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1633:
737:, occurs only in the extreme southeastern corner of the aspen parklands biome (southeastern Manitoba/northwestern Minnesota). The fescue prairie is a meadowland rich in vegetation variety which forms the cover for the development of the richer soils that underlie the parklands. The close association with woodlands and wetlands makes this a choice location for many plants and a preferred range or home site for a wide diversity of wildlife. The richer soil and increased precipitation favours the natural growth of fescue grass, but varying conditions such as moisture level and grazing pressures allow for the invasion of secondary plant species.
29:
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literature indicates that the height growth of understorey spruce should be maximized when light levels exceed 40% or when aspen basal area is less than 14 m/ha. Models developed by Wright and others in 1998 show radial growth of understorey white spruce increasing almost linearly with increasing light and a continuous decline in radial increment with increasing aspen basal area. When applied to Comeau's 2002 data, the Wright models suggest that spruce mortality will remain very low until aspen basal area exceeds 20 m/ha, above which mortality will increase rapidly.
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1748:
1234:
619:
48:
1339:
716:
350:, interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland.
1219:
stands less than 40 years old, Comeau (2002) found that basal area provided a useful general predictor of understorey light levels, but, on the basis of light measurements in one 80-year-old stand, cautioned that relationships between understorey light and basal area may not hold in older stands. The
919:
Rivers and streams erode valleys throughout the parkland ecoregion. Steep hills and ravines result in a unique topography. Southwest slopes with increased exposure to the sun are dry and often more grass covered, while the shaded north and east exposures retain more moisture and tend to have greater
806:
but quaking aspen will dominate where the woodland has been cleared by fire. The proportion of forests to grasslands has increased somewhat over the prairie in areas not affected by agriculture in the last 100 years. This increase is partly due to the reduction of prairie fires which used to destroy
576:
accompanied by a subhumid low boreal transitional grassland ecoclimate. Summers are warm and short and winters can be long and cold. The mean annual temperatures range from 0.5 to 2.5 °C (32.9 to 36.5 °F), with summers ranging 13 to 16 °C (55 to 61 °F), and winters ranging −14.5
895:
Wetlands are very common in this biome, including lakes, shallow open water, marshes, and grassy wetlands. Glacial erosion has contributed to such features by creating depressions in which standing water can collect. In the larger depressions, permanent lakes or ponds of water remain. Many of the
740:
There are numerous grasses and sedges in the fescue prairie. Gravelly and rocky terrain is a good location for parry oat grass. Dry areas favour June, porcupine and spear grass. Wet areas are often covered with slender wheat grass and timber oat grass. Prairie rose and snowberry are common shrubs
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Burrowing rodents such as
Richardson's ground squirrels, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and pocket gophers play a major role in the balance between the aspen groves and the grassland. These excavators make mounds of fresh soil which are ideal locations for the germination of poplar seeds. Once
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When the spruce and aspen forest types are mixed, the result can be quite different from the aspen or spruce stands. Animal and vegetation associations from each type combine to create considerable diversity of habitat which is typical of either spruce or aspen stands. The mixture of the
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grazed on the grassland and helped to prevent the spread of aspen groves. However, bison are now mostly absent due to over hunting during settlement in the 19th century and extensive loss of habitat due to agriculture. Bison, however, can still be seen in protected areas such as
1107:
needles are not fully decomposed and combine with the moss base. Water held in the moss carries the acid from the spruce needles into the mineral soil and leaches out soil nutrients – leaving a highly acidic, low nutrient soil base which is unsuitable for most boreal vegetation.
1901:
for its wooded land, so that they could build and heat their own homes. This is as opposed to the primarily
British and American settlers, who desired grasslands that were easier to break and plough. At the time, people of similar backgrounds were allowed to concentrate into
1663:
Before
European colonization, there were large areas of western aspen and aspen parkland in the west of what would become Canada and the United States. This was maintained by light to moderate fires with a frequency of 3 to 15 years. Fire also swept the
389:'s central and foothills parkland but excluding the Peace River region). Partly defined by climate, it had a mean annual temperature of approximately 1.5 °C circa 1999, and rainfall varied from 400 to 500 mm/annum. It includes the communities of
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Wildlife in the woodlands is varied and abundant. The varying hare, weasel, fox, coyote, and white-tailed deer make their homes in this region, while water dependent mammals who make the ravines and wetland areas of the ecoregion their home are beaver,
814:
consisting of mid-sized and small shrubs, some herbs and ground cover. Spruce-dominated woodlands usually do not support a dense understory due to more acidic and nutrient-poor soils and a denser canopy, which reduces sunlight reaching the
1003:
3. A large percentage of precipitation passes through the canopy. This provides a protective snow cover in winter and in warm seasons precipitation percolates through the leaf cover to nourish plants which require surface soil moisture.
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below. However, in areas where a mixture of aspen and spruce occur, a fairly dense understory can still thrive. The mixed wood understory, as it is called, supports the greatest diversity of forest wildlife in the aspen parkland.
421:
as its major population centres and have a total population of 1.689 million. By this definition, there are approximately 5,500,000 hectares (14,000,000 acres) of this ecoregion in the province of
Alberta.
1699:. Oil and natural gas exploration and drilling have also disturbed the natural habitat, especially in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. As a result, less than 10% of the original habitat remains.
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ranges from nearly devoid of vegetation to a dense carpet of feather moss. A sparse community of shade tolerant shrubs exists in this environment. Some species of plants in the understory are
524:
There are three main sections of aspen parkland: Peace River, Central, and
Foothills. The Central Parkland is the largest section and is part of main band of aspen parkland extending across
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Where there are stands of aspen and spruce forests in close association with each other, a mixed wood forest occurs. Each group forms its own microassociation as described previously.
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biome, has been extensively altered by agriculture over the last 100 years since settlement first began in the late 19th century. While the climate is generally cooler than in the
1600:
The invertebrate population in the woodland is enormous. Some of the most common invertebrates are roundworms, snails, segmented worms, centipedes, mites, spiders and mosquitoes.
374:
2242:
Wright, E. F.; Coates, K. D.; Canham, C. D.; Bartemucci, P. (1998). "Species variability in growth response to light across climatic regions in northwestern
British Columbia".
1668:
aspen as frequently as every ten years, creating large areas of parkland. Settlement increased fire frequency in the late 19th century until fire suppression became popular.
959:
454:
1994:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
1427:. Bear, moose, foxes, coyotes, beaver, snowshoe hare and red squirrels are found most often in the mixedwood stands compared to the aspen forests and spruce forests.
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967:
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1. Good sun exposure encourages a dense vegetation growth below the canopy. This is of particular importance in the early spring before the trees are in leaf.
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2. A large percentage of the precipitation is trapped in the upper tree boughs of the spruce forest and is released through evaporation. The ground cover of
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quickly absorbs most of the moisture which does penetrate the canopy. These factors combine to cause drier conditions in the underlying mineral soils.
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provides an attractive environment with either pure spruce or pure aspen woodlands. An example of a bird which prefers a mixed wood habitat is the
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859:, form a dense entangled understory. Dense shrubbery is a typical feature in aspen-dominated forests. Common herbs found in the woodlands include:
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725:("trembling" or "quaking" aspen) is the dominant tree species of the parkland belt. Shown here in fall colours in west of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
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80:
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1557:. Finally there is an abundance of bird life around the wetland marshes. Many species of ducks make their summer homes in these waters and
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the new saplings on the fringes of the aspen groves. Also, it was a common practice for farmers to plant stands of trees as windbreaks.
98:
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103:
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2. Warm soil and air temperature at the base level result in rapid melting process in spring which favours the growth of shrubs.
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113:
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2011:
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1306:
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1691:(Triticum aestivum), and livestock grazing. The soils in the aspen parkland biome are also quite fertile, especially around
1636:
The mixture of small patches of trees near rivers and patchworks of farm fields are typical of parkland. Shown here is the
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nest in the marsh vegetation, but range over agricultural fields for grasshoppers, crickets, and mice. Shore birds include:
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The result of the above factors is an extensive understory of vegetation in the aspen forest. Common shrubs and herbs are:
655:
2538:
1886:
rivers were major fur trade routes, with a number of fur trade posts, much more so than rivers to the prairie south. The
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Extensive cultivation has disturbed the habitats of some birds which nest and feed on the fescue grassland. However, the
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and grasses and provide excellent opportunities to study the similarities and differences of these forms of vegetation.
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2729:
1962:
586:
1799:
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in
Alberta. The rest of the parkland area does contain fragments of original habitat, some in protected areas such as
1285:
662:
556:, and is completely surrounded by boreal forest, cutting it off from the Central Parkland, it extends as far north as
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2491:
2466:
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There are three main factors which influence the understory vegetation in the aspen stands of the mixed wood forest.
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108:
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1. Year round reduced sun exposure below the canopy restricts the forest undergrowth to shade tolerant species.
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2003:
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As a result of these different styles of indigenous hunting agricultural settlement, the ethnic makeup of the
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materials. Burrowing animals mix the new fertile materials with the soil to form a rich rooting compound.
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sees the warmest. Annual precipitation is usually between 375 to 700 millimetres (14.8 to 27.6 in).
143:
128:
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1953:, which were settled more so by people of Blackfoot, Sioux, American, English, and German backgrounds.
1875:
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386:
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791:
573:
133:
118:
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138:
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were formed around these posts from the intermarriage of white fur traders and native trappers.
28:
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2324:
1519:
1381:
410:
1859:, as were tribes to the south. They also relied to a great extent on trapping (rabbits, etc.)
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also used to roam the
Parkland, especially the Peace region, but were hunted out of the area.
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1998:
The Atlas of Global
Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunits to Make a Difference
1950:
1679:, the climate is still mild and dry enough to support large-scale farming of crops such as
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will often grow in areas that have sandy soil conditions. Other native species may include
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8:
2859:
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1930:
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are an important component of the grassland association of the parkland. Look for common
755:
747:
721:
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545:
307:
63:
509:
are the largest cities completely in this biome while
Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass
16:
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion of Canada and the United States
3119:
3026:
2998:
2832:
2147:
1996:
1601:
1570:
1512:
1128:
983:
860:
433:(NA0802) encompass eight ecoregions as used in the Ecological Framework of Canada: the
733:
prairie, the woodlands, the ravines and the wetlands and lakes. A rarer habitat type,
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3189:
3174:
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2007:
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2221:"Relationships between stand parameters and understory light in boreal aspen stands"
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The aspen parkland biome runs in a thin band no wider than 500 km through the
462:
457:(TEC 138, 143, 149, 155, 156, 161, 163, and 164). These ecoregions lie in both the
402:
382:
315:
209:
2313:
2277:. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 40.
2133:
1893:
Once European settlement began, this region was desired by the peasant farmers of
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lakes have a saline character, thus most shore vegetation has a high tolerance of
353:
This article focuses on this biome in North America. Similar biomes also exist in
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2844:
2784:
2664:
2461:
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2032:
1898:
1864:
1863:, and deer and moose hunting, as well as gathering parkland berries, such as the
1853:
1665:
1574:
1489:
1159:
1020:
852:
2172:"Parks Canada - Waterton Lakes National Park - Green Scene - From Bottom To Top"
1933:
Canadians are concentrated in the parkland belt, and in parkland cities such as
1431:
established, these trees spread by suckering, thus creating a new aspen groves.
2948:
2394:
1894:
1868:
1719:
1711:
1539:
1508:
1492:. and in particular several species of warblers find this a preferred habitat.
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68:
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1527:
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1403:
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The mineral soil is covered by a decaying cover of organic matter. Numerous
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729:
Four significantly different habitats are common in the aspen parklands: The
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1657:
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1097:
1052:
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799:
529:
501:. This is a hilly landscape with many small lakes and ponds. The cities of
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335:
323:
229:
219:
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Factors which influence the understory vegetation of spruce stands in the
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1918:
1554:
1496:
1414:
1205:
1116:
1060:
836:
474:
465:(Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). The Boreal sections are
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1609:
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1562:
1500:
1477:
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1071:
1048:
963:
955:
943:
913:
905:
897:
811:
803:
643: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:
forest cover. Some forms of vegetation unique to the ravines include:
552:
region of the province, extending across the border into northeastern
2486:
1938:
1910:
in Alberta, the largest concentration of Ukrainians on the prairies.
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1621:
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The woodlands meanwhile are abundant with a variety of bird species.
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832:
779:
771:
506:
406:
331:
234:
2255:
1747:
1233:
618:
3325:
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States
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2707:
2134:"Canadian Aspen forests and parklands | Ecoregions | WWF"
1942:
1934:
1692:
1594:
1455:
1338:
1193:
1067:
1044:
885:
874:
790:, while the foothills area in the southeast of the region, such as
783:
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to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, and
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224:
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1946:
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319:
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47:
38:
34:
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The forested, or woodlands area is dominated by trembling aspen
593:
has the coolest climate, but still supports extensive farmland.
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1856:
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385:. This definition is the arc-shaped region (i.e. including the
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188:
1993:
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1649:
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1353:
1342:
1216:
1075:
1024:
929:
339:
75:
2325:
Canadian Aspen forests and parklands (Vanderbilt University)
2241:
2075:
Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900
1538:
can be observed in all seasons. Summer residents include:
1442:
1185:
1181:
764:, although other species of trees including paper birch (
601:
off the foothills also occur in winter, mainly affecting
1437:
finds shelter in the aspen and graze on the grasslands;
1204:
are the major vegetation types found in these lowlands.
908:
are flooded in the spring and dry by fall. They contain
892:. Mosses appear at the base of trees and on the ground.
2271:"Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora"
2268:
1874:
This area was one of the most important regions of the
1702:
The largest blocks of intact parkland can be found in
1627:
497:, although it gets broader to the west, especially in
521:
to the east and the Foothills Parkland to the west.
330:
and continuing into small parts of the US states of
1995:
1138:
381:(#156) is the largest and northernmost section of
1852:The First Nations of this region were not solely
1612:. Insects of the wetlands in this region include
560:at 58°N 116°W. The Foothills parkland covers the
318:, and a much larger area stretching from central
3281:
1648:Aspen groves surrounded by cultivated fields of
1180:The mixedwood forest wetlands consist mainly of
1549:Birds which prefer the wetland habitat include
1458:and in farms, where they are raised for meat.
1081:
3290:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1158:There are several factors which influence the
564:as far south as Waterton Lakes National Park.
81:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2723:
2345:
1968:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
1561:nest in the more remote marshes. Blackbirds,
1503:have managed to adapt to the new conditions.
2269:Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler (2000).
2071:
2596:Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4
2078:. University of Toronto Press. p. 19.
1906:by the federal government: for example the
1776:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1262:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
577:to −12.5 °C (5.9 to 9.5 °F). The
2730:
2716:
2352:
2338:
843:, along with the smaller shrubs including
99:Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests
2282:
2262:
2225:B.C. Journal of Ecosystems and Management
2197:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2027:
2025:
2023:
1840:Learn how and when to remove this message
1445:hunt the resident rodents. Historically,
1326:Learn how and when to remove this message
703:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:397,304 km (153,400 sq mi)
104:Central British Columbia Mountain forests
3125:Northern Alberta Institute of Technology
1643:
1631:
1337:
1142:
714:
338:. Aspen parkland consists of groves of
2164:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1208:and sedges cover large, wet areas with
989:
3282:
2850:North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915
2314:"Canadian Aspen forests and parklands"
2235:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2033:"Canadian Aspen forests and parklands"
2020:
114:Montana Valley and Foothill grasslands
2813:2001 World Championships in Athletics
2711:
2333:
1917:is somewhat divided north and south.
1671:Most of the aspen parkland, like the
1111:As a result of the above factors the
810:Aspen woodlands support an extensive
2737:
2059:"Tallgrass Aspen Parklands Province"
1980:
1774:adding citations to reliable sources
1741:
1476:Birds of the aspen parkland include
1260:adding citations to reliable sources
1227:
641:adding citations to reliable sources
612:
431:Canadian Aspen forests and parklands
401:on the Alberta–Saskatchewan border;
2359:
2244:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2209:
1628:Human use, threats and conservation
13:
2275:Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2
1963:List of ecoregions in Canada (WWF)
1945:as opposed to prairie cities like
1352:Wildlife in the parklands include
14:
3346:
3115:List of Universities and colleges
2306:
1737:
1515:can often be seen in open areas.
2691:
2690:
2591:Calgary Catholic School District
2193:"Tallgrass Aspen Parkland Biome"
1746:
1232:
1063:form an attractive grown cover.
617:
562:Foothills of the Rocky Mountains
109:Mid-Continental Canadian forests
46:
27:
2185:
1728:Turtle Mountain Provincial Park
1720:Canadian Forces Base Wainwright
1389:thirteen-lined ground squirrels
1212:occurring on the sandy ridges.
1139:The mixedwood stands understory
628:needs additional citations for
294:refers to a very large area of
3320:Forests of the Rocky Mountains
2967:Alberta's Industrial Heartland
2140:
2126:
2112:
2098:
2065:
2051:
2004:University of California Press
1704:Moose Mountain Provincial Park
585:and northeastern areas of the
375:Ecological Framework of Canada
368:
1:
2677:Calgary International Airport
2601:List of schools and libraries
1973:
1393:Richardson's ground squirrels
124:North Central Rockies forests
1724:Spruce Woods Provincial Park
1149:Turtle Mountain State Forest
1147:Mixedwood forest wetland in
1123:, prickly rose, bunchberry,
1082:The spruce forest understory
960:creeping white prairie aster
796:Spruce Woods Provincial Park
306:in two sections, namely the
52:Aspen parkland within Canada
7:
3305:Forests of British Columbia
2148:"Alberta's Parkland Region"
2039:. World Wildlife Foundation
1956:
1732:Porcupine Provincial Forest
1463:(Rangifer tarandus caribou)
900:. These lakes are known as
741:found in these grasslands.
144:Western Great Lakes forests
129:Northern Cordillera forests
10:
3351:
3242:Canadian Forces Base (CFB)
2586:Calgary Board of Education
2120:"Agriculture and Forestry"
1876:fur trade in North America
770:) do occur. Pines, mostly
567:
488:
455:Southwest Manitoba Uplands
427:World Wide Fund for Nature
365:) and in northern Canada.
3203:
3160:
3090:
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3012:
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2890:
2793:
2745:
2685:
2650:
2619:
2578:
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2500:
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2367:
574:humid continental climate
377:, published in 1999, the
314:crossing the border into
281:
273:
263:
258:
243:
202:
181:
173:
168:
160:
152:
134:Northern mixed grasslands
119:Muskwa-Slave Lake forests
86:
74:
62:
57:
45:
26:
21:
3295:Taiga and boreal forests
2925:North Saskatchewan River
2472:Rocky Mountain Foothills
1897:and the smallholders of
1716:Elk Island National Park
1638:North Saskatchewan River
1606:forest tent caterpillars
1452:Elk Island National Park
1364:(Odocoileus virginianus)
1347:Elk Island National Park
1223:
735:tallgrass aspen parkland
608:
379:Aspen Parkland ecoregion
139:Northern tall grasslands
3315:Forests of Saskatchewan
2808:1983 Summer Universiade
2803:1978 Commonwealth Games
1608:are destructive to the
1460:Boreal woodland caribou
1382:northern pocket gophers
2606:Calgary Public Library
2320:. World Wildlife Fund.
2318:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2284:10.2737/RMRS-GTR-42-V2
2219:Comeau, P. G. (2002).
2174:. Pc.gc.ca. 2013-01-23
1687:(Medicago sativa) and
1660:
1641:
1640:in Alberta circa 2008.
1520:Black-capped chickadee
1349:
1162:in the boreal forest.
1155:
726:
485:(15-17, 18a and 19a).
3225:International airport
3140:University of Alberta
2942:William Hawrelak Park
2905:Edmonton Metro Region
2611:University of Calgary
2072:Sarah Carter (1999).
1714:in Saskatchewan, and
1708:Carlyle, Saskatchewan
1647:
1635:
1546:and northern oriole.
1397:North American beaver
1341:
1175:yellow-rumped warbler
1146:
1090:association include:
968:late yellow loco weed
879:Western Canada violet
823:Large shrubs such as
718:
548:is located along the
540:to the south and the
459:Boreal Plains Ecozone
417:in Saskatchewan; and
322:, all across central
3300:Grasslands of Canada
3232:Anthony Henday Drive
2775:Notable Edmontonians
2513:The Bow (skyscraper)
2492:Prince's Island Park
2436:1988 Winter Olympics
1770:improve this section
1385:(Thomomys talpoides)
1256:improve this section
990:The aspen understory
760:, other poplars and
637:improve this article
583:northwestern Alberta
33:Aspen parkland near
3330:Nearctic ecoregions
3205:Transportation and
2823:City Centre Airport
1869:high bush cranberry
1683:(Brassica napsus),
1569:nest in the reeds.
1473:, otters and mink.
1400:(Castor canadensis)
1029:bracted honeysuckle
857:high bush cranberry
798:, have woodland of
756:Populus balsamifera
748:Populus tremuloides
722:Populus tremuloides
579:Peace River Country
546:Peace River Country
308:Peace River Country
269:Critical/Endangered
265:Conservation status
3310:Forests of Alberta
3120:MacEwan University
2999:West Edmonton Mall
2915:Metropolitan areas
2840:Heritage buildings
2411:2013 Calgary flood
2390:Notable Calgarians
2106:"Prairies Ecozone"
1884:North Saskatchewan
1661:
1642:
1602:Paranthrene dollii
1513:American goldfinch
1407:(Lepus americanus)
1371:(Ursus americanus)
1350:
1156:
1135:and wintergreens.
1129:lily-of-the-valley
882:(Viola canadensis)
864:(Aster ciliolatus)
727:
595:Southwest Manitoba
544:to the north. The
296:transitional biome
3335:Canadian Prairies
3277:
3276:
3105:List of libraries
3004:Tallest buildings
2705:
2704:
2632:Calgary White Hat
2421:Fairmont Palliser
2416:Hub Oil explosion
2013:978-0-520-26256-0
1915:Prairie Provinces
1904:block settlements
1850:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1734:in Saskatchewan.
1730:in Manitoba, and
1583:spotted sandpiper
1536:great horned owls
1524:hairy woodpeckers
1435:White-tailed deer
1418:(Lynx canadensis)
1361:white-tailed deer
1336:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1133:northern Comandra
1033:wild sarsaparilla
1013:red-osier dogwood
976:wild prairie rose
868:northern bedstraw
825:red-osier dogwood
767:Betula papyrifera
713:
712:
705:
687:
572:The region has a
495:Prairie Provinces
467:Manitoba Lowlands
443:Boreal Transition
425:According to the
419:Brandon, Manitoba
373:According to the
326:to south central
289:
288:
248:Humid continental
3342:
3100:Catholic schools
2987:PCL Construction
2882:Mindbender crash
2855:Princess Theatre
2764:Edmonton Journal
2739:City of Edmonton
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2694:
2693:
2627:Calgary Stampede
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2287:. Archived from
2286:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2122:. 24 April 2024.
2116:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2001:
1991:
1908:Edna-Star colony
1845:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1789:"Aspen parkland"
1782:
1750:
1742:
1571:Franklin's gulls
1544:least flycatcher
1490:northern orioles
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1275:"Aspen parkland"
1268:
1236:
1228:
1171:transition soils
1160:mixedwood stands
1055:, bunchberries,
871:(Galium boreale)
752:, balsam poplar
708:
701:
697:
694:
688:
686:
652:"Aspen parkland"
645:
621:
613:
591:British Columbia
554:British Columbia
463:Prairies Ecozone
403:North Battleford
383:Prairies Ecozone
316:British Columbia
310:of northwestern
210:British Columbia
203:States/Provinces
50:
31:
19:
18:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3257:Transit service
3252:Railway station
3206:
3199:
3156:
3110:List of schools
3086:
3054:Public services
3048:
3008:
2982:EPCOR Utilities
2953:
2930:Ribbon of Green
2886:
2845:Hotel Macdonald
2789:
2741:
2736:
2706:
2701:
2681:
2665:Calgary Transit
2646:
2615:
2574:
2553:Public services
2548:
2522:
2496:
2462:Greater Calgary
2445:
2399:
2363:
2361:City of Calgary
2358:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2256:10.1139/x98-055
2240:
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2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2170:
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2132:
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2127:
2118:
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2099:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2014:
1992:
1981:
1976:
1959:
1865:Saskatoon berry
1854:buffalo-hunting
1846:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1783:
1781:
1767:
1751:
1740:
1666:Rocky Mountains
1630:
1378:(Canis latrans)
1332:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1237:
1226:
1202:sphagnum mosses
1141:
1084:
992:
861:Lindley's aster
853:beaked hazelnut
792:Turtle Mountain
709:
698:
692:
689:
646:
644:
634:
622:
611:
570:
517:is bordered by
491:
483:Lower Foothills
447:Interlake Plain
371:
239:
198:
148:
95:
94:
53:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3338:
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3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3207:infrastructure
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
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3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:academic staff
3137:
3135:Public schools
3132:
3130:Public library
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:List of mayors
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
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2979:
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2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2949:Whitemud Creek
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2920:Neighbourhoods
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Aspen parkland
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:List of mayors
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
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2699:
2686:
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2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2652:Transportation
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
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2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2477:Aspen parkland
2474:
2469:
2467:Neighbourhoods
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
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2327:
2322:
2308:
2307:External links
2305:
2302:
2301:
2261:
2250:(6): 871–886.
2234:
2208:
2184:
2163:
2139:
2125:
2111:
2097:
2084:
2064:
2050:
2019:
2012:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1895:Eastern Europe
1848:
1847:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:Human cultures
1736:
1712:Bronson Forest
1629:
1626:
1591:Wilson's snipe
1540:red-eyed vireo
1509:vesper sparrow
1334:
1333:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1140:
1137:
1103:3. The fallen
1083:
1080:
1037:hairy lungwort
991:
988:
980:prairie crocus
776:lodgepole pine
711:
710:
625:
623:
616:
610:
607:
587:North Interior
569:
566:
558:Fort Vermilion
536:, bordered by
490:
487:
451:Aspen Parkland
439:Western Boreal
370:
367:
292:Aspen parkland
287:
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283:
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278:
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32:
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23:
22:Aspen parkland
15:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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3333:
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3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:Remand Centre
3080:
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2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:Fort Edmonton
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:Sister cities
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
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2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
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2402:
2396:
2395:Sister cities
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2386:
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2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2291:on 2017-07-05
2290:
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2101:
2087:
2085:0-8020-7995-4
2081:
2077:
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2024:
2015:
2009:
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1791: –
1790:
1786:
1785:Find sources:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:This section
1753:
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1584:
1580:
1579:piping plover
1576:
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1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:bank swallows
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:ruffed grouse
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:ruffed grouse
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1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:(canis lupus)
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:snowshoe hare
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:(Alces alces)
1355:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277: –
1276:
1272:
1271:Find sources:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1241:This section
1239:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:and marshes.
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
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1154:
1150:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1105:acidic spruce
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:boreal forest
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
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1005:
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903:
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891:
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880:
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872:
869:
865:
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858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:beaked willow
826:
821:
818:
813:
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805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
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749:
742:
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732:
724:
723:
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707:
704:
696:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654: –
653:
649:
648:Find sources:
642:
638:
632:
631:
626:This section
624:
620:
615:
614:
606:
604:
600:
599:Chinook winds
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:boreal forest
539:
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531:
527:
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486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Peace Lowland
432:
428:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
363:forest steppe
360:
357:north of the
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:boreal forest
301:
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257:
253:
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236:
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194:United States
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70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3022:City Council
2899:
2762:
2758:Demographics
2753:Coat of arms
2689:
2534:City Council
2476:
2380:Demographics
2375:Coat of arms
2317:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2274:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2074:
2067:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2036:
1997:
1912:
1892:
1888:Métis people
1878:. Both the
1873:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1784:
1768:Please help
1756:
1701:
1670:
1662:
1658:Saskatchewan
1614:caddis flies
1599:
1559:Canada geese
1548:
1517:
1505:Song sparrow
1494:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1406:
1399:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1322:
1313:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1270:
1254:Please help
1242:
1214:
1200:and bog and
1190:Black spruce
1179:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1153:North Dakota
1113:forest floor
1110:
1102:
1098:feather moss
1095:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1053:strawberries
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
942:
918:
902:alkali lakes
894:
881:
870:
863:
845:prickly rose
822:
817:forest floor
809:
800:white spruce
765:
753:
745:
743:
739:
728:
720:
699:
693:January 2017
690:
680:
673:
666:
659:
647:
635:Please help
630:verification
627:
571:
530:Saskatchewan
523:
492:
450:
430:
424:
399:Lloydminster
397:in Alberta;
378:
372:
352:
336:North Dakota
324:Saskatchewan
291:
290:
274:Habitat loss
259:Conservation
251:
244:Climate type
230:North Dakota
220:Saskatchewan
153:Bird species
2818:Annexations
2518:Skyscrapers
2482:Elbow River
2152:raysweb.net
1880:Assiniboine
1622:black flies
1567:black terns
1563:marsh wrens
1551:kingfishers
1497:horned lark
1478:kingfishers
1415:Canada lynx
1345:grazing in
1215:For boreal
1206:Dwarf birch
1119:, low bush
1117:Green Alder
1072:decomposers
1061:wintergreen
950:, cut-leaf
944:Wildflowers
938:river alder
906:Wet meadows
898:salty soils
837:chokecherry
550:Peace River
475:Aspen Grove
369:Definitions
3284:Categories
3267:Bus routes
3262:Light rail
2860:Strathcona
2295:2008-07-20
2202:2022-09-19
2178:2016-05-14
2157:2016-05-14
2091:2016-05-14
1974:References
1830:April 2021
1800:newspapers
1610:tree cover
1501:meadowlark
1368:black bear
1316:April 2021
1286:newspapers
1125:twinflower
1057:horsetails
1049:Twinflower
984:tiger lily
964:milk vetch
956:rock cress
890:bunchberry
812:understory
804:balsam fir
663:newspapers
3220:Authority
3092:Education
3072:Hospitals
3032:Elections
3027:City Hall
2972:Companies
2892:Geography
2579:Education
2565:Hospitals
2539:Elections
2487:Bow River
2450:Geography
2431:1886 Fire
1939:Saskatoon
1931:Ukrainian
1757:does not
1706:north of
1697:Saskatoon
1654:Saskatoon
1422:gray wolf
1243:does not
1210:jack pine
1121:cranberry
1068:consumers
1021:wild rose
1017:raspberry
1009:saskatoon
972:goldenrod
849:snowberry
841:pincherry
833:saskatoon
780:box elder
772:jack pine
507:Saskatoon
479:Mixedwood
471:Aspen-Oak
407:Saskatoon
332:Minnesota
282:Protected
235:Minnesota
182:Countries
169:Geography
3215:Airports
3195:Theatres
3014:Politics
2910:Downtown
2872:Timeline
2780:Religion
2746:Features
2696:Category
2527:Politics
2457:Downtown
2441:Timeline
2368:Features
1957:See also
1943:Winnipeg
1935:Edmonton
1693:Edmonton
1677:prairies
1618:mayflies
1595:killdeer
1471:muskrats
1456:Edmonton
1454:east of
1194:tamarack
1025:currants
886:dewberry
875:pea vine
784:tamarack
534:Manitoba
503:Edmonton
461:and the
411:Humboldt
395:Edmonton
391:Red Deer
328:Manitoba
298:between
225:Manitoba
69:Nearctic
3237:Bridges
3180:Museums
3162:Culture
3062:Federal
2992:Stantec
2977:BioWare
2959:Economy
2877:Tornado
2795:History
2660:Bridges
2620:Culture
2508:WestJet
2501:Economy
2404:History
1947:Calgary
1867:or the
1861:fishing
1814:scholar
1778:removed
1763:sources
1685:alfalfa
1673:prairie
1532:magpies
1486:magpies
1439:coyotes
1411:weasels
1300:scholar
1264:removed
1249:sources
1127:, wild
1074:create
1045:peavine
952:anemone
762:spruces
677:scholar
603:Alberta
568:Climate
538:prairie
526:Alberta
519:prairie
515:Calgary
511:prairie
499:Alberta
489:Setting
415:Yorkton
359:steppes
320:Alberta
312:Alberta
300:prairie
215:Alberta
87:Borders
58:Ecology
39:Alberta
35:Calgary
3247:Pedway
3170:K-Days
3150:alumni
3077:Police
2670:CTrain
2570:Police
2426:Mayors
2082:
2043:14 May
2010:
1951:Regina
1941:, and
1929:, and
1927:French
1899:Quebec
1857:nomads
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1681:canola
1587:willet
1575:avocet
1534:, and
1511:, and
1375:coyote
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1198:willow
1043:, and
1041:asters
982:, and
948:yarrow
936:, and
934:willow
926:spruce
922:poplar
914:sedges
910:rushes
788:willow
731:fescue
679:
672:
665:
658:
650:
481:, and
453:, and
413:, and
355:Russia
348:spruce
344:poplar
277:63.76%
189:Canada
3190:Sport
3185:Music
3175:Media
3037:Mayor
2937:Parks
2642:Sport
2637:Media
2544:Mayor
1923:Métis
1821:JSTOR
1807:books
1689:wheat
1652:near
1650:wheat
1447:bison
1443:foxes
1354:moose
1343:Bison
1307:JSTOR
1293:books
1224:Fauna
1217:aspen
1076:humus
930:birch
684:JSTOR
670:books
609:Flora
340:aspen
285:2.95%
76:Biome
64:Realm
3067:Fire
2833:Park
2770:Flag
2560:Fire
2385:Flag
2231:(2).
2080:ISBN
2045:2016
2008:ISBN
1949:and
1919:Cree
1882:and
1793:news
1761:any
1759:cite
1726:and
1718:and
1710:and
1695:and
1620:and
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1279:news
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1186:fens
1182:bogs
1070:and
1059:and
1027:and
888:and
855:and
839:and
802:and
786:and
774:and
719:The
656:news
532:and
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429:the
393:and
346:and
334:and
302:and
174:Area
93:List
2279:doi
2252:doi
2037:WWF
1772:by
1258:by
794:or
639:by
589:in
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387:WWF
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