8728:
8623:
2174:
8743:
8788:
2156:
11223:
8773:
952:
2347:
8758:
8544:
9153:, p. 19: "The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the 1st century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets — Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-Albanian — were invented in the 4th century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<...> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kartli – assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language — Persian, Aramaic, or Greek — and translated back as they read."
9248:, p. 450: "There is also the claim advanced by Koriwn in his saintly biography of Mashtoc' (Mesrop) that the Georgian script had been invented at the direction of Mashtoc'. Yet it is within the realm of possibility that this tradition, repeated by many later Armenian historians, may not have been part of the original fifth-century text at all but added after 607. Significantly, all of the extant MSS containing The Life of Mashtoc* were copied centuries after the split. Consequently, scribal manipulation reflecting post-schism (especially anti-Georgian) attitudes potentially contaminates all MSS copied after that time. It is therefore conceivable, though not yet proven, that valuable information about Georgia transmitted by pre-schism Armenian texts was excised by later, post-schism individuals."
4227:
8647:
4249:
8772:
2318:
2173:
528:
9165:, p. 289: Alphabets. "Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model."
559:
6665:
1447:
132:
491:
4110:
8727:
8713:
8690:
3482:
8803:
4115:
8601:
732:
1357:
8586:
947:
8659:
3701:
4085:
3390:
8622:
2138:
4195:
8571:
3436:
3622:
3562:
4028:
3667:
3649:
15659:
1624:
8674:
8635:
6808:
6656:
4074:
84:
925:
8556:
4099:
1573:
1584:
1433:
6832:
3358:
3883:
1590:
1579:
8742:
2086:
38:
308:
1362:
1411:
4177:, above), and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence. Starting in the 11th century, marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use. An apostrophe was used to mark an interrogative word, and a comma appeared at the end of an interrogative sentence. From the 12th century on, these were replaced with the semicolon (the
8787:
721:. Recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the Greek alphabet than in the other Caucasian writing systems, most notably the order and numeric value of letters. Some scholars have also suggested certain pre-Christian Georgian cultural symbols or clan markers as a possible inspiration for particular letters.
6643:
658:(3rd century BC) as its inventor. This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaeological confirmation has been found. Rapp considers the tradition to be an attempt by the Georgian Church to rebut the earlier tradition that the alphabet was invented by the Armenian scholar
10169:
6944:
Georgian characters are found in three
Unicode blocks. The first block (U+10A0–U+10FF) is simply called Georgian. Mkhedruli (modern Georgian) occupies the U+10D0–U+10FF range (shown in the bottom half of the first table below) and Asomtavruli occupies the U+10A0–U+10CF range (shown in the top half of
4268:
This table lists the three scripts in parallel columns, including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets (shown with a blue background), obsolete in
Georgian but still used in other alphabets (green background), or additional letters in languages other than Georgian (pink background). The
848:
monuments of the 10th to 18th centuries continued to be written in
Asomtavruli script. Asomtavruli in this later period became more decorative. In the majority of 9th-century Georgian manuscripts which were written in Nuskhuri script, Asomtavruli was used for titles and the first letters of chapters.
2303:
Mkhedruli became more and more dominant over the two other scripts, though
Khutsuri (Nuskhuri with Asomtavruli) was used until the 19th century. Mkhedruli became the universal writing Georgian system outside of the Church in the 19th century with the establishment and development of printed Georgian
2280:
text in titles or to emphasize a word, though in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was occasionally used, as in Latin and
Cyrillic scripts, to capitalize proper nouns or the first word of a sentence. Contemporary Georgian script does not recognize capital letters and their usage has become
2312:
Mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of
Nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters. Mkhedruli letters are written in the four-linear system, similar to Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli becomes more round and free in
1405:
The "Curly" decorative form of
Asomtavruli is also used where the letters are wattled or intermingled on each other, or the smaller letters are written inside other letters. It was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books, although there are complete inscriptions which were
709:
strongly defended Koryun as a reliable source and rejected criticisms of his accounts on the invention of the
Georgian script by Mashtots. Acharian dated the invention to 408, four years after Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet (he dated the latter event to 404). Some Western scholars quote
3686:) often has a small circle with a tail hanging into the bowl, rather than two small circles as in print, or as an O with a straight vertical line intersecting the top. It may also be rotated a bit clockwise, with the small circles further to the right and not as close to the top.
10166:
705:, but has been rejected by Georgian scholarship and some Western scholars who judge the passage in Koryun unreliable or even a later interpolation. In his study on the history of the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the life of Mashtots, the Armenian linguist
1336:. The latter were used at the beginnings of paragraphs which started new sections of text. In the early stages of the development of Nuskhuri texts, Asomtavruli letters were not elaborate and were distinguished principally by size and sometimes by being written in
6917:
height. Before this addition, font creators included
Mtavruli in various ways. Some fonts came in pairs, of which one had lowercase letters and the other uppercase; some Unicode fonts placed Mtavruli letterforms in the Asomtavruli range (U+10A0-U+10CF) or in the
8757:
2155:
11222:
1567:
Nuskhuri letters vary in height, with ascenders and descenders, and are slanted to the right. Letters have an angular shape, with a noticeable tendency to simplify the shapes they had in
Asomtavruli. This enabled faster writing of manuscripts.
8646:
4185:
reformed the system again, with commas, single dots, and double dots used to mark "complete", "incomplete", and "final" sentences, respectively. For the most part, Georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the
1379:
From the 11th-century "limb-flowery", "limb-arrowy" and "limb-spotty" decorative forms of Asomtavruli are developed. The first two are found in 11th- and 12th-century monuments, whereas the third one is used until the 18th century.
9559:
8543:
4160:
and to separate phrases, clauses, and paragraphs. In monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries, these were written as dashes, like −, = and =−. In the 10th century, clusters of one (·), two (:), three
951:
2113:
made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce Asomtavruli into the Mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences, as in the Latin script, but it did not catch on. Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are officially used by the
2346:
588:
The origin of the Georgian script is poorly known, and no full agreement exists among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation, who designed the script, and the main influences on that process.
45:
This article has problems which may render some text or images unreadable or difficult to read in dark mode. Desktop readers can switch to light mode temporarily using the eyeglasses icon at the top of the
6781:; in the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the Russian language written in Georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
4169:
to indicate increasing breaks in the text. One dot indicated a "minor stop" (presumably a simple word break), two dots marked or separated "special words", three dots for a "bigger stop" (such as the
7965:
encoding, using the 128 code points from 0x80 through 0xFF to represent the characters of the Asomtavruli and Mkhedruli scripts plus a number of widely-used symbols not included in 7-bit ASCII.
1340:
ink. Later, from the 10th century, the letters were illuminated. The style of Asomtavruli capitals can be used to identify the era of a text. For example, in the Georgian manuscripts of the
8998:
9556:
53:
6945:
the same table). The second block is the Georgian Supplement (U+2D00–U+2D2F), and it contains Nuskhuri. Mtavruli capitals are included in the Georgian Extended block (U+1C90–U+1CBF).
3521:) may go in the other direction than shown in the chart (that is, counter-clockwise starting at 3 o'clock, and upwards – see the external-link section for videos of people writing).
9039:, p. 230: Archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a Georgian alphabet did exist very early in Georgia's history, with the first examples being dated from the
11115:
9516:
710:
Koryun's claims without taking a stance on its validity or concede that Armenian clerics, if not Mashtots himself, must have played a role in the creation of the Georgian script.
11119:
6798:; the Georgian script was used for writing North Caucasian and Dagestani languages in connection with Georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century.
596:, which dates back to the 5th century; the other scripts were formed in the following centuries. Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian script to the process of
2313:
writing. It breaks the strict frame of the previous two alphabets, Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli letters begin to get coupled and more free calligraphy develops.
3629:
symbol ⟨ϱ⟩. Even when all three are written, they're generally not all the same size, as they are in print, but rather riding on one wide arc like two dimples in it.
2300:, historical documents, manuscripts and inscriptions. Mkhedruli was used for non-religious purposes only and represented the "civil", "royal" and "secular" script.
3025:
Mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides Georgian. Some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in Georgian, while others acquired additional letters:
969:
From the 7th century, the forms of some letters began to change. The equal height of the letters was abandoned, with letters acquiring ascenders and descenders.
441:, Georgian is presently written in a 33-letter alphabet, as five letters are obsolete. The number of Georgian letters used in other Kartvelian languages varies.
6646:
Ossetian text written in Mkhedruli script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in South Ossetia in 1940. The non-Georgian letters ჶ and ჷ can be seen.
8673:
2751:
662:, and is a Georgian application of an Iranian model in which primordial kings are credited with the creation of basic social institutions. Georgian linguist
3393:(sometimes with a taller ascender, or with a diagonal cross bar); even when it is written at a diagonal, the cross-bar is generally shorter than in print.
490:
6771:, the Georgian script was occasionally used for writing Armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries, and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the
15269:
10978:
Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles : the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation
4094:
Mkhedruli, in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory, requiring adherence to a complex system.
277:
9055:, p. 19: footnote 43: "The date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial ... I cannot support Chilashvili's dubious hypothesis."
11922:
11406:
12352:
12342:
11917:
4148:
formatting to Georgian text. Traditionally, Asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles, where Latin script might use bold or italic type.
12332:
12322:
11912:
11907:
11902:
8990:
1559:
and dates to 835 AD. The oldest surviving Nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 AD. Nuskhuri becomes dominant over Asomtavruli from the 10th century.
10267:
429:
Georgian scripts are unique in their appearance and their exact origin has never been established; however, in strictly structural terms, their
15892:
10967:
10941:
10730:
10707:
713:
Another controversy regards the main influences at play in the Georgian alphabet, as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the
15779:
15774:
15766:
15515:
14048:
12337:
445:
uses 36: thirty-three that are current Georgian letters, one obsolete Georgian letter, and two additional letters specific to Mingrelian and
15739:
11109:
6905:
Mtavruli letters were added in Unicode version 11.0 in June 2018. They are capital letters with similar letterforms to Mkhedruli, but with
10296:
9936:
8802:
16276:
15282:
11481:
11182:
9520:
8600:
6864:
Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. In creating the Georgian Unicode block, important roles were played by German
16184:
15795:
10333:
9824:
9615:
8712:
15704:
14080:
476:
297:
10129:
15699:
15627:
4331:
3843:), the crucial difference is whether the letter is written below or above x-height, and whether it's written top-down or bottom-up.
16121:
15963:
15755:
9890:
9217:
9179:
6772:
497:
469:
10018:
461:, it uses Georgian letters as utilized in Mingrelian, with an additional obsolete Georgian letter and sometimes supplemented by
16311:
16151:
15938:
15749:
15637:
15571:
15262:
2898:) /uɪ/ (like a cluster of the oo in too and the i in ill), Svan /w/ (like the w in water) came to be pronounced the same as ვი
882:). There have been various attempts to explain this exception. Georgian linguist and art historian Helen Machavariani believes
13270:
9129:
16127:
15979:
15643:
15150:
11399:
11007:
10986:
10925:
10895:
10872:
10848:
10802:
10762:
10682:
10659:
10635:
10614:
10593:
10546:
10525:
10504:
10481:
10460:
10428:
10237:
10139:
4226:
437:, with the exception of letters denoting uniquely Georgian sounds, which are grouped at the end. Originally consisting of 38
13719:
16106:
15877:
15729:
15617:
9777:
15744:
15734:
13156:
11468:
9741:
6880:
systems. Significant contributions were also made by Anton Dumbadze and Irakli Garibashvili (not to be mistaken with the
5408:
4916:
11692:
15719:
15694:
15684:
15561:
6036:
1555:
Nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of Asomtavruli. The oldest inscription is found in the
10188:
868:
In most Asomtavruli letters, straight lines are horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles. The only letter with
16216:
16138:
16011:
15865:
15845:
15530:
15411:
15255:
14918:
14904:
14874:
14013:
10825:
6761:; the 18th-century Persian translation of the Arabic Gospel is kept at the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi.
2288:
dating back to 982 AD. The second oldest Mkhedruli-written text is found in the 11th-century royal charters of King
15928:
15870:
15136:
13853:
13250:
11392:
10777:
8585:
5844:
5796:
844:
From the 9th century, Nuskhuri script started becoming dominant, and the role of Asomtavruli was reduced. However,
575:
11697:
8689:
2072:
Note: Without proper font support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Nuskhuri letters.
453:
uses the same 33 current Georgian letters as Mingrelian plus that same obsolete letter and a letter borrowed from
16173:
16086:
15887:
15860:
15806:
15581:
15468:
15458:
13576:
12837:
11331:
11175:
8570:
6327:
4293:
259:
16146:
15973:
15850:
15667:
15546:
15143:
13709:
13348:
10210:
4580:
8634:
16111:
15833:
13818:
13343:
12401:
8968:
6895:
6795:
6180:
5212:
544:
12680:
16269:
15994:
15968:
15916:
15855:
15556:
15290:
15129:
15108:
12396:
12171:
11687:
11463:
9957:
9188:]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. 181.
6276:
5892:
5308:
4628:
10888:
History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du language
6282:
5462:
5402:
5118:
5058:
4726:
4722:
4390:
2921:
468:
The "living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet" was granted the national status of
273:
269:
15953:
15943:
15679:
15622:
15453:
15431:
15310:
15009:
14988:
13668:
13663:
13358:
13260:
11782:
11473:
8680:
6422:
6228:
5988:
5112:
4820:
4248:
3951:
3278:
2964:
690:
17:
9476:გ. აბრამიშვილი, ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები, "მაცნე" (ისტ. და არქეოლოგ. სერია), 1976, No. c2, გვ. 170
2317:
16321:
16285:
16178:
16116:
16091:
15612:
15365:
15076:
13673:
13240:
12653:
11714:
11168:
11112:. Gives the sound of each letter, illustrates several fonts, and shows the stroke order of each letter.
11105:
10783:
6084:
5557:
5064:
4772:
3004:
597:
12406:
11724:
11053:
Khurtsilava, B. The Georgian asomtavruli alphabet and its authors: Bakur and Gri Ormizd, Tbilisi, 2009
9207:
16316:
16221:
15902:
15882:
15520:
15493:
13326:
13048:
12601:
12188:
10442:
10259:
9216:]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p.
6881:
6520:
6467:
6420:
6372:
6325:
6274:
6226:
6178:
6130:
6082:
6034:
5986:
5940:
5938:
5890:
5842:
5794:
5746:
5699:
5651:
5603:
5555:
5507:
5454:
5406:
5354:
5306:
5258:
5210:
5162:
5110:
5062:
5010:
4962:
4914:
4866:
4818:
4770:
4676:
4674:
4626:
4578:
4530:
4482:
4434:
4384:
4382:
3310:
3276:
3232:
3002:
2970:
2962:
678:
666:
offers an alternative interpretation of the tradition, in the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (
16290:
15933:
15632:
15478:
15436:
15421:
15355:
14826:
14812:
14117:
12700:
12503:
11719:
11281:
11262:
10739:
7974:
6959:
6931:
6132:
5456:
4298:
3501:
There is individual and stylistic variation in many of the letters. For example, the top circle of
2972:
2115:
834:
826:) "round", so named because of its round letter shapes. Despite its name, this "capital" script is
613:
533:
419:
232:
131:
14431:
11847:
11125:
527:
16236:
15958:
15483:
15406:
15315:
15115:
14143:
13100:
12777:
12756:
12636:
12616:
12448:
12119:
12023:
11500:
11458:
11415:
5605:
4532:
4436:
4202:
3716:) may be written without the hook at the top, and often with a completely straight vertical line.
849:
However, some manuscripts written completely in Asomtavruli can be found until the 11th century.
10289:
10067:Язык, история и культура вайнахов, И. Ю Алироев p.85, Чех-Инг. изд.-полигр. об-ние "Книга", 1990
15381:
13833:
12772:
12762:
12695:
12205:
11638:
9928:
8658:
8607:
8576:
5653:
5356:
5164:
4269:"national" transliteration is the system used by the Georgian government, whereas "Laz" is the
3984:
3406:
608:. The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under King
423:
255:
10997:
10883:
10836:
10670:
10649:
10625:
10581:
10515:
10492:
10471:
10450:
10388:
3773:), the critical difference is whether the top is a full arc or a (more-or-less) vertical line.
3415:
An equal number have descenders, like p or q in English: გ, დ, ე, ვ, კ, ლ, ჟ, ტ, უ, ფ, ღ, ყ, ც
403:
15488:
15217:
15122:
14911:
14860:
14320:
14242:
14006:
13945:
13930:
13499:
13378:
13120:
13080:
12812:
12488:
11672:
11660:
11633:
11618:
10976:
10862:
10773:
10438:
8764:
7994:
7990:
6914:
6910:
6374:
5260:
5012:
4964:
4345:
4121:
4003:
3402:
3379:) are almost always written without the small tick at the end, while the handwritten form of
3240:
3234:
2464:
2180:
896:
655:
617:
13925:
13130:
10604:
10322:
10321:
Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Vakhtangishvili, Giorgi; Razmadze, Akaki (24 June 2017).
9813:
9604:
8555:
667:
15897:
15391:
14981:
14732:
14409:
13905:
13560:
13524:
12929:
12852:
12685:
12433:
12423:
12262:
12245:
11561:
11326:
11247:
11212:
8794:
8734:
8719:
8110:
6784:
6768:
6696:
5701:
4484:
4038:
4016:
3979:
3958:
3866:
3426:: ქ, ჭ, and (in handwriting) ჯ. წ sometimes has both ascender and descender in handwriting.
2765:
2325:
2289:
2144:
962:
838:
616:
of 430. It was first used for translation of the Bible and other Christian literature into
609:
564:
415:
147:
10358:
7979:
Below is the standard Georgian-language keyboard layout, the traditional layout of manual
2284:
Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century. The oldest Mkhedruli inscription is found in
857:
In early Asomtavruli, the letters are of equal height. Georgian historian and philologist
49:
8:
16071:
16048:
15709:
15551:
15525:
15448:
15401:
15305:
13808:
13704:
13426:
12949:
11655:
11319:
11286:
9812:
Everson, Michael; Melkadze, Ninell; Pentzlin, Karl; Yevlampiev, Ilya (17 February 2010).
8809:
8749:
8094:
8054:
7365:
6935:
6884:
4868:
4178:
3996:
3969:
3946:
3934:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3192:
2994:
1509:
1455:
1333:
915:
654:), assigns a much earlier, pre-Christian origin to the Georgian alphabet, and names King
442:
237:
11971:
2324:
Example of one of the oldest Mkhedruli-written texts found in the royal charter of King
16096:
15591:
15576:
15505:
15473:
15463:
15426:
15396:
15386:
14967:
14944:
14578:
14467:
14457:
14349:
14292:
14278:
14235:
13940:
13823:
13658:
13550:
13509:
13463:
13458:
13353:
13335:
13003:
12934:
12899:
12847:
12660:
12648:
12059:
11981:
11882:
11437:
11373:
10961:
10935:
10724:
10701:
10677:. Vol. 1: Traditions in Linguistics Worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
10233:
9443:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 127–128
9410:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 124–126
9374:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 185–187
7950:
6869:
6788:
6664:
4182:
4061:
were scarce and therefore precious, abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in
3974:
3963:
3929:
3902:
3158:
2293:
2285:
2119:
1630:
1556:
1446:
1349:
621:
558:
430:
407:
14200:
13858:
9888:ქართული დამწერლობის ძეგლები ანტიკური ხანისა (The monuments of ancient Georgian script)
9887:
3753:
Several letters are similar and may be confused at first, especially in handwriting.
3597:) are generally written with straight, vertical lines at the top, so that for example
3412:
Thirteen have ascenders, like b or d in English: ბ, ზ, მ, ნ, პ, რ, ს, შ, ჩ, ძ, წ, ხ, ჰ
2758:
in 1879, discarded five letters from the Georgian alphabet that had become redundant:
457:
for a total of 35. The fourth Kartvelian language, Svan, is not commonly written, but
16166:
16161:
16057:
16026:
15658:
15500:
15441:
15416:
15345:
15278:
15090:
15083:
14819:
14805:
14717:
14606:
14516:
14495:
14474:
14402:
14334:
14193:
14151:
14103:
13838:
13828:
13473:
13468:
13373:
13368:
13275:
13230:
13053:
13033:
13023:
13013:
13008:
12944:
12939:
12867:
12802:
12787:
12737:
12732:
12675:
12611:
12569:
12411:
12297:
12220:
11736:
11731:
11608:
11345:
11291:
11257:
11252:
11191:
11003:
10982:
10921:
10891:
10868:
10844:
10821:
10798:
10758:
10678:
10655:
10631:
10610:
10589:
10542:
10521:
10500:
10477:
10456:
10424:
10135:
10015:
7692:
6939:
6764:
6684:
6522:
5509:
4237:
4125:
3792:), it is whether the bottom is an open curve or closed (a loop). The same is true of
3312:
3306:
3154:
3014:
2755:
2272:
2208:
2194:
1517:
1486:
1466:
1417:
914:
indicates the end of the alphabet, and has the same function as the similarly shaped
805:
766:
746:
686:
663:
625:
601:
438:
399:
377:
318:
242:
143:
10085:Грузинско-дагестанские языковые контакты, Маджид Шарипович Халилов p.29, Наука, 2004
4273:
used in Turkey. The table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters.
16226:
16031:
15714:
15607:
15325:
15320:
15224:
15162:
15055:
15016:
15002:
14960:
14835:
14781:
14762:
14696:
14688:
14674:
14667:
14592:
14388:
14363:
14299:
14271:
14186:
14172:
14089:
14062:
13999:
13910:
13813:
13635:
13478:
13105:
13085:
13075:
13070:
12954:
12643:
12631:
12596:
12591:
12574:
12513:
12478:
12438:
12240:
12235:
12183:
12134:
12018:
11952:
11892:
11842:
11787:
11704:
11682:
11667:
11613:
11603:
11537:
11314:
11242:
11199:
11073:
10556:
Greppin, John A.C. (1981). "Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet".
9203:
9175:
9123:
8779:
8004:
6919:
6778:
6758:
6752:
6724:
4255:
4156:
In Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri punctuation, various combinations of dots were used as
3444:
3440:
3354:
The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Mkhedruli letter:
2835:
2831:
2357:
2337: : King : of Kings : great-grandfather : of mine : Bagrat
2334:
2252:
2162:
1508:), meaning "inventory" or "schedule". Nuskhuri was soon augmented with Asomtavruli
1410:
1361:
1345:
958:
833:
The oldest Asomtavruli inscriptions found so far date from the 5th century and are
735:
718:
706:
702:
671:
15062:
14257:
13883:
13534:
12904:
11096:, Omniglot page on Mkhedruli which shows some stylistic variations mentioned above
10229:
4109:
4037:
Nuskhuri, like Asomtavruli, is also often highly stylized. Writers readily formed
865:, though the direction of the earliest surviving texts is from left to the right.
681:
in that process. According to medieval Armenian sources and a number of scholars,
16248:
15724:
15586:
15566:
15510:
15360:
15048:
14740:
14681:
14627:
14620:
14599:
14585:
14569:
14547:
14502:
14395:
14370:
14342:
14327:
14250:
14228:
14221:
14179:
14139:
14110:
13798:
13768:
13591:
13514:
13280:
13210:
13115:
13063:
13043:
12979:
12969:
12959:
12924:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12792:
12747:
12742:
12626:
12621:
12468:
12458:
12312:
12277:
12272:
12252:
12146:
12104:
12044:
11927:
11897:
11807:
11767:
11709:
11643:
11623:
11571:
11554:
11542:
11355:
11350:
11298:
11146:
10858:
10792:
10752:
10645:
10536:
10418:
10214:
10192:
10173:
10022:
9894:
9884:
9563:
7954:
7946:
6873:
6755:; a Turkish Gospel, dictionary, poems, medical book dating from the 18th century.
6746:
6732:
6718:
6710:
6704:
6690:
3941:
3924:
3448:
3010:
2109:, murals, and exterior design, especially in stone engravings. Georgian linguist
942:, though these letters do not have that function in Phoenician, Greek, or Latin.
910:). According to Georgian scholar Ramaz Pataridze, the cross-like shape of letter
858:
698:
682:
659:
13245:
12428:
11093:
10493:"Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects"
8829:
Oldest found Georgian inscription so far. Exact date of introduction is unclear.
16043:
15185:
15069:
14953:
14933:
14842:
14710:
14641:
14540:
14488:
14481:
14313:
14306:
14285:
14264:
14165:
14158:
13965:
13920:
13848:
13843:
13694:
13678:
13653:
13596:
13586:
13581:
13421:
13295:
13255:
13225:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13135:
13110:
13058:
12998:
12964:
12914:
12862:
12827:
12782:
12752:
12705:
12665:
12564:
12518:
12473:
12391:
12327:
12282:
12267:
12230:
12210:
12178:
12166:
12114:
12109:
12099:
12089:
12084:
12001:
11986:
11976:
11942:
11932:
11877:
11862:
11827:
11677:
11581:
11529:
11419:
10949:
10905:
9767:
7962:
7958:
7697:
7370:
6964:
6877:
6824:
3419:
2798:
2710:
2655:
2622:
2110:
1356:
936:
929:
731:
714:
697:, a fifth-century historian and biographer of Mashtots, and has been quoted by
454:
434:
373:
345:
166:
13395:
11099:
11078:
10794:
Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts
10568:
9731:
6952:, of Mkhedruli, and Asomtavruli as the upper case and title case of Nuskhuri.
4114:
946:
861:
believes that the direction of Asomtavruli, like that of Greek, was initially
402:
share the same names and alphabetical order and are written horizontally from
16305:
16206:
16101:
16078:
16036:
15948:
15819:
15192:
15041:
14974:
14897:
14867:
14725:
14703:
14634:
14530:
14509:
14356:
14214:
14132:
14125:
14096:
14055:
13970:
13960:
13955:
13742:
13436:
13095:
13038:
12690:
12463:
12347:
12302:
12257:
12225:
12074:
11991:
11964:
11937:
11867:
11852:
11837:
11792:
11549:
10746:. Vol. 5 (New ed.). London: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 164–166.
9814:"Proposal for encoding Georgian and Nuskhuri letters for Ossetian and Abkhaz"
8665:
8014:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6714:
6700:
6674:
6613:
4166:
3897:
3481:
3342:
3284:
3254:
3188:
3150:
2986:
2958:
2721:
2609:
2598:
2565:
2510:
2499:
2486:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2297:
2233:
1372:
1368:
1341:
906:
877:
862:
458:
446:
411:
223:
12011:
10538:
Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard
10185:
6642:
16231:
16064:
16016:
14648:
14613:
14554:
14041:
13803:
13699:
13612:
13504:
13405:
13215:
13028:
12993:
12974:
12909:
12797:
12559:
12483:
12292:
12287:
12198:
12193:
12129:
12069:
12049:
12006:
11996:
11947:
11832:
11812:
11802:
11650:
11628:
11586:
11384:
11336:
10567:
Gugushvili, A. (1937). Allen, William Edward David; Gugushvili, A. (eds.).
8922:
8919:"The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History"
8100:
8044:
8034:
6865:
6569:
6474:
6469:
5748:
4352:
4270:
4187:
4157:
4141:
4084:
4043:
3991:
3740:) is sometimes written so that it looks like a hooked version of the Latin
3328:
3272:
3258:
3210:
3146:
2998:
2951:
2809:
2787:
2732:
2587:
2554:
2521:
2420:
2376:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1451:
1429:
The following table shows the stroke direction of each Asomtavruli letter:
932:
450:
12857:
11131:
10094:История аварцев, М. Г Магомедов p.150, Дагестанский гос. университет, 2005
9326:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218–219
9317:შანიძე ა., ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია, ტ. 2, გვ. 454–455, თბ., 1977 წელი
7909:
3435:
2212:) is the third and current Georgian script. Mkhedruli, literally meaning "
2137:
16201:
15231:
14995:
14926:
14207:
13898:
13758:
13519:
13363:
13220:
13125:
12894:
12822:
12807:
12715:
12508:
12418:
12317:
12307:
12161:
12124:
12079:
12064:
12039:
11959:
11887:
11872:
11576:
11126:
Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
10446:
9392:ელენე მაჭავარიანი, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 403–404
8513:
8498:
8468:
8461:
8236:
8232:
8114:
8024:
7893:
4194:
4066:
3874:
3643:
3423:
3389:
2776:
2338:
2106:
1549:
869:
406:. Of the three scripts, Mkhedruli, once the civilian royal script of the
10558:
7906:
3700:
2082:
The following table shows the stroke direction of each Nuskhuri letter:
195:, Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) – Georgian (Mkhedruli)
16243:
13888:
13863:
13431:
12874:
12364:
12359:
12215:
12156:
11797:
10320:
8104:
8090:
8080:
8070:
8060:
8050:
8040:
8030:
8020:
8010:
8000:
7980:
6949:
6913:, with a wider central oval, and with the top slightly higher than the
4170:
4165:) and six (჻჻) dots (later sometimes small circles) were introduced by
4062:
4027:
4019:, intertwined letters, and placed letters within letters or other such
3495:
845:
9603:
Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Razmadze, Akaki (24 January 2016).
9485:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218
9467:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 219
6922:, and some ASCII-based ones mapped them to the ASCII capital letters.
6838:
6814:
6598:
6552:
6505:
6452:
6405:
6357:
6310:
6260:
6212:
6164:
6116:
6068:
6020:
5972:
5924:
5876:
5828:
5780:
5731:
5685:
5637:
5589:
5541:
5492:
5440:
5388:
5340:
5292:
5244:
5196:
5148:
5096:
5044:
4996:
4948:
4900:
4852:
4804:
4756:
4708:
4660:
4612:
4564:
4516:
4468:
4420:
4368:
4162:
3120:
3109:
3098:
3087:
16156:
15689:
15199:
15178:
15171:
13950:
13787:
13483:
13450:
13285:
13176:
12725:
12453:
12369:
12094:
10217:
9673:
Putkaradze, T. (2006), "Development of the Georgian writing system",
8491:
8483:
8445:
8359:
8340:
8250:
8074:
8064:
6906:
6563:
4145:
4020:
2699:
2688:
1623:
548:
462:
328:
184:
13893:
11160:
10813:
10323:"Action plan for the complete representation of Mtavruli characters"
10207:
10042:
9654:
7890:
3621:
3561:
1352:, capitals were illuminated with images of birds and other animals.
16211:
15814:
15247:
13915:
13878:
13873:
13753:
13714:
13555:
13314:
13199:
13090:
12832:
12720:
12670:
12541:
12054:
11857:
11817:
11598:
11591:
11442:
11064:
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian",
10167:უნიკოდში ქართულის ასახვის ისტორია (History of the Georgian Unicode)
9772:
9736:
9401:ვ. სილოგავა, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 269–271
9156:
8995:
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
8918:
8592:
8562:
8505:
7858:
7852:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7805:
6848:
6655:
4338:
4137:
4090:
A Nuskhuri abbreviation of იესუ ქრისტე (iesu kriste) "Jesus Christ"
3666:
3648:
3491:
3398:
2633:
2576:
2532:
2475:
2277:
2245:
2217:
1634:
1337:
477:
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
340:
265:
104:
13935:
9190:Կասկածել Կորյունի վրա՝ նշանակում է առհասարակ ուրանալ պատմությունը։
8991:"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet"
8960:
7903:
7896:
7881:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7855:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7834:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7802:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7769:
7766:
7763:
6807:
4073:
2830:) /eɪ/ (like the ay in pay), Svan /eː/ (like the e in egg in some
1611:). A ligature of these letters produced a new letter in Nuskhuri,
15784:
15340:
15335:
14022:
13529:
13400:
13290:
13265:
13151:
12988:
12842:
12817:
12586:
12493:
12141:
11755:
11566:
11207:
11122:, submissions to the 2014 International Exhibition of Calligraphy
10917:
9811:
9365:რ. პატარიძე, ქართული ასომთავრული, თბილისი, 1980, გვ. 151, 260–261
8476:
8135:
7887:
7884:
7875:
7869:
7822:
7799:
7784:
7772:
7760:
6861:
4283:
2241:
2213:
924:
887:
827:
677:
Another point of contention among scholars is the role played by
640:, in the 1980s, to the 1st or 2nd century has not been accepted.
637:
633:
579:
414:, is now the standard script for modern Georgian and its related
205:
83:
9854:
4098:
4015:
Asomtavruli is often highly stylized and writers readily formed
3728:) may be written without the loop, like a conflation of ს and ჰ.
1572:
290:
Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet
16021:
15789:
15350:
15330:
15023:
12767:
12579:
12498:
12443:
12151:
11822:
10208:საქართველოში საინტერნეტო მისამართები მხედრული ანბანით დაიწერება
9347:
9344:პ. ინგოროყვა, "შოთა რუსთაველი", "მნათობი", 1966, No. 3, გვ. 116
9119:
9102:
9100:
8941:
8696:
4259:
4058:
2876:) after a vowel, but came to have the same pronunciation as ი (
2237:
1583:
1545:
694:
605:
473:
6831:
3882:
3309:
when it was written in the Georgian script. It was pronounced
1432:
1383:
Importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself.
643:
A Georgian tradition first attested in the medieval chronicle
13390:
13385:
13235:
13018:
12919:
12606:
11517:
10744:
Chambers's encyclopaedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge
9717:
Otar Jishkariani, Praise of the Alphabet, 1986, Tbilisi, p. 1
9605:"Proposal for the addition of Georgian characters to the UCS"
9227:
8438:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8407:
8403:
8396:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8261:
8257:
8225:
8219:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8174:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8084:
4053:
3206:
3184:
3176:
3076:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3032:
2950:) /oː/ (somewhat like the American o in go) was used for the
2745:
2677:
2666:
2644:
2543:
1589:
1578:
1387:
1332:
In Nuskhuri manuscripts, Asomtavruli are used for titles and
9642:
9598:
9596:
9557:ილია მეორე ერს ქართული ენის დაცვისკენ კიდევ ერთხელ მოუწოდებს
9097:
3357:
307:
13868:
13763:
10584:. In Matthias Hüning; Ulrike Vogl; Olivier Moliner (eds.).
9425:
9413:
9290:
3857:
2925:
2902:
and was replaced by that sequence, as in სხჳსი > სხვისი
2353:
2255:, with capital letters that are called Mkhedruli Mtavruli (
2085:
1399:
1395:
10627:
Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History
10586:
Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History
9251:
8929:
7320:
7317:
7125:
7119:
7107:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7072:
10624:
Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (2012).
10148:
10097:
9866:
9593:
9581:
9497:
9446:
9280:
9278:
8887:
8885:
7329:
7166:
7148:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7101:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7030:
6899:
6637:
3808:); in handwriting, the tops may look the same. Similarly
3626:
3142:
3017:
in the short time they were written in Mkhedruli script.
919:
9975:
9842:
9602:
8532:
Gallery of Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli scripts.
7921:
7668:
7593:
7583:
7563:
7558:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7508:
7341:
7311:
7153:
7142:
7136:
7089:
7066:
7051:
7039:
7027:
4033:
A ligature of the Asomtavruli letters Ⴃ Ⴀ (და, da) "and"
3698:) is generally written with a round bowl at the bottom,
2092:
418:, whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only by the
10517:
The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia
9569:
9263:
9192:[To doubt Koryun means to deny history itself.]
7650:
7628:
7623:
7613:
7603:
7588:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7553:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7503:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7326:
6894:
script received an official status for being Georgia's
3418:
Three letters have both ascenders and descenders, like
10366:
The Unicode Standard Version 11.0 – Core Specification
9690:
9639:ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები, აბრამიშვილი, გვ. 170-1
9383:ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977, გვ. 5–6
9275:
9144:
9075:
9073:
8882:
7635:
7618:
7608:
7533:
7498:
7473:
7453:
7433:
6741:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6727:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6713:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6699:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
4140:, though word processors can apply automatic ("fake")
632:
inscriptions, discovered by him at the ruined town of
11132:"Unicode Code Chart (10A0–10FF) for Georgian scripts"
10737:
10671:"The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)"
10582:"Ethnic Conflict and standardisation in the Caucasus"
10573:
Georgica: A Journal of Georgian and Caucasian Studies
10109:
9987:
9963:
9660:
9535:
9020:
9018:
9016:
2752:
Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians
2369:
The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters:
939:
10771:
10673:. In David Cram; Andrew R. Linn; Elke Nowak (eds.).
10437:
10290:"The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 - U110-1C90.pdf"
9899:
9860:
9162:
9058:
8961:"Georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status"
4173:
name and title "the sovereign Alexander", below, or
2122:
called on people to use all three Georgian scripts.
1512:
in religious manuscripts. The combination is called
264:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10818:
Mythical Landscapes then and Now: The Mystification
10495:. In Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian (eds.).
10076:Чеченский язык, И. Ю. Алироев, p.24, Академия, 1999
10008:
9335:ე. მაჭავარიანი, მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული, თბილისი, 1989
9239:
9070:
9030:
7308:
3559:) is frequently written with a simple loop at top,
3020:
398:. Although the systems differ in appearance, their
10452:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
9517:"Lasha Kintsurashvili: About Georgian calligraphy"
9085:
9046:
9013:
7276:
7270:
7258:
7255:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7223:
4079:A Nuskhuri abbreviation of რომელი (romeli) "which"
11066:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
10814:"Recovering the Pre-National Caucasian Landscape"
10623:
10005:The Abkhazians: A Handbook, George Hewitt, p. 171
8947:
7323:
7314:
7299:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7252:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7187:
7184:
7181:
6872:, and American-Irish linguist and script-encoder
2880:) and was replaced by it. Thus, ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ
16303:
11063:
8455:
8353:
8244:
8129:
7985:
7305:
7302:
7293:
7287:
7240:
7217:
7202:
7190:
7178:
3607:) resembles a U with a dimple in the right side.
2276:). Nowadays, Mkhedruli Mtavruli is only used in
278:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
10999:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
10841:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
9768:"Ossetian language, alphabet and pronunciation"
6948:Mtavruli is defined as the upper case, but not
3704:. Another variation features a triangular bowl.
2868:) /je/ (like the word “yeah”), but also called
685:, generally acknowledged as the creator of the
9666:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3693:
3681:
3659:
3637:
3614:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3554:
3542:
3532:
3516:
3506:
3485:
3465:
3452:
2262:
2256:
2227:
2221:
2198:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1406:written in the Asomtavruli "Curly" form only.
1394:) is often written with decoration effects of
965:minted using Asomtavruli script, 1200–1210 AD.
852:
821:
815:
809:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
756:
750:
27:Three related alphabets used to write Georgian
15263:
14007:
11400:
11176:
10644:
10330:Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry
9648:
9612:Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry
9494:ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977
9463:
9461:
1424:
11414:
11110:Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia
10691:
10668:
10359:"7: Europe-I: Modern and Liturgical Scripts"
9920:
9761:
9759:
9725:
9723:
9431:
9419:
9353:
9296:
9106:
8935:
7933:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
7680:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
7353:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3439:Stylistic variation of letters რ and ლ on a
2307:
693:. This tradition originates in the works of
592:The first attested version of the script is
10954:The Basics of the Georgian language grammar
10380:
9732:"Bats alphabet, pronunciation and language"
9509:
6876:, who created the Georgian Unicode for the
4258:seen on panorama of Georgia's port city of
3619:) is frequently written with a single arc,
3349:
2364:
1562:
1327:
15270:
15256:
14014:
14000:
11407:
11393:
11183:
11169:
11034:Writing system and the old Georgian script
10966:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10940:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10816:. In Büttner, Ruth; Peltz, Judith (eds.).
10729:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10714:
10706:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10588:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 299.
10566:
9872:
9672:
9587:
9503:
9488:
9458:
9452:
6860:The first Georgian script was included in
3881:
2746:Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet
2077:
1490:) is the second Georgian script. The name
770:) is the oldest Georgian script. The name
165:Uncertain, alphabetical order modelled on
130:
11077:
10884:"Greek influence in Georgian linguistics"
10750:
9756:
9720:
9575:
8983:
8841:ჳ and უ have the same numeric value (400)
8837:
8835:
8535:
6847:) is sometimes used as a hand or fist in
3213:in Svan and Mingrelian. It is a reversed
3195:, and formerly in Ossetian and Abkhazian.
2932:), and was replaced by it. e.g. ჴელმწიფე
10948:
10904:
10881:
10857:
10606:Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar
10579:
9926:
9905:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9696:
9269:
9202:
9174:
9150:
9112:
9064:
8953:
8891:
8640:Nuskhuri of Jruchi Gospels, 13th century
8549:Asomtavruli of the 6th and 7th centuries
7941:
6830:
6806:
6641:
4297:
4279:
3858:Ligatures, abbreviations and calligraphy
3480:
3434:
2292:. Mkhedruli was mostly used then in the
1445:
1367:Decorative Asomtavruli capital letters,
800:) "principal/head". It is also known as
730:
472:in Georgia in 2015 and inscribed on the
10974:
10555:
10469:
10416:
10386:
10127:
10027:Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi
9981:
9848:
9284:
9257:
9233:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8704:
7929:
7676:
7349:
6773:Georgian National Center of Manuscripts
4136:Georgian scripts come in only a single
2928:) came to be pronounced the same as ხ (
1420:in Asomtavruli "Curly" decorative form.
636:, in Georgia's easternmost province of
14:
16304:
11048:Georgian script in the writing systems
10602:
10534:
10513:
10490:
10260:"Mtavruli for Perfect Bicameral Fonts"
10176:Georgian Unicode fonts by BPG-InfoTech
10154:
10115:
10103:
9993:
9969:
9621:from the original on 11 September 2017
9541:
9132:from the original on 27 September 2011
9118:
9024:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8832:
8614:
7698:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
7371:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
6965:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
6638:Use for other non-Kartvelian languages
4174:
3664:) is frequently written with one arc,
3161:. It derives from the Greek letter Φ (
15251:
15151:American Printing House for the Blind
14927:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
14579:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
13995:
13785:
13740:
13633:
13312:
13197:
12539:
11753:
11515:
11498:
11388:
11190:
11164:
10387:Everson, Michael (20 February 2002).
9792:
9702:
8916:
8879:Unicode Standard, V. 6.3. U10A0, p. 3
4104:A Mkhedruli ligature of და (da) "and"
2957:and is now spelled ჰოი. Also used in
2271:
2207:
1485:
765:
200:– Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)
15277:
13634:
10995:
10864:The Literature of Georgia: A History
10834:
10811:
10790:
10423:. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers.
10270:from the original on 26 January 2018
9765:
9729:
9245:
9091:
9079:
9052:
9036:
9001:from the original on 3 December 2016
8971:from the original on 1 December 2016
8854:
4057:. Because writing materials such as
3287:. It derives from the Arabic letter
422:, in ceremonial religious texts and
268:. For the distinction between ,
31:
14021:
8897:
7968:
6936:Georgian Supplement (Unicode block)
6677:inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.
3547:) with a closed loop at the bottom.
3001:alphabets as well, for the y-sound
2105:Asomtavruli is used intensively in
1640:
1548:"), and it was principally used in
298:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
24:
15562:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
13741:
11018:
10389:"Mac OS Georgian to Unicode table"
10186:Font Contributors Acknowledgements
10128:Steffen, James (31 October 2013).
9780:from the original on 27 April 2021
9744:from the original on 24 April 2021
9163:Bowersock, Brown & Grabar 1999
8917:Seibt, Werner (8 September 2011).
4193:
4181:). In the 18th century, Patriarch
4175:the title of the Gospel of Matthew
3748:
3356:
2345:
2084:
1431:
717:, or by Semitic alphabets such as
25:
16333:
15412:Unification of the Georgian realm
11087:
10368:. Unicode Consortium. 5 June 2018
10339:from the original on 15 June 2019
9308:ქსე, ტ. 7, თბ., 1984, გვ. 651–652
9128:. Translated by Norehad, Bedros.
8778:Mkhedruli royal charter of Queen
8628:Nuskhuri of 8th to 10th centuries
6940:Georgian Extended (Unicode block)
3853:) is written with a vertical top.
3447:, showing variations in the name
15657:
15531:Absorption by the Russian Empire
11221:
10779:Dittionario giorgiano e italiano
10240:from the original on 6 June 2018
10134:. University of Wisconsin Pres.
10016:Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi
9939:from the original on 14 May 2018
9861:Paolini & Cholokashvili 1629
9830:from the original on 6 July 2017
8808:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8801:
8793:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8786:
8771:
8763:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8756:
8748:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8741:
8733:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8726:
8718:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8711:
8688:
8672:
8657:
8645:
8633:
8621:
8599:
8584:
8569:
8554:
8542:
6663:
6654:
4247:
4225:
4120:Mkhedruli calligraphy of Prince
4113:
4108:
4097:
4083:
4072:
4026:
3699:
3665:
3647:
3620:
3560:
3388:
3021:Letters added to other alphabets
2316:
2172:
2154:
2136:
1622:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1409:
1360:
1355:
950:
945:
923:
689:, also created the Georgian and
674:) to write down Georgian texts.
576:Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia
557:
526:
489:
382:
306:
82:
36:
13786:
10541:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
10351:
10314:
10302:from the original on 8 May 2018
10282:
10252:
10222:
10198:
10179:
10160:
10121:
10088:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10035:
9999:
9951:
9927:Simonson, Mark (20 June 2005).
9911:
9878:
9681:
9633:
9547:
9479:
9470:
9437:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9368:
9359:
9338:
9329:
9320:
9311:
9302:
9196:
9168:
8948:Hüning, Vogl & Moliner 2012
6602:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6556:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6496:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6409:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6361:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6107:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5035:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4699:
3118:
3107:
3096:
3085:
3074:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3030:
3009:. Several others were used for
2884:"Christ" is now written ქრისტე
2807:
2796:
2785:
2774:
2763:
2730:
2719:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2675:
2664:
2653:
2642:
2631:
2620:
2607:
2596:
2585:
2574:
2563:
2552:
2541:
2530:
2519:
2508:
2497:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2407:
2396:
2385:
2374:
2118:alongside Mkhedruli. Patriarch
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1857:
1844:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
260:International Phonetic Alphabet
15547:Democratic Republic of Georgia
11480:Languages by writing system /
10717:The restored Georgian alphabet
10417:Aronson, Howard Isaac (1990).
10131:The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov
9140:– via armenianhouse.org.
8823:
7901:
7899:
7657:
7655:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7633:
7171:
7169:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7151:
5061:, Mingrelian, Laz, & Svan
4151:
4047:, including diacritics called
3387:) often uses a vertical line,
776:means "capital letters", from
724:
604:), a core Georgian kingdom of
394:
92:
13:
1:
16312:Pages with dark mode problems
14919:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
14875:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
13313:
13198:
12540:
11147:"Transliteration of Georgian"
10630:. John Benjamins Publishing.
10609:. John Benjamins Publishing.
9960:, V. 8, p. 231, Tbilisi, 1984
9766:Ager, Simon (23 April 2021).
9730:Ager, Simon (23 April 2021).
8848:
6896:internationalized domain name
6823:) is often used as a love or
6796:Northeast Caucasian languages
6769:Armenian community in Tbilisi
3239:in evangelical literature in
2985:) continue to be used in the
648:
600:(not to be confused with the
568:
545:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
537:
388:
15807:Russian-occupied territories
15638:Timeline of Georgian history
15130:National Braille Association
15109:Braille Institute of America
14827:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
11754:
10754:Writing Systems of the World
10499:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
10455:. Harvard University Press.
10029:, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006.
9958:Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
9675:History of Georgian language
9222:408 ... հնարում է վրաց գրերը
8652:Nuskhuri of the 11th century
6802:
4131:
3430:
3275:") is occasionally used for
3029:
2838:accents), sometimes called "
2762:
2619:
2496:
2373:
2125:
1856:
1645:
1344:era, when the styles of the
738:in Asomtavruli, 9th century.
691:Caucasian Albanian alphabets
645:Lives of the Kings of Kartli
500:The three Georgian scripts:
470:intangible cultural heritage
253: This article contains
7:
15010:Refreshable braille display
14989:Optical braille recognition
14586:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
14118:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
13261:New Epoch Notation Painting
11101:Georgian alphabet animation
11027:Inscriptions of Ateni Sioni
10975:Thomson, Robert W. (1996).
10886:. In Sylvain Auroux (ed.).
10820:. Antares. pp. 13–52.
10675:History of Linguistics 1996
10669:Kemertelidze, Nino (1999).
10476:. Oxford University Press.
10473:The World's Writing Systems
10420:Georgian: A Reading Grammar
8681:Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili
8606:Asomtavruli inscription at
8591:Asomtavruli inscription at
3736:
3724:
3712:
3694:
3682:
3660:
3638:
3615:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3555:
3543:
3533:
3517:
3507:
3486:
3345:of the preceding consonant.
3331:of the preceding consonant.
2222:
2165:in Mkhedruli, 12th century.
2147:in Mkhedruli, 11th century.
1534:
1498:
1492:
1439:
853:Form of Asomtavruli letters
816:
790:
778:
772:
433:largely corresponds to the
10:
16338:
15366:Christianization of Iberia
15077:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
11516:
10882:Shanidze, Mzekala (2000).
10784:Palazzo di Propaganda Fide
10651:The Languages of the World
10470:Daniels, Peter T. (1996).
10409:
10021:December 14, 2013, at the
9687:მაჭავარიანი, თბილისი, 1977
9661:Chambers Encyclopedia 1901
8527:
7972:
7925:As of Unicode version 16.0
7914:
7690:
7672:As of Unicode version 16.0
7661:
7363:
7345:As of Unicode version 16.0
7334:
6957:
6929:
6855:
4216:
1425:Handwriting of Asomtavruli
620:, by monks in Georgia and
598:Christianization of Iberia
517:
482:
16263:
16194:
16137:
16002:
15993:
15924:
15915:
15841:
15832:
15805:
15765:
15675:
15666:
15655:
15600:
15539:
15521:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
15494:Principality of Mingrelia
15374:
15298:
15289:
15209:
15160:
15100:
15033:
14943:
14889:
14852:
14813:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
14792:
14773:
14754:
14659:
14565:
14526:
14453:
14380:
14079:
14072:
14033:
13991:
13794:
13781:
13749:
13736:
13687:
13646:
13642:
13629:
13605:
13569:
13543:
13492:
13449:
13414:
13334:
13327:Chinese family of scripts
13325:
13321:
13308:
13206:
13193:
13144:
12552:
12548:
12535:
12397:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
12384:
12032:
11775:
11766:
11762:
11749:
11524:
11511:
11507:
11499:
11494:
11482:by first written accounts
11451:
11430:
11426:
11366:
11307:
11271:
11230:
11219:
11198:
11079:10.1017/S0025100306002659
10996:West, Barbara A. (2010).
10843:. John Wiley & Sons.
10835:Rapp, Stephen H. (2010).
10812:Rapp, Stephen H. (2006).
10791:Rapp, Stephen H. (2003).
10751:Nakanishi, Akira (1990).
10692:Machavariani, E. (2011).
10580:Haarmann, Harald (2012).
10520:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
10514:George, Julie A. (2009).
10043:"The Circassian Alphabet"
9649:Katzner & Miller 2002
8481:
8442:
8356:
8338:
6925:
6882:Prime Minister of Georgia
6379:in evangelical literature
4302:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4212:"The sovereign Alexander"
3466:
3453:
3341:) was used in Abkhaz for
3327:) was used in Abkhaz for
2872:, appeared instead of ი (
2854:, as in ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ
2850:"), was equivalent to ეჲ
2308:Form of Mkhedruli letters
2263:
2257:
2228:
2199:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1504:
1477:
1471:
822:
810:
796:
784:
757:
751:
358:
353:
334:
324:
314:
305:
294:
289:
251:
221:
211:
204:
183:
178:
158:
153:
139:
124:
111:
99:
81:
75:
15775:Administrative divisions
15516:Shah Abbas I's invasions
15479:Principality of Abkhazia
15422:First Kingdom of Kakheti
14800:Chinese semi-syllabaries
14063:Unicode braille patterns
14049:International uniformity
12504:Thomas Natural Shorthand
10535:Gillam, Richard (2003).
10049:. Circassian Family Tree
9221:
9189:
8816:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8488:
8473:
8466:
8458:
8432:
8425:
8418:
8411:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8272:
8265:
8255:
8247:
8230:
8223:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8168:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8132:
8118:
8108:
8098:
8088:
8078:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8038:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7998:
7988:
7975:Georgian keyboard layout
6932:Georgian (Unicode block)
3625:, a little like a Greek
3511:) and the top stroke of
3350:Handwriting of Mkhedruli
2365:Modern Georgian alphabet
2116:Georgian Orthodox Church
1563:Form of Nuskhuri letters
1328:Asomtavruli illumination
628:'s dating of fragmented
614:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
534:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
420:Georgian Orthodox Church
410:and mostly used for the
238:U+2D00–U+2D2F Supplement
15484:Principality of Svaneti
15407:Kingdom of the Iberians
15311:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
15137:Blindness organizations
15116:Braille Without Borders
14905:Canadian currency marks
14527:Egyptian lineage family
13710:Southwest Paleohispanic
11002:. Infobase Publishing.
10839:. In Parry, Ken (ed.).
10837:"Georgian Christianity"
10738:Morfill, W. R. (1901).
10715:Mchedlidze, T. (2013).
10648:; Miller, Kirk (2002).
10569:"The Georgian Alphabet"
10491:Enwall, Joakim (2010).
9929:"Fake vs. True Italics"
8518:
4203:Alexander II of Kakheti
3524:Other common variants:
2269:Georgian pronunciation:
2205:Georgian pronunciation:
2161:Royal charter of Queen
2078:Handwriting of Nuskhuri
1483:Georgian pronunciation:
763:Georgian pronunciation:
256:phonetic transcriptions
50:help fix these problems
15382:Principality of Iberia
14454:Russian lineage family
13854:Great Lakes Algonquian
12763:Greco-Iberian alphabet
12696:Gabelsberger shorthand
11639:Inscriptional Parthian
10797:. Peeters Publishers.
10774:Cholokashvili, Nikoloz
10603:Hewitt, B. G. (1995).
10439:Bowersock, Glen Warren
9236:, pp. xxii–xxiii.
8608:Nikortsminda Cathedral
8577:Doliskana inscriptions
8536:Gallery of Asomtavruli
6852:
6828:
6673:Old Avar crosses with
6647:
6616:of preceding consonant
6572:of preceding consonant
6371:Dagestanian languages
5745:Mingrelian & Svan
5506:Mingrelian & Svan
4198:
4041:and abbreviations for
3537:) may be written like
3498:
3478:
3397:Only four letters are
3361:
3209:") is used in for the
2360:in Mkhedruli, 1187 AD.
2350:
2261:) or simply Mtavruli (
2183:in Mkhedruli, 1712 AD.
2179:Royal charter of King
2143:Royal charter of King
2089:
1459:
1436:
767:[asomtʰavɾuli]
739:
243:U+1C90–U+1CBF Extended
233:U+10A0–U+10FF Georgian
15526:1795 Persian Invasion
15489:Principality of Guria
15218:Accessible publishing
15144:Schools for the blind
15123:Japan Braille Library
14912:Computer Braille Code
14566:Indian lineage family
13946:Old Persian cuneiform
12813:Carolingian minuscule
11619:Ancient North Arabian
11041:Georgian palaeography
10916:] (in Georgian).
10914:The Georgian Language
10890:. Walter de Gruyter.
10757:. Tuttle Publishing.
10014:Papşu, Murat (2006)."
9677:, paragraph II, 2.1.5
8765:George III of Georgia
7942:Non-Unicode encodings
6834:
6810:
6645:
4197:
4122:Garsevan Chavchavadze
4069:by the 11th century.
3484:
3438:
3360:
3241:Dagestanian languages
2349:
2181:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
2088:
1449:
1435:
1375:(t), 12–13th century.
734:
612:(326 or 337) and the
465:for its many vowels.
16122:World Heritage Sites
15705:Environmental issues
14982:Mountbatten Brailler
14337:(largely reassigned)
14120:(largely reassigned)
13669:Southeastern Iberian
13664:Northeastern Iberian
11562:Egyptian hieroglyphs
11327:Kartvelian languages
11116:Lasha Kintsurashvili
11094:Gallery of Mkhedruli
11058:Georgian Asomtavruli
10694:Georgian manuscripts
10266:. 24 February 2016.
9933:Mark Simonson Studio
9125:The life of Mashtots
8795:George IV of Georgia
8735:George II of Georgia
8720:Bagrat IV of Georgia
8705:Gallery of Mkhedruli
6835:The Georgian letter
6811:The Georgian letter
6749:in the 20th century.
6735:in the 20th century.
6721:in the 20th century.
6707:in the 20th century.
4232:The Georgian letter
4210:ჴლმწიფე ჻ ალექსანდრე
3494:text, on a Georgian
3261:the preceding vowel.
3231:) was once used for
2754:, founded by Prince
2326:Bagrat IV of Georgia
2290:Bagrat IV of Georgia
2145:Bagrat IV of Georgia
1595:Asomtavruli letters
1510:illuminated capitals
1334:illuminated capitals
973:Asomtavruli letters
963:George IV of Georgia
839:Bolnisi inscriptions
565:Bolnisi inscriptions
416:Kartvelian languages
148:Kartvelian languages
15572:Independent Georgia
15402:Kingdom of Abkhazia
15316:Kura–Araxes culture
15306:Prehistoric Georgia
14934:Nemeth braille code
14720:(reassigned vowels)
14245:(extended to 8-dot)
13819:Canadian Aboriginal
13705:Khitan small script
13427:Khitan large script
12617:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
11287:Georgian Supplement
10981:. Clarendon Press.
10867:. RoutledgeCurzon.
10157:, pp. 137–138.
10106:, pp. 144–145.
9356:, pp. 121–122.
9260:, pp. 449–456.
9214:The Armenian Script
9186:The Armenian Script
8810:George V of Georgia
8750:David IV of Georgia
8615:Gallery of Nuskhuri
7366:Georgian Supplement
6885:Irakli Garibashvili
4205:, with the divider
4179:Greek question mark
3093:modifier letter nar
2273:[mtʰavɾuli]
1643:
1532:; "clerical", from
1456:Monastery of Iviron
1386:Asomtavruli letter
974:
354:Inscription history
128:Left-to-right
15964:Telecommunications
15592:Russo-Georgian War
15506:Kingdom of Kakheti
15474:Kingdom of Imereti
15469:Turkmen incursions
15464:Samtskhe atabegate
15427:Kingdom of Georgia
15397:Emirate of Tbilisi
15387:Bagrationi dynasty
14968:Braille translator
14945:Braille technology
14921:(science; GS8/GS6)
14890:Symbols in braille
14820:Taiwanese Mandarin
14335:Taiwanese Mandarin
13941:Nwagu Aneke script
13493:Other logosyllabic
13415:Chinese-influenced
13354:Oracle bone script
13336:Chinese characters
13271:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
12661:Eclectic shorthand
12649:Duployan shorthand
12602:Caucasian Albanian
12402:Canadian syllabics
11438:History of writing
11374:Georgian Knowledge
11332:Proto-Georgian–Zan
11108:, produced by the
11039:Javakhishvili, I.
10772:Paolini, Stefano;
10497:Turcology in Mainz
10264:BPG Georgian Fonts
10234:Unicode Consortium
10213:2016-01-22 at the
10191:2018-03-22 at the
10172:2014-03-09 at the
9893:2012-03-09 at the
9562:2016-03-04 at the
7951:character encoding
6909:shifted above the
6870:Kartvelian studies
6853:
6829:
6648:
6477:of preceding vowel
4271:Latin Laz alphabet
4201:Signature of King
4199:
4183:Anton I of Georgia
3642:) is written as a
3499:
3479:
3362:
3305:) was used in the
3183:, is used for the
3153:, and formerly in
2351:
2294:Kingdom of Georgia
2286:Ateni Sioni Church
2209:[mχedɾuli]
2120:Ilia II of Georgia
2090:
1641:
1557:Ateni Sioni Church
1460:
1454:collection of the
1437:
1350:Kingdom of Georgia
972:
888:monogram of Christ
814:) "rounded", from
740:
431:alphabetical order
408:Kingdom of Georgia
376:used to write the
16322:Caucasian scripts
16299:
16298:
16259:
16258:
16152:Ethnic minorities
16081:
16074:
16067:
16060:
15989:
15988:
15911:
15910:
15893:Political parties
15856:Foreign relations
15828:
15827:
15653:
15652:
15557:Red Army invasion
15501:Kingdom of Kartli
15459:Timur's invasions
15442:Battle of Didgori
15417:Kingdom of Hereti
15346:Kingdom of Iberia
15245:
15244:
15241:
15240:
15163:tactile alphabets
15091:William Bell Wait
15084:Sabriye Tenberken
14885:
14884:
14750:
14749:
14735:(Japanese vowels)
14533:-mediated scripts
14460:-mediated scripts
13987:
13986:
13983:
13982:
13979:
13978:
13839:Ditema tsa Dinoko
13777:
13776:
13732:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13625:
13624:
13621:
13620:
13445:
13444:
13304:
13303:
13189:
13188:
13185:
13184:
12531:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12380:
12379:
11745:
11744:
11732:Teeline Shorthand
11490:
11489:
11382:
11381:
11346:Georgian dialects
11292:Georgian Extended
11192:Georgian language
11009:978-1-4381-1913-7
10988:978-0-19-826373-9
10927:978-1-4020-1440-6
10897:978-3-11-019400-5
10874:978-0-7007-1163-5
10850:978-1-4443-3361-9
10804:978-90-429-1318-9
10764:978-0-8048-1654-0
10719:. Fulda, Germany.
10684:978-90-272-8382-5
10661:978-1-134-53288-9
10637:978-90-272-0055-6
10616:978-90-272-3802-3
10595:978-90-272-0055-6
10548:978-0-201-70052-7
10527:978-0-230-10232-3
10506:978-3-447-06113-1
10483:978-0-19-507993-7
10462:978-0-674-51173-6
10430:978-0-89357-207-5
10141:978-0-299-29653-7
10047:circassianweb.com
9984:, pp. 30–31.
9851:, pp. 21–25.
9432:Machavariani 2011
9420:Machavariani 2011
9354:Machavariani 2011
9297:Machavariani 2011
9204:Acharian, Hrachia
9176:Acharian, Hrachia
9107:Kemertelidze 1999
8967:. 10 March 2015.
8936:Machavariani 2011
8525:
8524:
8454:
8453:
8352:
8351:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8128:
8127:
7949:is an unofficial
7939:
7938:
7693:Georgian Extended
7686:
7685:
7359:
7358:
6851:( ex: ლ(╹◡╹ლ) ).
6635:
6634:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4234:⟨ვ⟩
4213:
4207:⟨჻⟩
4128:
4126:Archil of Imereti
4105:
4091:
4080:
4051:, which resemble
4034:
4013:
4012:
3742:⟨X⟩
3672:⟨h⟩
3307:Ossetian language
3289:⟨ع⟩
3215:⟨ყ⟩
3131:
3130:
2993:) is used in the
2924:(like the Arabic
2820:
2819:
2756:Ilia Chavchavadze
2743:
2742:
2361:
2342:
2329:
2258:მხედრული მთავრული
2068:
2067:
1642:Nuskhuri letters
1638:
1619:
1487:[nusχuɾi]
1421:
1418:Gospel of Matthew
1376:
1325:
1324:
966:
687:Armenian alphabet
664:Tamaz Gamkrelidze
626:Levan Chilashvili
602:Iberian Peninsula
378:Georgian language
366:
365:
362:2016 (11 session)
285:
284:
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
16329:
16317:Georgian scripts
16279:
16272:
16077:
16070:
16063:
16056:
16000:
15999:
15922:
15921:
15839:
15838:
15780:Cities and towns
15715:Greater Caucasus
15673:
15672:
15661:
15623:Military history
15608:Names of Georgia
15454:Mongol invasions
15326:Colchian culture
15321:Trialeti culture
15296:
15295:
15272:
15265:
15258:
15249:
15248:
15234:
15227:
15225:Braille literacy
15220:
15202:
15195:
15188:
15181:
15174:
15153:
15146:
15139:
15132:
15125:
15118:
15111:
15093:
15086:
15079:
15072:
15065:
15058:
15051:
15044:
15026:
15019:
15017:Slate and stylus
15012:
15005:
15003:Perkins Brailler
14998:
14991:
14984:
14977:
14970:
14963:
14961:Braille embosser
14956:
14936:
14929:
14922:
14914:
14907:
14900:
14878:
14870:
14863:
14845:
14838:
14829:
14822:
14815:
14808:
14801:
14785:
14782:American Braille
14766:
14763:Algerian Braille
14743:
14736:
14728:
14721:
14713:
14706:
14699:
14692:
14684:
14677:
14670:
14652:
14644:
14637:
14630:
14623:
14616:
14609:
14602:
14595:
14588:
14581:
14558:
14550:
14543:
14519:
14512:
14505:
14498:
14491:
14484:
14477:
14470:
14444:
14439:
14434:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14405:
14398:
14391:
14378:
14377:
14373:
14366:
14359:
14352:
14345:
14338:
14330:
14323:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14288:
14281:
14274:
14267:
14260:
14253:
14246:
14238:
14231:
14224:
14217:
14210:
14203:
14196:
14189:
14182:
14175:
14168:
14161:
14154:
14147:
14135:
14128:
14121:
14113:
14106:
14099:
14092:
14077:
14076:
14065:
14058:
14051:
14044:
14027:
14016:
14009:
14002:
13993:
13992:
13783:
13782:
13738:
13737:
13644:
13643:
13636:Semi-syllabaries
13631:
13630:
13332:
13331:
13323:
13322:
13310:
13309:
13195:
13194:
12550:
12549:
12537:
12536:
12439:Japanese Braille
12024:Zanabazar square
11893:Nepalese scripts
11783:Bengali–Assamese
11773:
11772:
11764:
11763:
11751:
11750:
11668:Pitman shorthand
11513:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11496:
11495:
11428:
11427:
11409:
11402:
11395:
11386:
11385:
11315:Proto-Kartvelian
11225:
11185:
11178:
11171:
11162:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11151:
11142:
11138:
11136:
11102:
11082:
11081:
11032:Gamkrelidze, T.
11013:
10992:
10971:
10965:
10957:
10945:
10939:
10931:
10901:
10878:
10859:Rayfield, Donald
10854:
10831:
10808:
10787:
10768:
10747:
10734:
10728:
10720:
10711:
10705:
10697:
10688:
10665:
10646:Katzner, Kenneth
10641:
10620:
10599:
10576:
10563:
10552:
10531:
10510:
10487:
10466:
10434:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10384:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10363:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10338:
10327:
10318:
10312:
10311:
10309:
10307:
10301:
10294:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10275:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10230:"Unicode 11.0.0"
10226:
10220:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10183:
10177:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10125:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10101:
10095:
10092:
10086:
10083:
10077:
10074:
10068:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10039:
10033:
10032:
10012:
10006:
10003:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9973:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9944:
9924:
9918:
9915:
9909:
9903:
9897:
9885:Ingorokva, Pavle
9882:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9858:
9852:
9846:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9829:
9818:
9809:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9763:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9727:
9718:
9715:
9700:
9694:
9688:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9609:
9600:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9555:
9551:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9519:. Archived from
9513:
9507:
9501:
9495:
9492:
9486:
9483:
9477:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9429:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9408:
9402:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9384:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9366:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9345:
9342:
9336:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9318:
9315:
9309:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9282:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9154:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9116:
9110:
9109:, pp. 228-.
9104:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8914:
8895:
8889:
8880:
8877:
8842:
8839:
8830:
8827:
8805:
8790:
8780:Tamar of Georgia
8775:
8760:
8745:
8730:
8715:
8692:
8676:
8661:
8649:
8637:
8625:
8603:
8588:
8573:
8558:
8546:
8456:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8354:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8277:
8270:
8260:
8245:
8231:
8228:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8152:
8145:
8130:
7986:
7969:Keyboard layouts
7957:for Georgian on
7932:
7924:
7688:
7687:
7679:
7671:
7653:
7638:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7361:
7360:
7352:
7344:
6955:
6954:
6920:Private Use Area
6868:, a linguist of
6842:
6818:
6693:until the 1940s.
6687:until the 1940s.
6667:
6658:
6526:
6502:
6473:
6426:
6378:
6331:
6284:
6280:
6257:
6232:
6209:
6184:
6161:
6136:
6113:
6088:
6065:
6040:
6017:
5992:
5969:
5944:
5921:
5896:
5873:
5848:
5825:
5800:
5777:
5752:
5705:
5682:
5657:
5634:
5609:
5586:
5561:
5538:
5513:
5489:
5464:
5460:
5437:
5412:
5404:
5385:
5360:
5337:
5312:
5289:
5264:
5241:
5216:
5193:
5168:
5145:
5120:
5116:
5093:
5068:
5060:
5041:
5016:
4993:
4968:
4945:
4920:
4897:
4872:
4849:
4824:
4801:
4776:
4753:
4728:
4724:
4705:
4680:
4657:
4632:
4609:
4584:
4561:
4536:
4513:
4488:
4465:
4440:
4417:
4392:
4388:
4365:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4277:
4276:
4256:Alphabetic Tower
4251:
4235:
4229:
4208:
4200:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4101:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4076:
4032:
4030:
3885:
3862:
3861:
3848:
3838:
3830:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3768:
3760:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3445:Rustaveli Avenue
3441:street name sign
3392:
3382:
3377:zeni, oni, khani
3374:
3370:
3366:
3336:
3322:
3316:
3300:
3290:
3282:
3266:
3248:
3238:
3226:
3216:
3200:
3179:"), also called
3170:
3136:
3123:
3112:
3101:
3090:
3079:
3068:
3057:
3046:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3008:
2976:
2968:
2945:
2936:became ხელმწიფე
2923:
2911:
2893:
2863:
2825:
2812:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2735:
2724:
2713:
2702:
2691:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2625:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2524:
2513:
2502:
2489:
2478:
2467:
2456:
2445:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2358:Tamar of Georgia
2352:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:", derives from
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2176:
2163:Tamar of Georgia
2158:
2140:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1628:
1626:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1415:
1413:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1346:Byzantine Empire
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
975:
971:
959:Tamar of Georgia
956:
954:
949:
927:
903:
893:
825:
824:
819:
813:
812:
799:
798:
793:
787:
786:
781:
775:
769:
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:
736:Anbandidi Gospel
707:Hrachia Acharian
703:James R. Russell
679:Armenian clerics
672:Aramaic alphabet
668:alloglottography
653:
650:
573:
570:
561:
542:
539:
530:
493:
370:Georgian scripts
310:
287:
286:
281:
275:
271:
199:
194:
191:
135:
134:
119:
86:
73:
72:
66:
63:
57:
40:
39:
32:
21:
16337:
16336:
16332:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16327:
16326:
16302:
16301:
16300:
16295:
16282:
16275:
16268:
16255:
16190:
16133:
16107:Public holidays
15985:
15949:Lari (currency)
15907:
15878:Law enforcement
15824:
15801:
15761:
15740:Protected areas
15725:Lesser Caucasus
15662:
15649:
15596:
15587:Rose Revolution
15582:War in Abkhazia
15567:April 9 tragedy
15535:
15511:Safavid Georgia
15370:
15361:Sasanian Iberia
15285:
15276:
15246:
15237:
15230:
15223:
15216:
15205:
15198:
15191:
15184:
15177:
15170:
15156:
15149:
15142:
15135:
15128:
15121:
15114:
15107:
15096:
15089:
15082:
15075:
15068:
15061:
15054:
15049:Charles Barbier
15047:
15040:
15029:
15022:
15015:
15008:
15001:
14994:
14987:
14980:
14973:
14966:
14959:
14952:
14939:
14932:
14925:
14917:
14910:
14903:
14896:
14881:
14873:
14866:
14859:
14848:
14841:
14834:
14825:
14818:
14811:
14804:
14799:
14788:
14780:
14774:Frequency-based
14769:
14761:
14746:
14739:
14731:
14724:
14716:
14709:
14702:
14695:
14687:
14680:
14673:
14666:
14655:
14647:
14640:
14633:
14626:
14619:
14612:
14605:
14598:
14591:
14584:
14577:
14570:Bharati Braille
14567:
14561:
14553:
14546:
14539:
14528:
14522:
14515:
14508:
14501:
14494:
14487:
14480:
14473:
14466:
14455:
14449:
14442:
14437:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14408:
14401:
14394:
14387:
14376:
14369:
14362:
14355:
14348:
14341:
14333:
14326:
14319:
14312:
14305:
14298:
14291:
14284:
14277:
14270:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14241:
14234:
14227:
14220:
14213:
14206:
14199:
14192:
14185:
14178:
14171:
14164:
14157:
14150:
14144:Unified English
14138:
14131:
14124:
14116:
14109:
14102:
14095:
14088:
14073:Braille scripts
14068:
14061:
14054:
14047:
14040:
14029:
14025:
14020:
13975:
13790:
13773:
13769:Stokoe notation
13745:
13724:
13683:
13638:
13617:
13601:
13565:
13544:Logoconsonantal
13539:
13488:
13441:
13410:
13317:
13300:
13281:Siglas poveiras
13202:
13181:
13140:
13044:Younger Futhark
12748:Gregg shorthand
12544:
12523:
12376:
12028:
11758:
11741:
11520:
11503:
11486:
11459:Writing systems
11447:
11422:
11420:writing systems
11413:
11383:
11378:
11362:
11356:Judaeo-Georgian
11303:
11299:Mac OS Georgian
11267:
11226:
11217:
11194:
11189:
11155:
11149:
11145:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11120:Levan Chaganava
11100:
11090:
11085:
11021:
11019:Further reading
11016:
11010:
10989:
10959:
10958:
10950:Shanidze, Akaki
10933:
10932:
10928:
10906:Shanidze, Akaki
10898:
10875:
10851:
10828:
10805:
10765:
10722:
10721:
10699:
10698:
10685:
10662:
10638:
10617:
10596:
10575:(4–5): 324–331.
10562:(139): 449–456.
10549:
10528:
10507:
10484:
10463:
10431:
10412:
10407:
10397:
10395:
10385:
10381:
10371:
10369:
10361:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10342:
10340:
10336:
10325:
10319:
10315:
10305:
10303:
10299:
10295:. Unicode.org.
10292:
10288:
10287:
10283:
10273:
10271:
10258:
10257:
10253:
10243:
10241:
10236:. 5 June 2018.
10228:
10227:
10223:
10215:Wayback Machine
10204:
10203:
10199:
10193:Wayback Machine
10184:
10180:
10174:Wayback Machine
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10142:
10126:
10122:
10114:
10110:
10102:
10098:
10093:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10075:
10071:
10066:
10062:
10052:
10050:
10041:
10040:
10036:
10030:
10023:Wayback Machine
10013:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9980:
9976:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9952:
9942:
9940:
9925:
9921:
9916:
9912:
9904:
9900:
9895:Wayback Machine
9883:
9879:
9873:Mchedlidze 2013
9871:
9867:
9859:
9855:
9847:
9843:
9833:
9831:
9827:
9816:
9810:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9764:
9757:
9747:
9745:
9728:
9721:
9716:
9703:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9682:
9671:
9667:
9659:
9655:
9647:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9588:Gugushvili 1937
9586:
9582:
9574:
9570:
9564:Wayback Machine
9553:
9552:
9548:
9540:
9536:
9526:
9524:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9504:Mchedlidze 2013
9502:
9498:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9475:
9471:
9466:
9459:
9453:Mchedlidze 2013
9451:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9430:
9426:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9360:
9352:
9348:
9343:
9339:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9321:
9316:
9312:
9307:
9303:
9295:
9291:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9223:
9201:
9197:
9191:
9173:
9169:
9161:
9157:
9149:
9145:
9135:
9133:
9117:
9113:
9105:
9098:
9090:
9086:
9078:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9051:
9047:
9035:
9031:
9023:
9014:
9004:
9002:
8989:
8988:
8984:
8974:
8972:
8959:
8958:
8954:
8946:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8915:
8898:
8890:
8883:
8878:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8812:
8806:
8797:
8791:
8782:
8776:
8767:
8761:
8752:
8746:
8737:
8731:
8722:
8716:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8684:
8677:
8668:
8662:
8653:
8650:
8641:
8638:
8629:
8626:
8617:
8610:
8604:
8595:
8589:
8580:
8574:
8565:
8561:Asomtavruli at
8559:
8550:
8547:
8538:
8530:
8520:
8516:
8508:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8479:
8471:
8464:
8449:
8448:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8273:
8266:
8256:
8253:
8235:
8224:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8138:
8123:
8122:
8113:
8103:
8093:
8083:
8073:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8033:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7993:
7977:
7971:
7955:Michael Everson
7947:Mac OS Georgian
7944:
7696:
7651:
7636:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7369:
6963:
6942:
6930:Main articles:
6928:
6874:Michael Everson
6858:
6836:
6812:
6805:
6747:Cyrillic script
6733:Cyrillic script
6719:Cyrillic script
6705:Cyrillic script
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6660:
6659:
6640:
6500:
6255:
6207:
6159:
6111:
6063:
6015:
5967:
5919:
5871:
5823:
5775:
5680:
5632:
5584:
5536:
5487:
5435:
5383:
5335:
5287:
5239:
5191:
5143:
5091:
5039:
4991:
4943:
4895:
4847:
4799:
4751:
4703:
4655:
4607:
4559:
4511:
4463:
4415:
4363:
4304:
4286:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4230:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4154:
4134:
4129:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4077:
4035:
4031:
4009:
4008:
3893:
3860:
3846:
3836:
3828:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3766:
3758:
3751:
3749:Similar letters
3741:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3689:
3677:
3671:
3670:, like a Latin
3655:
3633:
3610:
3598:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3550:
3538:
3528:
3512:
3502:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3433:
3401:, with neither
3380:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3352:
3334:
3320:
3298:
3288:
3264:
3246:
3224:
3214:
3198:
3168:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3031:
3023:
2943:
2909:
2891:
2861:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2748:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2343:
2330:
2328:, 11th century.
2321:
2310:
2268:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2103:
2080:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1627:
1620:
1593:
1565:
1482:
1458:, 10th century.
1444:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1377:
1365:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
967:
957:Coins of Queen
955:
901:
891:
886:derives from a
859:Pavle Ingorokva
855:
788:) "letter" and
762:
729:
699:Donald Rayfield
683:Mesrop Mashtots
660:Mesrop Mashtots
651:
586:
585:
584:
583:
582:
571:
562:
553:
552:
551:
540:
531:
520:
515:
514:
513:
499:
494:
485:
374:writing systems
301:
252:
247:
226:
214:
197:
196:
192:
189:
174:
161:
154:Related scripts
129:
117:
114:
107:
95:
77:
67:
61:
58:
54:official how-to
47:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16335:
16325:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16281:
16280:
16273:
16265:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16257:
16256:
16254:
16253:
16252:
16251:
16241:
16240:
16239:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16198:
16196:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16188:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16170:
16169:
16164:
16154:
16149:
16143:
16141:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16131:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16083:
16082:
16075:
16068:
16061:
16051:
16046:
16041:
16040:
16039:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16003:
15997:
15991:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15983:
15976:
15971:
15966:
15961:
15959:Stock Exchange
15956:
15951:
15946:
15941:
15936:
15931:
15925:
15919:
15913:
15912:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15905:
15903:Prime Minister
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15874:
15873:
15863:
15858:
15853:
15848:
15842:
15836:
15830:
15829:
15826:
15825:
15823:
15822:
15817:
15811:
15809:
15803:
15802:
15800:
15799:
15792:
15787:
15782:
15777:
15771:
15769:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15759:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15735:National parks
15732:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15676:
15670:
15664:
15663:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15604:
15602:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15543:
15541:
15537:
15536:
15534:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15497:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15481:
15471:
15466:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15445:
15444:
15434:
15432:Byzantine wars
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15378:
15376:
15372:
15371:
15369:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15302:
15300:
15293:
15287:
15286:
15275:
15274:
15267:
15260:
15252:
15243:
15242:
15239:
15238:
15236:
15235:
15228:
15221:
15213:
15211:
15210:Related topics
15207:
15206:
15204:
15203:
15196:
15189:
15186:New York Point
15182:
15175:
15167:
15165:
15158:
15157:
15155:
15154:
15147:
15140:
15133:
15126:
15119:
15112:
15104:
15102:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15094:
15087:
15080:
15073:
15070:Harris Mowbray
15066:
15059:
15052:
15045:
15037:
15035:
15031:
15030:
15028:
15027:
15020:
15013:
15006:
14999:
14992:
14985:
14978:
14971:
14964:
14957:
14954:Braille e-book
14949:
14947:
14941:
14940:
14938:
14937:
14930:
14923:
14915:
14908:
14901:
14893:
14891:
14887:
14886:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14879:
14871:
14864:
14856:
14854:
14850:
14849:
14847:
14846:
14839:
14832:
14831:
14830:
14823:
14816:
14809:
14796:
14794:
14790:
14789:
14787:
14786:
14777:
14775:
14771:
14770:
14768:
14767:
14758:
14756:
14752:
14751:
14748:
14747:
14745:
14744:
14737:
14729:
14722:
14714:
14707:
14700:
14693:
14685:
14678:
14671:
14663:
14661:
14657:
14656:
14654:
14653:
14645:
14638:
14631:
14624:
14617:
14610:
14603:
14596:
14589:
14582:
14574:
14572:
14563:
14562:
14560:
14559:
14551:
14544:
14536:
14534:
14524:
14523:
14521:
14520:
14513:
14506:
14499:
14492:
14485:
14478:
14471:
14463:
14461:
14451:
14450:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14406:
14399:
14392:
14384:
14382:
14375:
14374:
14367:
14360:
14353:
14346:
14339:
14331:
14324:
14317:
14310:
14303:
14296:
14289:
14282:
14275:
14268:
14261:
14254:
14247:
14239:
14232:
14225:
14218:
14211:
14204:
14197:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14162:
14155:
14148:
14136:
14129:
14122:
14114:
14107:
14100:
14093:
14085:
14083:
14081:French-ordered
14074:
14070:
14069:
14067:
14066:
14059:
14052:
14045:
14037:
14035:
14031:
14030:
14019:
14018:
14011:
14004:
13996:
13989:
13988:
13985:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13977:
13976:
13974:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13921:Linear Elamite
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13866:
13861:
13856:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13795:
13792:
13791:
13779:
13778:
13775:
13774:
13772:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13750:
13747:
13746:
13743:Sign languages
13734:
13733:
13730:
13729:
13726:
13725:
13723:
13722:
13720:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13695:Espanca script
13691:
13689:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13681:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13654:Linear Elamite
13650:
13648:
13640:
13639:
13627:
13626:
13623:
13622:
13619:
13618:
13616:
13615:
13609:
13607:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13573:
13571:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13547:
13545:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13537:
13535:Yi (Classical)
13532:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13455:
13453:
13447:
13446:
13443:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13418:
13416:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13382:
13381:
13376:
13371:
13361:
13359:Bronze scripts
13356:
13351:
13346:
13340:
13338:
13329:
13319:
13318:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13301:
13299:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13207:
13204:
13203:
13191:
13190:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13174:
13172:Flag semaphore
13169:
13167:New York Point
13164:
13162:Telegraph code
13159:
13157:Maritime flags
13154:
13148:
13146:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13111:Visible Speech
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13081:Sorang Sompeng
13078:
13073:
13068:
13067:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12985:
12984:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12965:Galik alphabet
12962:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12865:
12863:Tironian notes
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12729:
12728:
12723:
12718:
12708:
12706:Garay alphabet
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12657:
12656:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12634:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12556:
12554:
12546:
12545:
12533:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12489:Sorang Sompeng
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12415:
12414:
12412:Déné syllabics
12409:
12399:
12394:
12388:
12386:
12382:
12381:
12378:
12377:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12372:
12367:
12357:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12202:
12201:
12196:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12175:
12174:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12138:
12137:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12036:
12034:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12009:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11968:
11967:
11957:
11956:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11779:
11777:
11770:
11760:
11759:
11747:
11746:
11743:
11742:
11740:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11728:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11707:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11695:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11673:Proto-Sinaitic
11670:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11653:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11595:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11534:
11533:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11505:
11504:
11492:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11485:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11455:
11453:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11434:
11432:
11424:
11423:
11412:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11389:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11339:
11324:
11323:
11322:
11311:
11309:
11305:
11304:
11302:
11301:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11227:
11220:
11218:
11216:
11215:
11210:
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11088:External links
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11072:(2): 255–264,
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11056:Pataridze, R.
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9580:
9576:Nakanishi 1990
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9534:
9523:on 14 May 2012
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2111:Akaki Shanidze
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854:
851:
728:
723:
715:Greek alphabet
563:
556:
555:
554:
532:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
519:
516:
496:
495:
488:
487:
486:
484:
481:
435:Greek alphabet
412:royal charters
372:are the three
364:
363:
360:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
346:Eastern Europe
343:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
303:
302:
295:
292:
291:
283:
282:
276:⟩, see
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
235:
229:
227:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
187:
181:
180:
176:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
160:Parent systems
159:
156:
155:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
126:
122:
121:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
87:
79:
78:
69:
68:
62:September 2024
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16334:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16309:
16307:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16283:
16278:
16274:
16271:
16267:
16266:
16262:
16250:
16247:
16246:
16245:
16242:
16238:
16235:
16234:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16207:Bolnisi cross
16205:
16203:
16200:
16199:
16197:
16193:
16187:
16186:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16159:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16140:
16136:
16130:
16129:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16080:
16076:
16073:
16069:
16066:
16062:
16059:
16055:
16054:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16034:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16004:
16001:
15998:
15996:
15992:
15982:
15981:
15977:
15975:
15972:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15926:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15914:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15864:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15843:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15831:
15821:
15820:South Ossetia
15818:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15808:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15770:
15768:
15764:
15758:
15757:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15665:
15660:
15646:
15645:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15605:
15603:
15599:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15544:
15542:
15538:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15476:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15443:
15440:
15439:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15377:
15373:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15301:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15288:
15284:
15280:
15273:
15268:
15266:
15261:
15259:
15254:
15253:
15250:
15233:
15229:
15226:
15222:
15219:
15215:
15214:
15212:
15208:
15201:
15197:
15194:
15193:Night writing
15190:
15187:
15183:
15180:
15176:
15173:
15169:
15168:
15166:
15164:
15159:
15152:
15148:
15145:
15141:
15138:
15134:
15131:
15127:
15124:
15120:
15117:
15113:
15110:
15106:
15105:
15103:
15101:Organisations
15099:
15092:
15088:
15085:
15081:
15078:
15074:
15071:
15067:
15064:
15063:Valentin Haüy
15060:
15057:
15053:
15050:
15046:
15043:
15042:Louis Braille
15039:
15038:
15036:
15032:
15025:
15021:
15018:
15014:
15011:
15007:
15004:
15000:
14997:
14993:
14990:
14986:
14983:
14979:
14976:
14975:Braille watch
14972:
14969:
14965:
14962:
14958:
14955:
14951:
14950:
14948:
14946:
14942:
14935:
14931:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14913:
14909:
14906:
14902:
14899:
14898:Braille music
14895:
14894:
14892:
14888:
14876:
14872:
14869:
14865:
14862:
14861:Luxembourgish
14858:
14857:
14855:
14851:
14844:
14840:
14837:
14833:
14828:
14824:
14821:
14817:
14814:
14810:
14807:
14803:
14802:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14791:
14783:
14779:
14778:
14776:
14772:
14764:
14760:
14759:
14757:
14753:
14742:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14727:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14712:
14708:
14705:
14701:
14698:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14683:
14679:
14676:
14672:
14669:
14665:
14664:
14662:
14660:Other scripts
14658:
14650:
14646:
14643:
14639:
14636:
14632:
14629:
14625:
14622:
14618:
14615:
14611:
14608:
14604:
14601:
14597:
14594:
14590:
14587:
14583:
14580:
14576:
14575:
14573:
14571:
14564:
14556:
14552:
14549:
14545:
14542:
14538:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14525:
14518:
14514:
14511:
14507:
14504:
14500:
14497:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14479:
14476:
14472:
14469:
14465:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14452:
14441:
14436:
14433:
14432:Northern Sámi
14429:
14424:
14419:
14414:
14413:
14411:
14407:
14404:
14400:
14397:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14385:
14383:
14381:Nordic family
14379:
14372:
14368:
14365:
14361:
14358:
14354:
14351:
14347:
14344:
14340:
14336:
14332:
14329:
14325:
14322:
14321:South African
14318:
14315:
14311:
14308:
14304:
14301:
14297:
14294:
14290:
14287:
14283:
14280:
14276:
14273:
14269:
14266:
14262:
14259:
14255:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14243:Luxembourgish
14240:
14237:
14233:
14230:
14226:
14223:
14219:
14216:
14212:
14209:
14205:
14202:
14198:
14195:
14191:
14188:
14184:
14181:
14177:
14174:
14170:
14167:
14163:
14160:
14156:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14141:
14137:
14134:
14130:
14127:
14123:
14119:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14105:
14101:
14098:
14094:
14091:
14087:
14086:
14084:
14082:
14078:
14075:
14071:
14064:
14060:
14057:
14056:ASCII braille
14053:
14050:
14046:
14043:
14039:
14038:
14036:
14032:
14024:
14017:
14012:
14010:
14005:
14003:
13998:
13997:
13994:
13990:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13793:
13789:
13784:
13780:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13751:
13748:
13744:
13739:
13735:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13692:
13690:
13686:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13632:
13628:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13604:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13587:Attic (Greek)
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13574:
13572:
13568:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13542:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13525:Proto-Elamite
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13491:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13456:
13454:
13452:
13448:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13341:
13339:
13337:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13311:
13307:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13208:
13205:
13201:
13196:
13192:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13149:
13147:
13143:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13039:Elder Futhark
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13021:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12957:
12956:
12953:
12952:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12930:Old Hungarian
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12758:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12655:
12652:
12651:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12577:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12538:
12534:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12464:Masaram Gondi
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12434:Gunjala Gondi
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12404:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12389:
12387:
12383:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12362:
12361:
12358:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12320:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12247:
12246:Old Sundanese
12244:
12243:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12189:Old Maldivian
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12173:
12172:Bilang-bilang
12170:
12169:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12031:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12004:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11992:Sylheti Nagri
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11958:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11793:Brahmi script
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11752:
11748:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11688:South Arabian
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11634:Inscriptional
11632:
11630:
11627:
11626:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11497:
11493:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11457:
11456:
11454:
11450:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11410:
11405:
11403:
11398:
11396:
11391:
11390:
11387:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11365:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11347:
11344:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11328:
11325:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11306:
11300:
11297:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11229:
11224:
11214:
11213:Verb paradigm
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11186:
11181:
11179:
11174:
11172:
11167:
11166:
11163:
11156:(105 KB)
11148:
11144:
11141:(105 KB)
11133:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11117:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11098:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11067:
11062:
11060:Tbilisi, 1980
11059:
11055:
11052:
11050:Tbilisi, 1990
11049:
11046:Kilanawa, B.
11045:
11043:Tbilisi, 1949
11042:
11038:
11036:Tbilisi, 1989
11035:
11031:
11029:Tbilisi, 1977
11028:
11024:
11023:
11011:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10994:
10990:
10984:
10980:
10979:
10973:
10969:
10963:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10929:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10833:
10829:
10827:99941-57-34-5
10823:
10819:
10815:
10810:
10806:
10800:
10796:
10795:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10718:
10713:
10709:
10703:
10695:
10690:
10686:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10654:. Routledge.
10653:
10652:
10647:
10643:
10639:
10633:
10629:
10628:
10622:
10618:
10612:
10608:
10607:
10601:
10597:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10565:
10561:
10560:
10554:
10550:
10544:
10540:
10539:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10485:
10479:
10475:
10474:
10468:
10464:
10458:
10454:
10453:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10415:
10414:
10394:
10390:
10383:
10367:
10360:
10354:
10335:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10298:
10291:
10285:
10269:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10212:
10209:
10205:(in Georgian)
10201:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10182:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10143:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10124:
10117:
10112:
10105:
10100:
10091:
10082:
10073:
10064:
10048:
10044:
10038:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10011:
10002:
9995:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9971:
9966:
9959:
9954:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9923:
9914:
9907:
9906:Shanidze 2003
9902:
9896:
9892:
9889:
9886:
9881:
9874:
9869:
9862:
9857:
9850:
9845:
9826:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9779:
9775:
9774:
9769:
9762:
9760:
9743:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9726:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9699:, p. 18.
9698:
9697:Shanidze 1973
9693:
9684:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9657:
9650:
9645:
9636:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9599:
9597:
9589:
9584:
9578:, p. 22.
9577:
9572:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9554:(in Georgian)
9550:
9543:
9538:
9522:
9518:
9512:
9505:
9500:
9491:
9482:
9473:
9464:
9462:
9454:
9449:
9440:
9433:
9428:
9421:
9416:
9407:
9398:
9389:
9380:
9371:
9362:
9355:
9350:
9341:
9332:
9323:
9314:
9305:
9298:
9293:
9286:
9281:
9279:
9271:
9270:Haarmann 2012
9266:
9259:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9235:
9230:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9205:
9199:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9171:
9164:
9159:
9152:
9151:Rayfield 2013
9147:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9115:
9108:
9103:
9101:
9094:, p. 38.
9093:
9088:
9081:
9076:
9074:
9066:
9065:Rayfield 2013
9061:
9054:
9049:
9042:
9041:fifth century
9038:
9033:
9026:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8949:
8944:
8937:
8932:
8924:
8920:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8893:
8892:Shanidze 2000
8888:
8886:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8853:
8838:
8836:
8826:
8822:
8811:
8804:
8799:
8796:
8789:
8784:
8781:
8774:
8769:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8751:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8729:
8724:
8721:
8714:
8709:
8708:
8698:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8667:
8660:
8655:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8624:
8619:
8618:
8609:
8602:
8597:
8594:
8587:
8582:
8578:
8572:
8567:
8564:
8557:
8552:
8545:
8540:
8539:
8533:
8515:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8485:
8478:
8470:
8463:
8457:
8447:
8440:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8409:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8361:
8355:
8342:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8131:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7863:
7862:
7810:
7809:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7600:
7599:
7515:
7514:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7281:
7280:
7228:
7227:
7175:
7174:
7130:
7129:
7077:
7076:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6809:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6676:
6666:
6657:
6644:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6614:labialization
6611:
6608:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6554:
6544:
6540:
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6534:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6507:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6262:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6118:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4240:(lower left).
4239:
4228:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:Ephrem Mtsire
4164:
4159:
4158:word dividers
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:: ა, თ, ი, ო.
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3359:
3355:
3344:
3343:labialization
3340:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:) is used in
3252:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:Svan alphabet
2984:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2254:
2251:Mkhedruli is
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2175:
2164:
2157:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1987:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1910:
1899:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1809:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1419:
1416:The title of
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
976:
970:
964:
960:
953:
948:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
899:
898:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
871:
866:
864:
863:boustrophedon
860:
850:
847:
842:
840:
836:
831:
829:
818:
807:
803:
792:
780:
774:
768:
748:
744:
737:
733:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
581:
577:
572: 494 AD
566:
560:
550:
546:
541: 430 AD
535:
529:
511:
507:
503:
498:
492:
480:
478:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:left to right
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
361:
357:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
299:
293:
288:
279:
267:
263:
261:
257:
250:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
228:
225:
224:Unicode range
220:
216:
213:Unicode alias
210:
207:
203:
188:
186:
182:
177:
170:
169:
168:
163:
157:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
133:
127:
123:
116:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
80:
74:
65:
55:
51:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
16232:Saint George
16217:Coat of arms
16183:
16139:Demographics
16126:
16012:Architecture
16006:
15978:
15934:Central bank
15866:Human rights
15846:Constitution
15794:
15767:Subdivisions
15754:
15642:
15552:Armenian War
14733:Thai and Lao
14410:Scandinavian
14042:1829 braille
14034:Braille cell
13834:Cypro-Minoan
13700:Pahawh Hmong
13613:Sitelen Pona
13577:Hindu-Arabic
12910:Mundari Bani
12710:
12484:Pahawh Hmong
12293:Tamil-Brahmi
12199:Eveyla Akuru
12194:Dhives Akuru
11661:Paleo-Hebrew
11528:
11464:undeciphered
11337:Old Georgian
11263:Romanization
11237:
11069:
11065:
11057:
11047:
11040:
11033:
11026:
10998:
10977:
10953:
10913:
10909:
10887:
10863:
10840:
10817:
10793:
10778:
10753:
10743:
10716:
10693:
10674:
10650:
10626:
10605:
10585:
10572:
10557:
10537:
10516:
10496:
10472:
10451:
10447:Grabar, Oleg
10443:Brown, Peter
10419:
10396:. Retrieved
10392:
10382:
10370:. Retrieved
10365:
10353:
10341:. Retrieved
10329:
10316:
10304:. Retrieved
10284:
10272:. Retrieved
10263:
10254:
10242:. Retrieved
10224:
10200:
10181:
10162:
10150:
10130:
10123:
10111:
10099:
10090:
10081:
10072:
10063:
10051:. Retrieved
10046:
10037:
10031:(in Turkish)
10026:
10010:
10001:
9989:
9982:Aronson 1990
9977:
9965:
9953:
9941:. Retrieved
9932:
9922:
9917:შანიძე, 2003
9913:
9901:
9880:
9868:
9856:
9849:Aronson 1990
9844:
9832:. Retrieved
9820:
9782:. Retrieved
9771:
9746:. Retrieved
9735:
9692:
9683:
9674:
9668:
9656:
9644:
9635:
9623:. Retrieved
9611:
9583:
9571:
9566:საქინფორმ.გე
9549:
9537:
9525:. Retrieved
9521:the original
9511:
9499:
9490:
9481:
9472:
9448:
9439:
9427:
9415:
9406:
9397:
9388:
9379:
9370:
9361:
9349:
9340:
9331:
9322:
9313:
9304:
9292:
9285:Daniels 1996
9265:
9258:Greppin 1981
9253:
9241:
9234:Thomson 1996
9229:
9213:
9208:
9198:
9185:
9180:
9170:
9158:
9146:
9134:. Retrieved
9124:
9114:
9087:
9060:
9048:
9040:
9032:
9027:, p. 4.
9003:. Retrieved
8994:
8985:
8973:. Retrieved
8964:
8955:
8943:
8931:
8923:Academia.edu
8921:– via
8825:
8695:Nuskhuri by
8664:Nuskhuri of
8531:
7978:
7945:
7930:
7922:
7915:
7691:
7677:
7669:
7662:
7364:
7350:
7342:
7335:
6958:
6947:
6943:
6904:
6898:script for (
6891:
6889:
6866:Jost Gippert
6859:
6844:
6825:heart symbol
6820:
6570:velarization
6475:nasalization
6463:modifier nar
4287:(mkhedruli)
4267:
4188:Latin script
4155:
4135:
4093:
4052:
4048:
4044:nomina sacra
4042:
4036:
4014:
3850:
3840:
3832:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3770:
3762:
3752:
3523:
3500:
3384:
3376:
3363:
3353:
3338:
3329:velarization
3324:
3302:
3292:
3268:
3251:modifier nar
3250:
3228:
3218:
3211:glottal stop
3202:
3180:
3172:
3162:
3138:
3125:
3114:
3103:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3059:
3048:
3037:
3024:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2954:
2952:interjection
2947:
2940:"sovereign".
2937:
2933:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2814:
2803:
2792:
2781:
2770:
2749:
2737:
2726:
2715:
2704:
2693:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2649:
2638:
2627:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2368:
2322:
2311:
2302:
2283:
2281:decorative.
2250:
2190:
2189:
2126:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2071:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1974:
1963:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1851:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1637:in Nuskhuri.
1615:
1608:
1600:
1566:
1554:
1513:
1462:
1461:
1452:John Tornike
1450:Nuskhuri of
1440:
1428:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1331:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
968:
911:
905:
895:
883:
878:
873:
870:acute angles
867:
856:
843:
832:
801:
742:
741:
725:
712:
676:
644:
642:
629:
624:. Professor
593:
591:
587:
509:
505:
501:
467:
428:
393:
387:
381:
369:
367:
296:
272:and ⟨
254:
91:"script" in
89:damts'erloba
88:
59:
29:
16174:Health care
15929:Agriculture
15700:Earthquakes
15437:Seljuk wars
15232:RoboBraille
15056:Róża Czacka
14996:Perforation
14793:Independent
14691:(Bhutanese)
14426:Greenlandic
14097:Azerbaijani
13899:Jindai moji
13788:Syllabaries
13759:SignWriting
13659:Celtiberian
13561:Hieroglyphs
13364:Seal script
13349:Traditional
13221:Blissymbols
13126:Warang Citi
13101:Tolong Siki
13054:Marcomannic
13034:Dalecarlian
13024:Anglo-Saxon
13004:Pau Cin Hau
12895:Medefaidrin
12848:Merovingian
12808:Blackletter
12716:Asomtavruli
12509:Warang Citi
12318:Ulu scripts
12263:New Tai Lue
12206:Mon–Burmese
12060:Bhattiprolu
11888:Nandinagari
11715:ʾEsṭrangēlā
11474:constructed
11248:Calligraphy
10910:ქართული ენა
10155:Enwall 2010
10116:Enwall 2010
10104:Enwall 2010
9994:George 2009
9970:Gillam 2003
9821:unicode.org
9542:Gillam 2003
9209:Հայոց գրերը
9181:Հայոց գրերը
9025:Hewitt 1995
9005:30 November
8975:30 November
8514:Control key
8462:Control key
7981:typewriters
7961:. It is an
7953:created by
6791:in Georgia.
6785:Azerbaijani
6775:in Tbilisi.
6745:and by the
6731:and by the
6717:and by the
6703:and by the
6609:labial sign
6368:turned gani
4311:asomtavruli
4152:Punctuation
4067:hagiography
4063:manuscripts
3875:Calligraphy
3644:right angle
3464:resembling
3424:Old English
3339:labial sign
3229:turned gani
3126:labial sign
3071:turned gani
2981:All but ჵ (
2938:khelmtsʼipe
2846:" ("eighth
2339:Curopalates
2232:) meaning "
2107:iconography
2095:Asomtavruli
1550:hagiography
1496:comes from
1348:influenced
835:Bir el Qutt
773:Asomtavruli
758:ႠႱႭႫႧႠႥႰႳႪႨ
752:ასომთავრული
743:Asomtavruli
726:Asomtavruli
656:Pharnavaz I
630:Asomtavruli
594:Asomtavruli
502:Asomtavruli
424:iconography
383:Asomtavruli
359:Inscription
113:Time period
100:Script type
18:Asomtavruli
16306:Categories
16244:Saint Nino
16072:Mingrelian
16053:Languages
15888:Parliament
15861:Government
15449:Golden Age
14784:(obsolete)
14765:(obsolete)
14557:(Pakistan)
14468:Belarusian
14350:Vietnamese
14293:Portuguese
14279:Philippine
14236:Lithuanian
13889:Hentaigana
13884:Man'yōgana
13344:Simplified
13231:Ersu Shaba
13145:Non-linear
12950:Old Uyghur
12940:Old Permic
12935:Old Italic
12868:Visigothic
12803:Beneventan
12738:Glagolitic
12701:Gadabuursi
12365:Kolezhuthu
12360:Vatteluttu
12298:Tanchangya
12221:Saurashtra
11798:Devanagari
11656:Phoenician
11609:Manichaean
10956:. Tbilisi.
10696:. Tbilisi.
10398:7 December
10343:26 January
8997:. UNESCO.
8849:References
6950:title case
6907:descenders
6787:; used by
6697:Circassian
6127:qari, hari
4236:is on the
4171:appositive
3985:Vietnamese
3496:police car
3407:descenders
3193:Mingrelian
2995:Mingrelian
2934:qelmtsʼipe
2906:"others'".
916:Phoenician
846:epigraphic
828:unicameral
811:მრგვლოვანი
802:Mrgvlovani
652: 800
610:Mirian III
463:diacritics
459:when it is
443:Mingrelian
146:and other
52:; see the
16157:Georgians
16147:Education
16097:Mythology
15974:Transport
15939:Companies
15898:President
15851:Elections
15750:Volcanoes
15690:Black Sea
15668:Geography
15577:Civil War
15392:Arab rule
15356:Roman era
15200:Vibratese
15179:Moon type
15172:Decapoint
14853:Eight-dot
14806:Cantonese
14755:Reordered
14718:Inuktitut
14607:Malayalam
14517:Ukrainian
14496:Mongolian
14475:Bulgarian
14438:Norwegian
14403:Icelandic
14194:Hungarian
14152:Esperanto
14104:Cantonese
13688:Redundant
13500:Anatolian
13451:Cuneiform
13379:bird-worm
13315:Logograms
13286:Testerian
13200:Ideograms
13177:Moon type
13064:Staveless
12955:Mongolian
12900:Molodtsov
12858:Sütterlin
12726:Mkhedruli
12592:Bassa Vah
12542:Alphabets
12514:Mwangwego
12479:Mwangwego
12454:Kharosthi
12407:Blackfoot
12370:Malayanma
12241:Sundanese
12236:Sukhothai
12184:Malayalam
12135:Khom Thai
12095:Goykanadi
12019:Tocharian
11972:ʼPhags-pa
11843:Khudabadi
11788:Bhaiksuki
11683:Samaritan
11614:Nabataean
11469:inventors
11320:Karto-Zan
11308:Genealogy
10962:cite book
10936:cite book
10740:"Georgia"
10725:cite book
10702:cite book
10274:15 August
10218:Rustavi 2
9527:3 January
9246:Rapp 2003
9092:Rapp 2006
9080:Rapp 2010
9053:Rapp 2003
9037:West 2010
8965:Agenda.ge
8679:Nuskhuri
8492:AltGr key
8484:Space bar
8446:Shift key
8360:Shift key
8341:Enter key
8251:Caps lock
6892:Mkhedruli
6890:Georgian
6878:Macintosh
6849:emoticons
6803:Computing
6767:; in the
6564:hard sign
6519:Ossetian
5503:yn, schva
4321:mkhedruli
4132:Typefaces
4124:and King
4039:ligatures
4021:monograms
4017:ligatures
4004:Mongolian
3892:By script
3449:Rustaveli
3431:Variation
3403:ascenders
3325:hard sign
3259:nasalizes
3187:sound in
3159:Abkhazian
3115:hard sign
2858:'Christ'.
2356:of Queen
2253:bicameral
2191:Mkhedruli
2127:Mkhedruli
1342:Byzantine
961:and King
935:(Χ), and
622:Palestine
549:Jerusalem
510:Mkhedruli
479:in 2016.
395:Mkhedruli
325:Reference
198:Geok, 241
185:ISO 15924
179:ISO 15924
140:Languages
125:Direction
120:– present
93:Mkhedruli
16286:Category
16212:Borjgali
16167:Diaspora
16112:Religion
16058:Georgian
16049:Gambling
16007:Alphabet
15883:Military
15834:Politics
15815:Abkhazia
15710:Glaciers
15613:Monarchs
15601:By topic
15283:articles
14836:Japanese
14697:Georgian
14689:Dzongkha
14675:Armenian
14593:Gujarati
14458:Cyrillic
14389:Estonian
14364:Yugoslav
14300:Romanian
14272:Nigerian
14187:Hawaiian
14173:Ghanaian
14090:Albanian
13951:Sumerian
13916:Linear B
13879:Katakana
13874:Hiragana
13824:Cherokee
13754:ASLwrite
13715:Bopomofo
13570:Numerals
13556:Hieratic
13515:Isthmian
13484:Sumerian
13464:Assyrian
13459:Akkadian
13116:Vithkuqi
13091:Tifinagh
13059:Medieval
13014:Pisidian
13009:Phrygian
12980:Vagindra
12925:Ol Chiki
12833:Interlac
12788:Kayah Li
12778:Jenticha
12733:Veso Bey
12721:Nuskhuri
12711:Georgian
12681:Formosan
12676:Etruscan
12671:Enochian
12627:Cyrillic
12612:Coelbren
12570:Armenian
12469:Meroitic
12459:Mandombe
12449:Jenticha
12313:Tigalari
12278:Tai Viet
12273:Tai Tham
12253:Tagbanwa
12105:Javanese
12055:Baybayin
12045:Balinese
12033:Southern
11928:Pracalit
11923:Pachumol
11898:Bhujimol
11858:Mahajani
11818:Gurmukhi
11808:Gujarati
11776:Northern
11756:Abugidas
11737:Ugaritic
11725:Maḏnḥāyā
11599:Tifinagh
11592:Solitreo
11530:Numerals
11443:Grapheme
11431:Overview
11282:Georgian
11278:Unicode
11272:Encoding
11258:Numerals
11253:Keyboard
10952:(1973).
10908:(2003).
10861:(2013).
10782:. Rome:
10776:(1629).
10559:Bazmavēp
10449:(1999).
10393:Evertype
10334:Archived
10306:25 March
10297:Archived
10268:Archived
10238:Archived
10211:Archived
10189:Archived
10170:Archived
10053:24 March
10019:Archived
9943:24 April
9937:Archived
9891:Archived
9834:24 April
9825:Archived
9778:Archived
9773:Omniglot
9742:Archived
9737:Omniglot
9616:Archived
9560:Archived
9206:(1984).
9178:(1984).
9136:24 April
9130:Archived
9122:(1981).
8999:Archived
8969:Archived
8593:Ishkhani
8563:Barakoni
8506:Menu key
8450: ↑
8364: ↑
7652:ⴭ
7637:ⴧ
7630:ⴥ
7625:ⴤ
7620:ⴣ
7615:ⴢ
7610:ⴡ
7605:ⴠ
7595:ⴟ
7590:ⴞ
7585:ⴝ
7580:ⴜ
7575:ⴛ
7570:ⴚ
7565:ⴙ
7560:ⴘ
7555:ⴗ
7550:ⴖ
7545:ⴕ
7540:ⴔ
7535:ⴓ
7530:ⴒ
7525:ⴑ
7520:ⴐ
7510:ⴏ
7505:ⴎ
7500:ⴍ
7495:ⴌ
7490:ⴋ
7485:ⴊ
7480:ⴉ
7475:ⴈ
7470:ⴇ
7465:ⴆ
7460:ⴅ
7455:ⴄ
7450:ⴃ
7445:ⴂ
7440:ⴁ
7435:ⴀ
6960:Georgian
6915:ascender
6911:baseline
6841:⟩
6837:⟨
6817:⟩
6813:⟨
6765:Armenian
6685:Ossetian
4339:ISO 9984
4332:National
4326:mtavruli
4316:nuskhuri
4280:Letters
4138:typeface
3980:Japanese
3959:Georgian
3942:Cyrillic
3867:a series
3865:Part of
3632:Rarely,
3492:all-caps
3487:Mtavruli
3399:x-height
3155:Ossetian
3015:Ossetian
2961:for the
2882:kristʼey
2856:kristʼey
2836:Canadian
2832:American
2296:for the
2278:all-caps
2264:მთავრული
2246:cavalier
2234:horseman
2223:mkhedari
2218:military
2200:მხედრული
2195:Georgian
2099:Nuskhuri
1635:David IV
1633:of King
1535:khutsesi
1518:Georgian
1514:Khutsuri
1493:nuskhuri
1467:Georgian
1463:Nuskhuri
1441:Nuskhuri
1371:(m) and
1338:cinnabar
837:and the
806:Georgian
747:Georgian
618:Georgian
506:Nuskhuri
389:Nuskhuri
341:Caucasus
270:/ /
266:Help:IPA
217:Georgian
171:Georgian
144:Georgian
105:Alphabet
76:Georgian
48:You can
16270:Outline
16195:Symbols
16032:Cuisine
15995:Culture
15969:Tourism
15917:Economy
15790:Regions
15785:Tbilisi
15730:Mammals
15695:Climate
15680:Borders
15633:Battles
15341:Colchis
15336:Diauehi
15291:History
15279:Georgia
14741:Tibetan
14682:Burmese
14668:Amharic
14651:(India)
14628:Sinhala
14621:Punjabi
14600:Kannada
14548:Persian
14503:Russian
14443:Swedish
14421:Finnish
14396:Faroese
14371:Zambian
14343:Turkish
14328:Spanish
14251:Maltese
14229:Latvian
14222:Italian
14201:Iñupiaq
14180:Guarani
14140:English
14111:Catalan
14028:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
14023:Braille
13906:Kikakui
13844:Eskayan
13829:Cypriot
13679:Dunging
13551:Demotic
13530:Tenevil
13474:Hittite
13469:Elamite
13422:Jurchen
13401:Sawndip
13396:Chữ Nôm
13296:Zapotec
13291:Yerkish
13266:Nsibidi
13251:Miꞌkmaw
13241:Isotype
13211:Adinkra
13152:Braille
13136:Zaghawa
13106:Vellara
13086:Sunuwar
13076:Sidetic
13071:Shavian
12999:Osmanya
12989:Ol Onal
12843:Kurrent
12828:Insular
12818:Fraktur
12793:Klingon
12783:Kaddare
12757:Archaic
12666:Elbasan
12654:Chinook
12644:Deseret
12632:Bosnian
12587:Avoiuli
12575:Avestan
12565:Ariyaka
12494:Tengwar
12392:Bharati
12353:Serawai
12343:Pasemah
12328:Lampung
12283:Lai Tay
12268:Tai Noi
12231:Sinhala
12211:Pallava
12179:Makasar
12167:Lontara
12142:Kulitan
12115:Kannada
12110:Kadamba
12100:Hanunoo
12090:Grantha
12085:Fakkham
12002:Tibetan
11987:Soyombo
11982:Siddhaṃ
11977:Sharada
11953:Litumol
11943:Tirhuta
11933:Ranjana
11918:Kvemmol
11878:Multani
11863:Marchen
11828:Kalinga
11768:Brahmic
11705:Sogdian
11644:Psalter
11624:Pahlavi
11604:Mandaic
11582:Cursive
11567:Elymaic
11538:Aramaic
11351:Adjaran
11243:Braille
11238:Scripts
11231:Writing
11208:Screeve
11200:Grammar
11106:YouTube
10918:Tbilisi
10410:Sources
10195:Unicode
9784:12 June
9748:12 June
9625:14 June
8528:Gallery
8521:
8499:Win key
8477:Alt key
8469:Win key
8136:Tab key
8124:
7864:U+1CBx
7811:U+1CAx
7758:U+1C9x
7601:U+2D2x
7516:U+2D1x
7431:U+2D0x
7282:U+10Fx
7229:U+10Ex
7176:U+10Dx
7131:U+10Cx
7078:U+10Bx
7025:U+10Ax
6862:Unicode
6856:Unicode
6827:online.
6779:Russian
6759:Persian
6753:Turkish
6725:Chechen
6612:Abkhaz
6568:Abkhaz
6281:, Bats
6043:Chʼ chʼ
5995:Tsʼ tsʼ
5905:Tsʼ tsʼ
5857:Chʼ chʼ
5461:, Svan
5405:, Svan
5117:, Svan
4725:, Svan
4389:, Svan
4303:Numeric
4284:Unicode
4217:Summary
4142:oblique
4049:karagma
3997:Western
3970:Chinese
3966:-based
3947:Serbian
3935:Tibetan
3925:Brahmic
3918:Persian
3913:Turkish
3908:Islamic
3490:, i.e.
3451:, with
2904:skhvisi
2886:kristʼe
2844:e-merve
2304:fonts.
2244:" and "
2242:warrior
2229:მხედარი
2214:cavalry
2093:Use of
1478:ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ
1472:ნუსხური
918:letter
823:მრგვალი
817:mrgvali
797:მთავარი
791:mtavari
719:Aramaic
670:in the
638:Kakheti
634:Nekresi
580:Tbilisi
518:Origins
483:Preview
439:letters
400:letters
319:Georgia
315:Country
258:in the
206:Unicode
16291:Portal
16202:Anthem
16117:Sports
16027:Cinema
16022:Chokha
15954:Mining
15944:Energy
15745:Rivers
15618:States
15540:Modern
15375:Middle
15351:Lazica
15331:Mushki
15281:
15161:Other
15034:People
15024:Braigo
14843:Korean
14711:Hebrew
14642:Telugu
14541:Arabic
14531:Arabic
14489:Kyrgyz
14482:Kazakh
14416:Danish
14314:Slovak
14307:Samoan
14286:Polish
14265:Navajo
14166:German
14159:French
14026:
13971:Yugtun
13961:Woleai
13911:Kpelle
13894:Sōgana
13814:Byblos
13592:Muisca
13510:Cretan
13479:Luwian
13437:Tangut
13256:Mixtec
13226:Dongba
13131:Yezidi
13121:Wancho
13096:Todhri
13049:Gothic
13029:Cipher
12970:Manchu
12960:Evenki
12945:Orkhon
12890:Manchu
12885:Lydian
12880:Lycian
12823:Gaelic
12773:Hanifi
12768:Hangul
12743:Gothic
12691:Fraser
12686:Fox II
12622:Coptic
12597:Carian
12580:Pazend
12553:Linear
12499:Thaana
12444:Sarati
12385:Others
12348:Rejang
12333:Lembak
12323:Incung
12303:Telugu
12258:Tai Le
12152:Langdi
12075:Chakma
11965:Karani
11938:Tamyig
11913:Kummol
11908:Himmol
11903:Golmol
11883:Nagari
11868:Meitei
11853:Lepcha
11838:Khojki
11823:Kaithi
11710:Syriac
11698:Musnad
11577:Ashuri
11572:Hebrew
11555:Elifba
11550:Arabic
11543:Hatran
11518:Abjads
11154:
11139:
11006:
10985:
10924:
10894:
10871:
10847:
10824:
10801:
10761:
10681:
10658:
10634:
10613:
10592:
10545:
10524:
10503:
10480:
10459:
10427:
10372:8 June
10244:5 June
10138:
9120:Koryun
8697:Nikrai
8519:
8512:
8490:
8475:
8460:
8443:
8357:
8344:
8248:
8133:
8119:
8109:
8099:
8089:
8079:
8069:
8059:
8049:
8039:
8029:
8019:
8009:
7999:
7989:
7705:
7700:(PDF)
7378:
7373:(PDF)
6972:
6967:(PDF)
6938:, and
6926:Blocks
6794:Other
6789:Azeris
6743:Arabic
6729:Arabic
6715:Arabic
6711:Ingush
6701:Arabic
6691:Abkhaz
6606:U+10FF
6560:U+10FE
6513:U+10FD
6460:U+10FC
6413:U+10FA
6365:U+10F9
6318:U+10F6
6299:10000
6268:U+10F5
6220:U+10F0
6172:U+10EF
6124:U+10F4
6076:U+10EE
6031:chʼari
6028:U+10ED
5983:tsʼili
5980:U+10EC
5932:U+10EB
5884:U+10EA
5836:U+10E9
5788:U+10E8
5739:U+10F8
5693:U+10E7
5645:U+10E6
5597:U+10E5
5549:U+10E4
5500:U+10F7
5448:U+10E3
5396:U+10F3
5348:U+10E2
5300:U+10E1
5252:U+10E0
5204:U+10DF
5156:U+10DE
5104:U+10DD
5052:U+10F2
5004:U+10DC
4956:U+10DB
4908:U+10DA
4860:U+10D9
4812:U+10D8
4764:U+10D7
4716:U+10F1
4668:U+10D6
4620:U+10D5
4572:U+10D4
4524:U+10D3
4476:U+10D2
4428:U+10D1
4376:U+10D0
4305:value
4260:Batumi
4059:vellum
3975:Korean
3930:Indian
3903:Arabic
3898:Arabic
3835:) and
3816:) and
3800:) and
3784:) and
3765:) and
3713:ch'ari
3695:ts'ili
3575:, and
3470:უსთავე
3457:უსთავე
3371:, and
3011:Abkhaz
2977:sound.
2922:/q⁽ʰ⁾/
2842:" or "
2705:ch'ari
2694:ts'ili
2335:Gurgen
2238:knight
2216:" or "
2197::
2008:chʼari
1997:tsʼili
1603:) and
1546:cleric
1541:ხუცესი
1529:Ⴞⴓⴚⴓⴐⴈ
1523:ხუცური
1520::
1499:nuskha
1469::
1275:ch'ari
1266:ts'ili
900:) and
808::
749::
695:Koryun
606:Kartli
508:, and
474:UNESCO
335:Region
274:
118:AD 430
16277:Index
16249:cross
16237:cross
16227:Motto
16179:Women
16102:Names
16092:Music
16087:Media
16044:Dance
15720:Lakes
15685:Birds
15299:Early
14877:(GS8)
14868:Kanji
14726:Khmer
14704:Greek
14635:Tamil
14568:i.e.
14529:i.e.
14510:Tatar
14456:i.e.
14357:Welsh
14258:Māori
14215:Irish
14133:Dutch
14126:Czech
13936:Nüshu
13804:Bamum
13799:Afaka
13606:Other
13597:Roman
13582:Abjad
13505:Bagam
13406:Bowen
13391:Kanji
13386:Hanja
13374:small
13369:large
13276:Olmec
13246:Kaidā
13236:Emoji
13216:Aztec
13019:Runic
12994:Osage
12975:Oirat
12920:Ogham
12853:Sigla
12798:Latin
12753:Greek
12637:Early
12607:Cirth
12560:Adlam
12429:Geʽez
12424:Fox I
12288:Tamil
12147:Lanna
12130:Khmer
12120:Karen
12070:Buhid
12050:Batak
12007:Uchen
11997:Takri
11948:Limbu
11848:Laṇḍā
11833:Khema
11813:Gupta
11803:Dogri
11720:Serṭā
11693:Zabur
11678:Punic
11651:Pegon
11587:Rashi
11501:Types
11452:Lists
11416:Types
11367:Other
11150:(PDF)
11135:(PDF)
10912:[
10362:(PDF)
10337:(PDF)
10326:(PDF)
10300:(PDF)
10293:(PDF)
9828:(PDF)
9817:(PDF)
9619:(PDF)
9608:(PDF)
9212:[
9184:[
8817:Notes
8666:Mokvi
7916:Notes
7663:Notes
7336:Notes
6821:ghani
6466:Bats
6419:Bats
6283:/ʕ,ɦ/
6247:9000
6199:8000
6151:7000
6103:6000
6097:Kh kh
6091:Kh kh
6079:khani
6055:5000
6052:Ç̌ ç̌
6049:Ch ch
6007:4000
6001:Ts ts
5959:3000
5953:Dz dz
5947:Dz dz
5935:dzili
5911:2000
5902:Cʼ cʼ
5899:Ts ts
5893:ts⁽ʰ⁾
5887:tsani
5863:1000
5854:Čʼ čʼ
5851:Ch ch
5845:tʃ⁽ʰ⁾
5839:chini
5809:Sh sh
5803:Sh sh
5791:shini
5708:Qʼ qʼ
5696:qʼari
5666:Gh gh
5660:Gh gh
5648:ghani
5618:Kʼ kʼ
5615:Kʼ kʼ
5570:Pʼ pʼ
5567:Pʼ pʼ
5463:/u,y/
5372:Ť t͏̌
5363:Tʼ tʼ
5351:tʼari
5225:Zh zh
5219:Zh zh
5207:zhani
5180:P̌ p̌
5171:Pʼ pʼ
5159:pʼari
5119:/ɔ,œ/
4875:Kʼ kʼ
4863:kʼani
4785:Tʼ tʼ
4782:Tʼ tʼ
4737:Ey ey
4391:/a,æ/
4290:Name
4054:titla
3992:Latin
3964:Hanzi
3851:dzili
3841:p'ari
3833:k'ani
3822:khani
3806:shini
3771:k'ani
3683:t'ari
3604:tsani
3594:dzili
3588:tsani
3582:k'ani
3315:]
3311:[
3281:]
3277:[
3257:. It
3237:]
3233:[
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