Asian elephant - Knowledge

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trunk, a sequence of ritualistic behaviors follow. The responses in males vary based on both the stage of development and the temperament of the elephant. This process of receiving and processing signals through the trunk is referred to as flehmen. The difference in body movements give cues to gauge if the male is interested in breeding with the female that produced the secretion. A bull that is ready to breed will move closer to the urine and in some cases an erection response is elicited. A bull that is not ready to breed will be timid and try to dissociate themselves from the signal. In addition to reproductive communication, chemosensory signaling is used to facilitate same-sex interactions. When less developed males detect pheromones from a male in musth, they often retreat to avoid coming in contact with aggressive behaviors. Female elephants have also been seen to communicate with each other through pheromone in urine. The purpose of this type of intersex communication is still being investigated. However, there are clear differences in signaling strength and receiver response throughout different stages of the estrous cycle.

1779: 143: 1196: 1370: 664: 1887:(41.6 years) in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants: infant mortality is more than two to three times that seen in Burmese timber camps, and adult survivorship in zoos has not improved significantly in recent years. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. Likely causes for compromised survivorship is 1219: 687: 373: 641: 8927: 1644:, more than 1,150 humans and 370 elephants died as a result of human-elephant conflict between 1980 and 2003. In a 2010 study, it was estimated that in India alone, over 400 people were killed by elephants each year, and 0.8 to 1 million hectares were damaged, affecting at least 500,000 families across the country. Moreover, elephants are known to destroy crops worth up to US$ 2–3 million annually. This has major impacts on the welfare and livelihoods of local communities, as well as the future conservation of this species. In countries like 1426: 120: 931: 9009: 217: 963: 1215:. It is now recognized that cows form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals. Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African bush elephants. Unlike African elephants, which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behavior. 1140: 1297: 1046: 992: 175: 1960: 1770: 2015: 1293:. These signals are transmitted through various bodily fluids. They are commonly released in urine but in males they are also found in special secretions from the temporal glands. Once integrated and perceived, these signals provide the receiver with information about the reproductive status of the sender. If both parties are ready to breed, reproductive ritualic behavior occurs and the process of sexual reproduction proceeds. 1275: 1809:, deployed to catalyze a range of conservation goals, including habitat conservation at landscape scales, generating public awareness on conservation issues, and mobilisation as a popular cultural icon both in India and the West. A key aspect of conservation is connectivity of the preferred movement routes of Asian elephants through areas with high vegetation cover and low human population density. 1577: 1358:. A principal component thereof, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, has also been found to be a sex pheromone in numerous species of insects. In both insects and elephants, this chemical compound is used as an attractant to assist the mating process. In elephants, the chemical is secreted through urination and this aids in the attraction of bulls to mate. Once detected, the chemical stimulates the 554:. Wild Asian elephants live to be about 60 years old. While female captive elephants are recorded to have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings, Asian elephants die at a much younger age in captivity; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate. The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the 1555: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1432: 1029:

less pronounced in Asian elephants than in African bush elephants; with bulls averaging 15% and 23% taller in the former and latter respectively. Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) with the tail being 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long. The largest bull elephant ever recorded was shot by the

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countryside. The cage is called a "training crush." It's the centerpiece of a centuries-old ritual in northern Thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. In addition to beatings, handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners.

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families. They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season. They drink at least once a day and are never far from a permanent source of fresh water. They need 80–200 litres of water a day and use even more for bathing. At times, they

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Just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern Thailand, west of the village Mae Jaem, a four-year-old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. She is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. Her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet

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is about 510,000 ha (1,300,000 acres). In 2020, the population of Asian elephants in Yunnan was estimated at around 300 individuals. As conflicts between humans and wild elephants have emerged around protected areas in the last years, the prefecture of Xishuangbanna built food bases and planted

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Up to the early 1990s, Vietnamese ivory craftsmen used exclusively Asian elephant ivory from Vietnam and neighbouring Lao and Cambodia. Before 1990, there were few tourists and the low demand for worked ivory could be supplied by domestic elephants. Economic liberalisation and an increase in tourism

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Cows and calves move about together as groups, while bulls disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Bulls are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups". Cow-calf units generally tend to be small, typically consisting of three adults (most likely related females) and their offspring.

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is 30 mm (1.2 in) thick providing protection against bites, bumps, and adverse weather. Its folds increase surface area for heat dissipation. They can tolerate cold better than excessive heat. Skin temperature varies from 24 to 32.9 °C (75.2 to 91.2 °F). Body temperature averages

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in India hosts the most Asian elephants of any known area, comprising around 20% of the total population in the country. The distribution of elephants in the state according to one estimate is roughly 38,310 km (14,790 sq mi). In a 2013 study, an estimated 10, 000 elephants inhabited

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in human settlements is another major area of human–elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes. However, studies in Sri Lanka indicate that traditional slash-and-burn agriculture may create optimal habitat for elephants

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for use in the tourism industry; calves are used mainly in amusement parks and are trained to perform various stunts for tourists. The calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured; as a result, two-thirds may perish.

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for up to three years. Once a female gives birth, she usually does not breed again until the first calf is weaned, resulting in a four to five-year birth interval. During this period, mother to calf communication primarily takes place through temporal means. However, male calves have been known to

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Reproductive signaling exchange between male and female elephants are transmitted through olfactory cues in bodily fluids. In males, the increase in frontalin during musth heightens their sensitivity to the (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate produced by female elephants. Once perceived by receptors in the

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have been recorded attacking and killing calves, especially if the calves become separated from their mothers, stranded from their herd, or orphaned. Adults are largely invulnerable to natural predation. There is a singular anecdotal case of a mother Asian elephant allegedly being killed alongside

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and of females with young. Gunfire and other similar methods of deterring, which are known to be effective against many kinds of wild animals including tigers, may or may not work with elephants, and can even worsen the situation. Elephants that have been abused by humans in the past often become

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that was first isolated in bark beetles but can also be produced in the bulls of both Asian and African Elephants. The compound can be excreted through urine as well as through the temporal glands of the bull, allowing signaling to occur. During musth, increased concentrations of frontalin in the

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On average, when fully-grown, bulls are about 2.75 m (9.0 ft) tall at the shoulder and 4.0 t (4.4 short tons) in weight, while cows are smaller at about 2.40 m (7.9 ft) at the shoulder and 2.7 t (3.0 short tons) in weight. Sexual dimorphism in body size is relatively

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measured 8 ft (2.4 m) in length, and nearly 17 in (43 cm) in circumference, and weighed 90 lb (41 kg). This tusk's weight is, however, exceeded by the weight of a shorter tusk of about 6 ft (1.8 m) in length which weighed 100 lb (45 kg), and there

1895:. Foot problems are commonly observed in captive elephants. These are related to lack of exercise, long hours standing on hard substrates, and contamination resulting from standing in their dung. Many of these problems are treatable. However, mistreatment may lead to serious disability or death. 1843:

The distribution of elephants in Sri Lanka is only two-fifths of what it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to this decrease, interactions with humans occur much more frequently. During a 2003 survey, the local people expressed some form of disapproval towards the conservation of

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in live elephants and ivory still flourishes. Although the amount of ivory being openly sold has decreased substantially since 2001, Thailand still has one of the largest and most active black markets for ivory seen anywhere in the world. Tusks from Thai-poached elephants also enter the market;

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that are observed three weeks from each other. This type of estrous cycle has also been observed in African Elephants but is not known to affect other mammals. The first surge in Luteinizing hormone is not followed by the release of an egg from the ovaries. However, some female elephants still

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and made in many contexts. Squeaks come in two forms: chirpings and trumpets. Chirping consists of multiple short squeaks and signals conflict and nervousness. Trumpets are lengthened squeaks with increased loudness and are produced during extreme arousal. Snorts signal changes in activity and

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Schulte, Bruce A.; Bagley, Kathryn; Correll, Maureen; Gray, Amy; Heineman, Sarah M.; Loizi, Helen; Malament, Michelle; Scott, Nancy L.; Slade, Barbara E.; Stanley, Lauren; Goodwin, Thomas E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L. (2005). Mason, Robert T.; LeMaster, Michael P.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (eds.).

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In some parts of Asia, people and elephants have co-existed for thousands of years. In other areas, people and elephants come into conflict, resulting in violence, and ultimately, the displacement of elephants. The main causes of human-elephant conflict includes the growing human population,

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has only one fingerlike tip, in contrast to the African elephants which have two. Hence, the Asian species relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth, rather than grasping with the tip. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex

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and dry thorn forests. They are herbivorous, eating about 150 kg (330 lb) of vegetation per day. Cows and calves form groups, while males remain solitary or form "bachelor groups" with other males. During the breeding season, males will temporarily join female groups to mate. Asian

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is celebrated annually on 12 August since 2012. Events are organized to divulge information and to engage people about the problems that the Asian elephant is facing. August has been established as the Asian Elephant Awareness Month by zoos and conservation partners in the United States.

1719:(SFA), which has issued licences for the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products containing elephant skin, thereby making trading legal. In 2010, four skinned elephants were found in a forest in Myanmar; 26 elephants were killed by poachers in 2013 and 61 in 2016. According to the 1130:

As of 2017, the estimated wild population in India account for nearly three-fourths of the extant population, at 27,312 individuals. In 2019, the Asian elephant population in India increased to an estimated 27,000–29,000 individuals. As of 2019, the global wild population was estimated at

759:. These elephants living in northern Borneo are smaller than all the other subspecies, but had larger ears, a longer tail, and straight tusks. Results of genetic analysis indicate that their ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000 years ago. A study in 2003, using 1659:

As a whole, Asian elephants display highly sophisticated and sometimes unpredictable behaviour. Most untamed elephants try to avoid humans, but if they are caught off guard by any perceived physical threat, including humans, they will likely charge. This is especially true of males in

1107:'s northern Johor and Terengganu National Park, two Asian elephants tracked using satellite tracking technology spent most of their time in secondary or "logged-over forest"; they travelled 75% of their time in an area less than 1.5 km (0.93 mi) away from a water source. In 1748:. As of 2011, it is responsible for as many as 70 deaths of both zoo and wild Asian elephants worldwide, especially in young calves. In particular, several incidents of calves dying from elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus have been recorded in Myanmar. The elephant 982:

are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants. Some bulls may also lack tusks; these individuals are called "makhnas", and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population. A tusk from an 11 ft (3.4 m) tall elephant killed by Sir

1828:, and were primarily threatened by poaching and habitat fragmentation. An increase in conflict with humans was also cited as a likely issue. Conservation plans aimed to establish wildlife corridors, stop poaching of bulls, and protect or manage land area. 7193: 1037:, in 1924, it weighed an estimated 7 t (7.7 short tons), stood 3.43 m (11.3 ft) tall at the shoulder and was 8.06 m (26.4 ft) long from head to tail. There are reports of larger individuals as tall as 3.7 m (12 ft). 6241: 4587: 6507:"Detection and evaluation of novel herpesviruses in routine and pathological samples from Asian and African elephants: Identification of two new probosciviruses (EEHV5 and EEHV6) and two new gammaherpesviruses (EGHV3B and EGHV5)" 1088:, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the eastern 1332:

occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear. The aggressive behaviors observed during musth can be attributed to varying amounts of

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tree plantations are major threats to the survival of elephants. Human–elephant conflicts occur when elephants raid crops of shifting cultivators in fields, which are scattered over a large area interspersed with forests.

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increase in loudness during mild or strong arousal. During the latter case, when an elephant bounces the tip of the trunk, it creates booms which serve as threat displays. Elephants can distinguish low-amplitude sounds.

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Asian elephants are recorded to make three basic sounds: growls, squeaks and snorts. Growls in their basic form are used for short distance communication. During mild arousal, growls resonate in the trunk and become

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Asian elephants have been captured from the wild and tamed for use by humans. Their ability to work under instruction makes them particularly useful for carrying heavy objects. They have been used particularly for

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Madhusudan, M.D.; Sharma, Narayan; Raghunath, R.; Baskaran, N.; Bipin, C.M.; Gubbi, Sanjay; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Kulkarni, Jayant; Kumara, Honnavalli N.; Mehta, Prachi; Pillay, Rajeev; Sukumar, Raman (July 2015).

7185: 4564: 1935:, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet. 1408:

Female Asian elephants sexually mature around the age of 10~15 and keep growing until 30, while males fully mature at more than the age of 25, and constantly grow throughout their life. Average elephant

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The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat, which leads to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants. Asian elephants are

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cows. Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. Bulls reach sexual maturity around the age of 12–15. Between the ages of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "

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from 1962 to 2006 were analysed for deviations in the birth and juvenile death sex ratios. Of 349 captive calves born, 142 died prematurely. They died within one month of birth, major causes being

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further east, which was taken down and eaten by several tigers hunting cooperatively. Elephants appear to distinguish between the growls of larger predators like tigers and smaller predators like

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Reid CE, Hildebrandt TB, Marx N, Hunt M, Thy N, Reynes JM, Schaftenaar W, Fickel J (2006). "Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia".

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are protected areas hosting around 250–300 elephants, according to figures from 2013. In recent years the National Park has faced issues due to encroachment and over-exploitation. In India, the

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Liehrmann, Océane; Crawley, Jennie A. H.; Seltmann, Martin W.; Feillet, Sherine; Nyein, U. Kyaw; Aung, Htoo Htoo; Htut, Win; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; Lansade, Léa; Lummaa, Virpi (29 July 2021).

7409: 4534: 6073: 950:. The feet have five nail-like structures on each forefoot, and four on each hind foot. The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephants. Its long 8083: 3733: 7125: 1207:

Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded. Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and young adults have been observed in Sri Lanka's

6656:"Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal" 7043: 3074:"What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology" 6480: 2037:-carrying in jungle areas. Other than their work use, they have been used in war, in ceremonies, and for carriage. It is reported that war elephants are still used by the 6906: 7627: 7772: 6179:

Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P. S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., Ganguly, S., Talukdar, B. K., Singh, B., Mudappa, D., Chowdhary, S., Prasad, A. N. (2010).

1405:. It is unlikely that the integration of these pheromones will result in a flehmen response in a calf. Females stay on with the herd, but mature males are chased away. 7439: 4425: 2672: 1248:

her calf; however, this account is contestable. In 2011 and 2014, two instances were recorded of tigers successfully killing adult elephants; one by a single tiger in

5179: 4556: 5657: 5503:"Multiple assessments of personality and problem-solving performance in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)" 2915:

Rohland, Nadin; Reich, David; Mallick, Swapan; Meyer, Matthias; Green, Richard E.; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Roca, Alfred L.; Hofreiter, Michael (21 December 2010).

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processing than all other existing land animals. Results of studies indicate that Asian elephants have cognitive abilities for tool use and tool-making similar to

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in males; laterally folded large ears but smaller in contrast to African elephants; and wrinkled grey skin. The skin is smoother than African elephants and may be

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The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon

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Lister, Adrian M.; Dirks, Wendy; Assaf, Amnon; Chazan, Michael; Goldberg, Paul; Applbaum, Yaakov H.; Greenbaum, Nathalie; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (September 2013).

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and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day. Around 50 to 75% of the day is devoted to eating. They are generalist feeders, and are both

6966: 3015:"A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations" 1840:. The project was initiated to protect the Indian elephant and its habitats and to establish dedicated elephant reserves for sustaining elephant populations. 6875: 1633:

by creating a mosaic of successional-stage vegetation. Populations inhabiting small habitat fragments are much more liable to come into conflict with humans.

3667: 538:, as the population has declined by at least 50 per cent over the last three elephant generations, which is about 60–75 years. It is primarily threatened by 10715: 7601: 3329:"Qualitative Comparison of the Cranio-Dental Osteology of the Extant Elephants, Elephas Maximus (Asian Elephant) and Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)" 2408:"A handlist of Malaysian mammals, a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands" 9025: 6751: 5980: 5915:

de la Torre, J. A.; Wong, E. P.; Lechner, A. M.; Zulaikha, N.; Zawawi, A.; Abdul-Patah, P.; Saaban, S.; Goossens, B.; Campos-Arceiz, A. (October 2021).

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by either the calf's mother or by one of the exhibition mates. The sex ratio of stillbirths in Europe was found to have a tendency for excess of males.

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Wikramanayake, E.; Fernando, P.; Leimgruber, P. (2008). "Behavioral response of satellite-collared elephants to the tsunami in southern Sri Lanka".

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and earthquakes, but data from two satellite-collared Sri Lankan elephants indicate this may be untrue. Several students of elephant cognition and

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Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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In China, Asian elephants are under first-level protection. Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered

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develop sex pheromone-producing organs at a young age. Early maturity of the vomeronasal organ allows immature elephants to produce and receive

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Crawley, J. A. H.; Mumby, H. S.; Chapman, S. N.; Lahdenperä, M.; Mar, K. U.; Htut, W.; Thura Soe, A.; Aung, H. H.; Lummaa, V. (5 August 2017).

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About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have less than half (18.9 years) the median life span of

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in April 2020. The decision raised concerns between students and environmental activists who launched an online campaign to stop the project.

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Sach, Fiona; Dierenfeld, Ellen S.; Langley-Evans, Simon C.; Hamilton, Elliott; Murray Lark, R.; Yon, Lisa; Watts, Michael J. (15 May 2020).

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Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 to 10 February 2001

7325: 7159: 3723: 7273: 7117: 10720: 8484: 3050: 7547: 7017: 4903:"Purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate: sex pheromone of the female Asian elephant, 4735: 10660: 8998: 2584: 5758:"Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review" 5305: 10635: 8720: 6155: 4830: 3896: 1756:

that uses the Asian elephant as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros.

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analyses indicate that the Sri Lankan and Indian elephants are not distinct enough to warrant classification as separate subspecies.

4854:"Hormone Secretion in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): Characterizationof Ovulatory and Anovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges" 2781:

Fernando, P.; Vidya T.N.C.; Payne J.; Stuewe M.; Davison G.; Alfred, R.J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E.; Kilbourn, A.; Melnick, D.J. (2003).

10438: 9824: 9662: 7039: 5630: 5428: 4676: 4061: 10477: 10280: 6990:"An overview of Asian Elephants in the Western Ghats, southern India: implications for the conservation of Western Ghats ecology" 6323:

Santiapillai, Charles; Wijeyamohan, S.; Bandara, Ganga; Athurupana, Rukmali; Dissanayake, Naveen; Read, Bruce (12 October 2010).

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Fernando, P.; Vidya, T. N. C.; Payne, J.; Stuewe, M.; Davison, G.; Alfred, R. J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E. & Kilbourn, A. (2003).

6811:"Identifying important connectivity areas for the wide-ranging Asian elephant across conservation landscapes of Northeast India" 6693: 6473: 6278: 5405:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013).

9859: 9647: 6898: 1778: 1652:, the Asian elephant is one of the most feared wild animals, even though they are less deadly than other local animals such as 1211:. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to be under the leadership of older adult females, or 523:

of the brain, are highly intelligent and self-aware being able to display behaviors associated grief, learning, greeting etc.

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de Silva, S.; Wittemyer, G. (2012). "A Comparison of Social Organization in Asian Elephants and African Savannah Elephants".

3626: 3568: 3252: 3227: 2225: 2079:'s head is that of an elephant, and the "blessings" of a temple elephant are highly valued. Elephants are frequently used in 1735: 771:, and suggests that the Borneo population has been separated from the other elephant populations of southeast Asia since the 10482: 7843: 7431: 5218: 4504: 3632: 2653: 1879:

Rhythmic swaying behaviour is not reported in free ranging wild elephants and may be symptomatic of psychological disorders.

1546:. The demand for elephant skin has risen due to it being an increasingly-common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. 10725: 10174: 7933: 5653: 1222:

An elephant calf is often vulnerable and might be predated upon by predators such as tiger; Pictured is an injured calf at

1003:. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centres. It is smoother than that of African elephants and may be 6304:

Human–wildlife conflicts and management options in Bangladesh, with special reference to Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

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Fernando, P.; Lande, R. (2000). "Molecular genetic and behavioral analysis of social organization in the Asian elephant (

3125:"New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant" 1995:

and used for work. Decorated elephants are also depicted on seals and were modelled in clay. The Asian elephant became a

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Woodroffe, Rosie; Thirgood, Simon; Rabinowitz, Alan (2005), Rabinowitz, Alan; Woodroffe, Rosie; Thirgood, Simon (eds.),

974:; if tusks—in that case, called "tushes"—are present, they are barely visible and only seen when the mouth is open. The 10690: 10680: 10270: 10184: 9873: 9800: 4160: 3922: 3656:"Analysing elephant habitat parameters using GIS, remote sensing and analytic hierarchy process in Peninsular Malaysia" 2985: 2258:

Williams, C.; Tiwari, S.K.; Goswami, V.R.; de Silva, S.; Kumar, A.; Baskaran, N.; Yoganand, K. & Menon, V. (2020).

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Oo, Zaw Min; Aung, Ye Htut; Aung, Tin Tun; San, Nyo; Tun, Zaw Min; Hayward, Gary S.; Zachariah, Arun (January 2020).

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Fernando, P.; Vijayakrishnan, S.; Ranjeewa, A. D.; Pastorini, J. (2022). "Size-age class scale for Asian elephants".

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Jainudeen, M. R.; McKay, G. M.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1972). "Observation on musth in the domesticated Asiatic elephant (

3386: 2783:"DNA Analysis indicates that Asian Elephants are native to Borneo and are therefore a High Priority for conservation" 2732:"DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation" 746: 2203: 10670: 10189: 9810: 8460: 8409: 6867: 3784: 1948: 1396:

to grow so that it can reach its mother to feed. At birth, the calf weighs about 100 kg (220 lb), and is

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in the Indian subcontinent, dating to the late Pliocene, around 3.6-3.2 million years ago, assigned to the species

179: 142: 7708:"Handler familiarity helps to improve working performance during novel situations in semi-captive Asian elephants" 3655: 10534: 9039: 7067:"Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: empirical evidence" 1844:

Asian elephants as farmers viewed them as pests, however, most of the participants were supportive of the idea.

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Reproduction in Asian elephants can be attributed to the production and perception of signaling compounds called

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on ears, face, trunk and belly. The skin color of the Indian elephant is generally grey and lighter than that of

331: 17: 5917:"There will be conflict – agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants" 4467: 2086:

The Asian elephant is depicted in several Indian manuscripts and treatises with notable amongst these including

10124: 10054: 9735: 9672: 9652: 9415: 9060: 8991: 8430: 7570: 6450: 3819: 2917:"Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants" 2578: 1354:

exhibit the expected mating protocols during this surge. Female elephants give ovulatory cues by utilizing sex

6599:"Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Asian Elephant Calves in Logging Camps, Myanmar" 4049: 10612: 10141: 9707: 9217: 8713: 4004: 1716: 4641:"Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant,Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences" 1369: 10675: 10665: 10237: 10159: 9926: 9894: 9657: 9103: 9085: 9067: 9047: 8950: 8479: 8465: 7472: 6931:"Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of Asian elephants in Karnataka, southern India" 6377:

Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences

6180: 2713: 2160: 1875: 1328:

level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. Secretions containing

870:

of East Africa, around 5-4.2 million years ago. The oldest remains of the genus in Asia are known from the

767:, indicated that the Borneo elephant population is derived from stock that originated in the region of the 663: 10368: 8064: 3412: 2384: 10650: 10516: 10376: 10169: 9838: 9667: 9504: 8435: 7467: 1944: 1906:

is extremely low throughout the prime reproductive years. Data from North American and European regional

1864: 1856: 1726:, Myanmar is the main source of elephant skin, where a poaching crisis has developed rapidly since 2010. 1637: 10381: 6435: 5916: 5242:"Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)" 3278:"The role of tusks, musth and body size in male–male competition among Asian elephants, Elephas maximus" 1092:

in northeast India, they regularly move up above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in summer at a few sites.

10164: 10128: 9094: 9076: 9056: 8425: 8310: 6412: 6306:. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 6(3–4), 164–175. 2422: 1860: 804: 502:. It is the second largest species of elephant after the African bush elephant. It frequently inhabits 7883: 7186:"Assam students, environment activists launch online campaign to stop coal mining in elephant reserve" 7066: 5817:"Ethnozoological assessment of animals used by Mon traditional medicine vendors at Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar" 5816: 5451: 5346:

Mumby, H. S.; Chapman, S. N.; Crawley, J. A.; Mar, K. U.; Htut, W.; Thura Soe, A.; Lummaa, V. (2015).

3277: 1902:

indicates that the population is not self-sustaining. First year mortality is nearly 30 per cent, and

1695: 10341: 9921: 9908: 9157: 9137: 9008: 8984: 8976: 8510: 5876:"A Review of Human-Elephant Ecological Relations in the Malay Peninsula: Adaptations for Coexistence" 1992: 1972: 1249: 1081: 1050: 764: 555: 507: 5085:"The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks" 4588:"Wild Asian elephants distinguish aggressive tiger and leopard growls according to perceived danger" 1522:

are convinced that Asian elephants are highly intelligent and self-aware. Others contest this view.

821:), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on an illustration of a carving on the Buddhist monument of 216: 10685: 9916: 9852: 9476: 9441: 9436: 9370: 9113: 8706: 6660: 6099: 3328: 2607: 2038: 1976: 1968: 1208: 686: 5006: 3693: 2492: 2338: 2282: 10136: 10074: 9590: 9310: 8668: 8370: 8207: 8123: 4153:"Conflicts between linear developments and Asian elephants in sub - Himalayan zone of Uttranchal" 3124: 2361: 1848: 1788: 1337:(1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclooctane) throughout the maturation process of bulls. Frontalin is a 1253: 1223: 1218: 597: 589: 493: 10573: 7148: 3923:"A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus" 840:, of which the Asian elephant is the only living member, is the closest relative of the extinct 10469: 10303: 9936: 9845: 9639: 9265: 9202: 9177: 9172: 9167: 8688: 8195: 7216: 3974:"Ecology of the Asian Elephant in southern India. II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns" 2106:, the Asian elephant, both tusked and tuskless, are the fourth and fifth animal zodiacs of the 1602: 1581: 129: 1199:

Asian elephant cows and calves live in closely knit groups. Pictured is group of elephants in

10645: 10568: 9567: 9405: 9207: 8945: 8822: 8659: 8440: 8335: 8190: 8170: 7539: 4709: 2140: 1413:

is 60 years in the wild and 80 in captivity, although this has been exaggerated in the past.

1171:. They are known to feed on at least 112 different plant species, most commonly of the order 939: 547: 489: 372: 311: 10560: 7666: 5452:"Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching" 5144:"Is bigger better? The relationship between size and reproduction in female Asian elephants" 4182:

McKay, G. M. (1973). "Behavior and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in southeastern Ceylon".

2975: 2566: 1703:

raised both local and visitors' demands for worked ivory, which resulted in heavy poaching.

10594: 10412: 10350: 10227: 10151: 10094: 9964: 9595: 9446: 9182: 9162: 8812: 8503: 8471: 8001: 7986: 7589: 7231: 6942: 6822: 6763: 6049: 5981:"Whose issue? Representations of human-elephant conflict in Indian and international media" 5928: 5598: 5359: 5297: 5021: 4961: 4401: 4307: 4099: 3136: 2697:

Nurzhafarina, O.; Maryati, M.; Ahmad, A.H.; Nathan, S.; Pierson, H.T.; Goosens, B. (2008).

1656:(which were estimated to claim more than 30 times more lives in Sri Lanka than elephants). 1620: 1565: 1511: 1252:

on a 20-year-old young adult elephant cow, and another on a 28-year-old sick adult bull in

1168: 856:

and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia. The earliest

616: 605: 515: 10495: 6140: 5326: 4800: 3881: 2215: 1715:

as well as in the manufacture of ornamental beads. The practice has been aided by China's

1235:

while for long-distance communication, they escalate into roars. Low-frequency growls are

8: 10114: 10084: 9552: 9534: 9471: 9451: 9375: 9350: 9197: 9051: 8622: 8227: 6752:"Mutiny or Clear Sailing? Examining the Role of the Asian Elephant as a Flagship Species" 3755:

Srinivasaiah, Nishant M.; Vaidyanathan, Srinivas; Sukumar, Raman; Sinha, Anindya (2019).

2509:

Fleischer, R.C.; Perry, E.A.; Muralidharan, K.; Stevens, E.E. & Wemmer, C.M. (2001).

2053: 1837: 1350: 1279: 1057: 1008: 844:. The two groups are estimated to have split from each other around 7 million years ago. 751: 626: 543: 445: 416: 346: 164: 10355: 8005: 7235: 6946: 6826: 6767: 6717:"Identifying appropriate flagship species: The importance of culture and local contexts" 6053: 5932: 5602: 5363: 5025: 4965: 4405: 4311: 4103: 3140: 2103: 640: 10640: 10252: 10024: 9866: 9818: 9428: 9187: 9129: 8495: 8160: 8116: 7740: 7707: 7265: 6848: 6840: 6779: 6685: 6631: 6598: 6579: 6531: 6506: 6065: 6000: 5792: 5757: 5622: 5567: 5406: 5382: 5347: 5279: 5119: 5084: 5045: 4987: 4778: 4668: 4612: 4471: 4355: 4330: 4295: 4276: 4238: 4199: 4128: 4087: 4053: 3996: 3862: 3776: 3483: 3042: 2951: 2916: 2536: 2531: 2510: 2508: 2484: 2145: 1813: 1441: 892: 883: 876: 849: 783: 531: 211: 152: 7987:"The net benefit of saving the Asian elephant a policy and contingent valuation study" 7397: 7380:

Saragusty, J.; Hermes, R.; Goritz, F.; Schmitt, D.L. & Hildebrandt, T. B. (2009).

7082: 5423: 4022: 2809: 2782: 2758: 2731: 2049:

against Myanmar's military. The KIA use about four dozen elephants to carry supplies.

10555: 10389: 10232: 10069: 9780: 9499: 9494: 9486: 9466: 9330: 9315: 9152: 8926: 8631: 8330: 8295: 8287: 8232: 8022: 7903: 7899: 7866: 7833: 7806: 7745: 7727: 7674: 7633: 7593: 7521: 7500:"The Study of Thai Elephant Culture Based on the "Elephant Metaphors" in Thai Idioms" 7401: 7315: 7257: 7086: 7009: 6958: 6852: 6783: 6677: 6655: 6636: 6618: 6571: 6536: 6364: 6263: 6231: 6069: 6004: 5944: 5897: 5844: 5836: 5797: 5779: 5738: 5686: 5614: 5563: 5532: 5524: 5471: 5387: 5271: 5263: 5208: 5171: 5163: 5124: 5106: 5037: 4979: 4928: 4883: 4875: 4852:

Brown, J.L.; Schmitt, D.L.; Bellem, A.; Graham, L.H.; Lehnhardt, J. (November 1999).

4822: 4725: 4660: 4617: 4417: 4392: 4362: 4335: 4203: 4133: 4115: 3942: 3938: 3866: 3768: 3622: 3601: 3564: 3558: 3348: 3297: 3258: 3248: 3223: 3197: 3105: 3046: 3034: 3014: 2981: 2956: 2938: 2814: 2763: 2574: 2562: 2544: 2231: 2221: 2199: 1954: 1745: 1569: 1359: 1049:

India has more than 50% of the wild Asian elephant population. Pictured are herds at

946:

are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. It has up to 20 pairs of ribs and 34

888: 862: 760: 694:

Sri Lankan elephants are the largest subspecies. Their skin colour is darker than of

672: 457: 360: 8078: 7269: 6583: 6192:. Report of the Elephant Task Force. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. 5721:

Nissani, M. (2006). "Do Asian elephants apply causal reasoning to tool use tasks?".

5571: 5450:

Hart, Benjamin L.; Hart, Lynette A.; McCoy, Michael; Sarath, C. R. (November 2001).

5348:"Distinguishing between determinate and indeterminate growth in a long-lived mammal" 5283: 4946:

Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Lee, T. D.; Roelofs, W. L.; Zhang, A. J.; Daves, G. D. (1996).

4901:

Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Lee, T. D.; Zhang, A. J.; Roelofs, W. L.; Daves, G. D. (1997).

4782: 4672: 4383: 4280: 4242: 4057: 4000: 3487: 3466:

Sukumar, R.; Joshi, N.V.; Krishnamurthy, V. (1988). "Growth in the Asian elephant".

2259: 1787:

Asian elephants are protected across various geographies. Pictured are elephants in

10394: 10242: 10222: 10217: 10089: 9730: 9600: 9562: 9542: 9509: 9461: 9390: 9325: 9285: 9260: 9255: 9107: 9089: 8648: 8013: 8009: 7895: 7735: 7719: 7585: 7511: 7393: 7360: 7307: 7247: 7239: 7215:

Clubb, R.; Rowcliffe, M.; Lee, P.; Mar, K. U.; Moss, C. & Mason, G. J. (2008).

7078: 7001: 6950: 6830: 6771: 6730: 6689: 6669: 6626: 6610: 6563: 6526: 6518: 6380: 6360: 6336: 6307: 6206: 6057: 5992: 5936: 5887: 5828: 5787: 5769: 5730: 5606: 5559: 5514: 5463: 5418: 5377: 5367: 5253: 5155: 5114: 5096: 5049: 5029: 4991: 4969: 4952: 4918: 4865: 4812: 4770: 4717: 4652: 4607: 4599: 4463: 4449:"Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures" 4409: 4325: 4315: 4268: 4230: 4191: 4123: 4107: 4045: 3988: 3934: 3854: 3597: 3518: 3475: 3446: 3340: 3289: 3187: 3144: 3095: 3085: 3026: 2946: 2928: 2871: 2861: 2804: 2794: 2753: 2743: 2526: 2476: 2310:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( 2277: 2115: 1926:

Young elephants are captured from the wild and illegally imported to Thailand from

1888: 1829: 1806: 1802: 1712: 1381: 1345:

Similar to other mammals, hormone secretion in female elephants is regulated by an

1100: 1085: 1016: 947: 511: 7516: 7499: 6567: 5345: 3293: 3192: 3176:"'When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant" 3175: 1342:

bull's urine communicate the reproductive status of the bull to female elephants.

604:

of the Asian elephant in 1940. These three subspecies are currently recognised as

10542: 10207: 9994: 9969: 9880: 9677: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9582: 9572: 9557: 9514: 9400: 9395: 9320: 9305: 8960: 8613: 8604: 8360: 8355: 8237: 8222: 8217: 8200: 8068: 7968: 7827: 7802: 6989: 6954: 6522: 6421: 6311: 6189: 5202: 4512: 3616: 3148: 2933: 2799: 2748: 2257: 2094: 1723: 1629: 1463: 1414: 1410: 930: 790: 718: 649: 570: 539: 450: 353: 10586: 10508: 7941: 7799:

The Elephant-lore of the Hindus: The Elephant-sport (Matanga-lila) of Nilakantha

7005: 4870: 4853: 2696: 2393:

Coup-d'oeil général sur les possessions néerlandaises dans l'Inde archipélagique

10260: 10109: 10099: 10034: 10029: 9760: 9625: 9547: 9524: 9519: 9456: 9385: 9300: 9192: 9142: 9098: 8772: 8755: 8729: 8257: 8242: 8079:

National Zoo Facts on Asian Elephant and a Webcam of the Asian Elephant exhibit

7723: 7299: 6930: 6721: 4774: 4111: 2175: 2123: 2004: 1932: 1653: 1616: 1503: 1232: 1144: 1116: 1061: 1004: 814: 703: 612: 585: 462: 420: 7379: 7311: 6775: 6735: 6716: 6673: 6230:, Conservation Biology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–12, 6210: 6061: 5832: 5734: 5680: 5372: 4923: 4902: 4817: 4479: 4272: 3992: 3882:"Feeding Behaviour of Asian Elephants in the Northwestern Region of Sri Lanka" 3030: 1699:

between 1992 and 1997 at least 24 male elephants were killed for their tusks.

1147:, consuming large amount of plant matter. Pictured are grazing elephants from 999:

Skin colour is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and

10629: 10490: 10326: 9984: 9979: 9954: 9785: 9775: 9740: 9715: 9697: 9360: 9345: 9230: 9147: 9119: 9080: 8911: 8777: 8395: 8350: 8300: 8262: 7907: 7731: 7597: 7525: 7090: 7013: 6962: 6622: 6341: 6324: 6141:"Impact of border fence along India – Bangladesh border on elephant movement" 5996: 5948: 5901: 5840: 5783: 5774: 5618: 5528: 5475: 5267: 5167: 5110: 4879: 4801:"Frontalin: a Chemical Message of Musth in Asian Elephants (elephas maximus)" 4721: 4664: 4119: 3946: 3772: 3301: 3262: 3201: 3109: 3038: 2942: 2268: 2211: 2000: 1899: 1825: 1740: 1598: 1539: 1479: 1474:. They exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with 1385: 1346: 1160: 1112: 984: 942:

and has the highest body point on the head. The back is convex or level. The

871: 768: 566: 535: 327: 184: 119: 70: 8095: 7243: 6809:

Vasudev, D.; Goswami, V.; Srinivas, N.; La Nam Syiem, B.; Sarma, A. (2021).

4413: 4320: 4195: 4152: 4023:"Feeding ecology of two endangered sympatric megaherbivores: Asian elephant 2977:

Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior and the Fossil Record

2349:. Vol. Tomus I. Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentti Salvii. p. 33. 2235: 1317: 962: 10079: 10014: 9959: 9682: 9380: 9335: 9270: 9235: 8879: 8390: 8365: 7749: 7405: 7261: 6681: 6640: 6614: 6575: 6540: 5848: 5801: 5742: 5549: 5536: 5467: 5391: 5275: 5175: 5128: 4887: 4826: 4621: 4603: 4339: 4137: 3451: 3434: 3352: 2960: 2818: 2767: 2548: 2307: 2170: 2119: 2088: 2067: 2058: 2042: 1996: 1984: 1980: 1884: 1594: 1519: 1325: 1305: 1244: 1034: 975: 891:

around 2.6 million years ago, and is primarily known from remains of Early-

755:

magazine, but not as a living elephant in accordance with the rules of the

485: 278: 5041: 4983: 4932: 4421: 4234: 3523: 3502: 3378: 2843: 1514:. Elephants reportedly head to safer ground during natural disasters like 1269: 10547: 10451: 10335: 10212: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10004: 9989: 9949: 9365: 8965: 8884: 8864: 8859: 8837: 8827: 8802: 8797: 8782: 8745: 8527: 7884:"Sinhalese buddhism in regent anthropological writing: Some implications" 3100: 2780: 2165: 2150: 2111: 1915: 1749: 1624: 1499: 1296: 1176: 1156: 1139: 1045: 951: 903: 772: 268: 45: 10404: 6844: 6322: 5101: 4088:"Potential bio-indicators for assessment of mineral status in elephants" 3780: 3756: 3584:

Choudhury, A. U. (1999). "Status and conservation of the Asian elephant

3090: 3073: 881:

The modern Asian elephant is suggested to have evolved from the species

10443: 9999: 9795: 9745: 9340: 8817: 8564: 7214: 6384: 5626: 5519: 5502: 5143: 4656: 3479: 2540: 2488: 2127: 2008: 1911: 1645: 1590: 1495: 1471: 1362:

of the bull, thus providing information on the maturity of the female.

1329: 1309: 1283: 1236: 1212: 1184: 1096: 991: 798: 749:

in 1950, who described an elephant in an illustration published in the

738: 601: 440: 90: 55: 9006: 8043: 7432:"Tourism driving illegal elephant trade in Burma and Thailand – video" 6835: 6810: 5940: 5892: 5875: 5159: 4475: 4357:

The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation

3858: 3621:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 2876: 1959: 1665:"rogue elephants", which regularly attack people with no provocation. 811:), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on a Chinese bronze statuette. 496:. Further, the Asian elephant is the only living species of the genus 10456: 10425: 10059: 10019: 9790: 9725: 9720: 9275: 9250: 9030: 9016: 8955: 8869: 8807: 8792: 8787: 8760: 6504: 6471: 5586: 5258: 5241: 5033: 4974: 4947: 4640: 3728: 3344: 1903: 1820: 1753: 1683: 1649: 1467: 1447: 1402: 1397: 1355: 1338: 1334: 1290: 1030: 1000: 955: 822: 742: 520: 503: 478: 470: 228: 156: 133: 95: 10297: 7252: 5610: 3841:

Menon, V.; Tiwari, S. (2019). "Population status of Asian elephants

3807: 3757:"Elephants on the Move: Implications for Human–Elephant Interaction" 3754: 2480: 1640:

has become a major impediment to the free movement of elephants. In

10430: 10320: 10064: 9887: 9687: 9355: 9280: 9245: 8906: 8874: 8832: 8574: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8139: 8073: 7970:

Some Extinct Elephants, Their Relatives, and the Two Living Species

4085: 2072: 2063: 2014: 1907: 1832:

was initiated in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) by the

1769: 1691: 1687: 1531: 1487: 1200: 1188: 1172: 1127:. As of 2020, the estimated population was around 300 individuals. 1104: 1089: 988:

have reportedly been tusks weighing over 150 lb (68 kg).

867: 853: 734: 551: 412: 248: 85: 80: 65: 60: 50: 8698: 6808: 4021:

Pradhan, N. M. B.; Wegge, P.; Moe, S. R.; Shrestha, A. K. (2008).

2866: 2845: 2699:"A preliminary study on the morphometrics of the Bornean Elephant" 2007:, and an elevated platform for hunting during historical times in 1392:. The calf is fully developed by the 19th month, but stays in the 10607: 10104: 9755: 9750: 9290: 8586: 8252: 6927: 2651: 2217:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2107: 2076: 2052:

The Asian elephant plays an important part in the culture of the

2046: 2018: 1927: 1892: 1690:

and the serious decline of elephants in both Africa and Asia. In

1612: 1543: 1515: 1483: 1459: 1257: 1164: 1120: 1077: 1015:

of the body average 18 mm (0.71 in) thick; skin on the

841: 836: 779: 498: 436: 288: 100: 75: 8056: 7366:

10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z

6505:

Latimer E; Zong JC; Heaggans SY; Richman LK; Hayward GS (2011).

5204:

Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology

3417:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 522–523. 2846:"Genetic insight into an extinct population of Asian elephants ( 1274: 922:

from periods dating between at least 1800 BC and likely 700 BC.

10417: 10363: 9974: 9770: 9765: 9692: 9240: 9225: 8844: 8540: 8340: 8305: 8061: 8038: 7705: 2630: 2155: 2080: 2034: 2022: 1507: 1451: 1393: 1260:; they react to leopards less fearfully and more aggressively. 1180: 1148: 1124: 1069: 1012: 979: 919: 726: 577: 428: 258: 238: 6749: 5914: 5404: 4296:"The dynamics of social networks among female Asian elephants" 995:

Depigmented skin on the forehead and ears of an Asian elephant

10581: 10009: 9944: 9295: 8891: 8854: 8849: 8750: 8345: 8165: 8048: 7765:"War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place" 7382:"Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants" 5723:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

5141: 3538:

Pillai, N.G. (1941). "On the height and age of an elephant".

2395:. Vol. Tome second. Leide: A. Arnz and Comp. p. 91. 2311: 2099: 1988: 1963:

Elephants are used for safari tourism in some Asian countries

1679: 1661: 1641: 1576: 1535: 1491: 1475: 1321: 1301: 1108: 1073: 1065: 915: 730: 608: 474: 432: 424: 201: 195: 8108: 7984: 6357:

Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic

4446: 4293: 2844:

Girdland Flink, E.L.; Albayrak, E. & Lister, A. (2018).

2459: 2220:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90. 934:

Young adult male Asian elephant skeleton compared to a human

8896: 6899:"OKC Zoo to host 2nd annual Asian Elephant Awareness Month" 6325:"An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka" 6221: 4468:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2

4294:

de Silva, S.; Ranjeewa, A. D. G.; Kryazhimskiy, S. (2011).

3013:

Sanders, William J.; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes (June 2012).

2896: 2884: 2825: 1792: 1744:

genus, a novel clade most closely related to the mammalian

1711:

The skin of the Asian elephant is used as an ingredient in

1560: 1455: 1389: 1374: 971: 911: 907: 527: 466: 7463:"Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant "Crushing" Ritual" 7349:"Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America" 6654:

Devkota, R.; Brant, S.V.; Thapa, A.; Loker, E.S. (2014) .

6424:

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

6224:"The impact of human–wildlife conflict on natural systems" 3500: 3072:

Iannucci, Alessio; Sardella, Raffaele (28 February 2023).

1278:

Courtship between a male and female Asian elephant in the

8916: 8767: 8020: 7149:

Proposed Eastern Extension to Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary

7146: 4050:

10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[147:FEOTES]2.0.CO;2

3563:. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives. p. 17. 3503:"Remarks on body growth and phenotypes in Asian elephant 3465: 1720: 1111:, the Asian elephant survives only in the prefectures of 966:

The nail-like structures on the toes of an Asian elephant

943: 797:), proposed by Deraniyagala, based on fossil remains and 8525: 5083:

Schulte, Bruce A.; LaDue, Chase A. (30 September 2021).

4945: 4900: 4851: 4706: 3806:

Baskaran, N.; Varma, S.; Sar, C.K.; Sukumar, R. (2011).

2914: 2729: 2608:"Bornean Elephant: Species in World Land Trust reserves" 526:

The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in

8901: 6553: 6472:

Flynn, V.; Stewart-Cox, B. & Melidonis, C. (2018).

4756: 4020: 3805: 3435:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 2370:

Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux

2104:

Burmese, Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac

1971:

of Thailand and Laos. It has also been declared as the

1554: 1446:

Asian elephants have a very large and highly developed

1099:, some isolated populations survived in the south-east 484:

It is one of only three living species of elephants or

8057:

Asian Elephants at the Zoological Gardens of the World

6653: 4585: 3276:

Chelliah, Karpagam; Sukumar, Raman (1 December 2013).

3122: 2567:"Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants" 481:) in weight, and females 2.7 t (3.0 short tons). 5501:

Barrett, Lisa P.; Benson-Amram, Sarah (August 2021).

4151:

Singh, A. P.; Sharma, Ramesh C. (24 September 2001).

3012: 6714: 5815:

Nijman, Vincent; Shepherd, Chris R. (12 July 2017).

2083:

where the animals are adorned with festive outfits.

1791:

in India (left) and Tad Lo river, Salavan Province,

1373:

Two Asian elephant calves playing in a sanctuary in

1056:

Asian elephants are distributed throughout the

530:. Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as 7298:Roocroft, Alan; Oosterhuis, James (December 2000). 7115: 6436:"The status of ivory trade in Thailand and Vietnam" 6302:Raihan Sarker, A. H. M., & Røskaft, E. (2010). 5500: 5449: 3840: 2652:Cranbrook, E.; Payne, J. & Leh, C.M.U. (2007). 1898:Demographic analysis of captive Asian elephants in 1589:large-scale development projects and poor top-down 938:In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the 7297: 5756:Wang, David Q-H; Carey, Martin C (7 August 2014). 5240:Johnson, Edward W.; Rasmussen, Lel (1 July 2002). 4354: 3879: 1834:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 1436:Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food 473:on the trunk, ears or neck. Adult males average 4 461:. The Asian elephant is characterised by its long 6474:Skinned; The growing appetite for Asian elephants 6182:Gajah: Securing the future for elephants in India 6100:"Elephants in Sri Lanka: past present and future" 4258: 3129:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10627: 7632:. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 7571:"Iconic Fauna of Heritage Significance in India" 7065:Bandara, Ranjith; Tisdell, Clem (1 April 2003). 6750:Barua, M.; Tamuly, J. & Ahmed, R.A. (2010). 6032: 6028: 6026: 5873: 5239: 5207:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–150. 4361:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 142. 3213: 3211: 3071: 1384:is 18–22 months, and the cow gives birth to one 6205:. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 261–270. 4710:"Assessing chemical communication in elephants" 3275: 2382: 2092:(elephant sport) of Nilakantha. The manuscript 1852:bananas and bamboo to create a better habitat. 1605:and illegal encroachment into protected areas. 887:, which first appeared at the beginning of the 778:The following Asian elephants were proposed as 588:in 1798, who described an elephant from India. 7829:Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India 7664: 7118:"It's risky, but elephants are feeling frisky" 7064: 6407: 6405: 6359:. Journal of applied ecology, 36(5), 689–700. 6264:"Elephant conservation in India – an overview" 6228:People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence? 6173: 5814: 4381: 3880:Samansiri, K. A. P.; Weerakoon, D. K. (2007). 3428: 3426: 3424: 2647: 2645: 2056:and beyond, being featured prominently in the 1316:Bulls will fight one another to get access to 8992: 8714: 8511: 8124: 8100: 7801:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. pp. 7796: 6859: 6743: 6596: 6035:"Human–Elephant Conflicts in Northeast India" 6023: 5708:Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India 4216: 3660:Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology 3540:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3326: 3217: 3208: 3174:Çakırlar, Canan; Ikram, Salima (3 May 2016). 3173: 2455: 2283:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en 1855:In Thailand, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and 1636:Development such as border fencing along the 1080: in the south. They inhabit grasslands, 757:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 8286: 7985:Bandara, Ranjith & Clem Tisdell (2004). 7966: 7424: 7346: 7183: 6715:Bowen-Jones, E. & Entwistle, A. (2002). 6708: 6097: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5874:Lim, Teckwyn; Campos-Arceiz, Ahimsa (2022). 5082: 4794: 4792: 4447:Karanth, K. U. & Nichols, J. D. (1998). 3410: 3242: 2902: 2890: 2831: 2706:Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 2636: 2561: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2405: 1682:during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in 488:anywhere in the world, the others being the 465:with a single finger-like processing; large 10716:Species endangered by habitat fragmentation 8485:List of elephants in mythology and religion 7967:Deraniyagala, Paulus Edward Pieris (1955). 7667:"The Forest and the Field in Ancient India" 7625: 7217:"Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants" 6896: 6865: 6402: 6261: 6203:Human–elephant conflicts in Northeast India 5585:S., J. K.; Williams, J. H. (October 1950). 4557:"Kaziranga elephant killed in tiger attack" 4352: 4346: 4254: 4252: 4150: 3614: 3577: 3560:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 3421: 3406: 3404: 3222:. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. 2642: 2571:Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants 2336: 1601:, disruption of elephant migratory routes, 1040: 8999: 8985: 8721: 8707: 8518: 8504: 8418: 8131: 8117: 7177: 6433: 6379:. Journal of Biosciences, 24(2), 241–251. 5651: 5584: 5200: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 3834: 3724:"India has 27,312 elephants, census shows" 3691: 3653: 3618:The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management 3432: 3247:. Checkmark Books. pp. 38–41, 74–77. 2973: 2967: 2774: 2569:. In Fowler, M. E.; Mikota, S. K. (eds.). 2555: 2359: 1549: 1538:and a variety of other products including 519:elephants have a large and well-developed 371: 173: 141: 118: 7973:. Department of National Museums, Ceylon. 7864: 7739: 7673:. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 1–10. 7515: 7364: 7251: 6834: 6734: 6630: 6530: 6414:The elephant and ivory trade in Thailand. 6340: 6138: 5978: 5967: 5891: 5791: 5773: 5755: 5705: 5518: 5422: 5381: 5371: 5257: 5118: 5100: 5004: 4973: 4922: 4869: 4816: 4798: 4789: 4638: 4611: 4527:"Tiger kills elephant in Corbett Reserve" 4329: 4319: 4175: 4127: 3608: 3583: 3522: 3450: 3245:Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild 3220:A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals 3191: 3099: 3089: 2980:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 2950: 2932: 2875: 2865: 2808: 2798: 2757: 2747: 2530: 2432: 2281: 702:with larger and more distinct patches of 7792: 7790: 6987: 6255: 5710:. London: W.H. Allen and Co. p. 80. 5654:"Elephants see themselves in the mirror" 5078: 5076: 5074: 4287: 4249: 3556: 3401: 2723: 2198: 2013: 1958: 1874: 1575: 1553: 1424: 1368: 1295: 1273: 1217: 1194: 1138: 1134: 1044: 990: 961: 929: 685: 662: 639: 8153: 7626:Baker, Iljas; Kashio, Masakazu (2002). 7568: 7504:Comparative Literature: East & West 6988:Baskaran, Nagarajan (26 October 2013). 5720: 4691: 3971: 3920: 3694:"Solving a dilemma caused by elephants" 3687: 3685: 3459: 2511:"Phylogeography of the Asian elephant ( 2460:Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). 2302: 2300: 1462:species. They have a greater volume of 1349:. This cycle is regulated by surges in 390: range in early 21st century 14: 10628: 8383: 8183: 7825: 7165:from the original on 21 September 2020 6909:from the original on 26 September 2020 3808:"Current status of elephants in India" 3537: 2678:from the original on 27 September 2012 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2114:, and the second animal zodiac of the 1931:Handlers use a technique known as the 1192:scrape the soil for clay or minerals. 10302: 10301: 8980: 8702: 8499: 8112: 8099: 7832:. Duke University Press. p. 25. 7787: 7658: 7454: 6878:from the original on 7 September 2020 6244:from the original on 18 November 2019 5678: 5071: 5005:Rasmussen, L.E.L (22 February 1996). 4738:from the original on 22 November 2022 4181: 3902:from the original on 18 November 2016 3501:Kurt, F.; Kumarasinghe, J.C. (1998). 2194: 2192: 1736:elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 895:age found on the Indian subcontinent. 510:, semi-evergreen forests, moist 10613:9DB2EA49-8FF5-41AB-9BD4-19E68C506C79 8084:Environmental Investigation Agency: 8021:Miall, L. C.; Greenwood, F. (1878). 7881: 7762: 7607:from the original on 4 February 2023 7578:Indian Journal of History of Science 7460: 7442:from the original on 2 December 2016 6890: 6120:from the original on 14 January 2014 6079:from the original on 14 January 2014 5482:from the original on 5 February 2017 5431:from the original on 26 January 2021 5059:from the original on 3 November 2022 4833:from the original on 3 November 2022 4716:. Boston, MA: Springer US: 140–151. 4567:from the original on 8 February 2024 4537:from the original on 8 February 2024 4261:International Journal of Primatology 4184:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 3761:India International Centre Quarterly 3736:from the original on 3 December 2023 3704:from the original on 13 January 2021 3682: 3550: 3494: 3308:from the original on 2 December 2018 2587:from the original on 20 October 2022 2372:. Paris: Baudouin. pp. 148–149. 2318:from the original on 5 December 2017 2297: 2122:is the twelfth animal zodiac in the 1863:recommended to allow coal mining in 729:'s northeastern parts, primarily in 8728: 8323: 7550:from the original on 1 October 2023 7497: 7128:from the original on 2 October 2021 7032: 6790:from the original on 8 October 2013 6696:from the original on 6 January 2018 6479:(Report). London: Elephant Family. 6011:from the original on 8 October 2013 4639:Rasmussen, L. E. L. (1 June 1999). 4505:"Tiger kills mother, baby elephant" 3155:from the original on 2 January 2023 2605: 2269:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2242: 1975:of India. Bones of Asian elephants 1921: 1417:of the Asian elephant is 22 years. 782:subspecies, but are now considered 717:A potential fourth subspecies, the 24: 10721:Species endangered by habitat loss 8074:WWF—Asian elephant species profile 7978: 7797:Rajamangalam), Nīlakaṇṭha (1985). 7687:from the original on 17 March 2024 6486:from the original on 26 April 2018 6453:from the original on 17 April 2019 6161:from the original on 25 April 2012 5955:from the original on 18 March 2024 5685:. World Life Library. p. 61. 4714:Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 4679:from the original on 17 March 2024 4428:from the original on 17 March 2024 4163:from the original on 18 March 2024 4067:from the original on 13 March 2023 4027:and greater one-horned rhinoceros 3953:from the original on 18 March 2024 3654:Aini, S.; Sood, A. M.; Saaban, S. 3635:from the original on 17 March 2024 3167: 3053:from the original on 17 March 2024 2994:from the original on 17 March 2024 2573:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–14. 2532:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x 2189: 2110:, the fourth animal zodiac of the 25: 10737: 10661:Extant Pliocene first appearances 8044:International Elephant Foundation 8032: 7775:from the original on 1 March 2017 7412:from the original on 21 June 2013 7398:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019 7300:"Foot Care for Captive Elephants" 7196:from the original on 29 June 2020 7156:The Elephant Conservation Network 6399:. Natural History, 104(7), 52–61. 5762:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5507:Journal of Comparative Psychology 5424:10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 5308:from the original on 4 March 2016 4586:Thuppil, V.; Coss, R. G. (2013). 4382:Heffner, R.; Heffner, H. (1980). 2071:tales. They play a major role in 1312:are secreted from temporal glands 1007:on the trunk, ears, or neck. The 622:Three subspecies are recognised: 10636:IUCN Red List endangered species 9007: 8925: 8461:Cultural depictions of elephants 7926: 7914:from the original on 15 May 2024 7875: 7858: 7846:from the original on 24 May 2022 7819: 7769:Public Radio International (PRI) 7756: 7699: 7646:from the original on 21 May 2024 7619: 7590:10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i2.2/48450 7562: 7532: 7491: 7373: 7340: 7328:from the original on 21 May 2024 7291: 7279:from the original on 14 May 2014 7208: 7140: 7109: 7097:from the original on 21 May 2024 7058: 7046:from the original on 21 May 2024 7020:from the original on 21 May 2024 6981: 6969:from the original on 21 May 2024 6921: 6802: 6647: 6590: 6547: 6498: 6465: 6427: 6389: 6369: 6365:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00437.x 6349: 6316: 6284:from the original on 3 June 2013 5855:from the original on 21 May 2024 5660:from the original on 11 May 2015 5633:from the original on 21 May 2024 5564:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00199.x 5221:from the original on 21 May 2024 5182:from the original on 21 May 2024 5007:"Insect Pheromones in Elephants" 4799:Rasmussen, L.E.L (1 June 2003). 3939:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x 3822:from the original on 21 May 2024 3787:from the original on 21 May 2024 3670:from the original on 17 May 2023 3602:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00045.x 3389:from the original on 21 May 2024 3359:from the original on 21 May 2024 2618:from the original on 14 May 2021 1949:Cultural depictions of elephants 1801:The Asian elephant is listed on 1777: 1768: 1084:, semi-evergreen forests, moist 558:dated to the 3rd millennium BC. 215: 43: 8062:Elephant Information Repository 7960: 7826:Sharma, Jayeeta (August 2011). 7569:Sukumar, Raman (26 July 2016). 7147:Elephant Conservation Network. 6296: 6215: 6195: 6132: 6091: 5908: 5867: 5808: 5749: 5714: 5699: 5672: 5645: 5578: 5543: 5494: 5443: 5407:"Generation length for mammals" 5398: 5339: 5320: 5290: 5233: 5194: 5148:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5135: 4998: 4948:"Insect pheromone in elephants" 4939: 4894: 4845: 4750: 4632: 4579: 4549: 4519: 4497: 4440: 4375: 4210: 4144: 4079: 4014: 3965: 3914: 3873: 3799: 3748: 3716: 3647: 3531: 3371: 3320: 3269: 3236: 3116: 3065: 3006: 2908: 2837: 2690: 2599: 1870: 1759: 1420: 1263: 1033:of Susang in the Garo Hills of 592:named an elephant from Sumatra 27:Second largest elephant species 9061:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 8024:Anatomy of the Indian Elephant 8014:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.01.001 5298:"Elephant Social Organisation" 5201:Owen-Smith, R. Norman (1988). 3327:Nancy E. Todd (January 2010). 3218:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). 3019:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2502: 2415:Bulletin of the Raffles Museum 2399: 2376: 2353: 2330: 1324:". This is a period where the 925: 13: 1: 10142:List of people from Karnataka 8138: 8051:Protecting the Asian elephant 7517:10.1080/25723618.2019.1701306 7498:Han, Jianghua (3 July 2019). 7083:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00241-0 6568:10.1080/01652176.2006.9695209 3439:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3294:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.022 3193:10.1080/00758914.2016.1198068 2515:) based on mitochondrial DNA" 2182: 2118:of Sri Lanka. Similarly, the 1938: 1717:State Forestry Administration 1020:35.9 °C (96.6 °F). 690:Elephant with calf in Sumatra 576:in 1758 for an elephant from 10701:National symbols of Thailand 10238:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 8951:List of domesticated animals 8480:List of fictional pachyderms 8466:List of individual elephants 7900:10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8 7540:"Thailand and Laos elephant" 7116:Jeerawat na Thalang (2020). 6955:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.003 6756:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 6603:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6523:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.042 6375:Rasmussen, L. E. L. (1999). 6312:10.1080/21513732.2011.554867 6042:Human Dimensions of Wildlife 5821:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3468:Proceedings: Animal Sciences 3149:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013 2934:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 2800:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 2749:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 2712:(1): 109–113. Archived from 2161:List of individual elephants 1673: 1593:. Proximate causes includes 1072: in the east, and 902:have been recorded from the 829: 384: historical range 7: 10726:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8027:. London: Macmillan and Co. 7882:Ling, Trevor (March 1971). 7468:National Geographic Society 7386:Animal Reproduction Science 7006:10.11609/jott.o3634.4854-70 6815:Diversity and Distributions 6397:Elephant raiders and rogues 4871:10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1294 3981:Journal of Tropical Ecology 2133: 2102:in northeast India. In the 1945:Elephants in Kerala culture 1865:Dehing Patkai National Park 1857:Tham Than Lot National Park 1706: 1668: 1300:An asian elephant bull in " 1131:48,323–51,680 individuals. 1068: in the west, to 561: 415:distributed throughout the 10: 10742: 10711:Quaternary animals of Asia 8634:Elephas maximus sumatranus 8607:Elephas maximus borneensis 7724:10.1038/s41598-021-95048-w 6994:Journal of Threatened Taxa 4775:10.1515/mamm.1972.36.2.247 4384:"Hearing in the elephant ( 4112:10.1038/s41598-020-64780-0 3927:International Zoo Yearbook 3847:International Zoo Yearbook 3243:Shoshani, J., ed. (2000). 1967:The Asian elephant is the 1952: 1942: 1861:National Board of Wildlife 1738:(EEHV) is a member of the 1729: 1525: 1439: 1267: 1082:tropical evergreen forests 866:, is known from the Early 786:with the Indian elephant: 723:Elephas maximus borneensis 508:tropical evergreen forests 10691:National symbols of India 10681:Mammals described in 1758 10310: 10251: 10198: 10150: 10123: 9935: 9922:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 9809: 9706: 9638: 9581: 9533: 9485: 9427: 9414: 9216: 9128: 9038: 9023: 8934: 8923: 8736: 8685: 8669:African forest elephant ( 8646: 8584: 8573: 8535: 8453: 8408: 8279: 8146: 8106: 8101:Links to related articles 7312:10.1002/9780470292150.ch5 6868:"World Elephant Day 2020" 6776:10.1080/10871200903536176 6736:10.1017/S0030605302000261 6674:10.1017/S0022149X12000697 6211:10.1080/10871200490505693 6139:Choudhury, A. U. (2007). 6062:10.1080/10871200490505693 6033:Choudhury, A. U. (2004). 5833:10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.010 5735:10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.91 5706:Sanderson, G. P. (1879). 5373:10.1186/s12862-015-0487-x 4273:10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1 3993:10.1017/S0266467400004004 3921:Sukumar, R. (July 2006). 3588:in north-eastern India". 3414:The Royal Natural History 3031:10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y 2654:"Origin of the elephants 1993:Indus Valley Civilisation 1805:. It is a quintessential 1580:Elephants on the road in 1450:, a trait also shared by 1250:Jim Corbett National Park 1159:. They are classified as 1051:Jim Corbett National Park 556:Indus Valley civilisation 379: 370: 343: 338: 317: 310: 212:Scientific classification 210: 193: 171: 162: 149: 140: 126: 117: 34: 10706:Pliocene mammals of Asia 10696:National symbols of Laos 10656:Endangered biota of Asia 9917:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 9371:Unification of Karnataka 8039:Save Elephant Foundation 7671:India's Wildlife History 6661:Journal of Helminthology 6342:10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2350 6329:Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 5997:10.1177/1075547009353177 5775:10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952 5591:The Geographical Journal 5352:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4722:10.1007/0-387-25160-X_18 2383:Temminck, C. J. (1847). 2039:Kachin Independence Army 1987:indicate that they were 1973:national heritage animal 1603:expansion of agriculture 1209:Uda Walawe National Park 1041:Distribution and habitat 710:but darker than that of 600:classified all three as 10671:Fauna of Southeast Asia 10137:Karnataka ethnic groups 10075:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 8660:African bush elephant ( 8625:Elephas maximus maximus 8616:Elephas maximus indicus 8208:African forest elephant 7871:. London: R. Ackermann. 7665:Rangarajan, M. (2001). 7244:10.1126/science.1164298 7071:Biological Conservation 7042:. Government of India. 6935:Biological Conservation 6511:Veterinary Microbiology 4924:10.1093/chemse/22.4.417 4858:Biology of Reproduction 4818:10.1093/chemse/28.5.433 4414:10.1126/science.7367876 4321:10.1186/1472-6785-11-17 4196:10.5479/si.00810282.125 3517:(Supplement): 135–153. 3433:Larramendi, A. (2016). 2421:: 1–209. Archived from 1849:protected area in China 1789:Mudumalai National Park 1638:India–Bangladesh border 1550:Human–elephant conflict 1254:Kaziranga National Park 1224:Nagarhole National Park 1103:in the early 1990s. In 1076: in the north, to 1023: 598:Frederick Nutter Chasen 590:Coenraad Jacob Temminck 494:African forest elephant 8196:North African elephant 8086:Illegal Wildlife Trade 6615:10.3201/eid2601.190159 6201:Choudhury, A. (2004). 5468:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 4645:Journal of Biosciences 4604:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0518 4511:. 2006. Archived from 3452:10.4202/app.00136.2014 2665:Sarawak Museum Journal 2214:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2029: 1964: 1880: 1609:Destruction of forests 1585: 1582:Khao Yai National Park 1573: 1437: 1377: 1313: 1286: 1270:Elephant § Mating 1227: 1203: 1152: 1053: 996: 967: 935: 745:). It was proposed by 691: 668: 645: 130:Bandipur National Park 10569:Paleobiology Database 9406:Western Ganga dynasty 8946:Human uses of animals 8823:Search and rescue dog 8623:Sri Lankan elephant ( 8472:Elephant Encyclopedia 8191:African bush elephant 8171:Seismic communication 7544:South East Asia Globe 7347:Wiese, R. J. (2000). 7184:Parashar, U. (2020). 6355:Hoare, R. E. (1999). 6098:Fernando, P. (2000). 5985:Science Communication 5246:The Anatomical Record 4235:10.1007/s002650000218 3524:10.4098/AT.arch.98-39 3411:Lydekker, R. (1894). 2406:Chasen, F.N. (1940). 2141:Elephants in Thailand 2017: 1962: 1953:Further information: 1943:Further information: 1878: 1579: 1557: 1435: 1372: 1299: 1277: 1221: 1198: 1142: 1135:Ecology and behaviour 1048: 994: 965: 940:African bush elephant 933: 689: 677:E. maximus sumatranus 666: 644:Elephant in Sri Lanka 643: 516:dry deciduous forests 490:African bush elephant 407:), also known as the 10228:Rajyotsava Prashasti 10095:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 8813:Military working dog 8067:11 July 2017 at the 7994:Ecological Economics 7944:on 15 September 2018 7546:. 28 February 2022. 6897:Shelden, D. (2020). 6866:Shelden, D. (2020). 6556:Veterinary Quarterly 6420:4 March 2012 at the 6395:Sukumar, R. (1995). 6262:Bist, S. S. (2006). 6188:19 June 2013 at the 4353:Sukumar, R. (2003). 4223:Behav Ecol Sociobiol 4029:Rhinoceros unicornis 3972:Sukumar, R. (1990). 3615:Sukumar, R. (1993). 2428:on 12 February 2020. 2337:Linnaei, C. (1758). 2276:: e.T7140A45818198. 1999:, a mount in war, a 1621:shifting cultivation 1566:shifting cultivation 1558:Forests cleared for 1388:, only occasionally 1308:levels run high and 1155:Asian elephants are 1143:Asian elephants are 898:Skeletal remains of 737:), and sometimes in 439:in the south. Three 10676:Herbivorous mammals 10666:Fauna of South Asia 10115:G. S. Shivarudrappa 10085:Gopalakrishna Adiga 9736:Chitrakala Parishat 9663:Dams and reservoirs 9535:Kalaburagi division 9376:Vijayanagara Empire 9351:Rashtrakuta dynasty 9266:Chitradurga Nayakas 9052:Emblem of Karnataka 8653:(African elephants) 8632:Sumatran elephant ( 8228:Sri Lankan elephant 8006:2004EcoEc..48...93B 7304:The Elephant's Foot 7236:2008Sci...322.1649C 6947:2015BCons.187...34M 6827:2021DivDi..27.2510V 6768:2010HDW....15..145B 6434:Stiles, D. (2009). 6411:Stiles, D. (2009). 6054:2004HDW.....9..261C 5933:2021AnCon..24..720D 5921:Animal Conservation 5652:Aldous, P. (2006). 5603:1950GeogJ.116..229S 5411:Nature Conservation 5364:2015BMCEE..15..214M 5102:10.3390/ani11102860 5026:1996Natur.379..684R 4966:1996Natur.379..684R 4563:. 22 October 2014. 4533:. 29 January 2011. 4406:1980Sci...208..518H 4312:2011BMCE...11...17D 4157:Road Ecology Center 4104:2020NatSR..10.8032S 4010:on 12 October 2007. 3692:Shuang, F. (2020). 3141:2013PPP...386..119L 3091:10.3390/quat6010016 2974:Haynes, G. (1993). 2850:) in the Near East" 2360:Cuvier, G. (1798). 2130:in southern China. 1838:Government of India 1351:Luteinizing hormone 1058:Indian subcontinent 765:microsatellite data 752:National Geographic 747:Paules Deraniyagala 627:Sri Lankan elephant 544:habitat degradation 417:Indian subcontinent 165:Conservation status 150:A cow and juveniles 10651:Endangered animals 10025:Nijaguna Shivayogi 9429:Bangalore division 7865:Upham, E. (1829). 7712:Scientific Reports 7475:on 18 October 2002 7040:"Project Elephant" 6385:10.1007/BF02941206 5979:Barua, M. (2010). 5679:Poole, J. (1997). 5520:10.1037/com0000281 4657:10.1007/BF02941206 4561:The Times of India 4092:Scientific Reports 3845:and key threats". 3732:. 16 August 2017. 3480:10.1007/BF03179558 2639:, p. 123-124. 2387:Elephas sumatranus 2146:Endangered species 2030: 1965: 1881: 1814:World Elephant Day 1586: 1574: 1442:Elephant cognition 1438: 1378: 1314: 1287: 1228: 1204: 1153: 1054: 997: 970:Cows usually lack 968: 936: 893:Middle Pleistocene 884:Elephas hysudricus 877:Elephas planifrons 850:Sub-Saharan Africa 692: 669: 654:E. maximus indicus 646: 631:E. maximus maximus 594:Elephas sumatranus 411:, is a species of 153:Yala National Park 41:Pleistocene–Recent 10623: 10622: 10556:Open Tree of Life 10304:Taxon identifiers 10295: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10233:Jakanachari Award 10070:Shishunala Sharif 9781:Togalu gombeyaata 9634: 9633: 9487:Belagavi division 9331:Kingdom of Mysore 9311:Kalyani Chalukyas 9120:Southern birdwing 8974: 8973: 8696: 8695: 8681: 8680: 8614:Indian elephant ( 8605:Borneo elephant ( 8530:species by family 8493: 8492: 8449: 8448: 8404: 8403: 8379: 8378: 8331:Ballista elephant 8319: 8318: 8296:Elephant crushing 8275: 8273: 8272: 8233:Sumatran elephant 8179: 8178: 7839:978-0-82235-049-1 7812:978-8-12080-005-2 7763:Winn, P. (2017). 7680:978-8-178-24140-1 7639:978-974-90757-1-5 7461:Hile, J. (2002). 7321:978-0-8138-2820-6 7000:(14): 4854–4870. 6903:The City Sentinel 6836:10.1111/ddi.13419 6821:(12): 2510–2523. 6237:978-0-521-82505-4 5941:10.1111/acv.12668 5893:10.3390/d14010036 5768:(29): 9952–9975. 5692:978-0-896-58357-3 5656:. New Scientist. 5214:978-0-521-42637-4 5160:10.1111/jeb.13143 5154:(10): 1836–1845. 4731:978-0-387-25160-8 4400:(4443): 518–520. 4368:978-0-19-510778-4 4031:in lowland Nepal" 3859:10.1111/izy.12247 3628:978-0-521-43758-5 3570:978-0-85112-235-9 3557:Wood, G. (1983). 3511:Acta Theriologica 3383:Elephant database 3333:Anatomical Record 3254:978-0-87596-143-9 3229:978-0-292-71532-5 2903:Deraniyagala 1955 2891:Deraniyagala 1955 2832:Deraniyagala 1955 2637:Deraniyagala 1955 2498:on 30 April 2013. 2473:Mammalian Species 2227:978-0-8018-8221-0 2124:Dai animal zodiac 1955:Captive elephants 1746:betaherpesviruses 1686:, led to rampant 1570:Arunachal Pradesh 1433: 1415:Generation length 1360:vomeronasal organ 1304:", a period when 1175:, as well as the 1086:deciduous forests 889:Early Pleistocene 863:Elephas ekorensis 761:mitochondrial DNA 673:Sumatran elephant 667:Elephant in India 512:deciduous forests 431:in the east, and 395: 394: 205: 188: 16:(Redirected from 10733: 10616: 10615: 10603: 10602: 10590: 10589: 10577: 10576: 10564: 10563: 10551: 10550: 10538: 10537: 10525: 10524: 10512: 10511: 10499: 10498: 10486: 10485: 10473: 10472: 10460: 10459: 10447: 10446: 10434: 10433: 10421: 10420: 10408: 10407: 10398: 10397: 10385: 10384: 10372: 10371: 10359: 10358: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10299: 10298: 10243:Kempegowda Award 10223:Basava Puraskara 10218:Nrupatunga Award 10090:V. Seetharamaiah 9911: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9860:Western Chalukya 9855: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9801:Mysore musicians 9731:Channapatna toys 9648:Cities and towns 9601:Dakshina Kannada 9425: 9424: 9391:Veera Ballala II 9326:Kittur Chennamma 9286:Kingdom of Coorg 9261:Chalukya dynasty 9011: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8978: 8977: 8929: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8596:Asian elephant ( 8582: 8581: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8416: 8415: 8381: 8380: 8321: 8320: 8284: 8283: 8274: 8181: 8180: 8151: 8150: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8097: 8096: 8028: 8017: 7991: 7974: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7940:. Archived from 7934:"Chinese Zodiac" 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7743: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7575: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7482: 7480: 7471:. Archived from 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7438:. 24 July 2012. 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7392:(1–4): 247–254. 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7255: 7221: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7153: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6838: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6634: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6443:TRAFFIC Bulletin 6440: 6431: 6425: 6409: 6400: 6393: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6320: 6314: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6268: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6219: 6213: 6199: 6193: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6145: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5976: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5777: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5456:Animal Behaviour 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5426: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5385: 5375: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5261: 5259:10.1002/ar.10112 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5104: 5080: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5034:10.1038/379684a0 5011: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4977: 4975:10.1038/379684a0 4943: 4937: 4936: 4926: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4864:(5): 1294–1299. 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4820: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4704: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4628:on 14 July 2014. 4624:. Archived from 4615: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4515:on 14 July 2014. 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485:on 9 August 2017 4484: 4478:. Archived from 4462:(8): 2852–2862. 4453: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4360: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4323: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4267:(5): 1125–1141. 4256: 4247: 4246: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4038:Wildlife Biology 4035: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4003:. Archived from 3978: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3901: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3767:(3/4): 100–113. 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3430: 3419: 3418: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3345:10.1002/ar.21011 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3288:(6): 1207–1214. 3282:Animal Behaviour 3273: 3267: 3266: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3093: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2936: 2927:(12): e1000564. 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2869: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2802: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2719:on 7 March 2012. 2718: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2662: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2612:World Land Trust 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2534: 2525:(9): 1882–1892. 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2491:. Archived from 2470: 2457: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2196: 2116:Sinhalese people 2028:the rat, c. 1820 1922:Handling methods 1830:Project Elephant 1807:flagship species 1803:CITES Appendix I 1781: 1772: 1713:Chinese medicine 1615:, encroachment, 1434: 1382:gestation period 1101:Chittagong Hills 948:caudal vertebrae 805:Chinese elephant 712:E. m. sumatranus 700:E. m. sumatranus 681: 658: 635: 584:was proposed by 458:E. m. sumatranus 435:in the north to 409:Asiatic elephant 389: 383: 375: 362:E. m. sumatranus 323: 220: 219: 199: 182: 177: 176: 145: 122: 112: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10686:Mammals of Asia 10626: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10611: 10606: 10598: 10593: 10585: 10580: 10572: 10567: 10559: 10554: 10546: 10543:Observation.org 10541: 10533: 10528: 10520: 10515: 10507: 10502: 10494: 10489: 10481: 10476: 10468: 10463: 10455: 10450: 10442: 10437: 10429: 10424: 10416: 10411: 10403: 10401: 10393: 10388: 10380: 10375: 10369:elephas-maximus 10367: 10362: 10356:Elephas_maximus 10354: 10349: 10342:Elephas maximus 10340: 10339: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10319: 10312:Elephas maximus 10306: 10296: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10247: 10208:Karnataka Ratna 10194: 10146: 10119: 10055:Jagannatha Dasa 9970:Devar Dasimayya 9931: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9805: 9702: 9630: 9583:Mysore division 9577: 9529: 9481: 9477:Chikkaballapura 9442:Bangalore Rural 9437:Bangalore Urban 9410: 9401:Vikramaditya VI 9396:Vikramaditya II 9321:Shivappa Nayaka 9306:Kadamba dynasty 9212: 9124: 9034: 9019: 9005: 8975: 8970: 8961:Military animal 8930: 8921: 8732: 8730:Working animals 8727: 8697: 8692: 8677: 8652: 8642: 8598:Elephas maximus 8577: 8569: 8531: 8524: 8494: 8489: 8445: 8400: 8375: 8361:Temple elephant 8315: 8269: 8238:Syrian elephant 8223:Indian elephant 8218:Borneo elephant 8201:Desert elephant 8175: 8142: 8137: 8102: 8069:Wayback Machine 8035: 7989: 7981: 7979:Further reading 7963: 7958: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7880: 7876: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7795: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7761: 7757: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7681: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7496: 7492: 7478: 7476: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7378: 7374: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7322: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7190:Hindustan Times 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7151: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6864: 6860: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6748: 6744: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6652: 6648: 6595: 6591: 6552: 6548: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6422:Wayback Machine 6410: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6321: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6220: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6190:Wayback Machine 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5977: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5913: 5909: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5813: 5809: 5754: 5750: 5719: 5715: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5611:10.2307/1789395 5587:"Elephant Bill" 5583: 5579: 5548: 5544: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5403: 5399: 5344: 5340: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5140: 5136: 5081: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4944: 4940: 4911:Chemical Senses 4905:Elephas maximus 4899: 4895: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4805:Chemical Senses 4797: 4790: 4759:Elephas maximus 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4732: 4705: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4637: 4633: 4598:(5): 20130518. 4592:Biology Letters 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4386:Elephas maximus 4380: 4376: 4369: 4351: 4347: 4292: 4288: 4257: 4250: 4219:Elephas maximus 4215: 4211: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4145: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4033: 4025:Elephas maximus 4019: 4015: 4007: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3843:Elephas maximus 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3586:Elephas maximus 3582: 3578: 3571: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3505:Elephas maximus 3499: 3495: 3464: 3460: 3431: 3422: 3409: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3274: 3270: 3255: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3216: 3209: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3121: 3117: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2854:Open Quaternary 2848:Elephas maximus 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2779: 2775: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2660: 2656:Elephas maximus 2650: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2581: 2560: 2556: 2513:Elephas maximus 2507: 2503: 2495: 2481:10.2307/3504045 2468: 2464:Elephas maximus 2458: 2433: 2425: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2381: 2377: 2364:Elephas indicus 2358: 2354: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2262:Elephas maximus 2256: 2243: 2228: 2206:Elephas maximus 2197: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2136: 2095:Hastividyarnava 2062:fables and the 2005:beast of burden 1969:national animal 1957: 1951: 1941: 1924: 1873: 1821:Karnataka state 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1752:is a parasitic 1732: 1724:Elephant Family 1709: 1678:The demand for 1676: 1671: 1654:venomous snakes 1552: 1528: 1464:cerebral cortex 1444: 1425: 1423: 1411:life expectancy 1272: 1266: 1137: 1060: and 1043: 1026: 928: 832: 819:E. m. sondaicus 809:E. m. rubridens 791:Syrian elephant 719:Borneo elephant 679: 656: 650:Indian elephant 633: 613:phylogeographic 582:Elephas indicus 574:Elephas maximus 571:scientific name 564: 540:loss of habitat 443:are recognised— 427:in the west to 404:Elephas maximus 391: 387: 385: 381: 334: 325: 321:Elephas maximus 319: 306: 303:E. maximus 214: 206: 189: 178: 174: 167: 151: 128: 113: 111: 110: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 18:Asian elephants 15: 12: 11: 5: 10739: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10604: 10591: 10578: 10565: 10552: 10539: 10526: 10513: 10500: 10487: 10474: 10461: 10448: 10435: 10422: 10409: 10399: 10386: 10373: 10360: 10347: 10332: 10316: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10257: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10175:National parks 10172: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10133: 10131: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10110:D. V. Gundappa 10107: 10102: 10100:M. Govinda Pai 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10035:Purandara Dasa 10032: 10030:Ratnakaravarni 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9941: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9815: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9761:Karnatik music 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9712: 9710: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9591:Chamarajanagar 9587: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9525:Uttara Kannada 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9422: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9386:Vishnuvardhana 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9316:Keladi Nayakas 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Hoysala Empire 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9203:Transportation 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9134: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9074: 9072:Asian elephant 9064: 9063: 9054: 9044: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9004: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938:Related topics 8935: 8932: 8931: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8773:Assistance dog 8765: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8756:Bactrian camel 8748: 8743: 8741:Asian elephant 8737: 8734: 8733: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8694: 8693: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8592: 8590: 8579: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8371:White elephant 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8258:Dwarf elephant 8255: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8243:Javan elephant 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8213:Asian elephant 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8187: 8185: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8136: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8094: 8093: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8059: 8054: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8033:External links 8031: 8030: 8029: 8018: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7925: 7874: 7857: 7838: 7818: 7811: 7786: 7755: 7698: 7679: 7657: 7638: 7618: 7561: 7531: 7510:(2): 148–162. 7490: 7453: 7423: 7372: 7359:(5): 299–309. 7339: 7320: 7290: 7230:(5908): 1649. 7207: 7176: 7139: 7108: 7077:(3): 327–342. 7057: 7031: 6980: 6920: 6889: 6858: 6801: 6762:(2): 145–160. 6742: 6729:(2): 189–195. 6707: 6646: 6589: 6546: 6517:(1–2): 28–41. 6497: 6464: 6426: 6401: 6388: 6368: 6348: 6315: 6295: 6254: 6236: 6214: 6194: 6172: 6131: 6090: 6048:(4): 261–270. 6022: 5966: 5927:(5): 720–732. 5907: 5866: 5807: 5748: 5713: 5698: 5691: 5671: 5644: 5577: 5558:(6): 775–777. 5542: 5513:(3): 406–419. 5493: 5462:(5): 839–847. 5442: 5397: 5338: 5319: 5289: 5252:(3): 252–259. 5232: 5213: 5193: 5134: 5070: 4997: 4938: 4917:(4): 417–437. 4893: 4844: 4811:(5): 433–446. 4788: 4769:(2): 247–261. 4749: 4730: 4690: 4651:(2): 241–251. 4631: 4578: 4548: 4518: 4496: 4439: 4374: 4367: 4345: 4286: 4248: 4209: 4190:(125): 1–113. 4174: 4143: 4078: 4013: 3964: 3913: 3872: 3833: 3798: 3747: 3715: 3681: 3646: 3627: 3607: 3596:(3): 141–173. 3576: 3569: 3549: 3530: 3493: 3474:(6): 561–571. 3458: 3445:(3): 537–574. 3420: 3400: 3370: 3319: 3268: 3253: 3235: 3228: 3207: 3186:(2): 167–183. 3166: 3115: 3064: 3025:(2): 105–128. 3005: 2987:978-0521456913 2986: 2966: 2907: 2905:, p. 124. 2895: 2893:, p. 125. 2883: 2836: 2834:, p. 116. 2824: 2773: 2722: 2689: 2641: 2629: 2598: 2579: 2554: 2501: 2431: 2398: 2375: 2352: 2329: 2296: 2241: 2226: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2176:White elephant 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2132: 1940: 1937: 1933:training crush 1923: 1920: 1872: 1869: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1731: 1728: 1708: 1705: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1617:slash-and-burn 1551: 1548: 1527: 1524: 1504:self-awareness 1466:available for 1440:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1265: 1262: 1161:megaherbivores 1145:megaherbivores 1136: 1133: 1062:Southeast Asia 1042: 1039: 1025: 1022: 927: 924: 848:originated in 831: 828: 827: 826: 815:Javan elephant 812: 802: 801:illustrations. 704:depigmentation 684: 683: 680:Temminck, 1847 661: 660: 638: 637: 634:Linnaeus, 1758 586:Georges Cuvier 563: 560: 421:Southeast Asia 399:Asian elephant 393: 392: 386: 380: 377: 376: 368: 367: 366: 365: 358: 351: 341: 340: 336: 335: 326: 315: 314: 308: 307: 300: 298: 294: 293: 286: 282: 281: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 208: 207: 194: 191: 190: 172: 169: 168: 163: 160: 159: 147: 146: 138: 137: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 37: 35:Asian elephant 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10738: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10180:Hindu temples 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9985:Allama Prabhu 9983: 9981: 9980:Akka Mahadevi 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9955:Adikavi Pampa 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9853:Western Ganga 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786:Udupi cuisine 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9776:Mysore Dasara 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9741:Gaarudi Gombe 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9716:Bharatanatyam 9714: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9698:Western Ghats 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9678:Highest point 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9361:Srirangapatna 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Pulakeshin II 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231:Alupa dynasty 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9115: 9114:Carnatic carp 9111: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:Indian roller 9078: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9040:State symbols 9037: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9002: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8928: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912:Water buffalo 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8778:Detection dog 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8691: 8690: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8560: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8529: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8396:Howdah pistol 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8301:Elephant goad 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8288:Domestication 8285: 8282: 8278: 8264: 8263:Pygmy mammoth 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8122: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8049:ElefantAsia: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000:(1): 93–107. 7999: 7995: 7988: 7983: 7982: 7972: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7870: 7869: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7791: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7457: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7367: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020:(6567): 684. 5019: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960:(6567): 684. 4959: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4509:Elephant News 4506: 4500: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4017: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3686: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:Mammal Review 3587: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3405: 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1826:Western Ghats 1822: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1771: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741:Proboscivirus 1737: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696:illegal trade 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599:deforestation 1596: 1592: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1568:practiced in 1567: 1563: 1562: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:allomothering 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347:estrous cycle 1343: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 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Results of 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572: 569:proposed the 568: 567:Carl Linnaeus 559: 557: 553: 549: 548:fragmentation 545: 541: 537: 536:IUCN Red List 533: 529: 524: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459: 454: 453: 452:E. m. indicus 448: 447: 446:E. m. maximus 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405: 400: 378: 374: 369: 364: 363: 359: 357: 356: 355:E. m. indicus 352: 350: 349: 348:E. m. maximus 345: 344: 342: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 316: 313: 312:Binomial name 309: 305: 304: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 287: 284: 283: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 263: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 218: 213: 209: 203: 197: 192: 186: 181: 170: 166: 161: 158: 154: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127:A tusked bull 125: 121: 116: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 33: 30: 19: 10646:EDGE species 10311: 10185:Jain temples 10080:D. R. Bendre 10015:Kumara Vyasa 9874:Vijayanagara 9683:Bayalu Seeme 9568:Vijayanagara 9381:Vijayanagara 9336:Mayurasharma 9271:Deva Raya II 9236:Amoghavarsha 9138:Architecture 9071: 9029: 8880:Riding horse 8740: 8687: 8670: 8661: 8647: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8595: 8585: 8575:Elephantidae 8470: 8436:Kerala state 8391:Elephant gun 8366:War elephant 8212: 8089: 8085: 8050: 8023: 7997: 7993: 7969: 7961:Bibliography 7946:. Retrieved 7942:the original 7938:Warriortours 7937: 7928: 7916:. Retrieved 7894:(1): 49–59. 7891: 7887: 7877: 7867: 7860: 7848:. Retrieved 7828: 7821: 7798: 7777:. Retrieved 7768: 7758: 7718:(1): 15480. 7715: 7711: 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7670: 7660: 7648:. Retrieved 7628: 7621: 7609:. Retrieved 7581: 7577: 7564: 7552:. Retrieved 7543: 7534: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7484: 7477:. Retrieved 7473:the original 7466: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7436:The Guardian 7435: 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7389: 7385: 7375: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7330:. Retrieved 7303: 7293: 7281:. 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Retrieved 2976: 2969: 2924: 2921:PLOS Biology 2920: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2827: 2790: 2787:PLOS Biology 2786: 2776: 2739: 2736:PLOS Biology 2735: 2725: 2714:the original 2709: 2705: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2668: 2664: 2655: 2632: 2620:. Retrieved 2611: 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2570: 2557: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2504: 2493:the original 2475:(182): 1–8. 2472: 2463: 2423:the original 2418: 2414: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2308:"Appendices" 2287:. Retrieved 2273: 2267: 2261: 2216: 2212:Wilson, D.E. 2205: 2200:Shoshani, J. 2171:War elephant 2093: 2089:Matanga Lila 2087: 2085: 2066: 2059:Panchatantra 2057: 2054:subcontinent 2051: 2045:in northern 2043:Kachin State 2031: 2025: 1997:siege engine 1985:Indus Valley 1981:Mohenjo-daro 1966: 1925: 1897: 1885:conspecifics 1882: 1871:In captivity 1854: 1846: 1842: 1819: 1811: 1800: 1760:Conservation 1739: 1733: 1710: 1701: 1677: 1658: 1635: 1607: 1595:habitat loss 1587: 1559: 1529: 1520:neuroanatomy 1478:, learning, 1458:and certain 1445: 1421:Intelligence 1407: 1379: 1364: 1344: 1326:testosterone 1315: 1306:testosterone 1288: 1264:Reproduction 1242: 1229: 1205: 1154: 1129: 1123:of southern 1094: 1064:, from 1055: 1035:Assam, India 1027: 998: 969: 937: 900:E. m. asurus 899: 896: 882: 875: 861: 857: 845: 835: 833: 818: 808: 795:E. m. asurus 794: 777: 750: 722: 716: 711: 707: 699: 695: 693: 676: 657:Cuvier, 1798 653: 630: 621: 593: 581: 573: 565: 525: 497: 483: 456: 451: 444: 408: 403: 402: 398: 396: 361: 354: 347: 320: 318: 302: 301: 289: 279:Elephantidae 29: 10452:iNaturalist 10336:Wikispecies 10213:Pampa Award 10050:Gopala Dasa 10045:Vijaya Dasa 10040:Kanaka Dasa 10005:Rudrabhatta 9950:Gunavarma I 9937:Noted poets 9846:Rashtrakuta 9596:Chikmagalur 9472:Ramanagara 9447:Chitradurga 9366:Tipu Sultan 8966:Pack animal 8885:Stock horse 8865:Guide horse 8860:Draft horse 8838:Therapy dog 8828:Service dog 8803:Hunting dog 8798:Herding dog 8783:Draught dog 8746:Bali cattle 8671:L. cyclotis 8662:L. africana 8578:(Elephants) 8563:Superorder 8557:Infraclass 8528:Proboscidea 8419:By locality 8412:and history 7446:11 December 7353:Zoo Biology 7200:6 September 7169:6 September 7132:6 September 6913:6 September 6882:6 September 5827:: 101–106. 5435:20 November 5063:27 November 4837:27 November 4742:27 November 4683:27 November 4300:BMC Ecology 4098:(1): 8032. 4044:: 147–154. 3708:6 September 3639:15 December 3135:: 119–130. 2563:Shoshani, J 2166:Mela shikar 2151:Ivory trade 2081:processions 1916:infanticide 1750:schistosome 1630:Depredation 1625:monoculture 1564:—a type of 1500:cooperation 1157:crepuscular 1005:depigmented 926:Description 904:Middle East 852:during the 773:Pleistocene 486:elephantids 471:depigmented 339:Subspecies 269:Proboscidea 10630:Categories 10276:Television 10266:Newspapers 10190:Waterfalls 10000:Raghavanka 9990:Siddharama 9825:Milestones 9811:Literature 9796:Yakshagana 9746:Ilkal sari 9553:Kalaburagi 9452:Davanagere 9341:Pattadakal 9158:Demography 9099:Sandalwood 8870:Pack horse 8818:Police dog 8565:Afrotheria 8336:Executions 7554:1 December 7416:9 December 7283:9 December 7158:(Report). 6457:8 December 6288:30 January 6165:18 October 6124:8 December 6015:29 January 5552:Biotropica 5358:(1): 1-9. 4571:8 February 4541:8 February 4489:7 December 3933:(1): 1–8. 3906:18 October 3740:1 December 3546:: 927–928. 3393:1 December 3078:Quaternary 2877:2164/13525 2860:(1): 1–9. 2671:: 95–125. 2622:26 January 2580:0813806763 2565:. (2006). 2289:15 January 2183:References 2128:Dai people 2075:: the god 2009:South Asia 1939:In culture 1912:stillbirth 1646:Bangladesh 1591:governance 1584:, Thailand 1496:compassion 1472:great apes 1403:pheromones 1356:pheromones 1330:pheromones 1310:pheromones 1291:pheromones 1284:Tamil Nadu 1280:Coimbatore 1268:See also: 1237:infrasonic 1213:matriarchs 1189:true grass 1097:Bangladesh 834:The genus 799:Bronze Age 784:synonymous 739:Kalimantan 602:subspecies 532:Endangered 504:grasslands 479:short tons 441:subspecies 198:Appendix I 180:Endangered 10641:Elephants 10271:Magazines 10060:Lakshmisa 10020:Chamarasa 9960:Sri Ponna 9927:Karnataka 9791:Veeragase 9726:Bidriware 9721:Buta Kola 9653:Districts 9640:Geography 9420:divisions 9416:Districts 9276:Durvinita 9251:Balligavi 9178:Geography 9173:Folk arts 9168:Education 9130:Overviews 9031:Bengaluru 9017:Karnataka 8956:Livestock 8808:Mercy dog 8793:Guide dog 8788:Guard dog 8761:Dromedary 8649:Loxodonta 8280:Human use 8161:Cognition 8140:Elephants 8090:Elephants 7908:0048-721X 7732:2045-2322 7598:0019-5235 7526:2572-3618 7479:1 October 7091:0006-3207 7014:0974-7893 6963:0006-3207 6941:: 34–40. 6853:244245085 6784:143021377 6623:1080-6040 6335:(1): 21. 6277:: 27–35. 6154:: 27–30. 6070:145776270 6005:143335411 5991:: 55–75. 5949:1367-9430 5902:1424-2818 5886:(1): 36. 5880:Diversity 5841:0378-8741 5784:1007-9327 5682:Elephants 5664:24 August 5619:0016-7398 5529:1939-2087 5476:0003-3472 5417:: 87–94. 5312:29 August 5268:0003-276X 5168:1010-061X 5111:2076-2615 4880:0006-3363 4665:0973-7138 4531:The Hindu 4306:(1): 17. 4204:128585445 4120:2045-2322 4071:3 January 3987:: 33–53. 3947:0074-9664 3895:: 27–34. 3867:209571148 3818:: 47–54. 3773:0376-9771 3729:The Hindu 3302:0003-3472 3263:475147472 3202:0075-8914 3159:12 August 3110:2571-550X 3084:(1): 16. 3057:12 August 3047:254703858 3039:1064-7554 2943:1545-7885 2793:(1): e6. 2742:(1): e6. 2606:Farrows. 2519:Evolution 2204:"Species 2041:(KIA) in 1977:excavated 1908:studbooks 1904:fecundity 1754:trematode 1684:East Asia 1674:For ivory 1650:Sri Lanka 1490:, use of 1468:cognitive 1448:neocortex 1339:pheromone 1335:frontalin 1282:Forests, 1031:Maharajah 1009:epidermis 1001:wallowing 956:proboscis 860:species, 830:Evolution 823:Borobudur 743:Indonesia 596:in 1847. 521:neocortex 297:Species: 235:Kingdom: 229:Eukaryota 157:Sri Lanka 134:Karnataka 10582:Species+ 10522:11500004 10470:10764636 10321:Wikidata 10065:Sarvajna 9995:Harihara 9888:Haridasa 9839:Medieval 9688:Malenadu 9673:Villages 9500:Belagavi 9495:Bagalkot 9467:Tumakuru 9356:Sringeri 9281:Halebidu 9246:Banavasi 9208:Wildlife 9118:Insect: 8907:Reindeer 8875:Pit pony 8833:Sled dog 8689:Category 8559:Eutheria 8553:Mammalia 8547:Chordata 8541:Animalia 8539:Kingdom 8441:Thailand 8311:Trainers 8249:Extinct 8154:Behavior 8088: : 8065:Archived 7912:Archived 7888:Religion 7844:Archived 7773:Archived 7750:34326446 7691:19 March 7685:Archived 7644:Archived 7602:Archived 7548:Archived 7440:Archived 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