Grammatical aspect

4918:. The basic form of this sign is produced with the initial posture of the index finger on the chin, followed by a movement of the hand and finger tip toward the indirect object (the recipient of the telling). Inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect ("to be just about to tell"), the sign begins with the hand moving from in front of the trunk in an arc to the initial posture of the base sign (i.e., index finger touching the chin) while inhaling through the mouth, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object. The posture is then held rather than moved toward the indirect object. During the hold, the signer also stops the breath by closing the glottis. Other verbs (such as "look at", "wash the dishes", "yell", "flirt") are inflected into the unrealized inceptive aspect similarly: The hands used in the base sign move in an arc from in front of the trunk to the initial posture of the underlying verb sign while inhaling, dropping the jaw, and directing eye gaze toward the verb's object (if any), but subsequent movements and postures are dropped as the posture and breath are held. 1540:(not the same as the perfective), which refers to a state resulting from a previous action (also described as a previous action with relevance to a particular time, or a previous action viewed from the perspective of a later time). This corresponds (roughly) to the "have X-ed" construction in English, as in "I have recently eaten". Languages that lack this aspect (such as Portuguese, which is closely related to Spanish) often use the past perfective to render the present perfect (compare the roughly synonymous English sentences "Have you eaten yet?" and "Did you eat yet?"). 43: 4518:. The choice of being half full represents an optimistic viewpoint while the choice of being half empty represents a pessimistic viewpoint. Not only does viewpoint aspect separate into negative and positive, but rather different point of views. Having two people describe a painting can bring about two different viewpoints. One may describe a situation aspect as a perfect or imperfect. A perfect situation aspect entails an event with no reference to time, while an imperfect situation aspect makes a reference to time with the observation. 1439:, "arrived", indicates that arrival occurred in the past without saying anything about the present status of the arriver – maybe they stuck around, maybe they turned around and left, etc. – nor about the aspect of the past event except insofar as completeness can be considered aspectual. This past verb is clearly similar if not identical to the Greek aorist, which is considered a tense but is more of an aspect marker. In the Arabic, aorist aspect is the logical consequence of past tense. By contrast, the "Verb of Similarity" ( 4510:

based upon one's point of view. For example, a professor may say that a student who comes a minute before each class starts is a punctual student. Based upon the professor's judgment of what punctuality is, he or she may make that assumption of the situation with the student. Situation aspect is firstly divided into states and occurrences, then later subdivided under occurrences into processes and events, and lastly, under events, there are accomplishments and achievements.

4506:

achievements are continue and win. Drive-a-car is an accomplishment while hate is an example of a state. Another way to recognize a state inherent aspect is to note whether or not it changes. For example, if someone were to hate vegetables because they are allergic, this state of hate is unchanging and thus, a state inherent aspect. On the other hand, an achievement, unlike a state, only lasts for a short amount of time. Achievement is the highpoint of an action.

2137: 957: 1223:

used to go, I was going, I had gone"; in the present tense "I lose, I am losing, I have lost, I have been losing, I am going to lose"; and with the future modal "I will see, I will be seeing, I will have seen, I am going to see". What distinguishes these aspects within each tense is not (necessarily) when the event occurs, but how the time in which it occurs is viewed: as complete, ongoing, consequential, planned, etc.

1305:, is an inherent property of a verb or verb-complement phrase, and is not marked formally. The distinctions made as part of lexical aspect are different from those of grammatical aspect. Typical distinctions are between states ("I owned"), activities ("I shopped"), accomplishments ("I painted a picture"), achievements ("I bought"), and punctual, or 4505:

The inherent aspect describes the purpose of a verb and what separates verbs from one another. According to Vendler, inherent aspect can be categorized into four different types: activities, achievements, accomplishments, and states. Simple activities include verbs such as pull, jump, and punch. Some

4513:

The third type of aspect is viewpoint aspect. Viewpoint aspect can be likened to situation aspect such that they both take into consideration one's inferences. However, viewpoint aspect diverges from situation aspect because it is where one decides to view or see such event. A perfect example is the

4108:

Wuvulu language is a minority language in Pacific. The Wuvulu verbal aspect is hard to organize because of its number of morpheme combinations and the interaction of semantics between morphemes. Perfective, imperfective negation, simultaneous and habitual are four aspects markers in Wuvulu language.

1920:, are quite different from those of standard English, and often reflect a more elaborate paradigm of aspectual distinctions (often at the expense of tense). The following table, appearing originally in Green (2002) shows the possible aspectual distinctions in AAVE in their prototypical, negative and 1149:

Sometimes, English has a lexical distinction where other languages may use the distinction in grammatical aspect. For example, the English verbs "to know" (the state of knowing) and "to find out" (knowing viewed as a "completed action") correspond to the imperfect and perfect forms of the equivalent

1141:

For events of short durations in the past, the distinction often coincides with the distinction in the English language between the simple past "X-ed," as compared to the progressive "was X-ing". Compare "I wrote the letters this morning" (i.e. finished writing the letters: an action completed) and

4835:

typically use the unmarked verb for timeless habitual aspect, or for stative aspect, or for perfective aspect in the past. Invariant pre-verbal markers are often used. Non-stative verbs typically can optionally be marked for the progressive, habitual, completive, or irrealis aspect. The progressive

4526:

Aspect in Torau is marked with post-verbal particles or clitics. While the system for marking the imperfective aspect is complex and highly developed, it is unclear if Torau marks the perfective and neutral viewpoints. The imperfective clitics index one of the core arguments, usually the nominative

4509:

Another type of aspect is situation aspect. Situation aspect is described to be what one is experiencing in his or her life through that circumstance. Therefore, it is his or her understanding of the situation. Situation aspect are abstract terms that are not physically tangible. They are also used

3361:

There are a couple of verbs which can be used as the copula to the aspectual participles: होना (honā) , रहना (rêhnā) , आना (ānā) , and जाना (jānā) . Each of these copulas provide a unique nuance to the aspect. The default (unmarked) copula is होना (honā) . These copulas can themselves be conjugated

1222:

In European languages, rather than locating an event time, the way tense does, aspect describes "the internal temporal constituency of a situation", or in other words, aspect is a way "of conceiving the flow of the process itself". English aspectual distinctions in the past tense include "I went, I

1137:

Essentially, the perfective aspect looks at an event as a complete action, while the imperfective aspect views an event as the process of unfolding or a repeated or habitual event (thus corresponding to the progressive/continuous aspect for events of short-term duration and to habitual aspect for

4921:

Other aspects in ASL include the following: stative, inchoative ("to begin to..."), predispositional ("to tend to..."), susceptative ("to... easily"), frequentative ("to... often"), protractive ("to... continuously"), incessant ("to... incessantly"), durative ("to... for a long time"), iterative

2485:

In at least the East Slavic and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion with the determinate imperfective, indeterminate imperfective, and perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the

1555:

For some verbs in some languages, the difference between perfective and imperfective conveys an additional meaning difference; in such cases, the two aspects are typically translated using separate verbs in English. In Greek, for example, the imperfective sometimes adds the notion of "try to do

1145:

In describing longer time periods, English needs context to maintain the distinction between the habitual ("I called him often in the past" – a habit that has no point of completion) and perfective ("I called him once" – an action completed), although the construct "used to" marks both habitual

2422:

In Slavic languages, a given verb is, in itself, either perfective or imperfective. Consequently, each language contains many pairs of verbs, corresponding to each other in meaning, except that one expresses perfective aspect and the other imperfective. (This may be considered a form of

1725:(While many elementary discussions of English grammar classify the present perfect as a past tense, it relates the action to the present time. One cannot say of someone now deceased that they "have eaten" or "have been eating". The present auxiliary implies that they are in some way 1532:

Grammatical aspect represents a formal distinction encoded in the grammar of a language. Although languages that are described as having imperfective and perfective aspects agree in most cases in their use of these aspects, they may not agree in every situation. For example:

4922:("to... over and over again"), intensive ("to... very much"), resultative ("to... completely"), approximative ("to... somewhat"), semblitive ("to appear to..."), increasing ("to... more and more"). Some aspects combine with others to create yet finer distinctions. 1271:, verbs lack grammatical markers of tense, but are rich in aspect (Heine, Kuteva 2010, p. 10). Markers of aspect are attached to verbs to indicate aspect. Event time is inferred through use of these aspectual markers, along with optional inclusion of adverbs. 1218:

that is found in most languages with aspect. Furthermore, the separation of tense and aspect in English is not maintained rigidly. One instance of this is the alternation, in some forms of English, between sentences such as "Have you eaten?" and "Did you eat?".

2505:

are attached to Russian verbs of motion they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, with the indeterminate imperfective becoming the prefixed imperfective and the determinate imperfective becoming the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix

4706:

is used in irrealis clauses, the speaker conveys that the event will definitely occur (Palmer, 2007). Although this suffix is not explicitly stated as a perfective viewpoint marker, the meaning that it contributes is very similar to the perfective viewpoint.

4925:

Aspect is unusual in ASL in that transitive verbs derived for aspect lose their grammatical transitivity. They remain semantically transitive, typically assuming an object made prominent using a topic marker or mentioned in a previous sentence. See

1543:

In some languages, the formal representation of aspect is optional, and can be omitted when the aspect is clear from context or does not need to be emphasized. This is the case, for example, in Mandarin Chinese, with the perfective suffix

822:. Aspect can be said to describe the texture of the time in which a situation occurs, such as a single point of time, a continuous range of time, a sequence of discrete points in time, etc., whereas tense indicates its location in time. 1353:

In some languages, aspect and time are very clearly separated, making them much more distinct to their speakers. There are a number of languages that mark aspect much more saliently than time. Prominent in this category are Chinese and

2240:

In the Tyrolean and other Bavarian regiolect the prefix *da can be found, which form perfective aspects. "I hu's gleant" (Ich habe es gelernt = I learnt it) vs. "I hu's daleant" (*Ich habe es DAlernt = I succeeded in learning).

1162:. This is also true when the sense of verb "to know" is "to know somebody", in this case opposed in aspect to the verb "to meet" (or even to the construction "to get to know"). These correspond to imperfect and perfect forms of 1448:), so called because of its resemblance to the active participial noun, is considered to denote an event in the present or future without committing to a specific aspectual sense beyond the incompleteness implied by the tense: 1412:) the verb has two aspect-tenses: perfective (past), and imperfective (non-past). There is some disagreement among grammarians whether to view the distinction as a distinction in aspect, or tense, or both. The past verb ( 4900:, the optional progressive marker follows the verb. Completive markers tend to come from superstrate words like "done" or "finish", and some creoles model the future/irrealis marker on the superstrate word for "go". 4995:(an activity with ongoing nature: combines the meanings of both the continuous and the habitual aspects): 'I was walking to work' (continuous) or 'I walked (used to walk, would walk) to work every day' (habitual). 789:

Grammarians of the Greek and Latin languages also showed an interest in aspect, but the idea did not enter into the modern Western grammatical tradition until the 19th century via the study of the grammar of the

4702:, which must attach to a preverbal particle, may indicate similar meaning to the perfective aspect. In realis clauses, this suffix conveys an event that is entirely in the past and no longer occurring. When 2431:

also plays a small role. Perfective verbs cannot generally be used with the meaning of a present tense – their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from

1681:, as in "tomorrow we go to New York City", or by some other means. Past is distinguished from non-past, in contrast, with internal modifications of the verb. These two tenses may be modified further for 3757:

between telic and atelic. Telic sentences signal that the intended goal of an action is achieved. Atelic sentences do not signal whether any such goal has been achieved. The aspect is indicated by the

1234:

in the indicative mood, conveys historic or 'immediate' aspect in the subjunctive and optative. The perfect in all moods is used as an aspectual marker, conveying the sense of a resultant state. E.g.

4812:

follow a complex system of affixes to express subtle changes in meaning. However, the verbs in this family of languages are conjugated to express the aspects and not the tenses. Though many of the

1214:. Although English largely separates tense and aspect formally, its aspects (neutral, progressive, perfect, progressive perfect, and habitual) do not correspond very closely to the distinction of 2427:.) Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix, or else the imperfective verb is formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending. 1345:

The other factor in situation aspect is duration, which is also a property of a verb phrase. Accomplishments, states, and activities have duration, while achievements and semelfactives do not.

1358:, which both differentiate many aspects but rely exclusively on optional time-indicating terms to pinpoint an action with respect to time. In other language groups, for example in most modern 814:

to some other time, commonly the speech event, aspect conveys other temporal information, such as duration, completion, or frequency, as it relates to the time of action. Thus tense refers to

3044:

Modern Romance languages merge the concepts of aspect and tense but consistently distinguish perfective and imperfective aspects in the past tense. This derives directly from the way the

1525:

Although the perfective is often thought of as representing a "momentary action", this is not strictly correct. It can equally well be used for an action that took time, as long as it is

1309:, events ("I sneezed"). These distinctions are often relevant syntactically. For example, states and activities, but not usually achievements, can be used in English with a prepositional 1377:, aspect is more salient than tense in narrative. Russian, like other Slavic languages, uses different lexical entries for the different aspects, whereas other languages mark them 2494:. The difference corresponds closely to that between the English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the 1479:

in Egyptian and Levantine dialects—though it may have a slightly different range of functions in each dialect) to explicitly mark progressive, continuous, or habitual aspect:

1313:-phrase describing a time duration: "I had a car for five hours", "I shopped for five hours", but not "*I bought a car for five hours". Lexical aspect is sometimes called 1467:, command or imperative, which is traditionally considered as denoting future events.) To explicitly mark aspect, Arabic uses a variety of lexical and syntactic devices. 3334:. Each of these three aspects are formed from their participles. The aspects of Hindi when conjugated into their personal forms can be put into five grammatical moods: 1496:

is a combination of tense and aspect that indicates the action is in preparation to take place. The inceptive aspect identifies the beginning stage of an action (e.g.

2419:

make a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects; it was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of aspect originally developed.

1396:

Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.

1334:. Telicity might be considered a kind of lexical aspect, except that it is typically not a property of a verb in isolation, but rather a property of an entire verb 754:; the meanings of the latter terms are somewhat different, and in some languages, the common names used for verb forms may not follow the actual aspects precisely. 4979:: In English a sentence such as "I put it on the table" is neutral in implication (the object could still be on the table or not), but in some languages such as 3358:

Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense/mood marker.

689:, which indicates that an event occurred prior to (but has continuing relevance at) the time of reference: "I have eaten"; "I had eaten"; "I will have eaten". 5141: 6210: 5135: 5117: 5092: 5123: 5074: 4527:

subject, and follow the rightmost element in a syntactic structure larger than the word. The two distinct forms for marking the imperfective aspect are

5068: 5062: 5044: 1693:, or for both. These two aspectual forms are also referred to as BE +ING and HAVE +EN, respectively, which avoids what may be unfamiliar terminology. 5080: 5032: 5937: 4911:(ASL) is similar to many other sign languages in that it has no grammatical tense but many verbal aspects produced by modifying the base verb sign. 4960: 4502:

There are three types of aspects one must consider when analyzing the Tokelauan language: inherent aspect, situation aspect, and viewpoint aspect.

626: 786:). This is the key distinction between the imperfective and perfective. Yaska also applied this distinction to a verb versus an action nominal. 6254: 5376: 4989:(a conflation of aspect and tense): 'He is about to fall', 'I am going to cry" (brings attention to the anticipation of a future situation) 5001:: 'I used to walk home from work', 'I would walk home from work every day', 'I walk home from work every day' (a subtype of imperfective) 1665:. No marker of a distinct future tense exists on the verb in English; the futurity of an event may be expressed through the use of the 841:). Yet since they differ in aspect each conveys different information or points of view as to how the action pertains to the present. 667:

is used for situations conceived as existing continuously or habitually as time flows ("I was helping him"; "I used to help people").

685:

Certain aspectual distinctions express a relation between the time of the event and the time of reference. This is the case with the

3800:("to yell once") (used for emotive verbs like "laugh", "smile", "growl", "bark"; is not used for verbs like "shoot", "say", "drink") 943:, which is an inherent feature of verbs or verb phrases and is determined by the nature of the situation that the verb describes. 6165:

Verkuyl, H. (2005). "How (in-)sensitive is tense to aspectual information?" In B. Hollebrandse, A. van Hout & C. Vet (Eds.),

1781:

to express various meanings, mostly combining modality with past reference: "I should have eaten" etc. In particular, the modals

1646: 825:

For example, consider the following sentences: "I eat", "I am eating", "I have eaten", and "I have been eating". All are in the

6186: 5976:

Berdinetto, P. M., & Delfitto, D. (2000). "Aspect vs. Actionality: Some reasons for keeping them apart". In O. Dahl (Ed.),

4515: 2410: 6227: 4983:

the equivalent tense carries an implication that the object is no longer there. It is thus the opposite of the perfect aspect.

4957:(a common conflation of aspect and tense): 'I have arrived' (brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past) 4915: 2209:

dialects, and some more vernacular forms of German do make an aspectual distinction which partly corresponds with the English

5616: 5396: 5234: 5007:: 'I am eating' or 'I know' (situation is described as ongoing and either evolving or unevolving; a subtype of imperfective) 5159: 1226:

In most dialects of Ancient Greek, aspect is indicated uniquely by verbal morphology. For example, the very frequently used

736:; here verbs often occur in pairs, with two related verbs being used respectively for imperfective and perfective meanings. 619: 17: 4945:: 'I struck the bell' (an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence) 4927: 3831: 2158: 1905: 978: 6308: 5923:), by Hadumod Bussmann, edited by Gregory P. Trauth and Kerstin Kazzazi, Routledge, London 1996. Translation of German 4769: 3331: 892:过 to mark the perfective, durative stative, durative progressive, and experiential aspects, and also marks aspect with 675: 6247: 5920: 5658: 5302:

Zhang, Yaxu; Zhang, Jingting (2 July 2008). "Brain responses to agreement violations of Chinese grammatical aspect".

2184: 1004: 86: 64: 2166: 986: 57: 2378:

Sometimes the meaning of the auxiliary verb is diminished to 'being engaged in'. Take for instance these examples:

1842:

The uses of the progressive and perfect aspects are quite complex. They may refer to the viewpoint of the speaker:

1430:) completed in the past, but it says nothing about the relation of this past event to present status. For example, 6084: 2335:

and the infinitive. The conjugated verbs indicate the stance of the subject performing or undergoing the action.

1896:, a future situation highlighting current intention or expectation, as in "I'm going to go to school next year." 1835: 1470:

Contemporary Arabic dialects are another matter. One major change from al-fuṣḥā is the use of a prefix particle (

612: 1560:); hence, the same verb, in the imperfective (present or imperfect) and aorist, respectively, is used to convey 5808:

Palmer, Bill (December 2007). "Imperfective Aspect and the Interplay of Aspect, Tense, and Modality in Torau".

4551:

This example below shows these two imperfective aspect markers giving different meanings to similar sentences.

2162: 982: 2264:

The first type is very similar to the non-standard German type. It is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb

4208:

indicates the action has not done and also doesn't show anything about the action will be done in the future.

1913: 1592:, "we heard").) Spanish has similar pairs for certain verbs, such as (imperfect and preterite, respectively) 5598: 4361:: The marker fane- can indicate a habitual activity, which means "keep doing something" in English. Example: 1729:(alive), even when the action denoted is completed (perfect) or partially completed (progressive perfect).) 6428: 6240: 4250:

indicates the two actions are done at the same time or one action occurs while other action is in progress.

3865:. Old Rapa words are still used for grammar and sentence structure, but most common words were replaced by 5934: 4729:

follow a system of affixes to express changes in meaning. To express the aspects, Malay uses a number of

1718: 1215: 588: 6085:"Recent activity in the theory of aspect: Accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state?" 1846:

I was walking down the road when I met Michael Jackson's lawyer. (Speaker viewpoint in middle of action)

3347: 1831: 1174:

in French. In German, on the other hand, the distinction is also lexical (as in English) through verbs

686: 4938:

The following aspectual terms are found in the literature. Approximate English equivalents are given.

4690: 4613: 5507: 5190: 3758: 795: 709: 660: 373: 323: 260: 240: 4816:

do not have a fully codified grammar, most of them follow the verb aspects that are demonstrated by

1458:, he strikes/is striking/will strike/etc.). Those are the only two "tenses" in Arabic (not counting 2225:('I am/was at the eating'; capitalization varies). This is formed by the conjugated auxiliary verb 2147: 1754: 1536:

Some languages have additional grammatical aspects. Spanish and Ancient Greek, for example, have a

1518:). Aspects of stage continue through progressive, pausative, resumptive, cessive, and terminative. 1378: 1252:– I am in a state of having seen = I know (perfect). Turkish has a same/similar aspect, such as in 1029: 967: 921: 456: 399: 394: 212: 160: 51: 4067:

The unmarked verb, frequently used, can indicate habitual aspect or perfective aspect in the past.

5169: 2495: 2254: 2151: 1917: 1815: 1359: 971: 566: 451: 404: 293: 6216: 5998:

Chertkova, M. Y. (2004). ""Vid or Aspect? On the Typology of a Slavic and Romance Category" ".

5019:: 'I know French' (situation is described as ongoing but not evolving; a subtype of continuous) 4908: 4805: 4722: 1400: 1370:), aspect has become almost entirely conflated, in the verbal morphological system, with time. 1355: 571: 543: 504: 484: 439: 434: 303: 68: 6198: 6027:

Aspect in English: a "common-sense" view of the interplay between verbal and nominal referents

5549:

Partee, Barbara H (1973). "Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English".

5388: 5224: 1769:

with progressive aspect), "(to) have eaten" (infinitive with perfect aspect), "having eaten" (

1510:, "I am beginning to eat".) and inchoative and ingressive aspects identify a change of state ( 5990:

Binnick, R. I. (2006). "Aspect and Aspectuality". In B. Aarts & A. M. S. McMahon (Eds.),

5277:

BUCLD 25: Proceedings of the 25th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development

861: 444: 207: 4813: 4809: 3362:

into an aspectual participle and used with another copula, hence forming subaspects. (Seeː

2486:

perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses

2095: 1921: 1324: 1146:

aspect and past tense and can be used if the aspectual distinction otherwise is not clear.

857: 648: 378: 368: 104: 8: 6327: 6313: 6303: 5164: 5111: 5086: 5038: 4992: 4896:. Some Atlantic Creoles use one marker for both the habitual and progressive aspects. In 4759: 4103: 3050: 2339: 2280: 2206: 1825: 1778: 1706: 664: 536: 464: 128: 6035: 4535:. While more work needs to be done on this language, the preliminary hypothesis is that 1529:

as a unit, with a clearly defined start and end, such as "Last summer I visited France".

6400: 5965: 5891: 5843: 5835: 5583:

Green, L. (1998). Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English.

5566: 5487: 5479: 5329: 5056: 5010: 4986: 4976: 4799: 4497: 3294: 3278: 2491: 2367: 2300: 1893: 1811: 1805: 1770: 1682: 1493: 1389: 1367: 1342:

have telic situation aspect, while states and activities have atelic situation aspect.

1207: 1186:, although the semantic relation between both forms is much more straightforward since 905: 308: 253: 229: 202: 5874:

Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1936). "The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi".

5433:

Situation aspect and viewpoint aspect: From Salish to Japanese (Doctoral dissertation)

5013:: 'I am eating' (action is described as ongoing and evolving; a subtype of continuous) 4484:

3SG=REAL-HAB-think(REDUP) the thought Faninilo COMP like COMP who again the person the

1017:

The most fundamental aspectual distinction, represented in many languages, is between

663:

and unitary, without reference to any flow of time during the event ("I helped him").

6395: 6370: 6281: 6192: 5969: 5916: 5847: 5654: 5612: 5491: 5471: 5392: 5321: 5230: 5174: 5004: 4954: 4942: 4817: 4743: 4060: 3866: 3858: 3750: 3327: 3290: 2258: 2210: 1970: 1858: 1690: 1624:("I refused (to do something)"). Such differences are often highly language-specific. 1537: 1211: 909: 897: 873: 807: 744: 717: 701: 692:

Different languages make different grammatical aspectual distinctions; some (such as

656: 531: 524: 514: 479: 469: 409: 343: 283: 265: 153: 5347:

Gabriele, Alison (2008). "Transfer and Transition in the L2 Acquisition of Aspect".

5333: 6379: 6323: 6201: 6137: 6117: 6099: 6047: 5957: 5883: 5825: 5817: 5604: 5558: 5530: 5463: 5384: 5313: 5179: 5098: 4821: 3870: 3746: 3343: 2416: 2353: 2290: 1742: 1374: 1363: 1268: 810:, because they both convey information about time. While tense relates the time of 791: 733: 705: 474: 338: 123: 6232: 6160:

A Theory of Aspectuality: the interaction between temporal and atemporal structure

3769:

is atelic. For example, the (implicit) purpose of shooting is to kill, such that:

1050:) and imperfect in French, and the perfect and imperfect in Latin (from the Latin 856:, derivational affixes, or independent words that serve as grammatically required 6374: 6354: 6025: 5941: 5317: 4998: 4968: 4845: 4837: 4832: 4730: 3351: 3323: 3314: 2490:(or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses 2487: 2441: 2433: 2198: 1947: 1882: 1762: 1712: 917: 732:. Explicit consideration of aspect as a category first arose out of study of the 693: 679: 519: 388: 350: 190: 172: 148: 143: 5534: 5257:

Pye, Clifton (2008). Stacey Stowers; Nathan Poell (eds.). "Mayan Morphosyntax".

4951:: 'The mouse squeaked once' (contrasted to 'The mouse squeaked / was squeaking') 3786:

In rare cases corresponding telic and atelic forms can be unrelated by meaning.

2237:) and the infinitive, which German uses in many constructions as a verbal noun. 1142:"I was writing the letters this morning" (the letters may still be unfinished). 700:) do not make any. The marking of aspect is often conflated with the marking of 6267: 5639:. Accessed on 2020-06-10). Updated by Tom McCoy (2015) and Katie Martin (2018). 5467: 5154: 4980: 4889: 4726: 4487:'And the thought kept occurring to Faninilo, "who is this particular person?"' 3354:. In Hindi, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker. 3045: 2424: 2250: 1821: 1700: 1666: 1650: 1382: 1315: 1286: 1280: 1037: 936: 925: 583: 414: 333: 217: 138: 31: 5961: 5636: 5107:: 'It sparkled', contrasted with 'It sparked'. Or, 'I run around', vs. 'I run' 1875:

English expresses some other aspectual distinctions with other constructions.

1797:

are used to combine future or hypothetical reference with aspectual meaning:

6422: 6349: 6331: 5704:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. pp. 137–143. 5608: 5475: 5104: 5026: 4716: 4481:ʔi=na-fane-naranara fei nara Faninilo ba, ʔaleʔena ba ini liai mei ramaʔa mei 4345:

is only for singular subject. When the subject is dual or plural, the marker

3854: 3848: 3815: 3339: 1801: 1777:

with perfect aspect), etc. The perfect infinitive can further be governed by

1654: 826: 298: 5714: 778:) dealt with grammatical aspect, distinguishing actions that are processes ( 6296: 6205: 5325: 5016: 4785: 2202: 1748: 1339: 1306: 671: 548: 383: 197: 165: 133: 6141: 6103: 6012:

Aspect: An introduction to the study of verbal aspect and related problems

5948:

Bache, C (1982). "Aspect and Aktionsart: Towards a semantic distinction".

5830: 5674:

Walworth, Mary (2017). "Reo Rapa: A Polynesian Contact Language Contact".

4341:'He held together the two hands of Puleafo while drinking.' (Note: marker 3776:-- "I shot the bear (succeeded; it is done)" i.e., "I shot the bear dead". 1285:

There is a distinction between grammatical aspect, as described here, and

6222: 5821: 5304: 5184: 3363: 3355: 3335: 2019: 1955: 1909: 1736: 1670: 1393: 1041: 1025:

aspect. This is the basic aspectual distinction in the Slavic languages.

640: 6051: 6030:(Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy). Springer. Retrieved 2016-05-18. 5839: 5483: 720:, for example, the perfective–imperfective distinction is marked in the 5570: 5451: 5050: 4856:

for the present progressive and a combination of the past time marker (

3827: 3762: 2428: 2049: 1766: 928:, however, can convey such distinctions by the use of adverbs or other 853: 721: 598: 593: 578: 509: 318: 224: 180: 5895: 5275:

Pye, Clifton (2001). "The Acquisition of Finiteness in Kʼicheʼ Maya".

6318: 6291: 5928: 5375:

Liu, Meichun (1 April 2015). Wang, William S-Y; Sun, Chaofen (eds.).

5129: 4948: 4897: 4077:

is frequently used and conveys the progressive aspect in the present.

3823: 3819: 3766: 2003: 1497: 1392:, the aspect marker is overtly separated from the tense/mood marker. 1231: 748: 729: 725: 288: 185: 6110:

Sasse, H.-J. (2006). "Aspect and Aktionsart". In E. K. Brown (Ed.),

5562: 4543:

encodes the active imperfective. Reduplication always cooccurs with

2136: 956: 5887: 5053:: 'The flowers started to bloom' (beginning of a new state: static) 3862: 3754: 3277:

Other aspects in Italian are rendered with other periphrases, like

2311:

The second type is formed by one of the conjugated auxiliary verbs

1887: 1331: 849: 811: 782:), from those where the action is considered as a completed whole ( 313: 6065:

Maslov, I. S. (1998). "Vid glagol'nyj" . In V. N. Yartseva (Ed.),

5110:

Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times' (see for example

1502: 712:). Aspectual distinctions may be restricted to certain tenses: in 6148:

Travis, Lisa deMena (2010). "Inner aspect", Dordrecht, Springer..

1877: 1320: 118: 6286: 6072:(pp. 83–84). Moscow: Bol'shaja Rossijskaja Entsyklopedija. 4093:+ verb conveys the perfective aspect but is frequently omitted. 2502: 2401:

In these cases, there is generally an undertone of irritation.

2273: 1850: 1774: 1678: 1227: 1033: 929: 893: 245: 6060:

The syntactic nature of inner aspect: A minimalist perspective

1904:

The aspectual systems of certain dialects of English, such as

1868:

You are not having chocolate with your sausages! (I forbid it)

670:

Further distinctions can be made, for example, to distinguish

3319: 1674: 1247: 1241: 1235: 806:

Aspect is often confused with the closely related concept of

768: 713: 5633:

Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America

4331:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na ruapalo ʔei pani Puleafo ma ʔi=fi-unu 27:

Grammatical category expressing how a verb extends over time

5292:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 184–237. 4634: 4567: 3789:

Derivational suffixes exist for various aspects. Examples:

1028:

It semantically corresponds to the distinction between the

652: 4752:: near perfective, 'saya baru makan' = 'I have just eaten' 4334:

3SG=REAL-hold-together-TR two the.PL hand Puleafo and 3SG=

655:

action, event, or state, extends over time. For instance,

5047:: 'I started to run' (beginning of a new action: dynamic) 1865:

You are being stupid now. (You are doing it deliberately)

5209:

Henk J. Verkuyl, Henriette De Swart, Angeliek Van Hout,

3830:

aspect meanings. Also, pairs of verbs differing only in

3782:-- "I shot at the bear" i.e. the bear may have survived. 829:, indicated by the present-tense verb of each sentence ( 3949: 3814:

There are derivational suffixes for verbs, which carry

1838:: "I will have been eating", "I would have been eating" 6211:

Anna Katarzyna Młynarczyk: Aspectual Pairing in Polish

3753:, among others, have a grammatical aspect contrast of 2383:

De leraar zit steeds te zeggen dat we moeten luisteren

2276:(which in Dutch matches the infinitive). For example: 1899: 6128:

Tatevosov, S (2002). "The parameter of actionality".

5994:(pp. 244–268). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 5585:

African-American English: Structure, history, and use

5160:

Ancient Greek grammar: Dependence of moods and tenses

3118:

merges habitual and continuous aspects, among others

2477:("was writing, used to write, wrote", imperfective); 1871:

I am having lunch with Mike tomorrow. (It is decided)

697: 5653:. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–246. 2261:

are used. Both types are considered Standard Dutch.

1323:

linguists. Lexical or situation aspect is marked in

6262: 6187:

Robert Binnick, Annotated tense/aspect bibliography

6167:

Crosslinguistic views on tense, aspect and modality

5600:

African American English: A Linguistic Introduction

5288:Li, Charles, and Sandra Thompson (1981). "Aspect". 2126: 6062:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. 6014:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 5420:The Syntax of Inner Aspect (Doctoral dissertation) 2229:("to be") followed by the preposition and article 1210:combine the concept of aspect with the concept of 864:spoken in Guatemala has the inflectional prefixes 6067:Jazykoznanie: Bol'shoj entsyklopedicheskij slovar 5631:Harris, Alysia and Jim Wood. 2013. Stressed BIN. 5222: 4191:but 3SG=REAL-PERF-talk-CAUS-good with them Barafi 4120:indicates the action is done before other action. 1849:I have traveled widely, but I have never been to 1274: 6420: 6124:. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5913:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 5290:Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar 5279:, pp. 645–656. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 3857:(Reo Rapa) is a mixed language that grew out of 3274:expresses an aorist (punctual/historical) past. 3270:renders an imperfective (continuous) past while 1661:or, more commonly and less formally, simply the 1127: 946: 6172:Zalizniak, A. A., & Shmelev, A. D. (2000). 5505: 4023: 3873:as they both have specific tense words such as 1489:, he is now writing, writes all the time, etc. 794:. The earliest use of the term recorded in the 6411:Lexical aspects. Grammatical aspects unmarked. 5985:Time and the verb: A guide to tense and aspect 5980:(pp. 189–226). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 5229:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 135–6. 5226:Time and the verb: a guide to tense and aspect 4667: 4638: 4594: 4571: 4370: 4320: 4259: 4217: 4141: 3861:and Old Rapa among monolingual inhabitants of 1040:, the preterite and imperfect in Spanish, the 872:- to mark incompletive and completive aspect; 659:is used in referring to an event conceived as 6248: 6114:(Vol. 1, pp. 535–538). Boston: Elsevier. 6021:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 5144:: 'It is coming out in successive multitudes' 2643:to go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.) 2391:("Everyone keeps on saying that it was good") 1163: 1157: 1091: 620: 6079:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 6000:Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Filologiya 5506:Gabriele, Allison; McClure, William (2003). 5295: 5029:: 'Fish swim and birds fly' (general truths) 4933: 4194:'But, Barafi had already clearly told them.' 4087:conveys the progressive aspect in any tense. 1721:(progressive, perfect): "I have been eating" 1492:Aspect can mark the stage of an action. The 1480: 1471: 1459: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1151: 1103: 1045: 5978:Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe 5864:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: pp. 173–189. 5747:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1992: pp. 228–231. 5743:Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Elbert, Samuel H., 5637:http://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/stressed-bin 5452:"Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb" 4663: 4590: 2466:Compound future tense (imperfective only): 2165:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1828:: "I will have eaten", "I would have eaten" 1757:(progressive, perfect): "I had been eating" 1657:, the latter of which is also known as the 1115: 1076: 1051: 985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6255: 6241: 6153:On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects 5793:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5778:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5760:Hafford, James (2015). "Verb Morphology". 5603:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5449: 5381:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics 5301: 5216: 4516:Is the glass half full or is it half empty 2496:Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion 2389:Iedereen loopt te beweren dat het goed was 2385:("The teacher keeps telling us to listen") 1745:(progressive, not perfect): "I was eating" 1715:(not progressive, perfect): "I have eaten" 1330:One of the factors in situation aspect is 627: 613: 6219:- a column overview of the English tenses 6127: 5997: 5829: 5734:, Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1995: pp. 23–25. 5126:: 'I accidentally knocked over the chair' 5101:: 'I read the same books again and again' 4903: 4762:, 'saya belum makan' = 'I have not eaten' 4684:Peter RL.3SG-PST {REDUP}≈be.dead=IPFV-3SG 4005: 3931: 3903: 3837: 2533:(to arrive (on foot), impf.); and prefix 2331:("to walk"), followed by the preposition 2185:Learn how and when to remove this message 1818:: "I will be eating", "I would be eating" 1751:(not progressive, perfect): "I had eaten" 1709:(progressive, not perfect): "I am eating" 1649:has two morphologically distinct tenses, 1005:Learn how and when to remove this message 935:Grammatical aspect is distinguished from 920:. Even languages that do not mark aspect 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 6162:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6112:Encyclopedia of language and linguistics 6033: 5673: 5346: 4914:An example is illustrated with the verb 3172:tense, not ordinarily marked for aspect 3154:merges habitual and progressive aspects 3062:Italian language example using the verb 2963:to lead, to accompany, to drive (a car) 1267:In many Sino-Tibetan languages, such as 50:This article includes a list of general 5792: 5777: 5759: 5648: 5389:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199856336.001.0001 5340: 4967:: 'I just ate' or 'I am after eating' ( 4793: 4378: 3921: 2213:: alongside the standard present tense 1739:(not progressive, not perfect): "I ate" 1703:(not progressive, not perfect): "I eat" 14: 6421: 6169:(pp. 145–169). Amsterdam: Rodopi. 5862:An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles 5807: 5699: 5548: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5377:"Tense and Aspect in Mandarin Chinese" 5349:Studies in Second Language Acquisition 5282: 4746:, 'saya sudah makan' = 'I have eaten' 4009: 3244:future tense and perfect tense/aspect 2411:Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages 1885:, as in "I used to go to school," and 1853:. (Speaker viewpoint at end of action) 1608:("I succeeded (in doing something)"), 739:The concept of grammatical aspect (or 6236: 6082: 6036:"The Triad 'Tense–Aspect–Aktionsart'" 5947: 5873: 5773: 5771: 5755: 5753: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5596: 5355: 4659: 4539:encodes the stative imperfective and 4382: 4286: 1916:based on English vocabulary, such as 1765:forms of the verb: "(to) be eating" ( 1635: 5987:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5259:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 4335: 4324: 3917: 3039: 2163:adding citations to reliable sources 2130: 2080:Remote Past Perfect Resultant State 1348: 1338:. Achievements, accomplishments and 983:adding citations to reliable sources 950: 36: 5992:The Handbook of English Linguistics 5906: 5642: 5438: 5374: 5269: 5256: 5250: 4827: 4710: 4435: 4417: 4374: 4263: 4231: 4221: 4145: 3741: 2404: 1906:African-American Vernacular English 1900:African American Vernacular English 1481: 1472: 1460: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1366:and some Indo-Aryan languages like 1261: 1257: 1253: 1201: 860:of those aspects. For example, the 24: 6176:. Moskva: IAzyki russkoi kul’tury. 5768: 5750: 5682: 5418:MacDonald, Jonathan Eric. (2006). 4689:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4642: 4612:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) ( 4575: 4267: 4188:-ware-fa-rawani ʔaʔa roʔou, Barafi 3979:NEG.PST 1.SG PFV go PREP ART house 3907: 2742:to chase, to drive (cattle, etc.) 1548:and (especially) the imperfective 676:continuous and progressive aspects 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 6440: 6180: 6174:Vvedenie v russkuiu aspektologiiu 5651:A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi 5516:for Japanese learners of English" 5435:. University of British Columbia. 5071:: 'I stopped working for a while' 4880:) for the past progressive (e.g. 4607:Peter RL.3SG-PST be.dead=IPFV-3SG 4153: 5597:Green, Lisa J. (8 August 2002). 4778:: progressive implicating an end 3151:"I was eating", "I usually ate" 3048:used to render both aspects and 2135: 2127:German vernacular and colloquial 1939:Stressed / Emphatic Affirmative 1861:or additional modal components: 1588:, "we listened") vs. ἠκούσαμεν ( 1301:. Lexical aspect, also known as 955: 757: 254:Singulative-Collective-Plurative 41: 5867: 5854: 5801: 5786: 5737: 5724: 5708: 5667: 5625: 5590: 5577: 5541: 5498: 5425: 5422:(p. 1). Stony Brook University. 5412: 5095:: 'The argument went on and on' 4547:, but it usually does not with 4149: 4019: 3959: 3289:"I shall be about to eat"), or 2470:("will write, will be writing") 1836:conditional perfect progressive 1289:. Other terms for the contrast 801: 6040:Belgian Journal of Linguistics 5925:Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft 5745:New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary 5368: 5203: 5035:: 'The bird flew' (non-gnomic) 4872:) and the progressive marker ( 3136:merges perfective and perfect 2075:'ain('t)/haven't BIN dən ate' 1761:Aspects can also be marked on 1696:Aspects of the present tense: 1677:", by a non-past form plus an 1630: 1275:Lexical vs. grammatical aspect 852:, distinguished through overt 743:) should not be confused with 218:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking) 13: 1: 5795:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5780:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5762:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 5059:: 'I finished eating/reading' 4353:are used in same situation.) 4046:'You don't have your book.' ( 2455:Present/simple future tense: 2035:Past Perfect Resultant State 1984:'ain('t)/haven't BIN eating' 1924:/emphatic affirmative forms: 1808:: "I will eat", "I would eat" 1514:) or the start of an action ( 1254:Görmüş bulunuyorum/durumdayım 1150:verbs in French and Spanish, 947:Common aspectual distinctions 772: 5935:Morfofonologian harjoituksia 5649:Shapiro, Michael C. (1989). 5365:. Cambridge University Press 5318:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328302f14f 4892:uses the progressive marker 4800:Tagalog grammar § Verbs 4491: 2554:(to arrive (on foot), pf.). 2448:("to write", imperfective); 2221:('I ate') there is the form 2201:does not have aspects, many 2066:Remote Past Resultant State 1789:and their subjunctive forms 1512:The flowers started blooming 1264:means "I am in the state". 7: 6213:, a pdf version of the book 5702:Studies in Tokelauan syntax 5535:10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170 5450:VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). 5148: 4063:conveys aspect as follows: 4054: 3842: 2120:'might/may not be dən ate' 1732:Aspects of the past tense: 1719:Present perfect progressive 1647:English tense–aspect system 1319:, especially by German and 1216:perfective vs. imperfective 1116: 678:) from repetitive actions ( 334:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) 10: 6445: 6309:Continuous and progressive 5468:10.1163/000000075791615397 5223:Robert I. Binnick (1991). 5165:Aspect in Standard Chinese 4797: 4714: 4495: 4101: 4050:'Your book doesn't exist') 3982:'I did not go to a house.' 3869:words. Rapa is similar to 3846: 3315:Hindi verbs § Aspects 3312: 3057: 2463:("will write", perfective) 2408: 2350:("The laundry is drying ") 2305:Ik zal aan het werken zijn 2223:Ich bin/war am essen/Essen 1998:'ain('t)/haven't BIN ate' 1928:Aspectual Marking in AAVE 1832:Future perfect progressive 1640: 1620:("I did not want to") vs. 1584:. (For example, ἠκούομεν ( 1556:something" (the so-called 1521:Important qualifications: 1278: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1032:known respectively as the 762: 724:, by the division between 29: 6409: 6388: 6363: 6342: 6274: 6077:Case and aspect in Slavic 6058:MacDonald, J. E. (2008). 5962:10.1017/s0022226700007234 5721:, Blackwell, 1985: ch. 6. 5523:ZAS Papers in Linguistics 4934:Terms for various aspects 4097: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3071: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2559: 1082: 796:Oxford English Dictionary 5940:12 December 2005 at the 5719:Tense and Aspect Systems 5609:10.1017/cbo9780511800306 5512:is just as difficult as 5431:Kiyota, Masaru. (2008). 5213:, Springer 2006, p. 118. 5196: 5120:: 'I listened carefully' 4852:(from English "are") or 4521: 4116:: The perfective marker 3308: 3133:"I ate", "I have eaten" 2560:Russian verbs of motion 2452:("to write", perfective) 2244: 1857:But they can have other 1755:Past perfect progressive 1381:, and still others with 1260:means "having seen" and 1056:, meaning "completed"). 896:; and English marks the 876:has the aspect markers - 844:Grammatical aspect is a 457:Serial verb construction 30:Not to be confused with 6396:Perfect (Retrospective) 6275:Complete vs. incomplete 6193:TAMPA: Aspect Explained 6122:The parameter of aspect 6075:Richardson, K. (2007). 5983:Binnick, R. I. (1991). 5635:. (Available online at 5265:. University of Kansas. 5170:Grammatical conjugation 5089:: 'I slept for a while' 3810:"to go shooting around" 2372:Ik zal zitten te werken 2268:("to be"), followed by 2117:'MIGHT/MAY be dən ate' 2114:'might/may be dən ate' 2094:Future Resultant State/ 1989:Remote Past Completive 1918:Hawaiian Creole English 1816:conditional progressive 1360:Indo-European languages 1295:situation vs. viewpoint 1291:lexical vs. grammatical 818:while aspect refers to 395:Honorifics (politeness) 71:more precise citations. 6024:Kabakciev, K. (2000). 5950:Journal of Linguistics 5700:Hooper, Robin (1994). 5361:Bernard Comrie, 1976. 5211:Perspectives on Aspect 5077:: 'I resumed sleeping' 4909:American Sign Language 4904:American Sign Language 4806:Austronesian languages 4772:not implicating an end 4723:Austronesian languages 4698:In Torau, the suffix - 4256:ʔi=na-panaro-puluʔi-na 4236:'It has not yet come.' 3838:Austronesian languages 3305:"I shall be eating"). 3115:"I eat", "I'm eating" 2905:to carry (by vehicle) 2374:("I will be working ") 2348:De was hangt te drogen 2255:West Germanic language 2111:Modal Resultant State 1604:("I was able to") vs. 1356:American Sign Language 1262:bulunuyorum/durumdayım 1230:, though a functional 1194: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1128: 1104: 1092: 1077: 1052: 1046: 776: 7th century BCE 572:Polypersonal agreement 6189:(around 9000 entries) 6142:10.1515/lity.2003.003 6104:10.1515/lity.2002.007 6083:Sasse, H.-J. (2002). 5551:Journal of Philosophy 5087:Durative/Delimitative 5057:Terminative/cessative 5041:: 'I am still eating' 4844:(from English "be"). 4043:NEG.NPST ART-2SG book 3976:vau i haere i te fare 3287:io starò per mangiare 3241:"I shall have eaten" 2707:to stroll, to wander 2608:to go by foot (walk) 2481:("wrote", perfective) 2395:Zit niet zo te zeuren 2307:("I will be working") 2295:Ik was aan het werken 2285:Ik ben aan het werken 674:and ongoing actions ( 651:that expresses how a 208:Genitive construction 6364:Beginning vs. ending 6343:Generic vs. episodic 6206:10.15126/SMG.18/1.08 6158:Verkuyl, H. (1993). 6155:, Reidel, Dordrecht. 6151:Verkuyl, H. (1972). 6034:Kortmann, B (1991). 6019:Linguistic semantics 6017:Frawley, W. (1992). 5822:10.1353/ol.2008.0000 5456:Indo-Iranian Journal 5045:Inceptive/ingressive 4814:Philippine languages 4810:Philippine languages 4794:Philippine languages 3285:"I'm about to eat", 3163:(Recent pluperfect) 2360:("I was reading "), 2159:improve this section 1965:'don('t) be eating' 1859:illocutionary forces 1616:("I tried to"), and 1612:("I wanted to") vs. 1442:الْفِعْل الْمُضَارِع 1421:) denotes an event ( 1325:Athabaskan languages 1192:means "to know" and 1068:Imperfective Aspect 979:improve this section 767:The Indian linguist 649:grammatical category 461:Traditional grammar 429:Syntax relationships 105:Grammatical features 18:Aspect (linguistics) 6429:Grammatical aspects 6130:Linguistic Typology 6092:Linguistic Typology 6052:10.1075/bjl.6.02kor 6010:Comrie, B. (1976). 5810:Oceanic Linguistics 5730:Schütz, Albert J., 5676:Journal of Language 5187:(tense–aspect–mood) 5039:Continuative aspect 4808:, the verbs of the 4725:, the verbs of the 4367:ʔi=na-fane-naranara 4104:Wuvulu-Aua language 3990:(Regular negative) 3806:"repeatedly" as in 3322:has three aspects, 3283:io sto per mangiare 3258:contrasts with the 3256:trapassato prossimo 3160:Trapassato prossimo 3051:consecutio temporum 2364:("I was watching ") 2340:Present progressive 2281:Present progressive 2217:('I eat') and past 2207:West Central German 2106:'won't be dən ate' 2072:'HAVE BIN dən ate' 2055:'should'a dən ate' 2004:Remote Past Perfect 1929: 1826:conditional perfect 1707:Present progressive 1240:– I see (present); 1030:morphological forms 665:Imperfective aspect 379:Comparison (degree) 129:Dative construction 5732:All about Hawaiian 5547:See, for example, 5504:See, for example, 4977:Discontinuous past 4687:'Peter was dying.' 4498:Tokelauan language 4202:Imperfect negation 3332:progressive aspect 3303:io starò mangiando 3190:perfective aspect 3166:io avevo mangiato 2934:to carry, to wear 2492:progressive aspect 2436:, is given below: 2368:Future progressive 2362:Ik stond te kijken 2346:("I am eating "), 2301:Future progressive 2103:'WILL be dən ate' 2083:'had BIN dən ate' 2030:'ain('t) dən ate' 1981:'HAVE BIN eating' 1927: 1812:Future progressive 1806:simple conditional 1771:present participle 1683:progressive aspect 1636:Germanic languages 1558:conative imperfect 1516:He started running 1494:prospective aspect 1446:al-fiʿl al-muḍāriʿ 1415:الْفِعْل الْمَاضِي 1246:– I saw (aorist); 1208:Germanic languages 1198:means "to learn". 1065:Perfective Aspect 906:present participle 329:Grammatical aspect 6416: 6415: 6371:Inchoative aspect 6217:Grammar Tutorials 6118:Smith, Carlota S. 5618:978-0-521-81449-2 5398:978-0-19-985633-6 5236:978-0-19-506206-9 5191:Tense–aspect–mood 5175:Grammatical tense 5065:: 'I almost fell' 4836:in English-based 4610:'Peter was dead.' 4230:3SG=not.yet-move- 4061:Hawaiian language 3988:Non-past negative 3739: 3738: 3328:perfective aspect 3264:trapassato remoto 3248: 3247: 3238:io avrò mangiato 3235:(Future perfect) 3202:io ebbi mangiato 3199:(Far pluperfect) 3196:Trapassato remoto 3040:Romance languages 3037: 3036: 2998:to drag, to pull 2847:to swim, to sail 2297:("I was working") 2195: 2194: 2187: 2124: 2123: 2100:' 'a be dən ate' 2044:'hadn't dən ate' 2014:'hadn't BIN ate' 1908:(see for example 1881:+ VERB is a past 1689:aspect), for the 1600:("I found out"), 1385:(e.g., English). 1349:Indicating aspect 1135: 1134: 1129:Preterite perfect 1036:and imperfect in 1015: 1014: 1007: 898:continuous aspect 798:dates from 1853. 718:Romance languages 710:tense–aspect–mood 657:perfective aspect 637: 636: 532:Topic and Comment 515:Thematic relation 410:Reflexive pronoun 324:Tense–aspect–mood 284:Associated motion 266:Universal grinder 97: 96: 89: 16:(Redirected from 6436: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6145: 6107: 6089: 6070: 6055: 6007: 5973: 5907:Other references 5900: 5899: 5871: 5865: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5833: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5757: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5646: 5640: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5594: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5520: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5447: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5372: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5180:Grammatical mood 5138:: 'It glimmered' 4963:, also known as 4838:Atlantic Creoles 4833:Creole languages 4828:Creole languages 4711:Malay/Indonesian 4694: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4617: 4600:Pita ma-to mate= 4596: 4592: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4514:glass metaphor: 4437: 4419: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4337: 4326: 4322: 4288: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4233: 4223: 4219: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4007: 3961: 3951: 3933: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3905: 3796:("once"), as in 3742:Finnic languages 3369: 3368: 3299:io sto mangiando 3232:Futuro anteriore 3217:(Simple future) 3124:Passato prossimo 3069: 3068: 3029: 3019: 3009: 2994: 2984: 2974: 2945: 2916: 2887: 2858: 2843: 2833: 2823: 2808: 2798: 2788: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2738: 2728: 2718: 2689: 2674: 2664: 2654: 2639: 2629: 2619: 2590: 2557: 2556: 2531: 2521: 2513:+ indeterminate 2440:Infinitive (and 2417:Slavic languages 2405:Slavic languages 2397:("Stop whining") 2354:Past progressive 2327:("to stand") or 2291:Past progressive 2287:("I am working") 2257:), two types of 2190: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2139: 2131: 2052:Resultant State 1930: 1926: 1743:Past progressive 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1364:Slavic languages 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1202:Aspect vs. tense 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1173: 1168:in Spanish, and 1167: 1161: 1155: 1131: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1080: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1010: 1003: 999: 996: 990: 959: 951: 874:Mandarin Chinese 862:Kʼicheʼ language 792:Slavic languages 777: 774: 734:Slavic languages 629: 622: 615: 363:General features 278:Related to verbs 113:Related to nouns 101: 100: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6384: 6359: 6338: 6270: 6268:lexical aspects 6261: 6183: 6087: 6068: 5944:, Lauri Carlson 5942:Wayback Machine 5927:Kröner Verlag, 5909: 5904: 5903: 5872: 5868: 5859: 5855: 5806: 5802: 5791: 5787: 5776: 5769: 5758: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5713: 5709: 5698: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5647: 5643: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5595: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5563:10.2307/2025024 5557:(18): 601–609. 5546: 5542: 5518: 5503: 5499: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5345: 5341: 5312:(10): 1039–43. 5300: 5296: 5287: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5151: 5112:Chinese aspects 4969:Hiberno-English 4936: 4906: 4846:Jamaican Creole 4830: 4802: 4796: 4731:auxiliary verbs 4719: 4713: 4696: 4688: 4671: 4646: 4628: 4619: 4611: 4598: 4579: 4561: 4524: 4500: 4494: 4489: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4429: 4421: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4355: 4329: 4314: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4279: 4271: 4266:-hold-together- 4238: 4225: 4196: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4138:-ware-fa-rawani 4131: 4106: 4100: 4057: 4052: 4035: 4027: 4013: 3984: 3971: 3963: 3953: 3943: 3935: 3925: 3911: 3851: 3845: 3840: 3761:of the object: 3744: 3324:habitual aspect 3317: 3311: 3234: 3216: 3214:Futuro semplice 3198: 3180: 3162: 3144: 3130:io ho mangiato 3126: 3108: 3060: 3042: 3027: 3024: 3017: 3014: 3007: 3004: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2806: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2771: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2736: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2672: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2637: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2529: 2519: 2488:habitual aspect 2442:dictionary form 2413: 2407: 2358:Ik lag te lezen 2259:continuous form 2247: 2211:continuous form 2199:Standard German 2191: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2156: 2140: 2129: 2027:'HAVE dən ate' 2020:Resultant State 1962:'DO be eating' 1902: 1713:Present perfect 1667:auxiliary verbs 1643: 1638: 1633: 1596:("I knew") vs. 1419:al-fiʿl al-māḍī 1401:literary Arabic 1379:morphologically 1351: 1299:inner vs. outer 1283: 1277: 1204: 1138:longer terms). 1011: 1000: 994: 991: 976: 960: 949: 932:constructions. 926:auxiliary verbs 922:morphologically 918:past participle 816:temporally when 804: 775: 765: 760: 694:Standard German 680:habitual aspect 633: 604: 603: 562: 554: 553: 500: 492: 491: 430: 422: 421: 391:(verbal number) 389:Pluractionality 364: 356: 355: 279: 271: 270: 250: 191:Collective noun 173:Construct state 114: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6195: 6190: 6182: 6181:External links 6179: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6146: 6136:(3): 317–401. 6125: 6115: 6108: 6098:(2): 199–271. 6080: 6073: 6063: 6056: 6031: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6006:(9–1): 97–122. 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5945: 5932: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5888:10.2307/408755 5882:(2): 127–131. 5866: 5853: 5831:1959.13/803129 5816:(2): 499–519. 5800: 5785: 5767: 5749: 5736: 5723: 5707: 5681: 5666: 5659: 5641: 5624: 5617: 5589: 5576: 5540: 5497: 5462:(4): 284–301. 5437: 5424: 5411: 5397: 5367: 5354: 5339: 5294: 5281: 5268: 5249: 5235: 5215: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5027:Gnomic/generic 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4961:Recent perfect 4952: 4946: 4935: 4932: 4905: 4902: 4890:Haitian Creole 4829: 4826: 4798:Main article: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4763: 4753: 4747: 4727:Malay language 4715:Main article: 4712: 4709: 4647: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4580: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4523: 4520: 4496:Main article: 4493: 4490: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4430: 4422: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4280: 4272: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4220:=not.yet-move- 4212: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4102:Main article: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4068: 4056: 4053: 4028: 4014: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3964: 3954: 3944: 3936: 3926: 3912: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3847:Main article: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3728:mar rahā rêhnā 3721: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3681: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3621:kar rahā rêhnā 3614: 3604: 3594: 3584: 3574: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3507: 3497: 3487: 3477: 3467: 3457: 3447: 3437: 3427: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3400: 3390: 3380: 3313:Main article: 3310: 3307: 3301:"I'm eating", 3272:passato remoto 3260:passato remoto 3246: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223:"I shall eat" 3221: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3205:"I had eaten" 3203: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3178:Passato remoto 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169:"I had eaten" 3167: 3164: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127:(Recent past) 3120: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3059: 3056: 3046:Latin language 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3021: 3011: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2986: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2835: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2800: 2790: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2765: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2666: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2631: 2621: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2540:+ determinate 2483: 2482: 2471: 2464: 2453: 2425:lexical aspect 2409:Main article: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2376: 2375: 2365: 2351: 2344:Ik zit te eten 2309: 2308: 2298: 2288: 2246: 2243: 2193: 2192: 2143: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069:'BIN dən ate' 2067: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2041:'HAD dən ate' 2039: 2038:'had dən ate' 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011:'HAD BIN ate' 2009: 2008:'had BIN ate' 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995:'HAD BIN ate' 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1901: 1898: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1822:Future perfect 1819: 1809: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1723: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1701:Present simple 1659:present-future 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1553: 1541: 1530: 1350: 1347: 1287:lexical aspect 1281:Lexical aspect 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1203: 1200: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1013: 1012: 963: 961: 954: 948: 945: 937:lexical aspect 912:with the verb 900:with the verb 848:property of a 820:temporally how 803: 800: 764: 761: 759: 756: 687:perfect aspect 635: 634: 632: 631: 624: 617: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 584:Empty category 581: 576: 575: 574: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 529: 528: 527: 522: 512: 507: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 418: 417: 415:Reflexive verb 412: 402: 397: 392: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 257: 256: 251: 249: 248: 243: 238: 234: 227: 222: 221: 220: 215: 205: 200: 195: 194: 193: 188: 183: 175: 170: 169: 168: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 139:Quirky subject 136: 131: 121: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 32:Lexical aspect 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6441: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389:Relative time 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6332:frequentative 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6197:Anna Kibort, 6196: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5921:0-415-20319-8 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5660:81-208-0475-9 5656: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5132:: 'It glared' 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5105:Frequentative 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4965:after perfect 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4930:for details. 4929: 4928:Syntax in ASL 4923: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4717:Malay grammar 4708: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4632: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4578: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4368: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4257: 4249: 4246:: The marker 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4207: 4204:: The marker 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4139: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4017: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3915: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3891: 3887: 3886:Past negative 3884: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855:Rapa language 3850: 3849:Rapa language 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816:frequentative 3809: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3780:Ammuin karhua 3778: 3775: 3774:Ammuin karhun 3772: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3765:is telic and 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3718:mar rahā honā 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3611:kar rahā honā 3608: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3514:ho rahā rêhnā 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:contrafactual 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576:Indeterminate 2575: 2574: 2565:Imperfective 2563: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323:("to hang"), 2322: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2186: 2178: 2175:December 2023 2168: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2144:This section 2142: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975:'BIN eating' 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1936:Prototypical 1935: 1933:Aspect/Tense 1932: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802:Simple future 1800: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1685:(also called 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1478: 1468: 1466: 1457: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1340:semelfactives 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1009: 1006: 998: 988: 984: 980: 974: 973: 969: 964:This section 962: 958: 953: 952: 944: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 916:coupled with 915: 911: 907: 904:coupled with 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:present tense 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 799: 797: 793: 787: 785: 781: 770: 758:Basic concept 755: 753: 750: 746: 742: 741:verbal aspect 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 630: 625: 623: 618: 616: 611: 610: 608: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 589:Incorporation 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 573: 570: 569: 568: 565: 564: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 432: 426: 425: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 360: 359: 352: 349: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Evidentiality 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 255: 252: 247: 244: 242: 239: 236: 235: 233: 232: 231: 228: 226: 223: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177:Countability 176: 174: 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 110: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 91: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6328:distributive 6314:Delimitative 6304:Imperfective 6297:Semelfactive 6263: 6223:Greek tenses 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6076: 6066: 6059: 6043: 6039: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5956:(1): 57–72. 5953: 5949: 5924: 5912: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5860:Holm, John, 5856: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5761: 5744: 5739: 5731: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5701: 5675: 5669: 5650: 5644: 5632: 5627: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5579: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5459: 5455: 5432: 5427: 5419: 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5380: 5370: 5362: 5357: 5348: 5342: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5289: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5225: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5142:Segmentative 4993:Imperfective 4964: 4937: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4831: 4803: 4786:semelfactive 4781: 4775: 4765: 4760:imperfective 4755: 4749: 4739: 4720: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4622: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4369: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4258: 4255: 4247: 4244:Simultaneous 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4227:ʔi=ta-no-mai 4226: 4216: 4214:ʔi=ta-no-mai 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4184:maʔua ʔi=na- 4183: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4058: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4018: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3916: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3852: 3832:transitivity 3813: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3745: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3504:ho rahā honā 3503: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3360: 3356:Periphrastic 3318: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3249: 3231: 3213: 3195: 3177: 3159: 3148:io mangiavo 3145:(Imperfect) 3141: 3123: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3077:(indicative) 3074: 3072: 3066:("to eat"): 3063: 3061: 3049: 3043: 3025: 3015: 3005: 2990: 2980: 2970: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2929: 2922: 2912: 2900: 2893: 2883: 2871: 2864: 2854: 2839: 2829: 2819: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2734: 2724: 2714: 2702: 2695: 2685: 2670: 2660: 2650: 2635: 2625: 2615: 2603: 2596: 2586: 2579:Determinate 2571:Translation 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2500: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473:Past tense: 2468:będzie pisać 2467: 2460: 2459:("writes"); 2456: 2449: 2445: 2421: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:("to sit"), 2316: 2315:("to lie"), 2312: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2284: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2248: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2203:Upper German 2196: 2181: 2172: 2157:Please help 2145: 1976: 1953: 1952:'be eating' 1903: 1892:+ VERB is a 1886: 1876: 1874: 1856: 1841: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1760: 1749:Past perfect 1731: 1726: 1724: 1695: 1686: 1662: 1658: 1644: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1527:conceived of 1526: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1469: 1464: 1455: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1398: 1394:Periphrastic 1387: 1372: 1352: 1344: 1335: 1329: 1314: 1310: 1307:semelfactive 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1266: 1225: 1221: 1205: 1183:kennenlernen 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1105:Passé simple 1047:passé simple 1027: 1023:imperfective 1022: 1018: 1016: 1001: 995:January 2024 992: 977:Please help 965: 940: 934: 913: 901: 889: 885: 881: 877: 869: 865: 845: 843: 838: 834: 830: 824: 819: 815: 805: 802:Modern usage 788: 783: 779: 766: 751: 740: 738: 691: 684: 669: 644: 638: 549:Veridicality 440:Transitivity 384:Egophoricity 328: 198:Definiteness 166:Measure word 154:Instrumental 134:Dative shift 98: 83: 74: 55: 6401:Prospective 6264:Grammatical 6228:Verb Aspect 5305:NeuroReport 5185:Nominal TAM 5136:Attenuative 5118:Intentional 5093:Protractive 5083:: 'I slept' 5011:Progressive 4987:Prospective 4840:often uses 4770:progressive 4673:Pita ma-to 4040:tā-koe puta 3724:मर रहा रहना 3714:मर रहा होना 3688:martā rêhnā 3617:कर रहा रहना 3607:कर रहा होना 3581:kartā rêhnā 3510:हो रहा रहना 3500:हो रहा होना 3413:Translation 3403:Progressive 3364:Hindi verbs 3344:subjunctive 3340:presumptive 3295:progressive 3279:prospective 3220:io mangerò 3184:io mangiai 3181:(Far past) 3099:Explanation 2568:Perfective 2096:Conditional 1971:Remote Past 1956:Habitual be 1910:habitual be 1894:prospective 1779:modal verbs 1737:Past simple 1631:By language 1508:Mi ekmanĝas 1383:auxiliaries 1124:Portuguese 1042:simple past 1021:aspect and 924:or through 641:linguistics 485:Predicative 405:Reciprocity 374:Boundedness 294:Conjugation 261:Specificity 69:introducing 6282:Perfective 5715:Östen Dahl 5155:Aktionsart 5124:Accidental 5075:Resumptive 5051:Inchoative 5005:Continuous 4943:Perfective 4804:Like many 4744:perfective 4721:Like many 4114:Perfective 3828:inchoative 3808:ammuskella 3763:accusative 3708:martā jānā 3678:martā honā 3658:marā rêhnā 3601:kartā jānā 3571:kartā honā 3551:kiyā rêhnā 3474:hotā rêhnā 3383:Perfective 3352:imperative 3336:indicative 3291:continuous 3268:imperfetto 3252:imperfetto 3142:Imperfetto 3112:io mangio 3109:(Present) 3075:indicativo 2991:potashchít 2525:приходи́ть 2429:Suppletion 2024:'dən ate' 1992:'BIN ate' 1912:), and of 1767:infinitive 1763:non-finite 1687:continuous 1406:الْفُصْحَى 1316:Aktionsart 1303:Aktionsart 1083:Imperfect 1019:perfective 941:Aktionsart 888:- 在, and - 854:inflection 752:verb forms 730:imperfects 726:preterites 722:past tense 599:Markedness 594:Inflection 579:Declension 510:Mirativity 319:Mirativity 225:Noun class 213:Possession 181:Count noun 161:Classifier 149:Comitative 144:Nominative 77:March 2013 52:references 6380:Cessative 6324:Iterative 6319:Imperfect 6292:Momentane 5970:144397004 5929:Stuttgart 5848:145227019 5492:161530848 5476:0019-7246 5404:14 August 5242:12 August 5130:Intensive 5099:Iterative 5069:Pausative 5063:Defective 4949:Momentane 4898:Tok Pisin 4662:≈be.dead= 4492:Tokelauan 4317:ʔi=fi-unu 4083:+ verb + 4073:+ verb + 3892:/kiʔere/ 3824:causative 3820:momentane 3798:huudahtaa 3767:partitive 3704:मरता जाना 3698:martā ānā 3684:मरता रहना 3674:मरता होना 3668:marā jānā 3648:marā honā 3597:करता जाना 3591:kartā ānā 3577:करता रहना 3567:करता होना 3561:kiyā jānā 3557:किया जाना 3547:किया रहना 3541:kiyā honā 3537:किया होना 3520:to happen 3494:hotā jānā 3490:होता जाना 3470:होता रहना 3464:hotā honā 3460:होता होना 3444:huā rêhnā 3023:покати́ть 2988:потащи́ть 2876:to crawl 2869:поползти́ 2802:полете́ть 2777:to climb 2700:побрести́ 2668:побежа́ть 2528:prikhodít 2197:Although 2146:does not 1942:Negative 1618:no quería 1590:ēkousamen 1498:Esperanto 1487:bi-yiktib 1293:include: 1232:preterite 1171:connaître 1093:Preterite 1062:Language 1053:perfectus 966:does not 930:syntactic 749:imperfect 567:Agreement 561:Phenomena 499:Semantics 465:Predicate 452:Branching 289:Clusivity 186:Mass noun 6423:Category 6355:Habitual 6120:(1991). 6046:: 9–30. 5938:Archived 5876:Language 5840:20172325 5587:, 37-68. 5510:swimming 5484:24651488 5334:35873020 5326:18580575 5149:See also 5081:Punctual 5033:Episodic 4999:Habitual 4981:Chichewa 4818:Filipino 4589:be.dead= 4424:ʔaleʔena 4409:Faninilo 4406:Faninilo 4359:Habitual 4055:Hawaiian 3994:/kaːre/ 3867:Tahitian 3863:Rapa Iti 3859:Tahitian 3843:Reo Rapa 3755:telicity 3751:Estonian 3694:मरता आना 3664:मरा जाना 3654:मरा रहना 3644:मरा होना 3587:करता आना 3484:hotā ānā 3480:होता आना 3454:huā jānā 3450:हुआ जाना 3440:हुआ रहना 3434:huā honā 3430:हुआ होना 3393:Habitual 3330:and the 3266:in that 3187:"I ate" 3106:Presente 3064:mangiare 3033:to roll 2981:tashchít 2968:таска́ть 2956:повести́ 2927:понести́ 2898:повезти́ 2872:popolztí 2852:по́лзать 2837:поплы́ть 2817:пла́вать 2767:поле́зть 2732:погна́ть 2703:pobrestí 2683:броди́ть 2671:pobezhát 2636:pojékhat 2633:пое́хать 2503:prefixes 2272:and the 2215:Ich esse 2205:and all 1948:Habitual 1922:stressed 1888:going to 1883:habitual 1655:non-past 1622:no quise 1586:ēkouomen 1451:يَضْرِبُ 1410:al-fuṣḥā 1362:(except 1332:telicity 1269:Mandarin 1256:, where 1088:Spanish 908:and the 850:language 812:referent 716:and the 544:Volition 505:Contrast 435:Argument 400:Polarity 314:Telicity 304:Modality 237:Singular 5571:2025024 5017:Stative 4955:Perfect 4886:wehn de 4822:Tagalog 4549:(i)sa-. 4401:thought 4381:-think( 4304:Puleafo 4301:Puleafo 4274:ruapalo 3871:English 3834:exist. 3747:Finnish 3094:English 3089:Italian 3058:Italian 3026:pokatít 3013:кати́ть 3003:ката́ть 2978:тащи́ть 2959:povestí 2939:води́ть 2930:ponestí 2910:носи́ть 2901:poveztí 2881:вози́ть 2862:ползти́ 2812:to fly 2805:poletét 2792:лете́ть 2782:лета́ть 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