124:
102:
1874:
2001:
309:. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce internally, male hynobiids focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding. The female lays two egg sacs at a time, each containing up to 70
1587:
1607:
1597:
1637:
1547:
1223:
1617:
1567:
1627:
1577:
1273:
1283:
1243:
823:
1263:
1143:
1053:
1013:
1852:
1103:
327:
to the present in Asia and
Eastern Europe, though fossils of Cryptobranchoids more closely related to hynobiids than to giant salamanders extend back to the
1163:
943:
813:
803:
963:
1113:
1153:
983:
853:
2241:
1811:"A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians"
2267:
1894:
2354:
2215:
1884:
2254:
2259:
1680:
1921:
1714:
2316:
2194:
2272:
2207:
1426:
2137:
1446:
1396:
1355:
445:
2349:
2150:
1436:
1406:
2344:
2155:
1488:
772:
742:
732:
397:
123:
2321:
316:
A few species have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external
933:
2142:
1557:
1498:
1527:
1376:
1123:
1043:
762:
752:
1810:
2298:
2077:
1253:
1173:
2308:
2293:
2246:
1914:
1537:
953:
2285:
1744:"Middle Jurassic stem hynobiids from China shed light on the evolution of basal salamanders"
2176:
2124:
2115:
1878:
1755:
1416:
843:
8:
1675:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press. p. 47.
1213:
1193:
1133:
1083:
1033:
903:
893:
863:
711:
200:
110:
1759:
1705:
Lanza, B.; Vanni., S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
2037:
1786:
1743:
1303:
1073:
923:
873:
833:
118:
1730:
2280:
2163:
1977:
1833:
1791:
1773:
1710:
1676:
1467:
1233:
1093:
527:
295:
185:
302:
to Japan, but their range also covers parts of china, Russia, Afghanistan and iran.
2168:
2129:
1985:
1907:
1825:
1781:
1763:
1334:
1203:
1063:
1023:
1003:
291:
287:
1183:
328:
2000:
1829:
2202:
2189:
2027:
2017:
2009:
1899:
1768:
1519:
1389:
1368:
1293:
993:
973:
913:
883:
618:
544:
414:
252:
246:
234:
342:
based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011) and modified using Mikko
Haaramo
2338:
2100:
2042:
1777:
1480:
1347:
793:
724:
577:
462:
310:
286:
found all over Asia, and in
European Russia. They are closely related to the
264:
240:
222:
59:
1837:
1795:
379:
2228:
2109:
361:
34:
1930:
1324:
704:
283:
175:
79:
44:
692:
Currently, 81 species are known. These genera make up the
Hynobiidae:
101:
2233:
2060:
2052:
2032:
1967:
1889:
339:
165:
135:
84:
2220:
2071:
2094:
2022:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1873:
785:
496:
306:
216:
155:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1459:
324:
299:
258:
89:
64:
1943:
1729:
Hasumi, M. (2002). About hynobiids. Retrieved May 8, 2005 from
145:
2181:
1704:
1316:
601:
317:
228:
305:
Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or
1742:
Jia, Jia; Anderson, Jason S.; Gao, Ke-Qin (2021-07-23).
298:. About half of hynobiids currently described are
320:if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water.
2336:
1929:
1741:
1915:
1248:Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
1228:Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
1018:Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
948:Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
908:Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
1572:Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
1058:Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
998:Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
988:Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
808:Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
1922:
1908:
1808:
1268:Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
100:
1785:
1767:
1709:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69.
323:Fossils of hynobiids are known from the
1850:
1707:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
1168:Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
2337:
2076:
2075:
1903:
1818:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1670:
1148:Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
1118:Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
978:Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
294:), with which they form the suborder
2208:e4e74398-654a-496d-bcdc-a8d7d658c3d1
1372:(Middle Eastern stream salamanders)
1592:Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
13:
1698:
1671:Pough, F. Harvey (July 15, 2015).
858:Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
818:Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
14:
2366:
2355:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1866:
1809:Pyron, R.A.; Weins, J.J. (2011).
687:
1999:
1872:
1582:Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
1158:Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
122:
32:
1632:Min, Borzée, and Poyarkov, 2022
1451:Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
1427:Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis
1844:
1802:
1735:
1723:
1689:
1664:
1655:
1588:Onychodactylus nipponoborealis
1:
1649:
1447:Pseudohynobius shuichengensis
1397:Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus
1356:Pachyhynobius shangchengensis
1078:(Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
1068:(Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
728:(Chinese stream salamanders)
446:Pachyhynobius shangchengensis
1622:Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
1612:Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
1048:Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
334:
7:
1830:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
1608:Onychodactylus zhangyapingi
1598:Onychodactylus tsukubaensis
1463:(Semirichensk salamanders)
1437:Pseudohynobius puxiongensis
1407:Pseudohynobius guizhouensis
313:. Parental care is common.
10:
2371:
1769:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102744
1638:Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus
1602:Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
1552:Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
1548:Onychodactylus intermedius
1542:Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
1489:Salamandrella keyserlingii
1421:Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
1381:(Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
1298:Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
1178:Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
1108:Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
828:Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
773:Batrachuperus yenyuanensis
743:Batrachuperus londongensis
733:Batrachuperus karlschmidti
398:Protohynobius puxiongensis
2084:
2051:
2008:
1997:
1976:
1938:
1857:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1642:Yoshikawa et Matsui, 2022
1224:Hynobius tosashimizuensis
1208:Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
934:Hynobius guabangshanensis
615:
598:
591:
574:
567:
541:
524:
517:
510:
493:
486:
459:
442:
435:
428:
411:
393:
375:
357:
350:
213:
208:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
1890:Tree of Life: Hynobiidae
1885:AmphibiaWeb: Hynobiidae
1618:Onychodactylus zhaoermii
1568:Onychodactylus kinneburi
1558:Onychodactylus japonicus
1499:Salamandrella tridactyla
1853:"Caudata – salamanders"
1851:Haaramo, Mikko (2011).
1628:Onychodactylus sillanus
1578:Onychodactylus koreanus
1528:Onychodactylus fischeri
1484:(Siberian salamanders)
1377:Paradactylodon persicus
1274:Hynobius utsunomiyaorum
1124:Hynobius quelpaertensis
1044:Hynobius maoershanensis
763:Batrachuperus tibetanus
753:Batrachuperus pinchonii
1411:Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
1278:Matsui and Okawa, 2019
1254:Hynobius turkestanicus
1174:Hynobius shinichisatoi
789:- (Asian salamanders)
2294:Paleobiology Database
1538:Onychodactylus fuscus
1523:(clawed salamanders)
1360:Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
1320:(Wushan salamanders)
1284:Hynobius vandenburghi
1244:Hynobius tsurugiensis
954:Hynobius hidamontanus
824:Hynobius amakusaensis
2203:Fauna Europaea (new)
1933:families by suborder
1895:livingunderworld.org
1417:Pseudohynobius jinfo
1351:(stout salamanders)
1264:Hynobius unisacculus
1144:Hynobius sematonotos
1054:Hynobius mikawaensis
1014:Hynobius kuishiensis
844:Hynobius arisanensis
16:Family of amphibians
2350:Asiatic salamanders
1760:2021iSci...24j2744J
1214:Hynobius tokyoensis
1194:Hynobius stejnegeri
1134:Hynobius retardatus
1104:Hynobius osumiensis
1084:Hynobius nigrescens
1034:Hynobius lichenatus
904:Hynobius fossigenus
894:Hynobius formosanus
864:Hynobius boulengeri
712:Afghanodon mustersi
276:Asiatic salamanders
111:Hynobius fossigenus
24:Asiatic salamanders
1441:(Fei and Ye, 2000)
1401:(Hu and Fei, 1978)
1339:(Liu and Hu, 1966)
1304:Hynobius yiwuensis
1074:Hynobius nebulosus
924:Hynobius glacialis
874:Hynobius chinensis
834:Hynobius amjiensis
747:Liu and Tian, 1978
362:Iridotriton hechti
2345:Cryptobranchoidea
2332:
2331:
2281:Open Tree of Life
2078:Taxon identifiers
2069:
2068:
1978:Cryptobranchoidea
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1532:(Boulenger, 1886)
1504:
1494:
1473:
1468:Ranodon sibiricus
1452:
1442:
1432:
1431:Xu and Zeng, 2007
1422:
1412:
1402:
1382:
1361:
1340:
1330:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1234:Hynobius tsuensis
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1164:Hynobius setouchi
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1094:Hynobius okiensis
1089:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
944:Hynobius guttatus
939:
929:
928:Lai and Lue, 2008
919:
918:Lai and Lue, 2008
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
814:Hynobius akiensis
809:
804:Hynobius abuensis
799:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
717:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
556:
555:
528:Ranodon sibiricus
474:
473:
296:Cryptobranchoidea
288:giant salamanders
272:
271:
204:
186:Cryptobranchoidea
2362:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2038:Rhyacotritonidae
2003:
1986:Cryptobranchidae
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1877:Data related to
1876:
1861:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1771:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1562:(Houttuyn, 1782)
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1512:Onychodactylinae
1502:
1492:
1471:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1380:
1359:
1338:
1335:Liua tsinpaensis
1328:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1204:Hynobius takedai
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1064:Hynobius naevius
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1024:Hynobius leechii
1017:
1007:
1004:Hynobius kimurae
997:
987:
977:
967:
964:Hynobius hirosei
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
877:
868:(Thompson, 1912)
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
715:
594:
593:
570:
569:
520:
519:
513:
512:
489:
488:
438:
437:
431:
430:
353:
352:
346:
345:
292:Cryptobranchidae
282:) are primitive
199:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2047:
2004:
1995:
1972:
1934:
1928:
1869:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1703:
1699:
1695:(Hasumi, 2002).
1694:
1690:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1503:Nikolskii, 1905
1258:Nikolskii, 1910
1184:Hynobius sonani
1114:Hynobius oyamai
1088:Stejneger, 1907
1038:Boulenger, 1883
1028:Boulenger, 1887
690:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
557:
475:
337:
329:Middle Jurassic
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
198:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2190:Fauna Europaea
2186:
2173:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2106:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Plethodontidae
2025:
2020:
2018:Ambystomatidae
2014:
2012:
2010:Salamandroidea
2006:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:at Wikispecies
1868:
1867:External links
1865:
1863:
1862:
1843:
1824:(2): 543–853.
1801:
1734:
1722:
1715:
1697:
1688:
1682:978-1605352336
1681:
1663:
1661:(Hasumi 2002).
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1520:Onychodactylus
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1493:Dybowski, 1870
1476:
1475:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1390:Pseudohynobius
1385:
1384:
1383:
1369:Paradactylodon
1364:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1294:Hynobius yangi
1290:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1154:Hynobius setoi
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
994:Hynobius katoi
990:
984:Hynobius iwami
980:
974:Hynobius ikioi
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
914:Hynobius fucus
910:
900:
890:
884:Hynobius dunni
880:
870:
860:
854:Hynobius bakan
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
781:
780:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
720:
719:
718:
689:
688:Classification
686:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:Pseudohynobius
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
597:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
573:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:Paradactylodon
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
492:
487:
485:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
415:Onychodactylus
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
356:
351:
349:
344:
336:
333:
270:
269:
253:Pseudohynobius
247:Paradactylodon
235:Onychodactylus
211:
210:
206:
205:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:Miocene–Recent
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:Salamandridae
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:(7): 102744.
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1716:0-12-178560-2
1712:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:Salamandrella
1477:
1472:Kessler, 1866
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:Pachyhynobius
1344:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:
991:
986:
985:
981:
976:
975:
971:
966:
965:
961:
956:
955:
951:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
878:Günther, 1889
876:
875:
871:
866:
865:
861:
856:
855:
851:
846:
845:
841:
836:
835:
831:
826:
825:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
805:
801:
796:
795:
794:Hynobius abei
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
775:
774:
770:
767:Schmidt, 1925
765:
764:
760:
757:(David, 1872)
755:
754:
750:
745:
744:
740:
735:
734:
730:
729:
727:
726:
725:Batrachuperus
721:
716:(Smith, 1940)
714:
713:
709:
708:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
698:
693:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
626:
625:
622:
621:
620:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
603:
596:
595:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
579:
578:Batrachuperus
572:
571:
565:
564:
561:
560:
552:
551:
548:
547:
546:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
529:
522:
521:
515:
514:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:
490:
483:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:Salamandrella
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
447:
440:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
416:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
399:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
381:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
363:
355:
354:
348:
347:
343:
341:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
268:
267:
266:
265:Salamandrella
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
241:Pachyhynobius
237:
236:
231:
230:
225:
224:
223:Batrachuperus
219:
218:
212:
207:
202:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2085:
1990:
1856:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1497:
1487:
1479:
1466:
1458:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1388:
1375:
1367:
1354:
1346:
1333:
1323:
1315:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1188:(Maki, 1922)
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
958:Matsui, 1987
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
802:
792:
784:
771:
761:
751:
741:
731:
723:
710:
703:
696:
694:
691:
617:
616:
600:
599:
576:
575:
543:
542:
526:
525:
495:
494:
461:
460:
444:
443:
413:
412:
396:
394:
380:Liaoxitriton
378:
376:
360:
358:
338:
322:
315:
304:
279:
275:
273:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
214:
195:
109:
18:
2229:iNaturalist
2110:Wikispecies
2023:Amphiumidae
1960:Superclass
1673:Herpetology
1329:(Liu, 1950)
968:Lantz, 1931
484:Hynobiinae
284:salamanders
2339:Categories
2143:Hynobiidae
2130:Hynobiidae
2116:Hynobiidae
2086:Hynobiidae
2053:Sirenoidea
1991:Hynobiidae
1954:Subphylum
1879:Hynobiidae
1650:References
1510:Subfamily
1325:Liua shihi
1288:Dunn, 1923
1218:Tago, 1931
1198:Dunn, 1923
1138:Dunn, 1923
1128:Mori, 1928
1098:Sato, 1940
1008:Dunn, 1923
938:Shen, 2004
898:Maki, 1922
888:Tago, 1931
848:Maki, 1922
798:Sato, 1934
705:Afghanodon
697:Hynobiinae
695:Subfamily
340:Cladograms
280:Hynobiidae
196:Hynobiidae
182:Suborder:
2061:Sirenidae
2033:Proteidae
1962:Tetrapoda
1778:2589-0042
1308:Cai, 1985
1238:Abé, 1922
777:Liu, 1950
737:Liu, 1950
335:Phylogeny
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2095:Wikidata
1968:Amphibia
1956:Craniata
1950:Chordata
1944:Animalia
1942:Kingdom
1838:21723399
1796:34278256
1748:iScience
838:Gu, 1992
786:Hynobius
497:Hynobius
307:spawning
290:(family
278:(family
217:Hynobius
192:Family:
166:Amphibia
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2322:1470194
2309:4782488
2101:Q827251
1948:Phylum
1931:Caudate
1787:8264161
1756:Bibcode
1460:Ranodon
325:Miocene
300:endemic
259:Ranodon
209:Genera
176:Urodela
172:Order:
162:Class:
2306:uBio:
2286:336749
2260:208513
2247:108825
1966:Class
1836:
1794:
1784:
1776:
1713:
1679:
1517:Genus
1478:Genus
1457:Genus
1387:Genus
1366:Genus
1345:Genus
1314:Genus
783:Genus
722:Genus
702:Genus
203:, 1859
2317:WoRMS
2299:37349
2273:30366
2242:IRMNG
2234:26825
2195:15532
2169:6256C
1814:(PDF)
318:gills
2268:NCBI
2255:ITIS
2221:3103
2216:GBIF
2182:7523
2156:1399
2151:BOLD
1834:PMID
1792:PMID
1774:ISSN
1711:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1317:Liua
602:Liua
311:eggs
274:The
229:Liua
201:Cope
35:PreꞒ
2177:EoL
2164:CoL
2138:ASW
2125:ADW
1826:doi
1782:PMC
1764:doi
2341::
2319::
2296::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2244::
2231::
2218::
2205::
2192::
2179::
2166::
2153::
2140::
2127::
2112::
2097::
1855:.
1832:.
1822:61
1820:.
1816:.
1790:.
1780:.
1772:.
1762:.
1752:24
1750:.
1746:.
377:?†
359:?†
331:.
85:Pg
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1859:.
1840:.
1828::
1798:.
1766::
1758::
1732:.
1719:.
1685:.
395:?
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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