, and Anat a tenderloin 1809:("shame") upon the consonants of the original name; some other suggest it is a result of the 13773: 13563: 12668: 7060:, included "priest of ʿAštart" as part of their royal titulatory, and while Tabnit I's son, 5942: 4186: 4082:ʿAṯtart's connection to hunting at Emar in ritual settings is recorded in a text mentioning 2940:

corroborates with significant comparative evidence from ancient West Asia and North Africa:

2376:

whose loveliness is like the loveliness of Anat, whose beauty is like the beauty of ʿAṯtartu

2095:

that would represent a partner deity. Similarly, after the popularization of her worship in

15897: 13763: 12943: 12938:(2003). "Inscribed Arrowheads from the Period of the Judges". In Cross, Frank Moore (ed.). 12664: 12228: 12206: 9776: 8887: 8786:

seated on her lion, who was herself identified at Mididi with ʿAštart, and not with Tanit.

8543:

Although the goddess ʿAštart held lesser importance in North Africa, she was worshipped at

8505:

appears to have displaced ʿAštart and taken over her roles, due to which she became called

7986: 7509: 7157: 7149: 5891: 5845: 3143:

This characterisation is made explicit in the myth of Aqhat, where Aqhat exclaims to Anat,

1923: 983: 8817:

A view in the sanctuary in Pyrgi, which included a temple to Astarte (as mentioned in the

8708:), who was worshipped by the Carthaginians and the Libyans, and whose name he recorded as 8404:

Another typically Levantine aspect of the cult of the ʿAštart of Eryx was the practise of

7860:

The inhabitants of the Kition identified ʿAštart with the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania.

1835:

In various cultures Astarte was connected with some combination of the following spheres:

8: 15503: 15319: 15307: 13719: 13404:

Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes

13222:(2001). "The Scorpion Spell from Wadi Hammamat: Another Aramaic Text in Demotic Script". 12992:

Pardee, Dennis (2012). "Literary Composition in the Hebrew Bible: The View from Ugarit".

12198: 8950: 8918: 8405: 8337:), who was later identified with ʿAštart, and later to the Greek Aphrodite and the Roman 7288: 5505: 5407: 5395: 1693: 1681: 1036: 8789:

The Roman temple of Juno Caelestis, according to the 5th century AD Bishop of Carthage,

1926:

other deities with their own. In addition, certain aspects of other Greek gods, such as

15716: 15483: 14735: 14500: 14300: 13825: 13679: 13350:

Bloch-Smith, E. "Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence for Phoenician Astarte". In

13265: 13249: 13219: 13207: 13191: 13161: 13137: 12919: 12837: 12794: 12742: 12717: 12680: 12654: 12595: 12587: 12544: 12520: 12512: 12457: 12410: 12402: 12357: 12186: 12112: 12040: 11992: 9724: 9716: 8798: 8737: 8420: 8064: 7756: 7411: 6758: 6042:

During this period, some of the Levantine myths regarding ʿAṯtart were translated into

5975: 5946: 5767: 4801: 4572: 4389: 4354: 1689: 1046: 619: 257: 12562:

Fraser, P. M. (November 1970). "Greek-Phoenician Bilingual Inscriptions from Rhodes".

12537:

The Installation of Baal's High Priestess at Emar: A Window on Ancient Syrian Religion

8228:

The remains of a megalithic temple in Tas-Silġ, which later became a temple of Astarte

6786:

A modern reproduction af an ancient tablet depicting a naked woman standing of a horse

3530:), in reference to ʿAṯtartu invoking the power of Baal's name and his titles, such as 15867: 15733: 15653: 15087: 14640: 14404: 14375: 13742: 13723: 13671: 13628: 13614: 13593: 13537: 13457: 13377: 13341:

Cornelius, I. ""Revisiting" Astarte in the Iconography of the Bronze Age Levant". In

13311: 13257: 13199: 13108: 13078: 13044: 13013: 12978: 12951: 12935: 12923: 12880: 12841: 12750: 12709: 12684: 12633: 12599: 12579: 12548: 12532: 12524: 12414: 12394: 12253:

Budin, Stephanie L. (2004). "A Reconsideration of the Aphrodite-Ashtart Syncretism".

12214: 12190: 12125: 12116: 12104: 12061: 9922: 9249: 8934: 8867: 8408:, which was carried out by the "servants" of the goddess. Sacred prostitution at the 8371: 8060: 7822: 7498: 6776: 6672: 6169: 6043: 5822: 5779: 5685: 5165: 4698: 4476: 4461: 3775: 1852: 1725: 523: 183: 13269: 12364:. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition. Vol. 17. 12044: 10349: 10262: 7694:

was the "mother of the gods", and had fallen in love with a young hunter, Eshmun of

7128: 5999:

just like she was at Ugarit due to her warrior role, as attested through a stela of

2511:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎆𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎊𐎎𐎙𐎊𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎓𐎄𐎁𐎟𐎐𐎌𐎁𐎟𐎍𐎅𐎟𐎆𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎋𐎚𐎔 2013:

mentions the construction of a shrine to Astarte in the temple of the local goddess

15918: 15727: 15563: 14952: 14660: 14217: 13945: 13663: 13527: 13491: 13427: 13241: 13211: 13183: 13129: 12911: 12829: 12786: 12701: 12672: 12571: 12504: 12482: 12449: 12386: 12338: 12295: 12262: 12176: 12163:[Goddesses and lions in the orientalizing period of the Iberian Peninsula] 12145: 12137: 12094: 12084: 11685: 9849: 9816: 9650: 9526: 9224: 8544: 8067: 7990: 7890:

In Cyprus, ʿAštart was identified during the 3rd century BC with the Greek goddess

7863:

Under the rule of the kingdom of Kition, a big Phoenician archive was installed in

7768: 7767:

The Cypriot ʿAštart was already depicted in Phoenician ivory sculptures and in the

7404: 7215: 7196: 7121: 5775: 5580: 5026: 4720: 4210:

the appearance of their names as theophoric elements in the popular personal names

4152: 2968:, is depicted standing on a lion on a plaque where she is given the triple name of 1904: 1609: 1224: 993: 904: 804: 390: 115: 41: 13925: 12915: 12676: 12475:

Ritual, Religion and Reason. Studies in the Ancient World in Honour of Paolo Xella

7168: 6689:

Among the Phoenician and Punic personal names containing the name of ʿAštart were

6643:

temple of Bustān aš-Šayḫ depicted her consort in the city-state of Ṣidōn, the god

6256:

from the 14th century BC, which contains Northwest Semitic inscription written in

6076:𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓀭𓃩𓂋𓎛𓈖𓂝𓆑𓐝𓋴𓎞𓇌𓀜𓏥𓎟𓂝𓈖𓍿𓏏𓆇𓆗𓂝𓊃𓍿𓇋𓂋𓏤𓍿𓏏𓆇𓆗𓈖𓆑𓐝𓇋𓆎𓐝𓌲 27:

Middle Eastern goddess, worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity

15943: 15721: 15543: 15197: 15157: 15102: 14760: 14725: 14437: 14380: 14360: 14170: 13709:. Vol. II. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 13704: 13532: 13371: 13029:

Ras Shamra 18.113A+B, Lettre d'un serviteur du roi d'Ougarit se trouvant à Chypre

13005: 12769: 12485:(1955). "A Relief of Qudshu-Astarte-Anath in the Winchester College Collection". 12377:

Davila, James R.; Zuckerman, Bruce (1993). "The Throne of ʿAshtart Inscription".

12300: 12287: 9857: 9760: 9629:

lists from Ugarit indicate that ʿAṯtartu was viewed as analogous to Mesopotamian

9220: 8836: 8794: 8736:), which was both a deformation and reinterpretation of the name of ʿAštart; and 8628: 7810: 7620: 7133: 6767: 6622: 6142: 5771: 5565: 5283: 5241: 5182: 4830: 4509: 4443: 2185: 2034: 1908: 1840: 1810: 1448: 729: 694: 13667: 13133: 12705: 10289: 9731:, having transformed himself into a white bull, abducted, and carried to Crete. 7487:

held the title of "priest of ʿAštart" before he ascended to the throne of Tyre.

7418:, with her right hand in a blessing position and her left one holding a flower. 674: 14922: 14842: 14755: 14620: 14447: 14070: 13408:

Collection of Works Relating to Egyptian and Assyrian Philology and Archaeology

13149: 13001: 12441: 12342: 12266: 12234:

Medinet Habu - Volume II: Plates 55-150: Later Historical Records of Ramses III

9902: 9625: 9436: 8922: 8911: 8633: 8464: 8440: 8244: 7966: 7372:) nevertheless suggests some form of identification between Tanit and ʿAštart. 7089:

As attested by three statuettes of children inscribed with dedications reading

6481: 6362:

A Late Bronze Age seal from Egyptian-ruled Palestine discovered at the site of

6173: 5963: 4996: 4912: 4825: 4678: 4519: 3491:). This name defined the identity of the goddess as being in relation to Baal. 1946: 1900: 1796: 1651: 12931: 12575: 12181: 8801:; the temple had already been desecrated under the reign of the Roman emperor 8291: 7515:

In the 7th century BC, the warrior goddess role of ʿAštart was invoked in the

7407:, and he held a reed and leans over an amphora, with a crocodile beneath him. 7041: 6782: 15912: 15872: 15826: 15783: 15738: 15683: 15568: 15411: 15406: 15172: 14892: 14675: 14545: 14485: 13675: 13632: 13541: 13431: 13325: 13112: 13040: 12713: 12607: 12583: 12398: 12365: 12108: 8938: 8844: 8818: 8394: 8338: 8310: 7734: 7427: 7380:ʿAštart held high importance in the religious structure of the city-state of 7192: 7061: 7015: 7005:) being a theophoric element in the name of the 7th century BC Sidonian king 6471:), and among Israelites, in the verse of Book of Psalms of the Bible reading 6284: 5894: 5783: 5650: 5620: 5585: 5550: 5256: 4964: 4735: 4603: 4557: 3392: 2184:, where early texts from her temple pre-dating the city's destruction by the 2124: 2014: 2002: 1998: 1986: 1359: 1091: 724: 589: 108: 14230: 13870: 13495: 12790: 12141: 9887: 9634: 8672:, who arrived from the East and whose favourite place to stay was Carthage; 8192:, a Phoenician thiasote took ʿAštart and Zeus Soter (that is, Baal Mahalāk, 7322: 7203:, whose blood turned the river's water red when he died there; according to 6111:𓂧𓏏𓏤𓆱𓏥𓏏𓄿𓇌𓎡𓅓𓂝𓏭𓂋𓎡𓄿𓃀𓏲𓍘𓏏𓆱𓂝𓈖𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗𓂝𓊃𓍘𓏭𓂋𓏤𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗 3317:), of still uncertain meaning, with the latter being affixed with the title 3232: 2851:), suggesting that this incantation alluded to three distinct water bodies. 1873: 1761: 1154: 988: 834: 684: 315: 213: 15831: 15821: 15811: 15778: 15753: 15668: 15608: 15603: 15588: 15573: 15498: 15452: 15237: 15047: 14927: 14867: 14615: 14540: 14519: 14125: 14065: 14000: 13875: 13577:

Grammata demotika : Festschrift für Erich Lüddeckens zum 15. Juni 1983

13261: 13203: 13058: 12764: 12423: 11997: 9646: 9503: 8802: 8790: 8345: 8233: 7969:, which deals with the expenses of the temple of Astarte in Kition by month 7800: 7679: 7381: 7270:) had become explicitly assimilated to ʿAštart, and therefore to the Greek 7247: 7180: 7145: 7053: 6146: 6101:

and Set are with him in every battle; ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart are a shield to him

6000: 5898: 5630: 5625: 5610: 5590: 5500: 5323: 5125: 5053: 5001: 4939: 4673: 4598: 3768: 3660:

mentioning the offering of a jar of wine to the goddess's manifestation of

2120: 2112: 2081: 1994: 1339: 1279: 1189: 1081: 849: 839: 829: 749: 739: 734: 549: 445: 325: 13295: 12240:. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications. Vol. 9. 9051:), who were male sacred prostitutes who engaged in homosexual intercourse; 7729: 6512: 6030:

Resheph and ʿAṯtart were rejoicing in him doing all that his heart desired

3173:

One of the manifestations of ʿAṯtartu attested in the Late Bronze Age was

1684:, and her name is particularly associated with her worship in the ancient 1003: 15857: 15688: 14992: 14835: 14665: 14635: 14630: 14495: 14345: 14310: 14180: 14115: 14085: 13985: 13900: 13890: 13885: 13461: 13291: 13033:

Ras Shamra 18.113A+B, Letter of a servant of the king of Ugarit in Cyprus

12947: 12738: 12210: 12150: 9877: 9863: 9786:

The name Astarte was given to a massive post-starburst galaxy during the

9538: 9507: 9486:

Like in Israel and Ammon, there is no evidence of any cult of ʿAštart in

9483:) was found in Sidon, she appears to have been absent from Ammon itself. 8907: 8779: 8537: 8428: 8306: 8224: 8209: 8098: 7761: 7718: 7698:, who castrated himself to escape her, but whom the goddess resurrected. 7543:

Astartu ina tāḫāzi danni qaštakunu lišbir ina šapla nakrikunu lišēšibkunu

7484: 7483:

allegedly built a new temple for ʿAštart and Melqart, and the later king

7440: 7284:), with whom ʿAštart was herself equated, at Byblos, as well as at Afqa. 7137: 6791: 6683: 6464: 6356: 5808: 5735: 5690: 5068: 4900: 4725: 4693: 4688: 4567: 4185:), used to refer to the ritual hunts performed for the South Arabian god 3283: 3263: 2227: 2181: 2100: 1709: 1473: 1364: 1354: 1259: 1179: 1169: 1061: 939: 879: 709: 614: 425: 350: 340: 335: 13683: 13585: 13141: 12721: 12692:

Kerr, Robert M. (2013). "Notre-Dame-de-la-Ḥuronie? A note on 'Štrt ḥr".

12591: 12473:. In Loretz, O.; Ribichini, S.; Watson, W. G. E.; Zamora, J. Á. (eds.). 12099: 8949:

A typically Levantine aspect of the cult of ʿAštart was the practise of

8933:

Under the Roman Empire, the cult of ʿAštart had spread till the foot of

8773:

Sanctuary for ʿAštart consort of Baal: the citizens of Mididi built (it)

8240: 7615:

The association between ʿAštart and Melqart at Tyre continued until the

7611:

holding a crown in her right hand and a scepter in her left hand (right)

7532:𒀭𒊍𒋻𒌓 𒀸 𒋫𒄩𒍣 𒆗𒉌 𒄑𒉼𒆪𒉡 𒇷𒅖𒄵 𒀸 𒉺𒅁𒆷𒉽𒆪𒉡 𒀸 𒇷𒊺𒅆𒅁𒆪𒉡 3361:, ʿAṯtartu is called on to "shut the jaw of El's attackers" in the line 3289:

Other possible manifestations of ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit might have included

2518:ʿAṯtarta wa-ʿAnata yamġiyu ʿAṯtartu taʿdubu našabi lêhu wa-ʿAnatu katipa 2381:), in which Anat and ʿAṯtartu were connected through poetic parallels. 1498: 15852: 15693: 15538: 15421: 15364: 15202: 15012: 14877: 14815: 14790: 14680: 14110: 13920: 13905: 12994:

The Ugaritic Texts and the Origins of West-Semitic Literary Composition

12798: 12461: 12406: 12362:

The Temple of Hibis in El Khārgeh oasis : Part III, the decoration

12028: 11938: 9794: 9583: 9572: 8751:𐤌𐤒𐤃𐤔 𐤁𐤍𐤀 𐤋𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤔𐤕 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍𐤀 𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤀 𐤄𐤌𐤉𐤃𐤃𐤌‎‎ 8673: 7520: 7079: 7065: 7046: 6952: 6937: 6834: 6636: 5705: 5645: 5560: 5456: 5288: 5088: 4949: 4885: 4860: 4789: 4740: 4275: 4034:

The cult of ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi was performed by a priestess called the

3741: 2460: 2058: 1677: 1384: 1204: 1184: 884: 759: 689: 679: 370: 355: 13253: 13195: 12516: 12161:"Diosas y leones en el período orientalizante de la Península Ibérica" 12089: 12076: 12029:"The Bilingual Phoenician-Etruscan Text of the Golden Plates of Pyrgi" 11698: 3003:ʿAṯtartu herself was identified with multiple lion-goddesses in Egypt; 2925:

May I praise the name of the lioness. O name, may you be victorious...

2631:

being respectively mentioned immediately after each other in the text

1443: 1403: 1056: 774: 15663: 15643: 15578: 15416: 15314: 15297: 15252: 15242: 15192: 15162: 15147: 15067: 15022: 15017: 14785: 14427: 14295: 14185: 14030: 13970: 13865: 13610:

A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess

13446:

van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter W. (1999).

12997: 12746: 9917: 9622:

A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess

9587: 9333: 9285: 9273: 9237: 8826: 8715: 8687: 8627:), and when they rebuilt Carthage in 123 BC, they initially named it 8455:, where two inscriptions refer to the ʿAštart of Eryx, as well as at 8260: 8116: 8035: 8007: 7991: 7979: 7897: 7778: 7750: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7624: 7472: 7415: 7278: 7277: 7140:, depicting "Car of Astarte", four palm branches protruding from roof 7074:(Sidon-Land-by-the-Sea), another sanctuary in the city's district of 6603: 6394: 6390: 6241: 5882: 5710: 5700: 5675: 5595: 5402: 5385: 5338: 5328: 5278: 5246: 5231: 5145: 5098: 5093: 4855: 4499: 4202: 2077: 1938: 1927: 1912: 1645: 1528: 1503: 1493: 1478: 1349: 1304: 1244: 1149: 978: 934: 924: 894: 844: 470: 410: 310: 173: 13582:

Grammata demotika: Festschrift for Erich Lüddeckens on June 15, 1983

13329: 12807: 12453: 12390: 12075:

Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia; Zamora López, José Ángel (2020-12-01).

6515:

during the Iron Age continued worshipping ʿAṯtart under the name of

3978:), who was also the main basis of the cult of this goddess at Emar. 3799:ʿAṯtart was imported from the Levant into the Amorite city-state of 3107:), the latter of which holds the same meaning as the personal names 1899:

goddess. This merged Cypriot goddess may have been adopted into the

1071: 1066: 968: 867: 809: 797: 15862: 15613: 15457: 15359: 15344: 15062: 15057: 14977: 14912: 14902: 14820: 14770: 14605: 14480: 13950: 13608: 13575: 13287: 13245: 13187: 13066: 12833: 12659: 12617: 12508: 12470: 12053: 10462: 10460: 9780: 9682: 9666: 9658: 9560: 9518:", due to her role as a goddess of war and as the consort of Baal. 9413: 8743:

The worship of ʿAštart-Caelestis held an exceptional importance at

8740:

recorded that Punic people called Juno "Astarte", that is ʿAštart.

8677: 8588: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8432: 8314: 8236: 8177: 7706: 7628: 7571: 7538: 7388: 7296: 7120:), which mention ʿAštart along with Eshmun, the 6th to 4th century 6257: 5987:(Peṭ-ʾIsi), meant "Given by Isis", might have originated in Egypt. 5933:), that is the same form of the goddess whose name in Ugaritic was 5818: 5635: 5451: 5436: 5140: 5135: 5048: 4986: 4974: 4907: 4845: 4663: 4552: 4448: 4296: 3220:

Some Ugaritic texts identified ʿAṯtartu with the Hurrian goddesses

2215: 2119:

culture, it has been proposed that native sculptures like those of

2116: 2062: 2026: 1967: 1934: 1877: 1508: 1483: 1408: 1274: 1219: 909: 779: 769: 754: 719: 584: 440: 385: 217: 145: 87:

Phoenician statuette figurine of ʿAštart from El Carambolo in Spain

14330: 12867:]. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta (in French). Vol. 64. 9811:. She is depicted as a villain and the historical consort of Baal. 8813: 7985:, and it was only in the 1st century AD that it was replaced by a 7623:

mentions the goddess ʿAštart, under the name of the Greek goddess

7045:

Inscription dedicated to the goddess ʿAštart by the Sidonian king

3461:

Another connection between ʿAṯtartu and Baal was through her name

2355:𐎄𐎋𐎟𐎐𐎓𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎓𐎎𐎅𐎟𐎋𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎒𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎒𐎎𐎅 2148:

in the 3rd millennium BC, where her name is attested in the forms

1869: 15877: 15847: 15678: 15648: 15638: 15553: 15462: 15401: 15287: 15282: 15217: 15212: 15182: 15127: 15077: 15052: 14917: 14887: 14882: 14780: 14580: 14555: 14095: 14010: 13990: 13955: 13910: 13850: 13646: 13642: 13589: 13445: 13299: 13233: 13175: 13070: 12970: 12907: 12903: 12872: 12821: 12808:"ʿAthtartu's Incantations and the Use of Divine Names as Weapons" 12621: 12540: 12496: 12241: 12130:

Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques

11690: 11651: 10355: 10295: 10268: 9912: 9804: 9768: 9739: 9698: 9676: 9654: 9617: 9522: 9420: 8501:

In Carthage and in Phoenico-Punic Africa in general, the goddess

8436: 8413: 8318: 8082: 7978: 7974: 7868: 7864: 7738: 7695: 7600: 7491: 7480: 7348: 7304: 7208: 6838: 6276: 5996: 5813: 5803: 5730: 5680: 5670: 5600: 5570: 5375: 5370: 5303: 5293: 5266: 5209: 5160: 5130: 4991: 4959: 4954: 4850: 4638: 4613: 2742: 2695: 2622: 2010: 1978: 1954: 1697: 1518: 1513: 1463: 1369: 1289: 1264: 1229: 1194: 1134: 1051: 1041: 1031: 1013: 1008: 998: 929: 914: 899: 854: 819: 744: 704: 669: 659: 654: 455: 430: 395: 360: 300: 10457: 9823:

There is an Idol House of Astarte in the Agatha Christie story "

8886:

The shrine of Pyrgi was a wealthy one, as evidenced by the 1500

7497:

At the site of Ḫirbat aṭ-Ṭayibā, to the south of Tyre, a stone "

7156:

in her left hand while crowned by the Roman goddess of victory,

6686:

on their own conceptualisations of the afterlife and salvation.

6165:), three times on a 5th-century BC relief, followed by Resheph. 6008:𓂋𓈙𓊪𓀭𓂝𓊃𓍘𓂋𓏤𓏏𓅱𓆗𓎛𓂝𓏲𓀠𓇋𓅓𓆑𓁷𓏤𓁹𓏏𓌸𓂋𓂋𓏏𓎟𓏏𓄣𓏤𓆑 3710: 3013:

the masculine counterpart of ʿAṯtartu, ʿAṯtaru, was also called

1855:, contrary to opinions in early scholarship. Her symbol was the 15711: 15658: 15583: 15488: 15431: 15426: 15369: 15354: 15339: 15262: 15247: 15227: 15222: 15167: 15152: 15132: 15097: 15027: 15002: 14982: 14972: 14962: 14947: 14937: 14932: 14800: 14775: 14765: 14700: 14685: 14670: 14600: 14595: 14570: 14565: 14505: 14490: 14457: 14442: 14432: 14422: 14417: 14195: 14190: 14175: 14150: 14140: 14135: 14120: 14080: 14035: 14025: 14005: 13995: 13980: 13975: 13960: 13935: 13895: 13855: 13835: 13419: 12868: 12782: 12734: 12437: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11499: 9892: 9882: 9709:, which Plutarch interprets as corresponding to the Greek name 9690: 9630: 9377: 9332:

One ceramic box from the 9th century discovered at the site of

9256: 8783: 8744: 8468: 8398: 8267: 8136: 8106: 8094: 7919: 7746: 7702: 7608: 7540: 7524: 7200: 7176: 7057: 6729: 6660: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6610: 6386: 6363: 6222: 5763: 5725: 5715: 5695: 5605: 5490: 5461: 5446: 5431: 5348: 5333: 5313: 5308: 5251: 5236: 5214: 5177: 5103: 5078: 5058: 5038: 5021: 5011: 5006: 4870: 4840: 4835: 4760: 4745: 4730: 4658: 4653: 4628: 4623: 4577: 4562: 4529: 4514: 4504: 4494: 4489: 4092: 3868: 3849: 3758: 3718: 3260: 3229: 3211: 3196: 2965: 2956: 2953: 2746: 2480:, ʿAṯtartu was given clothing, after which she is described as 2464: 2321: 2295: 2276: 2239: 2204: 2197: 1990: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1892: 1888: 1844: 1701: 1685: 1670: 1533: 1488: 1468: 1458: 1453: 1433: 1428: 1413: 1398: 1394: 1314: 1309: 1284: 1269: 1254: 1249: 1234: 1209: 1174: 1159: 1139: 1119: 1086: 1076: 1025: 963: 874: 664: 624: 604: 594: 559: 544: 480: 475: 450: 435: 420: 415: 400: 375: 345: 320: 285: 276: 203: 193: 96: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11199: 10903: 10714: 10433: 10337: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 6377: 6267: 6261: 6235: 6213: 6187: 6160: 6117: 6082: 6047: 6014: 5928: 5912: 4046:), and the participants of her night festival were called the 2979: 2076:. She has also been associated with botanic wildlife like the 1630: 139:

Epigeius/Ouranos and Ge/Gaea (Hellenised Phoenician tradition)

15633: 15623: 15618: 15593: 15302: 15267: 15257: 15207: 15177: 15122: 15107: 15082: 15072: 15032: 15007: 14997: 14987: 14942: 14897: 14852: 14830: 14825: 14810: 14805: 14795: 14720: 14690: 14590: 14585: 14560: 14165: 14155: 14145: 14130: 14105: 14020: 14015: 13965: 13940: 13930: 13915: 13845: 13803: 13483: 13479: 13415: 12778: 11974: 11914: 11767: 11438: 11436: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9907: 9754: 9734: 9720: 9672: 9532: 9525:

worshipped ʿAštart and identified her with the Greek goddess

9449: 9279: 9267: 9248:", and identified her with their own goddesses Aphrodite and 9231: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8709: 8681: 8502: 8460: 8322: 8253: 8110: 8102: 8029: 8001: 7891: 7772: 7604: 7399: 7340: 7317: 7292: 7271: 7153: 6919: 6771: 6614: 6434: 6244:

and Resheph, was a Levantine-Egyptian hypostasis of ʿAṯtart.

6098: 5665: 5655: 5640: 5615: 5390: 5353: 5343: 5298: 5261: 5204: 5187: 5155: 5150: 5108: 5083: 5073: 5063: 5016: 4969: 4924: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4865: 4784: 4750: 4648: 4643: 4618: 3007: 2738: 2108: 2096: 2050: 2046: 2030: 2006: 1982: 1942: 1884: 1865: 1860: 1639: 1438: 1423: 1389: 1379: 1334: 1299: 1294: 1239: 1214: 1199: 1129: 1021: 1017: 919: 889: 824: 814: 784: 714: 649: 629: 579: 569: 465: 460: 405: 380: 365: 295: 121: 104: 12126:"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 644)" 11779: 11746: 11639: 11627: 11615: 11560: 11533: 11496: 11484: 10445: 10409: 8917:

The "Islands of Hera," or "Islands of Juno," located in the

8866:

The gold tablets from the Pyrgi renowned were engraved with

7426:

The goddess ʿAštart held high prestige in the city-state of

6133:

the yoke saddles of your chariot: they are ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart

3443:

evidence that this might also have been the case at Ugarit.

2555:𐎊𐎎𐎐𐎅𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎜𐎃𐎄𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍𐎅𐎟𐎚𐎜𐎃𐎄𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 1851:- hunting; however, known sources do not indicate she was a 1624: 15673: 15628: 15558: 15528: 15523: 15493: 15478: 15447: 15396: 15391: 15329: 15292: 15232: 15112: 14967: 14650: 14625: 14610: 14575: 14535: 14475: 14465: 14412: 14290: 14160: 14100: 14060: 14055: 13880: 13840: 12471:"KTU 1.107: A miscellany of incantations against snakebite" 11196: 10477: 10475: 9872: 9808: 9728: 9727:. In Greek mythology Europa was a Phoenician princess whom 9701:) and Astarte (though he notes some instead call the Queen 9662: 9604: 9511: 9491: 9487: 9315: 9216: 8860: 8424: 8386: 8280: 8259: 8074: 7771:(7) of the Bible, and was likely referred by the Greeks as 7639:ʿAštart was sometimes worshipped at Tyre under the name of 7563: 7528: 7392: 7188: 7173: 6679: 6618: 6516: 5971: 5967: 5720: 5660: 5575: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5495: 5485: 5419: 5380: 5318: 5192: 5043: 4708: 4683: 4668: 4633: 4593: 4547: 4537: 4484: 4384: 4379: 4286: 4282: 4206: 3835: 3800: 2694:, which is part of a sequence addressed to the sun-goddess 2495: 2342: 2262: 2145: 2092: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2045:

Iconographic portrayal of Astarte, very similar to that of

1916: 1856: 1848: 1755: 1713: 1705: 1612: 1418: 1374: 1164: 1124: 973: 764: 599: 574: 554: 539: 330: 290: 227: 157: 141: 100: 11710: 11603: 11591: 11579: 11521: 11433: 10755: 10753: 10421: 10373: 9993: 8536:), who was often paired with the supreme Carthaginian god 8232:

In the late 8th century BC, Phoenicians repurposed an old

7654:), which was a form of her name where the feminine suffix 6304:

Hand of my father, hand of Baal, hand of ʿAttar my mother!

2731:

In a second incantation against snakebites, from the text

15037: 14872: 14862: 14857: 14695: 14470: 14200: 14090: 14075: 13280:

Transformation of a Goddess: Ishtar - Astarte - Aphrodite

12074: 11704: 11373: 11313: 11253: 11229: 11076: 11074: 10998: 10996: 10981: 10971: 10969: 10893: 10891: 10859: 10857: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10704: 10702: 10647: 10645: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10565: 10563: 10186: 9935: 9423:

introduced the worship of the Phoenician ʿAštart, called

8390: 8379: 8313:, which itself was a town which had once belonged to the 8189: 6631:) and Dēmarous, ruling over the land with the consent of 6530:), who was a continuation of her Ugaritic form, ʿAṯtart. 6172:, ʿAṯtart was depicted on a chariot in a relief from the 5113: 4944: 4934: 4929: 4755: 4542: 2758:, either against fever or for good childbirth, mentioned 2576:

His right hand Anat seized, His left hand ʿAṯtartu seized

2429:) in the lines 2-3, with the next line mentioning her as 2073: 1836: 1523: 1344: 564: 13764:

Britannica Online Encyclopedia - Astarte (ancient deity)

11460: 11160: 10472: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9324: 9177: 9146: 9110: 9063: 9030: 8997: 8966: 8563: 8208:) as his patron deities, and a son of the Sidonian king 8163: 8148: 8122: 7932: 7836: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7473: 7457: 7441: 7367: 7352: 7341: 7248: 7099: 7069: 7016: 6984: 6969: 6953: 6935: 6859: 6815: 6626: 6597: 6574: 6543: 6525: 6447: 4201:

Although it was the pairing of the Hurro-Syrian goddess

3785:

from Ugarit referred to a second temple of hers as the "

15142: 13769:

Jewish Encyclopedia - Astarte worship among the Hebrews

13472:

Bulletin of the French Institute of Oriental Archeology

13467:

Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale

12865:

Gods and Goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic Universe

11962: 11926: 11902: 11890: 11844: 11842: 11827: 11815: 11803: 11668: 11666: 11550: 11548: 11448: 11184: 11047: 10750: 10325: 10301: 9814:

Astarte appears as a playable Avenger-class Servant in

7403:

stood for the river-god Belus, that is the present-day

6918:

The worship of ʿAštart at the Phoenician city-state of

6820:), that is to the Phoenician form of the manifestation 5226: 2362:

dāka nuʿmi ʿAnati nuʿmuha kama têsimi ʿAṯtarti têsimuha

2131:

might represent an Iberized image of Astarte or Tanit.

2104: 609: 13035:]. Analecta Gorgiana (in French). Vol. 1000. 11950: 11854: 11409: 11397: 11385: 11361: 11265: 11241: 11136: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11071: 11059: 11025: 11023: 11008: 10993: 10966: 10954: 10932: 10930: 10888: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10854: 10842: 10818: 10789: 10777: 10726: 10699: 10687: 10677: 10675: 10662: 10660: 10642: 10618: 10599: 10560: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10519: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10492: 10490: 10203: 10201: 9462: 9346: 8837: 8109:, in their Hellenised forms and including the element 7973:

The goddess ʿAštart was the main deity of the city of

7749:, where she had been assimilated to the Greek goddess 7395:, the son of Aphrodite, riding a dolphin to her left. 6889: 6821: 6727: 6398: 6367: 6225: 6177: 6150: 6107: 6072: 6004: 5934: 5918: 5902: 4313: 4245: 4217: 4189:, who was himself a masculine counterpart of ʿAṯtart. 4121: 4089: 4053: 4041: 4010: 3988: 3957: 3920: 3896: 3882: 3866: 3847: 3810: 3786: 3716: 3688: 3608: 3569: 3539: 3509: 3470: 3404: 3370: 3326: 3312: 3298: 3277: 3246: 3209: 3194: 3182: 3152: 3126: 3114: 3086: 3056: 3022: 2969: 2951: 2900: 2830: 2797: 2767: 2707: 2661: 2644: 2626: 2597: 2560: 2516: 2489: 2438: 2408: 2360: 2333: 2300: 2293: 2274: 2237: 2226:

The main cult centre of ʿAṯtart was still the city of

2195: 1930:

are hypothesized to be heavily influenced by Astarte.

1814: 1800: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1749: 1743: 12896:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

12785:: Institut Français d'Archéologie de Beyrouth: 1–67. 12626:Édition de la Fondation égyptologique Reine Élisabeth 12379:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

11866: 11722: 10397: 10279: 10277: 10213: 9976: 9959: 9541:

texts and in medieval and renaissance occultism (ex.

7745:

The worship of ʿAštart is widely attested in ancient

7326:

The inscription from Serepta mentioning Tanit-ʿAštart

6837:, and at Ṣaʾu, a town belonging to the city-state of 6428: 6349: 6310: 6288: 6003:

which includes a line mentioning both them together,

4164: 3780: 3755: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3495: 3447: 3434: 3356: 3258: 3227: 2860: 2753: 2732: 2689: 2680: 2638: 2632: 2585: 2546: 2502: 2498:

desires ʿAṯtartu for her beauty, and approaches her.

2475: 2394: 2346: 1754:

was formed by adding the Afroasiatic feminine suffix

1618: 12426:(1933). "The So-Called Poem on the King's Chariot". 12158: 11839: 11791: 11663: 11545: 11421: 11337: 10466: 9839: 9554: 9430: 9407: 9387: 9230:

The Graeco-Romans Hellenised the name of ʿAštart as

7052:

The kings of Ṣidōn from the 5th century BC, such as

6844: 6478: 4471: 3709:), who was identified with the North Syrian goddess 1748:. While earlier scholarship suggested that the name 1627: 1621: 13464:[The large stela of Amenhotep II at Giza]. 11349: 11325: 11289: 11217: 11148: 11109: 11086: 11035: 11020: 10927: 10915: 10869: 10830: 10806: 10765: 10738: 10672: 10657: 10630: 10575: 10543: 10531: 10502: 10487: 10361: 10313: 10198: 9947: 9548: 9243: 8878: 8757: 8651: 8641: 8606: 8515: 8472: 8349: 8332: 8271: 7804: 7490:At Tyre, ʿAštart was closely associated to the god 6745: 6699: 6138:), which likened his chariot to the two goddesses. 3639:referring to a servant of the goddess and the text 3350: 3134: 2964:one of ʿAṯtartu's Egyptian hypostases, the goddess 2341:ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit was associated with the goddess 2167: 2155: 2087:A particular artistic motif assimilates Astarte to 1843:, royal power, beauty, healing and - especially in 1615: 12861:Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique 12326:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 12159:Belén, María; Martín Ceballos, María Cruz (2002). 12077:"Pratiques administratives phéniciennes à Idalion" 12056:. In Antonio Caballos Rufino; et al. (eds.). 12004: 11878: 11277: 11172: 10942: 10587: 10274: 9797:featured Astarte in his long-running novel series 8650:Roman writers mentioned that Africans worshipped " 8279:A temple of ʿAštart also existed on the island of 7760:The "woman at the window" on an ivory plaque from 6587:The Phoenician variant of ʿAštart was the goddess 6422: 6266:, appears as a healer, and is mentioned alongside 6181:𓂝𓊃𓍿𓂋𓂧𓏏𓆇𓁐 𓎛𓏌𓏏 𓊃𓐝𓊃𓐝𓃗𓏥 𓎟 𓅨𓂋𓇌𓏏𓆱 5886:Archer Astarte riding a horse on an Egyptian stele 3456: 2881:𐎛𐎏𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎋𐎌𐎄𐎟𐎍 13514:[In the hands of Astarte, the Scorching] 12969:. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 10. 12965:Pardee, Dennis (2002). Lewis, Theodore J. (ed.). 12733:. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 90. 11472: 11301: 10385: 9255:In the writings of the 1st century AD Roman poet 8680:in the 2nd to 3rd century AD mentioned a goddess 6279:incantation against scorpion stings inscribed in 1876:(presumably in her aspect of "lady of love") and 15910: 13739:Astarte und Venus. Eine foto-lyrische Annäherung 13091: 12026: 10451: 10415: 10241:ZARETHAN). Institutum Bialik. 1971. p. 407. 9611: 9521:The inhabitants of the Philistine city-state of 9510:displayed the armour of the dead Israelite king 9376:under the control of the Israelite national god 9362:May she (ʿAṯtart) shut the jaw of El's attackers 9168: 9137: 9101: 9054: 9021: 8988: 8957: 8636:, where she was identified with Juno Caelestis. 8595:he concluded with the king Philip V of Macedon. 8554: 8419:The worship of this goddess later spread to the 8385:Older coins depicted the goddess of Eryx with a 8348:themselves called the temple of Mount Eryx the " 8154: 7923: 7827: 7661: 7640: 7463: 7448: 7431: 7358: 7347:), whose first attestation was from the city of 7331: 7238: 7090: 7006: 6975: 6960: 6943: 6926: 6850: 6806: 6690: 6588: 6565: 6534: 6438: 6203:ʿAṯtart, Mistress of Horses, Lady of the Chariot 5979: 5950: 3395:, where the titular hero Aqhat is instructed to 2501:ʿAṯtartu also appears as a huntress in the text 13057: 12376: 12197: 11686:"Monnaie : Bronze, Tyr, Phénicie, Hadrien" 11657: 11633: 10909: 10720: 10356:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999 10296:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999 10269:van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999 8859:, who was the Etruscan equivalent of the Greek 8266:) and later with the Italic Juno, due to which 8088: 3645:mentioning singers of ʿAṯtartu, while the text 9790:(the peak of the star formation rate density). 9453: 9338: 8830: 8317:and was an ally of the Phoenicians settled at 8145:Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions 6881: 6721: 6084:Mnṯw Stẖ r ḥnꜥf m skw nb ꜥnṯt ꜥsṯjrṯt nf m jkm 5949:, a dedication to Astarte by the daughter of 4239: 4211: 4146: 4115: 4083: 4047: 4035: 3982: 3951: 3890: 3860: 3841: 3804: 3680: 3600: 3561: 3531: 3501: 3462: 3396: 3362: 3318: 3304: 3290: 3269: 3238: 3203: 3188: 3174: 3144: 3120: 3108: 3078: 3048: 3014: 2945: 2877: 2822: 2789: 2759: 2699: 2591: 2552: 2508: 2481: 2430: 2400: 2352: 2325: 2287: 2268: 2231: 2189: 2018: 14260: 14246: 13789: 13524:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia 13449:Dictionary Of Deities And Demons In The Bible 12910:: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung: 114–116. 12468: 12227: 12051: 11920: 11773: 11259: 9603:Fragmentary narratives describe ʿAṯtartu and 9380:. As such the plural form of ʿAštart's name, 8295:The remains of the castle which was built on 7922:, as recorded by a dedicatory inscription to 6548:), meaning "Servant of the Lioness (that is, 5863: 4180:the day when he performed the hunt for ʿAṯtar 4156: 3745: 3252: 3221: 2029:Astarte was worshipped alongside the goddess 1562: 500: 13509: 12900:Journal of Egyptian Language and Archaeology 12280:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 12276:"Qedešet: A Syro-Anatolian Goddess in Egypt" 10481: 9803:, in which she is said to be identical with 9424: 9401: 9381: 8443:. In the Punic world, she was worshipped at 6472: 2099:, it was frequent to associate her with the 1819:, as a conventional occurrence of the shift 1696:, though she was originally associated with 13554:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 13390: 13349: 12321:"A Note on the Vocalization of עַשְׁתֹּרֶת" 12054:"Astarte a Malta: il santuario di Tas Silġ" 11190: 10439: 10427: 9468: 9352: 9291: 9183: 9152: 9116: 9085: 9069: 9036: 9003: 8972: 8763: 8748: 8721: 8693: 8657: 8612: 8569: 8521: 8506: 8478: 8374:recounted a legend, according to which the 8355: 8326: 8296: 8193: 8041: 8013: 7938: 7903: 7842: 7784: 7660:had been replaced by the adjectival suffix 7577: 7547: 7308:connected to fertility until recent times. 7255: 7219: 7105: 7023: 6990: 6895: 6865: 6736: 6705: 6549: 6488: 6453: 6404: 6359:, whom the Egyptians identified with Baal. 6316: 6294: 6193: 6123: 6088: 6053: 6020: 4302: 4251: 4223: 4170: 4127: 4099: 4059: 4016: 3994: 3963: 3926: 3902: 3816: 3725: 3694: 3614: 3575: 3545: 3515: 3476: 3410: 3376: 3332: 3092: 3062: 3028: 2985: 2961:), also had a lion as her attribute animal; 2836: 2803: 2773: 2713: 2650: 2603: 2566: 2522: 2444: 2414: 2366: 2246: 2161: 2149: 1872:, and of the Hurrian Ishtar-like goddesses 1859:and she was also often associated with the 14253: 14239: 13796: 13782: 13736: 13627: 13592:: Gisela Zauzich Verlag. p. 245-256. 13065:. State Archives of Assyria. Vol. 2. 12930: 12728: 12564:The Annual of the British School at Athens 12421: 12027:Agostini, Paolo; Zavaroni, Adolfo (2000). 11609: 11597: 11585: 11403: 11319: 11271: 9533:Later interpretations of biblical Astaroth 8829:identified ʿAštart with their own goddess 8168:, possibly meaning "ʿAštartean husband"). 6762:Standard naked idols from Israel and Judea 5870: 5856: 3391:), which finds a literary parallel in the 1933:Major centers of Astarte's worship in the 1569: 1555: 507: 493: 81: 13531: 13488:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale 13340: 12658: 12632: 12299: 12180: 12149: 12098: 12088: 11980: 10343: 10331: 9419:The Bible claims that the Israelite king 8851:, the port of the Etruscan city-state of 7599:A Bronze coin from Tyre from the time of 6511:Following the end of the Bronze Age, the 3420:shut the jaw of his (father's) detractors 1895:, where she may have been merged with an 1883:In later times Astarte was worshipped in 1864:been known as the deified morning and/or 13653: 13562: 13369: 13351: 13342: 13333: 13330:‛Athtart in Late Bronze Age Syrian Texts 13276: 13148: 12855: 12606: 11968: 11785: 11761: 11716: 11645: 11621: 11573: 11539: 11527: 11515: 11490: 11466: 11442: 11427: 11379: 11343: 11235: 11211: 10180: 9440:later periods of the Israelite kingdom. 9278:) under the influence of the Greek term 8812: 8647:existed in the region under Roman rule. 8632:worshipped under her Phoenician name at 8412:was well known enough in antiquity that 8290: 8223: 7960: 7755: 7728: 7627:, along with Melqart, under the name of 7594: 7321: 7167: 7127: 7040: 6781: 6757: 6498:Ascribe to Yahweh the glory due his name 6312:ʾnpy-Bʿl ksy šʿ-ḥrtw ʾnpy-ṣydtʾ ʾnpy-Bʿl 6149:, where she is depicted, under the name 5941: 5881: 2973:𓈎𓂧𓈙𓏏𓆇𓉻𓏛𓊃𓍿𓂋𓏤𓏏𓆇𓂝𓈖𓍿𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗 2927:May you shut the jaws of El's attackers. 13706:Statues de Divinités, (CGC 38001-39384) 13699: 13606: 13462:"La grande stèle d'Aménophis II à Giza" 13456: 13218: 13160: 13119: 13063:Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths 12763: 12531: 12481: 12123: 11956: 11944: 11932: 11860: 11355: 11331: 11295: 11223: 11166: 11080: 10771: 10319: 9675:and Astarte may have been conflated in 8797:described it as being located near the 7705:in the eastern Mediterranean, and from 7237:By the Hellenistic period, the goddess 7148:, a Sidonian coin of the Roman empress 6682:) due to the influence of the Egyptian 6016:Ršp ꜥstjrtw ḥꜥw jmf ḥr jrt mrrt nbt jbf 5990: 4196: 3945: 3131:), both meaning "Servant of ʿAṯtartu." 2923:The name of ʿAṯtartu may my voice sing, 2562:ymnh ʿAnatu tʾuḫd šmʾalh tʾuḫd ʿAṯtartu 2144:The earliest record of ʿAṯtart is from 2005:dating to about 500 BC found near 1596:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 15911: 13713: 13360: 13026: 12991: 12964: 12893: 12561: 12356: 12315: 11728: 11283: 11178: 10987: 10948: 10759: 10593: 10403: 10283: 10207: 9723:, the temple of Astarte was sacred to 9370: 8894:of Syracuse looted from it in 384 BC. 8759:mqdš bnʾ lʿštrt št Bʿl bnʾ bʿlʾ hMyddm 7172:The remains of Astarte Temple and the 6720:, already attested in Amorite Mari as 6334: 6247: 4109:on the 16th day is the hunt of ʿAṯtart 4077: 3386:May she shut the jaw of El's attackers 14234: 13777: 13737:Scherm, Gerd; Tast, Brigitte (1996). 13324: 12805: 12644: 12640:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 12273: 12252: 12231:; Allen, Thomas George, eds. (1932). 12081:Cahiers du Centre d'Études Chypriotes 12010: 11908: 11896: 11884: 11872: 11848: 11833: 11821: 11809: 11797: 11705:Amadasi Guzzo & Zamora López 2020 11672: 11554: 11454: 11415: 11391: 11367: 11307: 11247: 11154: 11142: 11130: 11118: 11103: 11065: 11053: 11041: 11029: 11014: 11002: 10975: 10960: 10936: 10921: 10897: 10882: 10863: 10848: 10836: 10824: 10812: 10800: 10783: 10744: 10732: 10708: 10693: 10681: 10666: 10651: 10636: 10624: 10612: 10581: 10569: 10554: 10537: 10525: 10513: 10496: 10391: 10379: 10367: 10307: 10219: 10192: 9987: 9970: 9953: 9941: 9746: 9640: 8925:), also owed their names to ʿAštart. 7717:Due to the influence of the Egyptian 7410:Under the reign of the Roman Emperor 6849:Another manifestation of ʿAštart was 6655:, with her worship being recorded in 6564:), on arrowheads along with the name 5890:ʿAṯtart was eventually imported into 3774:Due to these aspects of the goddess, 3428: 2854: 2540: 1768:, more recent views accept the names 1720:, especially during the reign of the 75:Goddess of war, beauty, hunting, love 13512:"En manos de Astarté, la Abrasadora" 13154:Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions 12691: 12052:Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia (2010). 11478: 9598: 9242:), which they in turn Latinized as " 8987:), who were sometimes simply called 8305:ʿAštart worshipped in Sicily at the 7311: 6342: 6119:ḏrwt n tꜣyk mꜥkꜣbwtjt ꜥntjt ꜥstyrtjt 2944:ʿAṯtartu's East Semitic equivalent, 2904:ʾiḏmara šuma labʾi šuma takaššidu lê 2674: 2388: 2180:The main cult centre of ʿAṯtart was 13649:: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. 12745:; Department of Eastern Studies of 9719:asserted that, in the territory of 9425: 9402: 9382: 8423:, where her worship is attested at 7093:𐤋𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤋𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤉 𐤋𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍‎ 6473: 6427:ʿAṯtart was called "Face of Baal" ( 6141:ʿAṯtart was also worshipped at the 3679:mention clothing for the statue of 3661: 2783:Baal and the holy ones in the river 2752:A third incantation, from the text 2111:, as well as a kind of weapon, the 1993:from which she became known to the 24: 13692: 9737:used the name Astarte in his poem 9653:by another "Ishtar type" goddess, 8782:), to whose right was the goddess 8203:Baal of the Crossings (of the Sea) 7115:to ʿAštart, to his Lord, to Eshmun 6880:), who was the Phoenician form of 6609:Like her East Semitic equivalent, 6602:). By the time that the Canaanite 6393:to be given to him by the goddess 6106:); and a poem contained the lines 2702:𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎆𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎛𐎐𐎁𐎁𐎅 2221: 1545:Religions of the ancient Near East 25: 16015: 15764:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 15759:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 13757: 13613:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 13092:Salinas de Frías, Manuel (2013). 9443: 9126:servants of the Temple of ʿAštart 8328:𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌀𐌔 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌉𐌍𐌀 7733:Figurine of Astarte from Cyprus, 7082:having expanded the sanctuary of 6659:, as well as in Punic Africa and 6474:הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ 6351:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 4285:referred to the goddess ʿAnat as 3168: 2474:In the later portion of the text 2213: 54: instead of cuneiform script. 15891: 15807:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 14329: 13510:Vázquez Hoys, Ana María (1998). 12331:Journal of Old Testament Studies 11986: 11734: 11678: 10467:Belén & Martín Ceballos 2002 9856: 9842: 9341:𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 8855:. Uni was associated to the god 7678:According to the 6th century AD 7391:to her right, and the Greek god 7144:During the period of the middle 6753: 6287:, whose text includes the lines 5839: 4353: 3365:𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 3351:As member of the household of El 3135:As gender non-conforming goddess 2883:𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 2879:𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎖𐎍𐎟𐎊𐎌𐎗𐎟 2813:the torrent of ʿAṯtartu, in the 2792:𐎐𐎃𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎁𐎟𐎗𐎈𐎁𐎐 2324:, the local variant of ʿAṯtart, 2175: 1742:form of this goddess's name was 1676:Astarte was worshipped from the 1608: 32: 13225:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13167:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13094:"El Afrodísion Óros de Viriato" 12813:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12729:Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000). 12488:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12429:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 12019: 10245: 9497: 9309: 8928: 8738:Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis 8252:with the Greek supreme goddess 8073:According to the Roman authors 7565: 7530: 7101:la-ʿAštart la-ʾadōniy la-ʾEšmūn 6671:, which had been imported into 6582: 6414:furious and tempestuous goddess 6063:furious and tempestuous goddess 5827:Church of the Most High Goddess 4288: 3747: 2931:A mighty panther that pounces. 2134: 2033:, and frequently appeared as a 12975:Society of Biblical Literature 12747:Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 12638:Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride 11947:, p. 57, fh. 124; p. 169. 10225: 9577: 9262:The name ʿAštart's variant of 8897: 8496: 7956: 7709:in the western Mediterranean. 7619:, and an inscription from the 6800: 3504:𐎁𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎂𐎓𐎗𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 2821:), itself in turn followed by 2484:𐎐𐎌𐎀𐎚𐎟𐎑𐎍𐎟𐎋𐎟𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁𐎎 2040: 2001:. Three inscriptions from the 1792:are themselves still unclear. 13: 1: 13277:Sugimoto, David, ed. (2014). 12916:10.1524/zaes.1905.4142.jg.114 9929: 9612:Misconceptions in scholarship 8883:", the prostitutes of Pyrgi. 8871: 7821:A shrine of ʿAštart stood at 7712: 6260:, the goddess, who is called 6211: 4148:𒄿𒈾 𒌋𒐋 𒌓𒈪 𒍝𒁺 𒊭 𒀭𒀸𒁯 4085:𒄿𒈾 𒌋𒐋 𒌓𒈪 𒍝𒁺 𒊭 𒀭𒀸𒁯 3525:By Name, ʿAṯtartu hexed (Yam) 2929:A mighty panther is ʿAṯtartu, 2091:, portraying her as riding a 1953:. Coins from Sidon portray a 1716:. She was also celebrated in 15974:Queens of Heaven (antiquity) 13533:10.5944/aldaba.30.1998.20444 12647:Astronomy & Astrophysics 12301:10.2458/azu_jaei_v07i4_budin 12274:Budin, Stephanie L. (2015). 10416:Agostini & Zavaroni 2000 9463: 9347: 9325: 9286: 9274: 9252:, due to her erotic aspect. 9238: 9178: 9147: 9111: 9064: 9031: 8998: 8967: 8838: 8758: 8716: 8688: 8564: 8516: 8333: 8286: 8270:later referred to it as the 8261: 8164: 8149: 8130: 8123: 8117: 8089:In the Aegean Sea and Greece 8036: 8008: 7992: 7980: 7933: 7898: 7885: 7837: 7816: 7779: 7724: 7690: 7671: 7656: 7650: 7572: 7539: 7474: 7458: 7442: 7368: 7353: 7342: 7279: 7249: 7163: 7100: 7070: 7017: 6985: 6970: 6954: 6936: 6890: 6860: 6822: 6816: 6746: 6728: 6700: 6627: 6598: 6575: 6544: 6526: 6506: 6448: 6429: 6378: 6311: 6289: 6268: 6262: 6236: 6214: 6188: 6161: 6118: 6083: 6048: 6015: 5935: 5929: 5913: 4314: 4297: 4246: 4218: 4165: 4122: 4090: 4054: 4042: 4011: 3989: 3958: 3921: 3897: 3883: 3867: 3848: 3836: 3811: 3787: 3756: 3717: 3689: 3609: 3570: 3540: 3510: 3471: 3405: 3371: 3327: 3313: 3299: 3278: 3259: 3247: 3228: 3210: 3195: 3183: 3153: 3127: 3115: 3087: 3057: 3023: 2980: 2952: 2901: 2885:𐎐𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎘𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 2831: 2798: 2768: 2723:Anat and ʿAṯtartu at ʾInbubu 2709:ʿAnatu-wa-ʿAṯtartu ʾInbubaha 2708: 2662: 2645: 2627: 2598: 2561: 2517: 2490: 2439: 2409: 2361: 2334: 2315: 2301: 2294: 2275: 2263: 2238: 2196: 2168: 2156: 1815: 1801: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1656:Ancient Near Eastern goddess 1646: 7: 15924:Deities in the Hebrew Bible 15749:Book of Traversing Eternity 13668:10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.226 13238:University of Chicago Press 13180:University of Chicago Press 13134:10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.213 13061:; Watanabe, Kazuko (1988). 12826:University of Chicago Press 12806:Lewis, Theodore J. (2011). 12731:Phoenician-Punic Dictionary 12706:10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.206 12677:10.1051/0004-6361/202039577 12501:University of Chicago Press 12246:University of Chicago Press 12083:(in French) (50): 137–155. 11658:Parpola & Watanabe 1988 11634:Davila & Zuckerman 1993 10910:Bordreuil & Pardee 2009 10721:Bordreuil & Pardee 2009 9835: 9555: 9549: 9431: 9408: 9388: 9244: 9209: 8879: 8808: 8652: 8642: 8607: 8473: 8350: 8272: 8219: 8171: 7805: 7634: 7412:Publius Licinius Valerianus 6913: 6479: 6350: 5958:(Peṭ-ʾIsi, "Given by Isis") 4326: 4159:𐩺𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩵 𐩮𐩺𐩵 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 3781: 3675: 3669: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3496: 3448: 3435: 3357: 2861: 2754: 2733: 2690: 2681: 2639: 2633: 2586: 2547: 2503: 2476: 2395: 2347: 2037:element in personal names. 1830: 10: 16020: 15774:Litany of the Eye of Horus 14327: 13308:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 12902:] (in German). 41–42. 12469:del Olme Lete, G. (2013). 12370:Metropolitan Museum of Art 12343:10.1515/zatw.1990.102.1.94 12267:10.1163/156852704323056643 10237:. Vol. sextus (ʿEBED 9570: 9454: 9412:) by the Judahite prophet 9348:taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli 9339: 9316: 9280: 9268: 9232: 9169: 9138: 9102: 9055: 9022: 8989: 8958: 8944: 8831: 8749: 8710: 8682: 8555: 8507: 8327: 8254: 8155: 8111: 8030: 8002: 7924: 7892: 7828: 7773: 7662: 7641: 7564: 7529: 7519:between the Assyrian king 7464: 7449: 7432: 7421: 7375: 7359: 7332: 7315: 7272: 7239: 7091: 7007: 6976: 6961: 6944: 6927: 6882: 6851: 6807: 6737: 6722: 6691: 6589: 6566: 6535: 6517: 6439: 6368: 6347:In the 20th dynasty text, 6226: 6189:ꜥsṯrdt ḥnwt smsmw nbt wryt 6178: 6151: 6108: 6073: 6005: 5980: 5951: 5919: 5903: 4287: 4240: 4212: 4157: 4147: 4116: 4084: 4048: 4036: 3983: 3952: 3891: 3861: 3842: 3805: 3794: 3746: 3711: 3681: 3601: 3562: 3532: 3511:bi-šumi tigʿaruma ʿAṯtartu 3502: 3463: 3397: 3372:taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli 3363: 3319: 3305: 3291: 3270: 3253: 3239: 3222: 3204: 3189: 3175: 3147:𐎅𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎕𐎄𐎐𐎟𐎚𐎛𐎐𐎘𐎚 3145: 3121: 3109: 3079: 3049: 3015: 2970: 2946: 2906:taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli 2887:𐎐𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎘𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎗𐎖𐎕 2878: 2823: 2790: 2762:𐎁𐎓𐎍𐎟𐎖𐎄𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎐𐎅𐎗 2760: 2700: 2592: 2553: 2509: 2482: 2431: 2401: 2353: 2326: 2288: 2269: 2232: 2190: 2162: 2150: 2139: 2019: 1640: 58: 15934:Hellenistic Asian deities 15886: 15840: 15817:Coronation of the pharaoh 15797: 15789:Spell of the Twelve Caves 15702: 15512: 15471: 15440: 15382: 14526: 14514: 14456: 14403: 14394: 14338: 14268: 14262:Ancient Egyptian religion 14213: 14044: 13824: 13817: 13370:Teixidor, Javier (1979). 13075:Helsinki University Press 12967:Ritual and Cult at Ugarit 12576:10.1017/S0068245400014672 12446:Egypt Exploration Society 12201:; Pardee, Dennis (2009). 12182:10.12795/spal.2002.i11.09 11260:Breasted & Allen 1932 9825:The Idol House of Astarte 9455: 9317: 9170: 9139: 9103: 9100:), who were later called 9056: 9023: 8990: 8959: 8750: 8556: 8508: 8183: 8156: 7925: 7918:), who was worshipped at 7829: 7663: 7642: 7465: 7450: 7433: 7360: 7333: 7240: 7187:The temple of ʿAštart at 7092: 7008: 6977: 6962: 6945: 6928: 6852: 6808: 6738: 6692: 6675:from mainland Phoenicia. 6590: 6567: 6536: 6518: 6440: 6290:kp-ʾbwy kp-Bʿl kp-ʿtr-ʾmy 5981: 5952: 4586: 4528: 4475: 4269: 3590:), to hex the god Yammu. 2799:naḫla ʿAṯtarti bi-Raḥbāni 1760:to the name of the deity 223: 209: 199: 189: 179: 169: 164: 152: 135: 127: 114: 92: 80: 73: 68: 15898:Ancient Egypt portal 15744:Book of the Heavenly Cow 13718:(2nd ed.). London: 13432:10.11588/diglit.12254.20 9566: 8276:, "the temple of Juno". 7607:(left) and Astarte on a 6884:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 5846:Ancient Egypt portal 3735:Ištar of the steppe land 3465:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 3399:𐎉𐎁𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎛𐎕𐎅 2908:namiru ḥaṯiratu ʿAṯtartu 2902:šuma ʿAṯtarti qāla yašir 1891:. Her worship spread to 244:Ancient Semitic religion 61:Astarte (disambiguation) 15959:Love and lust goddesses 15599:Horus on the Crocodiles 13714:Harden, Donald (1980). 13607:Wiggins, S. A. (2007). 13536:(inactive 2024-05-02). 13496:10.3406/bifao.1942.2018 13373:The Pantheon of Palmyra 13363:The Interpreter's Bible 13304:Academic Press Fribourg 13010:Oxford University Press 12877:Leuven University Press 12791:10.3406/syria.1960.5450 12669:2021A&A...646A.127H 12358:Davies, Norman de Garis 12142:10.3406/ktema.1999.2206 9223:, and the Romans with ( 8603:destruction of Carthage 8297: 8051:the Aphrodite of Cyprus 7501:" with an inscription ( 7229:the Celestial Aphrodite 6604:Phoenician civilisation 6399: 5974:, and a 7th century BC 5906:𓉻𓂝𓊃𓍘𓇋𓂋𓏤 𓆼𓄿𓃭𓏤 3593: 3500:, where one line reads 3006:the Phoenician goddess 2910:namiru ḥaṯiratu tarquṣu 2769:Baʿli qadišūma bi-nahri 2643:'s mentioning that the 1733: 190:Mesopotamian equivalent 148:(in Egyptian tradition) 16004:West Semitic goddesses 15769:Great Hymn to the Aten 15549:Crown of justification 15273:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 14551:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 14386:Veneration of the dead 13906:Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem 13452:(2nd ed.). Brill. 13037:Piscataway, New Jersey 11404:Milik & Cross 2003 11272:Dawson & Peet 1933 9764: 9757:; or, The Book of Fate 9162:Desired object of Baal 9104:𐤏𐤁𐤃 𐤁𐤕 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 8843:), as attested by the 8822: 8302: 8229: 7970: 7764: 7742: 7612: 7587:Lady of Battle and War 7508:In the Tyrian town of 7327: 7195:, where, according to 7184: 7141: 7049: 6853:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤔𐤌 𐤁𐤏𐤋 6787: 6763: 6715:ʿAštart is my strength 6669:El Carambolo statuette 6176:, where she is called 5959: 5887: 5359:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 4609:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 3406:ṭābiqu laḥatê nāʾiṣihu 3102:Servant of the Lioness 2256:ʿAṯtart is my strength 2021:𐌔𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌔𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌍𐌖 1584:This article contains 268:Near Eastern Religions 40:This article contains 13741:. Schellerten: Tast. 12613:Late-Egyptian stories 12292:University of Arizona 12229:Breasted, James Henry 10452:Salinas de Frías 2013 10382:, pp. 36, 74–77. 10346:, pp. 92–93, 95. 10234:Encyclopaedia Biblica 10195:, pp. 33–34, 36. 9944:, pp. 48–49, 61. 9898:Nana (Kushan goddess) 9773:philosophical fiction 9544:The Book of Abramelin 9219:, the Etruscans with 8816: 8667:the Carthaginian Juno 8557:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤄𐤀𐤃𐤓𐤕 8414:Titus Maccius Plautus 8301:/Venus Erycina temple 8294: 8227: 8157:𐤌𐤕𐤓𐤇 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤍𐤉 8023:the Goddess of Cyprus 7964: 7759: 7732: 7598: 7330:Although the goddess 7325: 7171: 7131: 7044: 6845:As the "Name of Baal" 6785: 6761: 6423:As the "Face of Baal" 6221:The Egyptian goddess 5945: 5922:𓉻𓂝𓋴𓏭𓍘𓇌 𓆼𓏲𓃭𓏤 5885: 4312:the strongest of the 3704:ʿAṯtartu of the field 3486:ʿAṯtartu-Name-of-Baal 3457:As the "Name of Baal" 2424:ʿAṯtartu the huntress 2399:, ʿAṯtartu is called 1974:worshipped together. 15979:Supernatural healing 15969:Phoenician mythology 15964:Lusitanian goddesses 14371:Opening of the mouth 14047:Mesopotamian deities 13656:Die Welt des Orients 13122:Die Welt des Orients 13043:. pp. 167–206. 12950:. pp. 303–308. 12944:Winona Lake, Indiana 12694:Die Welt des Orients 12207:Winona Lake, Indiana 12203:A Manual of Ugaritic 12124:Beckman, G. (1999). 10258:Strong's Concordance 9765:Zadig ou la Destinée 9514:in their temple of " 8991:𐤀𐤌𐤕 𐤔 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 8153:, bore the title of 7573:belet qabli u tāhāzi 7523:and the Tyrian king 7150:Julia Cornelia Paula 7033:Servant of the Queen 6974:), and her title of 6905:ʿAṯtart-Name-of-Baal 6875:ʿAštart-Name-of-Baal 4004:ʿAṯtart is a warrior 3936:ʿAṯtart of Trampling 3307:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎀𐎁𐎏𐎗 3293:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎄𐎗𐎂 3251:) in Ugaritic), and 2995:Qetesh-ʿAṯtartu-Anat 2403:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎕𐎆𐎄𐎚 2049:, often depicts her 984:Hutena and Hutellura 131:lion, horse, chariot 59:For other uses, see 15994:Planetary goddesses 15949:Levantine mythology 15504:The Indestructibles 15308:Hermes Trismegistus 13641:] (in German). 13584:] (in German). 13522:(in Spanish) (30). 13354:, pp. 167–194. 13220:Steiner, Richard C. 13162:Steiner, Richard C. 13012:. pp. 78–124. 11983:, pp. 325–327. 11788:, pp. 451–463. 11764:, pp. 486–489. 11648:, pp. 271–274. 11624:, pp. 226–243. 11576:, pp. 281–282. 11493:, pp. 154–168. 11214:, pp. 319–329. 10990:, pp. 273–285. 10442:, pp. 185–186. 10358:, pp. 109–110. 10271:, pp. 112–113. 10183:, pp. 128–154. 9693:in their hall, are 9637:, but not Athirat. 9559:in this sense, see 9456:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤁𐤑𐤃𐤍 9409:Məleḵeṯ haš-Šāmayīm 9403:מְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם 9371:In Israel and Judah 9167:) and her daughter 9013:servants of ʿAštart 8951:sacred prostitution 8919:Strait of Gibraltar 8565:ʿAštart ha-ʾaddīrōt 8406:sacred prostitution 7913:Aphrodite of Paphos 7183:) in the background 6891:ʿAṯtartu šuma Baʿli 6653:Mediterranean world 5519:Symbols and objects 5506:The Indestructibles 5396:Hermes Trismegistus 4151:also parallels the 4091:ina 16 umi ṣadu ša 3826:ʿAṯtart of the City 3791:-temple of Ištar." 3585:Rider of the Clouds 3472:ʿAṯtartu šuma Baʿli 3072:Name of the Lioness 2454:going to the desert 2188:record her name as 2129:Cerro de los Santos 2053:and in presence of 1682:classical antiquity 1037:Ninatta and Kulitta 238:Part of a series on 224:Egyptian equivalent 200:Sumerian equivalent 15929:Egyptian goddesses 15717:Books of Breathing 14736:Four sons of Horus 13629:Wreszinski, Walter 13458:Varille, Alexandre 13345:, pp. 97–101. 13156:(in Hebrew). Dvir. 12936:Cross, Frank Moore 12743:Peeters Publishers 12634:Griffiths, J. Gwyn 12533:Fleming, Daniel E. 11993:Lucian of Samosata 11921:del Olme Lete 2013 11774:Amadasi Guzzo 2010 11542:, p. 199-215. 11518:, p. 105-108. 11056:, pp. 44, 52. 10310:, pp. 45, 54. 9747:In popular culture 9717:Lucian of Samosata 9687:On Isis and Osiris 9641:Other associations 9452:seal dedicated to 9266:was Hellenised as 9193:Servant of Milqart 8823: 8803:Flavius Theodosius 8799:Baths of Antoninus 8731:Queen of the Stars 8622:the Celestial Juno 8587:The Punic general 8531:Tanit-Face-of-Baal 8509:𐤕𐤍𐤕 𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋 8488:Carthaginian women 8421:Graeco-Roman world 8303: 8230: 7987:Greek-style temple 7971: 7830:𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕‎ 7765: 7743: 7613: 7527:in a line reading 7328: 7265:the Lady of Byblos 7199:, was the tomb of 7185: 7142: 7050: 6788: 6764: 6559:Servant of ʿAštart 5991:As warrior goddess 5960: 5947:Ur Box inscription 5888: 5768:Books of Breathing 4802:Four sons of Horus 4233:The one of ʿAṯtart 4197:As consort of Baal 3959:ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi 3946:As warrior goddess 3922:ʿAṯtartu ša duriši 3898:ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi 3534:𐎀𐎍𐎛𐎊𐎐𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 3429:As consort of Baal 2919: 2896: 2873: 2855:As leonine goddess 2637:, and in the text 2584:The Ugaritic text 2541:As warrior goddess 2433:𐎚𐎍𐎋𐎟𐎁𐎎𐎄𐎁𐎗 2410:ʿAṯtartu Ṣawwādatu 1665:equivalent of the 1661:. ʿAṯtart was the 1586:special characters 1016:dynastic deities ( 263:pre-Islamic Arabia 210:Hurrian equivalent 15939:Hunting goddesses 15906: 15905: 15868:Mysteries of Isis 15841:Related religions 15734:Book of the Earth 15378: 15377: 14228: 14227: 14209: 14208: 13827:Canaanite deities 13620:978-1-59333-717-9 13599:978-3-924-15101-0 13572:Zauzich, Karl-Th. 13568:Thissen, Heinz-J. 13383:978-90-04-05987-0 13376:. Brill Archive. 13336:, pp. 33–85. 13317:978-3-727-81748-9 13084:978-1-575-06332-4 13050:978-1-463-2353-69 13019:978-0-197-26492-8 12984:978-9-004-12657-2 12957:978-1-575-06911-1 12886:978-9-068-31690-2 12756:978-9-042-90770-6 12608:Gardiner, Alan H. 12554:978-1-555-40726-1 12483:Edwards, I. E. S. 12220:978-1-575-06153-5 12199:Bordreuil, Pierre 12090:10.4000/cchyp.501 12067:978-84-472-1218-7 11911:, pp. 49–51. 11899:, pp. 48–49. 11836:, pp. 80–81. 11824:, pp. 81–82. 11812:, pp. 78–80. 11719:, pp. 95–96. 11660:, pp. 22–27. 11530:, pp. 70–79. 11457:, pp. 60–61. 11445:, pp. 59–65. 11418:, pp. 73–74. 11394:, pp. 66–67. 11382:, pp. 37–60. 11370:, pp. 54–55. 11250:, pp. 66–68. 11238:, pp. 77–81. 11145:, pp. 58–59. 11068:, pp. 67–68. 11017:, pp. 43–44. 11005:, pp. 39–40. 10978:, pp. 38–40. 10963:, pp. 41–43. 10900:, pp. 61–63. 10866:, pp. 59–60. 10851:, pp. 68–70. 10827:, pp. 74–74. 10803:, pp. 57–58. 10762:, pp. 70–73. 10735:, pp. 40–41. 10711:, pp. 65–66. 10696:, pp. 55–56. 10654:, pp. 49–53. 10627:, pp. 45–48. 10615:, pp. 64–65. 10572:, pp. 35–37. 10528:, pp. 75–76. 10482:Vázquez Hoys 1998 10222:, pp. 33–38. 9990:, pp. 76–77. 9973:, pp. 74–75. 9599:ʿAṯtartu and Anat 9506:records that the 8703:the Celestial One 8372:Claudius Aelianus 8334:Herentas Herukina 7948:ʿAštart of Paphos 7823:the Bamboula site 7806:Venus prōspiciēns 7499:throne of Astarte 7312:Tanit and ʿAštart 7197:Melitōn of Sardis 6963:𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ 6777:sympathetic magic 6665:Seville statuette 6513:Canaanite peoples 6343:As consort of Set 6335:As hunter goddess 6248:As healer goddess 5880: 5879: 5823:Kemetic Orthodoxy 5798:Related religions 5780:Book of the Earth 5470: 5469: 4078:As hunter goddess 4069:men of the battle 3973:ʿAṯtart of Battle 3912:ʿAṯtart of Battle 3782:RS. 17.22 + 17.87 2937: 2936: 2917: 2894: 2871: 2675:As healer goddess 2440:taliku bi-madbari 2389:As hunter goddess 1928:Artemis Astrateia 1853:fertility goddess 1726:Iberian Peninsula 1663:Northwest Semitic 1592:rendering support 1579: 1578: 524:ancient Near East 517: 516: 233: 232: 93:Major cult center 48:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 16011: 15989:Venusian deities 15984:Ugaritic deities 15896: 15895: 15894: 15728:Book of the Dead 15564:Egyptian obelisk 14953:Kothar-wa-Khasis 14401: 14400: 14366:Offering formula 14361:Mortuary temples 14351:Embalming ritual 14333: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14232: 14231: 14219:Mythology portal 13946:Kothar-wa-Khasis 13822: 13821: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13775: 13774: 13752: 13733: 13710: 13701:Daressy, Georges 13687: 13650: 13624: 13603: 13564:Vittmann, Günter 13559: 13553: 13545: 13535: 13517: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13453: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13401: 13387: 13366: 13355: 13346: 13337: 13321: 13285: 13273: 13215: 13157: 13150:Slouschz, Nahoum 13145: 13116: 13098: 13088: 13054: 13023: 12988: 12961: 12927: 12890: 12857:Lipiński, Edward 12852: 12850: 12848: 12802: 12760: 12725: 12688: 12662: 12641: 12629: 12603: 12558: 12528: 12478: 12465: 12418: 12373: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12303: 12270: 12249: 12239: 12224: 12194: 12184: 12166: 12155: 12153: 12120: 12102: 12092: 12071: 12048: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11990: 11984: 11978: 11972: 11966: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11858: 11852: 11846: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11595: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11558: 11552: 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11464: 11458: 11452: 11446: 11440: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11194: 11191:v. Bergmann 1886 11188: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11133:, p. 44-45. 11128: 11122: 11116: 11107: 11101: 11084: 11078: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11018: 11012: 11006: 11000: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10964: 10958: 10952: 10946: 10940: 10934: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10886: 10880: 10867: 10861: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10787: 10786:, p. 73-74. 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10670: 10664: 10655: 10649: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10558: 10552: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10500: 10494: 10485: 10479: 10470: 10464: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10440:Bloch-Smith 2014 10437: 10431: 10428:Bloch-Smith 2014 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 9991: 9985: 9974: 9968: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9866: 9861: 9860: 9852: 9850:Mythology portal 9847: 9846: 9845: 9817:Fate/Grand Order 9657:, introduced to 9651:Hittite religion 9558: 9552: 9527:Aphrodite Urania 9482: 9479: 9478:ʿAštart in Sidon 9476: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9464:ʿAštart bi-Ṣidōn 9460: 9459: 9457: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171:𐤀𐤌𐤕𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕 9166: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8882: 8880:scorta Pyrgensia 8876: 8873: 8841: 8834: 8833: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8517:Tinnit panē Baʿl 8513: 8512: 8510: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8300: 8275: 8264: 8257: 8256: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8152: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8037:Kupria Aphroditē 8033: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7983: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7899:Aphroditē Paphia 7895: 7894: 7881: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7808: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7769:Book of Proverbs 7693: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7477: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451:𐤌𐤕𐤍𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 7445: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434:𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 7405:Nahr al-Naʿāmayn 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361:𐤕𐤍𐤕𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 7356: 7345: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7216:Aphrodite Urania 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7073: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6861:ʿAštart šim Baʿl 6857: 6856: 6854: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤓‎ 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6630: 6623:Philōn of Byblos 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537:𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤋𐤁𐤀𐤕‎‎ 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6353: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6285:Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt 6271: 6265: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6217: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6170:Ptolemaic period 6164: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5776:Book of the Dead 5581:Egyptian obelisk 5027:Kothar-wa-Khasis 4473: 4472: 4439:Offering formula 4357: 4346: 4345:Ancient Egyptian 4331: 4330: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155:hallowed phrase 4150: 4149: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4027: 4026:ʿAṯtart is power 4024: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3790: 3784: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3683:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎄 3678: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3564:𐎗𐎋𐎁𐎟𐎓𐎗𐎔𐎚 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3451: 3438: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3177:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎃𐎗 3156: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3018: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2912: 2889: 2888: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2757: 2736: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2684: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2593:𐎒𐎔𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎍𐎎𐎎 2589: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2491:nšʾat ẓl k kbkbm 2487: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2351:using the terms 2350: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2024: 2023: 2022: 1818: 1804: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1571: 1564: 1557: 1225:Kothar-wa-Khasis 533:Ancient Egyptian 519: 518: 509: 502: 495: 391:Kothar-wa-Khasis 235: 234: 180:Roman equivalent 170:Greek equivalent 85: 66: 65: 42:cuneiform script 36: 35: 21: 16019: 16018: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16008: 15909: 15908: 15907: 15902: 15892: 15890: 15882: 15836: 15793: 15722:Book of Caverns 15698: 15544:Crook and flail 15515: 15508: 15467: 15436: 15374: 14726:Dionysus-Osiris 14522: 14510: 14452: 14390: 14334: 14325: 14264: 14259: 14229: 14224: 14205: 14040: 13813: 13802: 13760: 13755: 13749: 13730: 13716:The Phoenicians 13695: 13693:Further reading 13690: 13621: 13600: 13547: 13546: 13515: 13500: 13498: 13436: 13434: 13399: 13392:v. Bergmann, E. 13384: 13361:Snaith (1954). 13352:Sugimoto (2014) 13343:Sugimoto (2014) 13334:Sugimoto (2014) 13318: 13283: 13101:Palaeohispanica 13096: 13085: 13051: 13020: 13006:British Academy 12985: 12958: 12887: 12846: 12844: 12757: 12555: 12545:Scholars' Press 12454:10.2307/3854607 12422:Dawson, W. R.; 12391:10.2307/1357365 12347: 12345: 12306: 12304: 12288:Tucson, Arizona 12237: 12221: 12175:(11): 169–195. 12164: 12068: 12022: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11991: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11967: 11963: 11955: 11951: 11943: 11939: 11931: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11859: 11855: 11847: 11840: 11832: 11828: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11796: 11792: 11784: 11780: 11772: 11768: 11760: 11747: 11739: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11671: 11664: 11656: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11610:Krahmalkov 2000 11608: 11604: 11598:Krahmalkov 2000 11596: 11592: 11586:Krahmalkov 2000 11584: 11580: 11572: 11561: 11553: 11546: 11538: 11534: 11526: 11522: 11514: 11497: 11489: 11485: 11477: 11473: 11469:, pp. 283. 11465: 11461: 11453: 11449: 11441: 11434: 11426: 11422: 11414: 11410: 11402: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11378: 11374: 11366: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11330: 11326: 11320:Wreszinski 1912 11318: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11282: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11258: 11254: 11246: 11242: 11234: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11210: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11110: 11102: 11087: 11079: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11028: 11021: 11013: 11009: 11001: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10967: 10959: 10955: 10947: 10943: 10935: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10889: 10881: 10870: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10823: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10758: 10751: 10743: 10739: 10731: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10707: 10700: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10673: 10665: 10658: 10650: 10643: 10635: 10631: 10623: 10619: 10611: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10580: 10576: 10568: 10561: 10553: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10503: 10495: 10488: 10480: 10473: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10426: 10422: 10414: 10410: 10402: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10342: 10338: 10330: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179: 9994: 9986: 9977: 9969: 9960: 9952: 9948: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9749: 9643: 9614: 9601: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9535: 9500: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9446: 9398:Queen of Heaven 9373: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9340: 9312: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9294: 9212: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9186: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9119: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8947: 8931: 8900: 8874: 8811: 8795:Victor Vitensis 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8499: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8474:Pūnicae fēminae 8367: 8365:temple of Venus 8364: 8361: 8358: 8289: 8245:island of Malta 8222: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8186: 8174: 8143:44, one of the 8133: 8091: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8031:ΚΥΠΡΙΑ ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 7959: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7926:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤐𐤐 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7888: 7875: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7819: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7727: 7715: 7637: 7621:Severan dynasty 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7531: 7466:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤀𐤌‎ 7424: 7378: 7320: 7314: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7241:𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤕 𐤂𐤁𐤋 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7166: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6929:𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ 6916: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6847: 6803: 6756: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6585: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6509: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6425: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6369: 6345: 6337: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6254:medical papyrus 6250: 6227: 6219: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6179: 6152: 6143:Temple of Hibis 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6074: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6006: 5993: 5920: 5904: 5876: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5799: 5791: 5790: 5772:Book of Caverns 5754: 5746: 5745: 5566:Crook and flail 5521: 5511: 5510: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 4582: 4524: 4469: 4454: 4453: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4365: 4344: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4298:gašrat ištarāti 4290:𒁉𒋥 𒀭𒁹𒁯𒈨𒌍 4289: 4272: 4263: 4261:The one of Baal 4260: 4257: 4254: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4199: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4166:ywm ṣd ṣyd ʿṯtr 4158: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4080: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4055:awīlû ša tāḫāzi 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3990:ʿAṯtartu-qarrād 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3948: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3884:ʿAṯtartu ša abī 3872: 3871: 3853: 3852: 3840:, in the forms 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3812:ʿAṯtartu ša āli 3797: 3748: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3682: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3541:ʾalʾiyanu Baʿlu 3533: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3503: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3464: 3459: 3431: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3398: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3364: 3355:In in the hymn 3353: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3320: 3306: 3292: 3271: 3240: 3176: 3171: 3146: 3137: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3050: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3016: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2981:Qdšt-ꜥsṯrt-ꜥnṯt 2971: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2895:Transliteration 2891: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2865:, which reads: 2857: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2791: 2788:), followed by 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2761: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2701: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2554: 2543: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2510: 2483: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2402: 2391: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2354: 2327: 2318: 2303: 2302: 2280: 2279: 2267:, in the forms 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2224: 2222:In Amorite Mari 2219: 2186:Akkadian Empire 2178: 2142: 2137: 2043: 2020: 1970:, Astarte, and 1941:city-states of 1897:ancient Cypriot 1833: 1811:Canaanite shift 1736: 1652:Hellenized form 1611: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1590:Without proper 1575: 1539: 1538: 1330: 1320: 1319: 1115: 1105: 1097: 1096: 959: 945: 944: 870: 860: 859: 800: 790: 789: 645: 635: 634: 535: 522:Deities of the 513: 140: 88: 76: 64: 57: 56: 55: 46:Without proper 37: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16017: 16007: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15954:Lion goddesses 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15900: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15881: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15803: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15708: 15706: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15520: 15518: 15510: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15388: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14923:Khenti-Amentiu 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14711:Cavern deities 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14462: 14460: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14409: 14407: 14398: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14335: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14281:Creation myths 14278: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14265: 14258: 14257: 14250: 14243: 14235: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14206: 14204: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14052: 14050: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13832: 13830: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13801: 13800: 13793: 13786: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13759: 13758:External links 13756: 13754: 13753: 13747: 13734: 13728: 13711: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13688: 13651: 13625: 13619: 13604: 13598: 13560: 13507: 13454: 13443: 13388: 13382: 13367: 13365:. Vol. 3. 13358: 13357: 13356: 13347: 13338: 13326:Smith, Mark S. 13316: 13274: 13246:10.1086/468948 13216: 13188:10.1086/373551 13158: 13146: 13128:(2): 213–225. 13117: 13089: 13083: 13055: 13049: 13024: 13018: 13002:United Kingdom 12989: 12983: 12962: 12956: 12928: 12891: 12885: 12853: 12834:10.1086/661117 12803: 12761: 12755: 12726: 12700:(2): 206–212. 12689: 12642: 12636:, ed. (1970). 12630: 12604: 12559: 12553: 12529: 12509:10.1086/371241 12479: 12466: 12442:United Kingdom 12419: 12385:(289): 67–80. 12374: 12354: 12313: 12271: 12250: 12225: 12219: 12195: 12171:(in Spanish). 12156: 12121: 12072: 12066: 12049: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12015: 12003: 11985: 11981:Griffiths 1970 11973: 11961: 11949: 11937: 11935:, p. 117. 11925: 11923:, p. 198. 11913: 11901: 11889: 11877: 11875:, p. 210. 11865: 11853: 11838: 11826: 11814: 11802: 11790: 11778: 11776:, p. 469. 11766: 11745: 11733: 11721: 11709: 11697: 11677: 11662: 11650: 11638: 11626: 11614: 11612:, p. 390. 11602: 11600:, p. 321. 11590: 11588:, p. 357. 11578: 11559: 11544: 11532: 11520: 11495: 11483: 11471: 11459: 11447: 11432: 11420: 11408: 11396: 11384: 11372: 11360: 11348: 11336: 11324: 11322:, p. 151. 11312: 11300: 11288: 11276: 11264: 11252: 11240: 11228: 11216: 11195: 11183: 11171: 11159: 11147: 11135: 11123: 11108: 11085: 11083:, p. 213. 11070: 11058: 11046: 11044:, pp. 39. 11034: 11019: 11007: 10992: 10980: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10926: 10914: 10912:, p. 162. 10902: 10887: 10868: 10853: 10841: 10829: 10817: 10805: 10788: 10776: 10764: 10749: 10737: 10725: 10723:, p. 192. 10713: 10698: 10686: 10671: 10656: 10641: 10629: 10617: 10598: 10586: 10574: 10559: 10542: 10530: 10518: 10501: 10486: 10471: 10456: 10444: 10432: 10430:, p. 186. 10420: 10408: 10406:, p. 103. 10396: 10384: 10372: 10360: 10348: 10344:Cornelius 2014 10336: 10332:Cornelius 2014 10324: 10312: 10300: 10298:, p. 113. 10288: 10273: 10261: 10244: 10224: 10212: 10197: 10185: 9992: 9975: 9958: 9956:, p. 208. 9946: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9903:Star of Ishtar 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9853: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9821: 9812: 9793:German author 9791: 9784: 9748: 9745: 9645:Hittitologist 9642: 9639: 9626:Book of Judges 9613: 9610: 9600: 9597: 9579: 9576: 9571:Main article: 9568: 9565: 9534: 9531: 9499: 9496: 9445: 9444:In Transjordan 9442: 9437:Masoretic text 9372: 9369: 9311: 9308: 9211: 9208: 9140:𐤀𐤓𐤔𐤕𐤁𐤏𐤋 9133: 9132: 9112:ʿbd bt ʿAštart 9052: 9019: 8946: 8943: 8935:Hadrian's Wall 8930: 8927: 8923:Cape Trafalgar 8912:Pomponius Mela 8899: 8896: 8810: 8807: 8634:Thuburbo Maius 8608:Iūnō Caelestis 8601:Following the 8579:Mighty ʿAštart 8498: 8495: 8288: 8285: 8221: 8218: 8185: 8182: 8173: 8170: 8132: 8129: 8090: 8087: 7967:Kition Tariffs 7958: 7955: 7893:ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ ΠΑΦΙΑ 7887: 7884: 7818: 7815: 7726: 7723: 7714: 7711: 7636: 7633: 7459:Mattan-ʿAštart 7423: 7420: 7377: 7374: 7369:Tinnit-ʿAštart 7316:Main article: 7313: 7310: 7165: 7162: 7084:Ṣidōn ʾArṣ Yam 7071:Ṣidōn ʾArṣ Yam 7009:𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕 6946:𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 6915: 6912: 6846: 6843: 6823:ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri 6802: 6799: 6755: 6752: 6739:𐤂𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 6693:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤏𐤆 6584: 6581: 6508: 6505: 6424: 6421: 6400:nṯrt qndt nšny 6344: 6341: 6336: 6333: 6249: 6246: 6229:𓐪𓂧𓈙𓏏𓆇𓏏𓆗 6218: 6210: 6174:Temple of Edfu 6049:nṯrt qndt nšny 6039:in the Sinai. 5992: 5989: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5759:Funerary texts 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5423: 5422: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Khenti-Amentiu 4994: 4989: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4817: 4816: 4805: 4804: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4776: 4775: 4773:Cavern deities 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4328: 4325: 4271: 4268: 4198: 4195: 4137:Poplar ʿAṯtart 4079: 4076: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3918: 3888: 3796: 3793: 3662:ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri 3595: 3592: 3571:rākibu ʿurpati 3458: 3455: 3430: 3427: 3352: 3349: 3314:ʿAṯtartu ʾabḏr 3199:ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri 3184:ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri 3170: 3169:Manifestations 3167: 3154:ht tṣdn tʾinṯt 3136: 3133: 3128:ʿAbdi-ʿAštarti 3081:𐎓𐎁𐎄𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎚 3045: 3044: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2962: 2935: 2934: 2921: 2915: 2898: 2892: 2875: 2856: 2853: 2676: 2673: 2613:Book of Dreams 2599:Sipru Ḥulumīma 2542: 2539: 2390: 2387: 2317: 2314: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2212: 2177: 2174: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2042: 2039: 1911:times to form 1901:Greek pantheon 1832: 1829: 1797:Masoretic Text 1735: 1732: 1594:, you may see 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1116: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 531: 530: 527: 526: 515: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 280: 279: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 247: 246: 240: 239: 231: 230: 225: 221: 220: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 118: 112: 111: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 74: 71: 70: 50:, you may see 38: 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16016: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15999:War goddesses 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15899: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15873:Temple of Set 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15839: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15827:Opet Festival 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15800: 15796: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15784:Pyramid Texts 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15739:Book of Gates 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15729: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15707: 15705: 15701: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15684:Vulture crown 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15569:Egyptian pool 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15521: 15519: 15517: 15511: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Hieracosphinx 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15385: 15381: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15173:Renpetneferet 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14393: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14332: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14256: 14251: 14249: 14244: 14242: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14221: 14220: 14216: 14215: 14212: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14121:Inanna/Ishtar 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14048: 14043: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13876:Baʿalat Gebal 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13820: 13816: 13811: 13807: 13799: 13794: 13792: 13787: 13785: 13780: 13779: 13776: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13750: 13748:3-88842-603-0 13744: 13740: 13735: 13731: 13729:0-14-021375-9 13725: 13721: 13717: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13543: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13513: 13508: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13450: 13444: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13424:Vieweg Verlag 13421: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13397: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13353: 13348: 13344: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13168: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13095: 13090: 13086: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13059:Parpola, Simo 13056: 13052: 13046: 13042: 13041:Gorgias Press 13038: 13034: 13030: 13025: 13021: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12892: 12888: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12765:Leclant, Jean 12762: 12758: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12560: 12556: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12366:New York City 12363: 12359: 12355: 12344: 12340: 12337:(1): 98–100. 12336: 12332: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12302: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12261:(2): 95–145. 12260: 12256: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12151:2027.42/77419 12147: 12143: 12139: 12136:(24): 25–39. 12135: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12073: 12069: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12025: 12024: 12012: 12007: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11971:, p. 60. 11970: 11969:Teixidor 1979 11965: 11959:, p. 39. 11958: 11953: 11946: 11941: 11934: 11929: 11922: 11917: 11910: 11905: 11898: 11893: 11886: 11881: 11874: 11869: 11863:, p. 43. 11862: 11857: 11851:, p. 90. 11850: 11845: 11843: 11835: 11830: 11823: 11818: 11811: 11806: 11800:, p. 70. 11799: 11794: 11787: 11786:Lipiński 1995 11782: 11775: 11770: 11763: 11762:Lipiński 1995 11758: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11743:I 135, p. 170 11742: 11737: 11731:, p. 32. 11730: 11725: 11718: 11717:Slouschz 1942 11713: 11706: 11701: 11693: 11692: 11687: 11681: 11675:, p. 57. 11674: 11669: 11667: 11659: 11654: 11647: 11646:Lipiński 1995 11642: 11635: 11630: 11623: 11622:Lipiński 1995 11618: 11611: 11606: 11599: 11594: 11587: 11582: 11575: 11574:Lipiński 1995 11570: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11557:, p. 62. 11556: 11551: 11549: 11541: 11540:Lipiński 1995 11536: 11529: 11528:Lipiński 1995 11524: 11517: 11516:Lipiński 1995 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11492: 11491:Lipiński 1995 11487: 11480: 11475: 11468: 11467:Lipiński 1995 11463: 11456: 11451: 11444: 11443:Lipiński 1995 11439: 11437: 11429: 11428:Zernecke 2013 11424: 11417: 11412: 11405: 11400: 11393: 11388: 11381: 11380:Gardiner 1932 11376: 11369: 11364: 11357: 11352: 11345: 11344:Vittmann 1984 11340: 11333: 11328: 11321: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11297: 11292: 11285: 11280: 11273: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11249: 11244: 11237: 11236:Gardiner 1932 11232: 11225: 11220: 11213: 11212:Lipiński 1995 11208: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11192: 11187: 11180: 11175: 11168: 11163: 11157:, p. 79. 11156: 11151: 11144: 11139: 11132: 11127: 11121:, p. 54. 11120: 11115: 11113: 11106:, p. 56. 11105: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11082: 11077: 11075: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11032:, p. 44. 11031: 11026: 11024: 11016: 11011: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10970: 10962: 10957: 10950: 10945: 10939:, p. 63. 10938: 10933: 10931: 10924:, p. 63. 10923: 10918: 10911: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10892: 10885:, p. 60. 10884: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10865: 10860: 10858: 10850: 10845: 10839:, p. 40. 10838: 10833: 10826: 10821: 10815:, p. 69. 10814: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10785: 10780: 10773: 10768: 10761: 10756: 10754: 10747:, p. 71. 10746: 10741: 10734: 10729: 10722: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10695: 10690: 10684:, p. 55. 10683: 10678: 10676: 10669:, p. 64. 10668: 10663: 10661: 10653: 10648: 10646: 10639:, p. 48. 10638: 10633: 10626: 10621: 10614: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10595: 10590: 10584:, p. 38. 10583: 10578: 10571: 10566: 10564: 10557:, p. 76. 10556: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10540:, p. 68. 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10516:, p. 41. 10515: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10499:, p. 34. 10498: 10493: 10491: 10483: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10463: 10461: 10453: 10448: 10441: 10436: 10429: 10424: 10417: 10412: 10405: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10370:, p. 35. 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10345: 10340: 10334:, p. 91. 10333: 10328: 10321: 10316: 10309: 10304: 10297: 10292: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10254: 10248: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10216: 10210:, p. 98. 10209: 10204: 10202: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10181:Lipiński 1995 10177: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9989: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9972: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9955: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9854: 9851: 9840: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9800:John Sinclair 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9777:Enlightenment 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9756: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9609: 9606: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9465: 9451: 9441: 9438: 9433: 9422: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9399: 9393: 9390: 9379: 9368: 9349: 9335: 9330: 9327: 9307: 9301:constellation 9288: 9276: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9246: 9240: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9180: 9179:ʾAmot-Milqart 9149: 9113: 9066: 9053: 9033: 9020: 9000: 8999:ʾmt š ʿAštart 8969: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8881: 8875: 500 BC 8869: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8840: 8828: 8820: 8819:Pyrgi Tablets 8815: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8760: 8746: 8741: 8739: 8718: 8690: 8679: 8675: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8566: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8518: 8504: 8494: 8475: 8470: 8469:Sicca Veneria 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8410:Veneris fānum 8407: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395:laurel wreath 8392: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8376:Veneris fānum 8373: 8352: 8351:Veneris fānum 8347: 8342: 8340: 8339:Venus Erycina 8335: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8299: 8293: 8284: 8282: 8277: 8274: 8273:fānum Iūnōnis 8269: 8265: 8263: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239:structure at 8238: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8169: 8166: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8128: 8125: 8119: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8038: 8010: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7968: 7963: 7954: 7935: 7921: 7900: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7858: 7839: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7799:) and by the 7781: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7735:Cyprus Museum 7731: 7722: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7658: 7652: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7574: 7566:𒁁𒀖 𒉠 𒌋 𒀞 7544: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7475:ʿAštart-ʾImmī 7460: 7446: 7444: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7373: 7370: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7344: 7324: 7319: 7309: 7306: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287:According to 7285: 7283: 7281: 7253: 7251: 7235: 7217: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205:Pseudo-Melito 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7170: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7102: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7062:Eshmunazar II 7059: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7021: 7019: 6987: 6972: 6958: 6956: 6940: 6939: 6938:ʾImmī-ʿAštart 6923: 6921: 6911: 6892: 6862: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6818: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6751: 6748: 6733: 6731: 6702: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6580: 6577: 6546: 6531: 6528: 6514: 6504: 6485: 6483: 6466: 6465:Baal (Hammon) 6450: 6441:𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋‎‎ 6436: 6431: 6420: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6372: 6365: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6340: 6332: 6313: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6209: 6190: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6163: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6120: 6112: 6100: 6085: 6077: 6069: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6038: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5936:ʿAṯtart Ḫurri 5931: 5923: 5915: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5884: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5785: 5784:Book of Gates 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Hieracosphinx 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Egyptian pool 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Book of Thoth 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Renpetneferet 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4318:s (goddesses) 4316: 4299: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4267: 4248: 4220: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4167: 4154: 4143: 4124: 4117:𒀭𒀸𒋻 𒍝𒅈𒁀 4096: 4094: 4075: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4013: 3991: 3979: 3960: 3923: 3919: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3857: 3851: 3838: 3832: 3813: 3802: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3743: 3722: 3720: 3691: 3690:ʿAṯtartu Šadî 3677: 3671: 3670:KTU 4.242 I 1 3665: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3611: 3591: 3572: 3542: 3512: 3498: 3497:KTU 1.2 IV 28 3492: 3473: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3426: 3407: 3394: 3393:myth of Aqhat 3373: 3359: 3348: 3329: 3315: 3301: 3300:ʿAṯtartu ndrg 3287: 3285: 3280: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3198: 3185: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3117: 3116:ʿAbdi-ʿAširti 3089: 3088:ʿAbdi-Labiʾti 3059: 3025: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2932: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2893: 2890: 2872:Ugaritic text 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2852: 2833: 2816: 2800: 2770: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2710: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2672: 2664: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2600: 2588: 2582: 2563: 2549: 2538: 2519: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2441: 2411: 2397: 2386: 2382: 2363: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2323: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2284: 2278: 2265: 2243: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2187: 2183: 2176:In early Mari 2173: 2170: 2158: 2147: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Pyrgi Tablets 2000: 1999:Venus Erycina 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:. Coins from 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799:vocalization 1798: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1740:Proto-Semitic 1731: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708:, as well as 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1635: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1190:Baʿalat Gebal 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 958: 954: 949: 948: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 869: 864: 863: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 794: 793: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 639: 638: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 534: 529: 528: 525: 521: 520: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:Baʿalat Gebal 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 278: 275: 274: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 245: 242: 241: 237: 236: 229: 226: 222: 219: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 91: 84: 79: 72: 67: 62: 53: 49: 45: 43: 19: 15832:Sed festival 15822:Min festival 15812:Cattle count 15779:Litany of Re 15754:Coffin Texts 15726: 15669:Solar barque 15609:Imiut fetish 15604:Hypocephalus 15589:Hemhem crown 15574:Eye of Horus 15499:Land of Manu 15453:Djadjaemankh 15334: 15324: 15277: 15187: 15137: 15117: 15092: 15048:Nebethetepet 15042: 14957: 14928:Khenti-kheti 14907: 14847: 14750: 14746:Gate deities 14740: 14730: 14715: 14705: 14655: 14645: 14530: 14520:Theban Triad 14346:Canopic jars 14218: 14046: 13896:Baʿal Marqod 13891:Baʿal Ḥammon 13860: 13826: 13810:Mesopotamian 13738: 13715: 13705: 13659: 13655: 13638: 13633: 13609: 13581: 13576: 13550:cite journal 13519: 13499:. Retrieved 13475: 13471: 13465: 13448: 13435:. Retrieved 13411: 13407: 13403: 13372: 13362: 13279: 13229: 13223: 13171: 13165: 13153: 13125: 13121: 13104: 13100: 13062: 13032: 13028: 12993: 12966: 12939: 12932:Milik, J. T. 12899: 12895: 12864: 12860: 12845:. Retrieved 12817: 12811: 12774: 12768: 12730: 12697: 12693: 12650: 12646: 12637: 12612: 12567: 12563: 12536: 12492: 12486: 12474: 12433: 12427: 12382: 12378: 12361: 12346:. Retrieved 12334: 12330: 12324: 12317:Cooper, Alan 12305:. Retrieved 12283: 12279: 12258: 12254: 12233: 12202: 12172: 12168: 12133: 12129: 12100:10261/260990 12080: 12058:El Carambolo 12057: 12036: 12032: 12020:Bibliography 12006: 11998:De Dea Syria 11996: 11988: 11976: 11964: 11957:Beckman 1999 11952: 11945:Wiggins 2007 11940: 11933:Wiggins 2007 11928: 11916: 11904: 11892: 11880: 11868: 11861:Wiggins 2007 11856: 11829: 11817: 11805: 11793: 11781: 11769: 11736: 11724: 11712: 11700: 11689: 11680: 11653: 11641: 11629: 11617: 11605: 11593: 11581: 11535: 11523: 11486: 11474: 11462: 11450: 11423: 11411: 11399: 11387: 11375: 11363: 11356:Steiner 2001 11351: 11339: 11332:Steiner 1992 11327: 11315: 11303: 11296:Leclant 1960 11291: 11279: 11267: 11255: 11243: 11231: 11224:Varille 1942 11219: 11186: 11174: 11167:Leclant 1960 11162: 11150: 11138: 11126: 11081:Fleming 1992 11061: 11049: 11037: 11010: 10983: 10956: 10944: 10917: 10905: 10844: 10832: 10820: 10808: 10779: 10772:Edwards 1955 10767: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10689: 10632: 10620: 10589: 10577: 10533: 10521: 10447: 10435: 10423: 10411: 10399: 10387: 10375: 10363: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10320:Schmitt 2013 10315: 10303: 10291: 10264: 10247: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10215: 10188: 9949: 9937: 9815: 9798: 9771:and work of 9753: 9738: 9733: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9686: 9681: 9671: 9647:Gary Beckman 9644: 9633:and Hurrian 9621: 9615: 9602: 9593: 9581: 9547:), the name 9542: 9536: 9520: 9515: 9504:Hebrew Bible 9501: 9498:In Philistia 9485: 9448:Although an 9447: 9418: 9394: 9383:עַשְׁתָּרוֹת 9374: 9331: 9314:The goddess 9313: 9310:In Palestine 9263: 9261: 9254: 9229: 9213: 9204: 9200: 9148:ʾArišut-Baʿl 9134: 8982:nubile girls 8948: 8932: 8929:In Britannia 8916: 8904: 8901: 8885: 8865: 8845:gold tablets 8824: 8791:Quodvultdeus 8788: 8742: 8649: 8638: 8600: 8597: 8586: 8552: 8549: 8542: 8500: 8418: 8409: 8403: 8384: 8375: 8343: 8304: 8278: 8250: 8231: 8187: 8175: 8134: 8092: 8072: 8061:Graeco-Roman 8058: 7999: 7972: 7889: 7862: 7859: 7820: 7780:parakuptousa 7774:ΠΑΡΑΚΥΠΤΟΥΣΑ 7766: 7744: 7716: 7700: 7680:Neoplatonist 7677: 7643:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤍𐤉 7638: 7617:Roman period 7614: 7603:, depicting 7514: 7507: 7496: 7489: 7479:); the king 7443:ʿAbd-ʿAštart 7425: 7409: 7397: 7386: 7379: 7329: 7302: 7286: 7250:Baʿlat Gubal 7236: 7213: 7193:Adonis river 7186: 7181:Adonis River 7146:Roman Empire 7143: 7088: 7083: 7075: 7056:and his son 7054:Eshmunazar I 7051: 6971:ʿAbd-ʿAštart 6924: 6917: 6848: 6830: 6829:The cult of 6828: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6765: 6747:Gidd-ʿAštart 6688: 6677: 6649: 6641: 6608: 6586: 6583:In Phoenicia 6532: 6510: 6463:the Face of 6426: 6384: 6371:𓂝𓊃𓍿𓏥𓁹𓍿 6370: 6361: 6346: 6338: 6274: 6251: 6228: 6220: 6180: 6167: 6154:𓂝𓊃𓍿𓏏𓆇𓁐 6153: 6147:Kharga Oasis 6140: 6110: 6075: 6070: 6041: 6037:Tell el-Borg 6007: 6001:Amenhotep II 5994: 5961: 5930:ꜥꜣsyty ḫꜣwrw 5921: 5905: 5899:Amenhotep II 5889: 5762: 5631:Imiut fetish 5626:Hypocephalus 5611:Hemhem crown 5591:Eye of Horus 5501:Land of Manu 5425: 5424: 5413: 5412: 5364: 5363: 5272: 5271: 5220: 5219: 5198: 5197: 5171: 5170: 5126:Nebethetepet 5119: 5118: 5032: 5031: 5002:Khenti-kheti 4980: 4979: 4918: 4917: 4819: 4818: 4814:Gate deities 4807: 4806: 4795: 4794: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4765: 4714: 4713: 4703: 4588: 4280: 4273: 4200: 4191: 4144: 4123:ʿAṯtar ṣarba 4081: 4033: 4012:ʿAṯtartu-lit 3980: 3949: 3833: 3798: 3773: 3766: 3666: 3653: 3631: 3597: 3493: 3460: 3449:KTU 1.148.16 3445: 3441: 3432: 3354: 3342:the Holy One 3288: 3254:𒀭𒊭𒀀𒍑𒅗𒀀 3219: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3142: 3138: 3110:𒁹𒀴𒀀𒅆𒅕𒋾 3046: 2972: 2938: 2922: 2899: 2876: 2858: 2751: 2730: 2687: 2679:In the text 2678: 2620: 2583: 2548:KTU 1.2 I 40 2544: 2500: 2473: 2469: 2393:In the text 2392: 2383: 2348:KTU 1.13 III 2340: 2319: 2311: 2225: 2209: 2179: 2143: 2135:Attestations 2113:crescent axe 2086: 2082:lotus flower 2044: 1976: 1932: 1924:syncretizing 1921: 1882: 1866:evening star 1834: 1824: 1820: 1806: 1794: 1737: 1730: 1700:cities like 1675: 1667:East Semitic 1658: 1603: 1602: 1583: 1328:Mesopotamian 1175:Baʿal Marqod 1170:Baʿal Ḥammon 1144: 700:Dhul Khalasa 346:Baʿal Marqod 341:Baʿal Ḥammon 336:Baʿal Berith 305: 253:Mesopotamian 39: 15858:Hermeticism 15689:Was-sceptre 15516:and objects 14993:Mehet-Weret 14836:Harpocrates 14666:Banebdjedet 14631:Arensnuphis 14311:Osiris myth 14201:Utu/Shamash 14181:Ningishzida 14116:Geshtinanna 13901:Baʿal Ṣapon 13886:Baʿal Berit 13501:19 February 13426:: 177–196. 13292:Switzerland 13240:: 259–268. 13182:: 191–200. 13107:: 257–271. 12948:Eisenbrauns 12847:17 February 12828:: 207–227. 12739:Netherlands 12448:: 167–174. 12424:Peet, T. E. 12348:23 February 12211:Eisenbrauns 11729:Fraser 1970 11284:Davies 1953 11179:Madsen 1904 10988:Pardee 2002 10949:Pardee 2014 10760:Pardee 2012 10594:Pardee 2012 10404:Snaith 1954 10284:Cooper 1990 10208:Cooper 1990 9878:Attar (god) 9864:Asia portal 9788:cosmic noon 9767:; 1747), a 9539:kabbalistic 9508:Philistines 9426:עַשְׁתֹּרֶת 8908:Artemidōros 8898:In Hispania 8892:Dionysios I 8780:Baal Hammon 8538:Baal Hammon 8497:In Carthage 8433:Dikaiarkhia 8429:Herculaneum 8210:Abdalonymus 8165:mtrḥ ʿštrny 8150:miqim ʾelīm 8099:Aphrodisias 8065:Hellenistic 7957:At Amathous 7876: [ 7838:milkōt qdšt 7762:Arslan Tash 7719:Osiris myth 7485:Ithobaal II 7416:ʿAttarʿatta 7179:(source of 7138:Julia Maesa 7132:A Sidonian 7018:ʿAbd-milkōt 6955:Bōd-ʿAštart 6831:ʿAštart Ḥor 6817:ʿAštart Ḥor 6801:ʿAštart Ḥor 6792:epsilon axe 6754:Iconography 6701:ʿAštart-ʿaz 6684:Osiris myth 6545:ʿAbd-labʾit 6168:During the 5914:ꜥꜣstjr ḫꜣrw 5892:New Kingdom 5809:Hermeticism 5736:Was-sceptre 5691:Seqtet boat 5069:Mehet-Weret 4901:Harpocrates 4726:Banebdjedet 4689:Arensnuphis 4219:Zū-ʿAṯtarti 4049:𒇽𒎌 𒋫𒄩𒍣 3984:𒀸𒋻𒋾 𒌨𒊕 3555:Mighty Baal 3214:Ištar Ḫurri 3205:𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒄷𒊑 3190:𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒄯𒊑 2918:Translation 2755:KTU 92.2016 2207:, at Mari. 2101:war chariot 2041:Iconography 1694:Phoenicians 1524:Utu/Shamash 1474:Ningishzida 1365:Belet Nagar 1335:Adad/Ishkur 1185:Baʿalshamem 1180:Baʿal Ṣapon 880:Inshushinak 356:Baʿalshamem 351:Baʿal Ṣapon 165:Equivalents 15913:Categories 15853:Gnosticism 15694:Winged sun 15539:Corn mummy 15441:Characters 15365:Werethekau 15203:Sebiumeker 15013:Meretseger 14878:Ikhemu-sek 14816:Hermanubis 14316:Philosophy 14306:Numerology 14111:Ereshkigal 13662:(2): 227. 13526:: 89–140. 13437:5 February 12660:2101.07724 12307:5 February 12033:Filologica 12011:Hamed 2021 11909:Smith 2014 11897:Smith 2014 11885:Lewis 2011 11873:Lewis 2011 11849:Smith 2014 11834:Smith 2014 11822:Smith 2014 11810:Smith 2014 11798:Smith 2014 11673:Smith 2014 11555:Smith 2014 11455:Smith 2014 11416:Smith 2014 11392:Smith 2014 11368:Smith 2014 11308:Budin 2015 11248:Smith 2014 11155:Smith 2014 11143:Smith 2014 11131:Smith 2014 11119:Smith 2014 11104:Smith 2014 11066:Smith 2014 11054:Smith 2014 11042:Smith 2014 11030:Smith 2014 11015:Smith 2014 11003:Smith 2014 10976:Smith 2014 10961:Smith 2014 10937:Smith 2014 10922:Lewis 2011 10898:Smith 2014 10883:Smith 2014 10864:Smith 2014 10849:Smith 2014 10837:Smith 2014 10825:Smith 2014 10813:Smith 2014 10801:Smith 2014 10784:Smith 2014 10745:Smith 2014 10733:Smith 2014 10709:Smith 2014 10694:Smith 2014 10682:Smith 2014 10667:Smith 2014 10652:Smith 2014 10637:Smith 2014 10625:Smith 2014 10613:Smith 2014 10582:Smith 2014 10570:Smith 2014 10555:Smith 2014 10538:Smith 2014 10526:Smith 2014 10514:Smith 2014 10497:Smith 2014 10392:Budin 2004 10380:Smith 2014 10368:Smith 2014 10308:Smith 2014 10220:Smith 2014 10193:Smith 2014 9988:Smith 2014 9971:Smith 2014 9954:Lewis 2011 9942:Smith 2014 9930:References 9795:Jason Dark 9695:Melcarthus 9584:Baʿal Epic 9573:Baal Cycle 9318:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 9264:ʿAštārōniy 8717:Astroarkhē 8674:Tertullian 8653:Iūnō Poena 8307:Mount Eryx 8237:megalithic 8234:Copper Age 8180:of Delos. 8068:sacrifices 7852:Holy Queen 7794:the Peeper 7651:ʿAštārōniy 7521:Esarhaddon 7080:Bodashtart 7066:Amoashtart 7047:Bodashtart 6732:Aštart-azi 6723:𒀭𒀸𒁯𒋫𒍣 6635:(that is, 6591:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 6568:𐤁𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤕 6519:𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 6484:kəḇōḏ šəmō 5819:Kemeticism 5741:Winged sun 5706:Set animal 5646:Matet boat 5561:Corn mummy 5457:Werethekau 5289:Sebiumeker 5089:Meretseger 4950:Ikhemu-sek 4886:Hermanubis 4790:Duau (god) 4407:Philosophy 4402:Numerology 4276:Bronze Age 3721:Ištar Ṣēri 3667:The texts 3241:𐎜𐎌𐎃𐎗𐎊 3202:), and as 3058:Šuma-labʾi 3051:𐎌𐎎𐎍𐎁𐎛 2846:in the sea 2328:𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 2242:Aštart-azi 2233:𒀭𒀸𒁯𒋫𒍣 2191:𒀭𒀸𒁯𒊏𒀜 2059:solar disk 2035:theophoric 1939:Phoenician 1722:Ramessides 1690:Canaanites 1688:among the 1678:Bronze Age 1385:Ereshkigal 885:Ishmekarab 760:Theandrios 690:Baalshamin 680:Atarsamain 277:The Levant 15799:Festivals 15664:Shen ring 15644:Ouroboros 15579:Eye of Ra 15534:Cartouche 15472:Locations 15417:Serpopard 15384:Creatures 15315:Tjenenyet 15298:Ta-Bitjet 15243:Shesmetet 15163:Renenutet 15148:Raet-Tawy 15068:Nehmetawy 15018:Meskhenet 14786:Hedjhotep 14641:Assessors 14339:Practices 14301:Mythology 14296:Maa Kheru 14276:Afterlife 14186:Ninhursag 14171:Nanna/Sin 14056:Abzu/Apsu 13866:Atargatis 13676:0043-2547 13542:0213-7925 13490:: 31–38. 13296:Göttingen 13113:1578-5386 12998:Kettering 12924:192985658 12842:164019024 12714:0043-2547 12685:231639096 12600:161972095 12584:0068-2454 12570:: 31–36. 12525:162237544 12503:: 49–51. 12415:165597675 12399:0003-097X 12191:161195240 12117:249114832 12109:0761-8271 11479:Kerr 2013 10253:Ashtoreth 9918:Atargatis 9685:, in his 9578:At Ugarit 9516:Ashteroth 9334:Tel Rehov 9206:ʿAštart. 9079:young men 8939:Britannia 8827:Etruscans 8711:ΑΣΤΡΟΑΡΧΗ 8298:ʿštrt ʾrk 8287:In Sicily 8131:In Rhodes 8079:Pausanias 8059:Although 7886:At Paphos 7817:At Kition 7751:Aphrodite 7725:In Cyprus 7686:Damascius 7683:scholarch 7625:Leucothea 7280:Aphroditē 7164:At Byblos 6576:Bin-ʿAnat 6507:In Canaan 6449:panē Baʿl 6395:Renenutet 6283:from the 5976:ivory box 5711:Shen ring 5701:Serpopard 5676:Ouroboros 5596:Eye of Ra 5556:Cartouche 5480:Locations 5403:Tjenenyet 5386:Ta-Bitjet 5329:Shesmetet 5247:Renenutet 5232:Raet-Tawy 5146:Nehmetawy 5094:Meskhenet 4856:Hedjhotep 4699:Assessors 4435:Offerings 4424:Practices 4390:Mythology 4375:Cosmology 4370:Afterlife 4145:The line 3953:𒀭𒀹𒁯 𒀞 3892:𒀭𒀹𒁯 𒀞 3769:hierogamy 3757:Uliliyaš 3657:KTU 1.112 3648:KTU 4.219 3642:KTU 4.163 3636:RS 20.235 3436:KTU 1.114 3358:RIH 98/02 3268:, called 3248:ʾUšḫaraya 3237:, called 2862:RIH 98/02 2734:KTU 1.107 2691:KTU 1.100 2682:KTU 1.114 2634:KTU 4.219 2504:KTU 1.114 2316:At Ugarit 2115:. Within 2078:palm tree 1937:were the 1913:Aphrodite 1905:Mycenaean 1841:sexuality 1650:) is the 1504:Papsukkal 1494:Ninshubur 1479:Ninhursag 1449:Nanna/Sin 1150:Atargatis 1108:Canaanite 1104:Levantine 935:Ruhurater 925:Napirisha 895:Kiririsha 845:Ninkarrak 311:Atargatis 258:Levantine 174:Aphrodite 156:possibly 120:possibly 18:Ashtoreth 15863:Kemetism 15704:Writings 15614:Khepresh 15458:Rededjet 15360:Wepwawet 15345:Wadj-wer 15063:Nehebkau 15058:Nefertem 14978:Mandulis 14913:Kebechet 14903:Iusaaset 14821:Heryshaf 14771:Hatmehit 14606:Apedemak 14481:Nephthys 14376:Pyramids 14356:Funerals 13951:Kotharat 13812:religion 13804:Ancient 13703:(1905). 13684:23608857 13631:(1912). 13586:Würzburg 13574:(eds.). 13478:(1942). 13460:(1942). 13394:(1886). 13288:Fribourg 13270:39409692 13262:16468205 13204:16468200 13152:(1942). 13142:23608856 13067:Helsinki 12859:(1995). 12722:23608855 12653:: A127. 12618:Brussels 12610:(1932). 12592:30103207 12535:(1992). 12360:(1953). 12319:(1990). 12294:: 1–20. 12045:51739010 12039:: 3–46. 11169:, Pl. 1. 9836:See also 9781:Voltaire 9711:Athenais 9683:Plutarch 9667:Hurrians 9659:Anatolia 9561:Astaroth 9556:ʿAštārōṯ 9550:Astaroth 9537:In some 9450:Ammonite 9432:ʿAštōreṯ 9414:Jeremiah 9389:ʿAštārōṯ 9275:Astronoë 9269:ΑΣΤΡΟΝΟΗ 9024:𐤊𐤋𐤁𐤌 8960:𐤏𐤋𐤌𐤕 8868:Etruscan 8809:In Italy 8784:Kubeleya 8678:Herodian 8589:Hannibal 8545:Carthage 8457:Thibilis 8453:Carthage 8449:Sardinia 8437:Potentia 8315:Elymians 8241:Tas-Silġ 8220:In Malta 8178:Serapeum 8172:At Delos 7975:Amathous 7934:ʿštrt pp 7713:In Egypt 7707:Carthage 7691:Astronoë 7635:Astronoë 7629:Heracles 7389:caduceus 7297:sea silk 7273:ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ 7158:Victoria 7076:šmm ʾdrm 7058:Tabnit I 6978:𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕 6914:At Sidon 6430:ʾnpy-Bʿl 6258:Hieratic 6044:Egyptian 5982:𐤐𐤈𐤀𐤎 5953:𐤐𐤈𐤀𐤎 5636:Khepresh 5452:Wepwawet 5437:Wadj-wer 5141:Nehebkau 5136:Nefertem 5049:Mandulis 4987:Kebechet 4975:Iusaaset 4908:Heryshaf 4846:Hatmehit 4664:Apedemak 4553:Nephthys 4449:Pyramids 4430:Funerals 4347:religion 4336:a series 4334:Part of 4327:In Egypt 4247:Zū-Baʿla 4241:𒍪𒁀𒀪𒆷 4213:𒍪𒀸𒋻𒋾 4043:mašʾartu 4037:𒈠𒀸𒅈𒌈 3776:Akkadian 3742:Kargamiš 3328:Qadišatu 3321:𐎖𐎄𐎌𐎚 3272:𐎘𐎜𐎘𐎋 3223:𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏 3122:𒁹𒀴𒀭𒈹 2832:bi-Yammi 2640:KTU 1.91 2587:KTU 1.86 2477:KTU 1.92 2396:KTU 1.92 2335:ʿAṯtartu 2216:Amorites 2200:ʿAṯtarat 2080:and the 2072:and the 2063:crescent 2061:and the 2027:Carthage 2017:-Astre ( 1968:Poseidon 1935:Iron Age 1909:Dark Age 1878:Shaushka 1831:Overview 1816:ʿAštārit 1802:ʿAštōret 1680:through 1669:goddess 1509:Sarpanit 1499:Pabilsag 1484:Ninisina 1409:Manungal 1404:Ishtaran 1350:Asarluhi 1275:Shadrafa 1220:Kotharat 1112:Ugaritic 1047:Pirengir 910:Nahhunte 830:Ḫalabatu 780:Yarhibol 720:Malakbel 675:al-‘Uzzá 585:Nephthys 441:Shadrafa 386:Kotharat 218:Shaushka 15919:Astarte 15878:Thelema 15848:Atenism 15679:Ushabti 15649:Pschent 15639:Neshmet 15554:Deshret 15514:Symbols 15463:Ubaoner 15402:Griffin 15288:Taweret 15283:Tatenen 15218:Serapis 15213:Sekhmet 15183:Resheph 15128:Qed-her 15078:Nekhbet 15053:Nebtuwi 14918:Khensit 14888:Imhotep 14883:Imentet 14781:Hedetet 14646:Astarte 14581:Andjety 14556:Amesemi 14396:Deities 14381:Temples 14269:Beliefs 14101:Enki/Ea 14096:Dumuzid 14011:Shapshu 13991:Resheph 13956:Melqart 13911:Chemosh 13861:Astarte 13851:Asherah 13818:Deities 13806:Semitic 13720:Penguin 13647:Germany 13643:Leipzig 13590:Germany 13474:]. 13410:]. 13300:Germany 13234:Chicago 13212:7236600 13176:Chicago 13071:Finland 12971:Atlanta 12908:Germany 12904:Leipzig 12873:Belgium 12822:Chicago 12799:4197317 12665:Bibcode 12622:Belgium 12541:Atlanta 12497:Chicago 12462:3854607 12407:1357365 12333:]. 12242:Chicago 11691:Gallica 9913:Asherah 9805:Asherah 9779:writer 9775:by the 9769:novella 9740:Manfred 9707:Nemanūs 9699:Melqart 9677:Palmyra 9655:Pinikir 9618:Asherah 9582:In the 9523:Ascalon 9472: 9458:‎ 9421:Solomon 9356: 9326:ʿAštart 9320:‎ 9295: 9245:Astarte 9239:Astartē 9233:ΑΣΤΑΡΤΗ 9187: 9173:‎ 9156: 9142:‎ 9120: 9106:‎ 9089: 9073: 9059:‎ 9040: 9026:‎ 9007: 8993:‎ 8976: 8962:‎ 8945:Rituals 8888:talents 8767: 8753:‎ 8725: 8697: 8689:Ourania 8683:ΟΥΡΑΝΙΑ 8661: 8629:Junonia 8616: 8573: 8559:‎ 8525: 8511:‎ 8482: 8465:Madaure 8445:Karalis 8359: 8243:on the 8197: 8159:‎ 8124:ʿAštart 8121:, from 8083:Tacitus 8045: 8017: 7981:temenos 7965:One of 7942: 7928:‎ 7907: 7873:Merzeah 7869:Melqart 7865:Idalion 7846: 7832:‎ 7811:Salamis 7803:as the 7788: 7739:Nicosia 7696:Berytus 7666:‎ 7645:‎ 7601:Hadrian 7581: 7551: 7492:Melqart 7481:Hiram I 7468:‎ 7462:), and 7453:‎ 7436:‎ 7422:At Tyre 7376:At Acre 7363:‎ 7349:Sarepta 7336:‎ 7305:Sozomen 7289:Zosimus 7259: 7243:‎ 7223: 7209:Kinuras 7109: 7095:‎ 7027: 7011:‎ 6994: 6980:‎ 6965:‎ 6959:), and 6948:‎ 6931:‎ 6899: 6869: 6855:‎ 6839:Siyannu 6811:‎ 6741:‎ 6709: 6695:‎ 6667:or the 6599:ʿAštart 6593:‎ 6570:‎ 6553: 6539:‎ 6527:ʿAštart 6521:‎ 6492: 6457: 6443:‎ 6408: 6320: 6298: 6281:Demotic 6277:Aramaic 6269:Jšꜣmjnꜣ 6215:Qedešet 6197: 6145:in the 6127: 6092: 6057: 6024: 5997:Resheph 5984:‎ 5964:Memphis 5955:‎ 5814:Thelema 5804:Atenism 5731:Ushabti 5681:Pschent 5671:Neshmet 5601:Griffin 5571:Deshret 5376:Taweret 5371:Tatenen 5304:Serapis 5294:Sekhmet 5267:Resheph 5210:Qed-her 5161:Nekhbet 5131:Nebtuwi 4992:Khensit 4960:Imhotep 4955:Imentet 4851:Hedetet 4704:Astarte 4639:Andjety 4614:Amesemi 4462:Deities 4444:Temples 4364:Beliefs 4315:ʿAṯtart 4306: 4255: 4227: 4174: 4131: 4103: 4063: 4020: 3998: 3967: 3930: 3906: 3820: 3806:𒀭𒈹 𒍅 3795:At Emar 3729: 3698: 3618: 3579: 3549: 3519: 3480: 3414: 3380: 3336: 3279:Ṯaʾuṯka 3233:ʾIšḫara 3096: 3077:), and 3066: 3032: 2989: 2840: 2815:Raḥbānu 2807: 2777: 2743:Resheph 2717: 2696:Shapash 2660:plural 2654: 2646:Rašpūma 2623:Resheph 2607: 2570: 2526: 2448: 2418: 2370: 2250: 2169:Ištarta 2157:Aštarta 2140:At Ebla 2117:Iberian 2011:Etruria 1979:Cythera 1955:chariot 1825:-ō(r)ē- 1821:-ā(r)i- 1789:ʿAṯtart 1777:ʿAṯtart 1751:ʿAṯtart 1745:ʿAṯtart 1698:Amorite 1659:ʿAṯtart 1654:of the 1647:Astartē 1641:Ἀστάρτη 1604:Astarte 1519:Tishpak 1514:Sebitti 1464:Ninegal 1444:Šumugan 1375:Enki/Ea 1290:Shapshu 1265:Resheph 1230:Melqart 1195:Chemosh 1145:Astarte 1135:Asherah 1082:Tašmišu 1057:Šarruma 1052:Shalash 1042:Nupatik 1032:Nabarbi 1014:Mitanni 1009:Lelluri 999:Kumarbi 957:Hittite 953:Hurrian 930:Pinikir 915:Narundi 900:Lagamar 868:Elamite 855:Shalash 820:Hadabal 810:Aštabil 798:Eblaite 775:Yaghūth 745:Orotalt 705:Dushara 670:al-Qaum 655:Aglibol 643:Arabian 456:Shapshu 431:Resheph 396:Melqart 361:Chemosh 306:Astarte 301:Asherah 160:(Hadad) 153:Consort 136:Parents 128:Symbols 69:Astarte 15944:Inanna 15712:Amduat 15659:Serekh 15654:Scarab 15584:Hedjet 15489:Benben 15432:Uraeus 15427:Sphinx 15412:Medjed 15370:Wosret 15355:Wepset 15340:Wadjet 15263:Sopdet 15248:Shezmu 15228:Seshat 15223:Serket 15168:Renpet 15153:Rekhyt 15133:Qetesh 15098:Pakhet 15028:Mnevis 15003:Menhit 14983:Medjed 14973:Mafdet 14963:Maahes 14948:Khonsu 14938:Kherty 14933:Khepri 14801:Hemsut 14776:Hauron 14766:Hathor 14701:Buchis 14686:Ba-Pef 14671:Bastet 14601:Anuket 14596:Anubis 14571:Amu-Aa 14566:Am-heh 14515:Triads 14506:Tefnut 14491:Osiris 14458:Ennead 14443:Naunet 14433:Kauket 14423:Hauhet 14418:Amunet 14405:Ogdoad 14196:Tiamat 14191:Ninlil 14176:Nergal 14151:Marduk 14141:Lahamu 14136:Kishar 14081:Anshar 14066:Amurru 14036:Yarikh 14026:Yahweh 14006:Shalim 14001:Shahar 13996:Sakkun 13981:Qedesh 13976:Nikkal 13961:Milcom 13936:Eshmun 13926:Elohim 13871:ʿAṯtar 13856:Ashima 13836:Adonis 13745: 13726: 13682: 13674: 13617: 13596: 13540: 13520:Aldaba 13420:France 13380: 13332:". In 13314: 13268: 13260: 13254:545937 13252: 13210: 13202: 13196:545544 13194: 13140: 13111: 13081: 13047: 13016: 12981: 12954: 12922: 12883: 12869:Leuven 12840: 12797: 12783:France 12753: 12735:Leuven 12720: 12712: 12683: 12598: 12590: 12582: 12551: 12523: 12517:542549 12515: 12460: 12438:London 12413: 12405: 12397: 12217: 12189: 12115: 12107: 12064: 12043: 9893:Nanaya 9888:Ishara 9883:Ishtar 9761:French 9725:Europa 9703:Saosis 9697:(i.e. 9691:pillar 9635:Ishara 9631:Ishtar 9378:Yahweh 9287:astron 9281:αστρον 9257:Virgil 9210:Legacy 9095:whelps 9057:𐤂𐤓𐤌 8890:which 8832:𐌖𐌍𐌉 8745:Mididi 8593:treaty 8467:, and 8441:Greece 8439:, and 8399:diadem 8397:and a 8346:Romans 8268:Cicero 8216:292). 8184:At Kos 8137:Rhodes 8118:Strat- 8112:ΣΤΡΑΤ- 8107:Rhodes 8105:, and 8095:Athens 8081:, and 8028:) and 8009:Kupris 8003:ΚΥΠΡΙΣ 7920:Paphos 7801:Romans 7747:Cyprus 7703:Rhodes 7609:galley 7525:Baal I 7517:treaty 7354:Tinnit 7343:Tinnit 7334:𐤕𐤍𐤕 7201:Adonis 7177:grotto 7122:temple 6986:milkōt 6768:Israel 6735:, and 6673:Iberia 6661:Sicily 6657:Cyprus 6645:Eshmun 6633:Kronos 6611:Ishtar 6387:Ennead 6379:ꜥsṯjrṯ 6364:Baytīn 6309:) and 6223:Qetesh 5917:) and 5764:Amduat 5726:Uraeus 5716:Sphinx 5696:Serekh 5686:Scarab 5651:Medjed 5606:Hedjet 5491:Benben 5462:Wosret 5447:Wepset 5432:Wadjet 5349:Sopdet 5334:Shezmu 5314:Seshat 5309:Serket 5252:Renpet 5237:Rekhyt 5215:Qetesh 5178:Pakhet 5104:Mnevis 5079:Menhit 5059:Mafdet 5054:Medjed 5039:Maahes 5022:Khonsu 5012:Kherty 5007:Khepri 4871:Hemsut 4841:Hathor 4836:Hauron 4761:Buchis 4746:Ba-Pef 4731:Bastet 4659:Anuket 4654:Anubis 4629:Amu-Aa 4624:Am-heh 4578:Tefnut 4563:Osiris 4530:Ennead 4515:Naunet 4505:Kauket 4495:Hauhet 4490:Amunet 4477:Ogdoad 4270:Legacy 4238:) and 4187:ʿAṯtar 4153:Sabaic 4095:Aštart 4009:) and 3873:INANNA 3859:) and 3854:AŠ-DAR 3843:𒀭𒀸𒁯 3788:kunaḫi 3749:𒀭𒈹𒆤 3712:𒀭𒈹𒂔 3560:) and 3303:) and 3284:Šauška 3264:Šauška 3119:) and 3024:labaʾu 3017:𐎍𐎁𐎜 2966:Qetesh 2947:𒀭𒀹𒁯 2825:𐎁𐎊𐎎 2747:Yarikh 2741:, and 2590:, the 2465:Yarikh 2322:Ugarit 2304:INANNA 2286:) and 2281:AŠ-DAR 2270:𒀭𒀸𒁯 2214:Among 2163:𒅖𒁯𒋫 2160:) and 2151:𒀾𒁯𒋫 2089:Europa 2025:). At 1995:Romans 1991:Sicily 1985:, and 1972:Eshmun 1964:Beirut 1960:Eshmun 1951:Byblos 1949:, and 1893:Cyprus 1889:Canaan 1874:Ishara 1845:Ugarit 1783:ʿAṯtar 1771:ʿAṯtar 1764:ʿAṯtar 1702:Ugarit 1686:Levant 1671:Ishtar 1534:Zababa 1489:Ninlil 1469:Ningal 1459:Ninazu 1454:Nergal 1434:Nisaba 1429:Nanaya 1414:Marduk 1399:Ishtar 1395:Inanna 1370:Dumuzi 1345:An/Anu 1340:Amurru 1315:Yarikh 1310:Yahweh 1285:Shalim 1280:Shahar 1270:Sakkun 1255:Qedesh 1250:Nikkal 1235:Milcom 1210:Eshmun 1160:Azizos 1155:ʿAṯtar 1140:Ashima 1120:Adonis 1087:Teshub 1077:Takitu 1072:Šuwala 1067:Šimige 1062:Šauška 1026:Varuna 994:Kubaba 989:Išḫara 969:Aštabi 964:Allani 955:& 905:Manzat 875:Humban 850:Saggar 835:Išḫara 805:Adamma 685:ʿAṯtar 665:al-Lat 625:Tefnut 605:Qetesh 595:Osiris 560:Buchis 545:Anubis 481:Yarikh 476:Yahweh 451:Shalim 446:Shahar 436:Sakkun 421:Qedesh 416:Nikkal 401:Milcom 376:Eshmun 321:Azizos 316:ʿAṯtar 286:Adonis 214:Ishara 204:Inanna 194:Ishtar 116:Planet 97:Ugarit 15634:Nemes 15624:Menat 15619:Kneph 15594:Hennu 15484:Akhet 15350:Weneg 15303:Thoth 15268:Sopdu 15258:Sobek 15208:Seker 15198:Satis 15178:Repyt 15123:Qebui 15108:Petbe 15103:Perit 15088:Neper 15083:Nemty 15073:Neith 15033:Montu 15008:Meret 14998:Mehit 14988:Mehen 14968:Ma'at 14943:Khnum 14898:Iunit 14853:Iabet 14831:Horus 14826:Hesat 14811:Heqet 14806:Henet 14796:Hemen 14721:Dedun 14691:Bennu 14591:Anput 14586:Anhur 14561:Ammit 14546:Akhty 14286:Isfet 14166:Nammu 14156:Mummu 14146:Lahmu 14131:Kingu 14106:Enlil 14086:Ashur 14021:Tanit 14016:Sydyk 13966:Misor 13941:Haddu 13931:Elyon 13916:Dagan 13881:Baʿal 13846:Arsay 13680:JSTOR 13637:[ 13580:[ 13516:(PDF) 13484:Egypt 13480:Cairo 13470:[ 13416:Paris 13406:[ 13400:(PDF) 13284:(PDF) 13266:S2CID 13250:JSTOR 13232:(4). 13208:S2CID 13192:JSTOR 13174:(3). 13138:JSTOR 13097:(PDF) 13031:[ 12920:S2CID 12898:[ 12863:[ 12838:S2CID 12820:(2). 12795:JSTOR 12779:Paris 12777:(1). 12770:Syria 12718:JSTOR 12681:S2CID 12655:arXiv 12596:S2CID 12588:JSTOR 12521:S2CID 12513:JSTOR 12495:(1). 12458:JSTOR 12436:(3). 12411:S2CID 12403:JSTOR 12329:[ 12286:(4). 12255:Numen 12238:(PDF) 12187:S2CID 12165:(PDF) 12113:S2CID 12041:S2CID 9923:Venus 9908:Tanit 9831:human 9755:Zadig 9735:Byron 9721:Ṣidōn 9673:Allat 9661:from 9567:Myths 9435:) in 9250:Venus 8857:Tinia 8853:Cisra 8849:Pyrgi 8503:Tanit 8461:Cirta 8451:, at 8447:, in 8323:Moṭwē 8103:Delos 7993:korai 7880:] 7871:in a 7672:-ōniy 7664:𐤍𐤉- 7605:Tyche 7510:Ḥamon 7400:Tyche 7318:Tanit 7293:linen 7154:stern 7000:Queen 6920:Sidon 6835:Šuksu 6772:Judea 6628:Hadad 6615:Hadad 6480:hāḇū 6435:Tanit 6263:Jsttr 6252:In a 6099:Montu 5895:Egypt 5753:Texts 5666:Nemes 5656:Menat 5641:Kneph 5616:Hennu 5442:Weneg 5391:Thoth 5354:Sopdu 5344:Sobek 5299:Seker 5284:Satis 5262:Repyt 5205:Qebui 5188:Petbe 5183:Perit 5166:Neper 5156:Nemty 5151:Neith 5109:Montu 5084:Meret 5074:Mehit 5064:Mehen 5044:Ma'at 5017:Khnum 4970:Iunit 4925:Iabet 4896:Horus 4891:Hesat 4881:Heqet 4876:Henet 4866:Hemen 4785:Dedun 4751:Bennu 4649:Anput 4644:Anhur 4619:Ammit 4604:Akhty 4395:Index 4385:Ma'at 4283:Ḫanat 4203:Ḫebat 3761:Ištar 3008:Tanit 2957:Ištar 2739:Dagon 2663:Rašpu 2205:Ištar 2125:Elche 2109:Horus 2097:Egypt 2055:lions 2051:naked 2047:Tanit 2031:Tanit 2007:Caere 1983:Malta 1966:show 1943:Sidon 1885:Syria 1870:Ištar 1861:horse 1807:bōšet 1718:Egypt 1439:Shala 1424:Nammu 1390:Gibil 1380:Enlil 1355:Ashur 1300:Tanit 1295:Sydyk 1240:Misor 1215:Haddu 1200:Dagan 1165:Baʿal 1130:Arsay 1092:Tilla 1022:Mitra 1018:Indra 1004:Kušuḫ 979:Ḫepat 974:Hayya 940:Simut 920:Napir 890:Jabru 825:Hadad 815:Dagan 785:Yatha 770:Ya'uq 755:Suwa' 730:Manāt 725:Manaf 715:Hubal 660:Abgal 650:Allah 630:Thoth 580:Montu 570:Horus 466:Tanit 461:Sydyk 406:Misor 381:Haddu 366:Dagan 331:Baʿal 296:Arsay 184:Venus 122:Venus 105:Sidon 15674:Tyet 15629:Nebu 15559:Djed 15529:Atef 15524:Ankh 15494:Duat 15479:Aaru 15448:Dedi 15397:Abtu 15392:Aani 15330:Unut 15320:Tutu 15293:Tayt 15238:Shed 15233:Shai 15113:Ptah 14868:Igai 14791:Heka 14761:Hapi 14681:Bata 14661:Babi 14651:Aten 14626:Aqen 14616:Apis 14611:Apep 14576:Anat 14541:Aker 14536:Aati 14476:Isis 14466:Atum 14413:Amun 14321:Soul 14291:Maat 14161:Nabu 14071:Antu 14061:Adad 13841:Anat 13808:and 13743:ISBN 13724:ISBN 13672:ISSN 13615:ISBN 13594:ISBN 13556:link 13538:ISSN 13503:2023 13439:2023 13378:ISBN 13312:ISBN 13258:PMID 13200:PMID 13109:ISSN 13079:ISBN 13045:ISBN 13014:ISBN 12979:ISBN 12952:ISBN 12881:ISBN 12849:2023 12751:ISBN 12710:ISSN 12580:ISSN 12549:ISBN 12395:ISSN 12350:2023 12309:2023 12215:ISBN 12169:SPAL 12105:ISSN 12062:ISBN 9873:Anat 9809:Anat 9807:and 9729:Zeus 9663:Elam 9605:Anat 9512:Saul 9502:The 9492:Edom 9488:Moab 9469:lit. 9353:lit. 9292:lit. 9225:Juno 9217:Hera 9184:lit. 9153:lit. 9117:lit. 9086:lit. 9070:lit. 9046:dogs 9037:lit. 9032:klbm 9004:lit. 8973:lit. 8968:ʿlmt 8910:and 8861:Zeus 8825:The 8764:lit. 8722:lit. 8694:lit. 8658:lit. 8643:Isea 8613:lit. 8570:lit. 8522:lit. 8479:lit. 8425:Rome 8387:dove 8356:lit. 8344:The 8321:and 8311:Eryx 8281:Gozo 8262:Hēra 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