1776:
1627:
1384:
1081:
706:
423:
25:
1644:
1796:
666:
have aspiration that lasts about as long as
English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly-aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of
1898:
1844:
817:, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.
1645:
488:
443:
1235:
speakers, may make them get confused with the corresponding voiced stop by other
English-speakers. Conversely, this confusion does not happen with the native speakers of languages which have aspirated and unaspirated but not voiced stops, such as
778:
729:
572:
533:
1797:
1102:
363:⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨
1899:
1845:
1167:
1636:
489:
444:
356:
1507:
1100:
1165:
779:
730:
573:
534:
1795:
993:, and has been described for Spanish, though these are allophones of other phonemes. Similarly, aspirated fricatives and even aspirated nasals, approximants, and trills occur in a few
1643:
1897:
1843:
1474:
1441:
1408:
487:
442:
1101:
777:
728:
571:
532:
1472:
1166:
1505:
1439:
1406:
1788:
1506:
636:, aspiration of stops tends to be phonetically realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.
1554:, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus
1473:
1440:
1407:
625:). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal folds remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's
194:
659:
The degree of aspiration varies: the voice onset time of aspirated stops is longer or shorter depending on the language or the place of articulation.
1890:
1836:
2172:⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured consonant, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨
1243:
S+consonant clusters may vary between aspirated and nonaspirated depending upon if the cluster crosses a morpheme boundary or not. For instance,
2109:
is notable for aspirating its inherited (and developed across word-boundaries) voiceless geminate stops, yielding the series /pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/.
271:
2514:
837:
2385:
89:
2446:
621:
open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (
61:
480:
435:
347:
There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨
1065:
Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an
68:
42:
1093:
397:
2507:
2429:
108:
75:
767:
718:
564:
525:
235:
3176:
378:
Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨
2764:
2538:
1158:
263:
176:
57:
2737:
46:
2078:, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of
2732:
2036:
2030:
2024:
251:
2325:
2321:
2317:
686:
have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for
2744:
2727:
2719:
2500:
2216:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2056:
2048:
2019:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1746:
1734:
1589:
1581:
1567:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1046:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
799:
754:
691:
687:
683:
679:
408:
404:
393:
379:
375:⟩, but they are usually transcribed and , with the details of voice onset time given numerically.
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
317:
313:
299:
291:
287:
275:
190:
186:
130:
2759:
2754:
2139:
1605:
283:
786:
737:
580:
541:
3024:
2749:
2671:
2616:
1066:
279:
2782:
2601:
2534:
2189:
1704:
836:, and some scholars interpret them as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops
1733:
have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and voiced aspirated, such as
1700:
2985:
2980:
2891:
2244:
2002:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1679:
994:
239:
82:
35:
2421:
1670:
1658:
3002:
2812:
2611:
2586:
2530:
1293:. Unaspirated consonants like and aspirated consonants like are separate phonemes, and words
998:
639:
Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in
172:
2059:, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.
2591:
2568:
2546:
675:
1026:
1022:
219:
3029:
2992:
2704:
2215:, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨
2177:
1710:
1215:, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.
247:
2300:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1864:
1858:
1852:
502:
496:
457:
451:
8:
2970:
2947:
2696:
2649:
2621:
2398:, 2006, "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited",
2239:
2075:
1718:
1340:
1294:
1018:
982:
682:
have voice onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, and
English aspirated
3171:
2965:
2798:
2606:
2563:
2414:
2047:
There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar
1952:
1742:
1050:
825:
243:
1495:
981:
Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's languages are stops and affricates,
3087:
3044:
2921:
2886:
2709:
2676:
2644:
2578:
2425:
2377:
1946:
1935:
1881:
1730:
1519:
1486:
1453:
1420:
1309:
1228:
1212:
1002:
803:
758:
644:
594:
555:
516:
471:
309:
305:
2461:
2184:⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨
3112:
3105:
2960:
2916:
2911:
2774:
2686:
2663:
2639:
2596:
2555:
2351:
2347:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2085:
Later, during the Koine and
Medieval Greek periods, the aspirated and voiced stops
1966:
1956:
1738:
1726:
1722:
1539:
1462:
1429:
1396:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1305:
1237:
1218:
1054:
1010:
829:
668:
640:
633:
626:
389:
2338:
Lisker and
Abramson (1964). "A cross-language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops".
3077:
2975:
2955:
2896:
2864:
2681:
2296:
2259:
2212:
2127:
2052:
1753:
1601:
1356:
1320:
1308:
have unaspirated as well as aspirated ; the latter series are usually viewed as
986:
908:
643:, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in
2156:
So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with
629:, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal folds close.
3049:
2380:
2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi,
2098:
1959:
have a three-way distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced, such as
1542:(Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance,
1364:
1332:
1324:
1286:
1232:
1224:
1030:
946:
648:
321:
238:
with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most
1764:, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated.
407:⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨
3165:
3135:
3095:
3072:
3039:
3012:
2254:
2234:
2157:
2151:
2106:
2007:
1926:
1872:
1824:
1597:
1227:
are aspirated for most native speakers when they are word-initial or begin a
950:
833:
791:
742:
614:
587:
548:
509:
464:
295:
267:
215:
2295:
1745:, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced:
1584:. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of
3145:
3064:
3054:
3034:
2487:
Fieldwork
Studies of Targeted Languages V: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
2395:
2135:
2102:
2090:
2071:
2044:) "smooth, rough, intermediate", respectively, by Koine Greek grammarians.
1577:
1513:
1480:
1447:
1414:
1014:
1006:
2420:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
392:
are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨
3150:
3140:
3130:
3017:
2874:
2229:
2165:
2067:
2063:
2015:
2011:
1593:
1231:. Pronouncing them as unaspirated in these positions, as is done by many
990:
622:
618:
400:
2933:
1691:
1573:
1531:
1203:
814:
606:
2018:
dialects, had a three-way distinction in stops like
Eastern Armenian:
3122:
2928:
2879:
2839:
2834:
2821:
2485:
Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P., "Variations and universals in VOT". In
2249:
2180:. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨
2161:
1757:
1328:
1221:
663:
231:
227:
223:
211:
203:
2462:"Phonetics and Phonology of Cypriot Geminates in Spontaneous Speech"
24:
2856:
2844:
2204:
2131:
1714:
1042:
973:
are pronounced preaspirated (, , , ) in medial or final position.
333:
182:
1033:, have as many as four contrastive aspirated fricatives , and .
2829:
1761:
1290:
651:, consonants are aspirated only when they are in final position.
329:
1247:
has unaspirated since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but
2492:
2299:; Barbara Blankenship; Russell G. Schuh, eds. (21 April 2009).
1784:
Voicing and aspiration in
Eastern Armenian stops and affricates
1551:
1274:
1367:
are languages that do not have phonetic aspirated consonants.
1277:
are slightly aspirated prevocalically in a stressed syllable.
1036:
266:(IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for
2869:
2208:
749:
431:
Aspiration of final stops and affricates in
Eastern Armenian
1949:
have aspirated stops, and some have breathy-voiced stops.
1741:
has lost voiced aspirated consonants, which resulted in a
2450:, Walter de Gruyter 2014. 3110261332, 9783110261332, p.66
2199:
Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨
1969:
has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced:
1211:
In some languages, stops are distinguished primarily by
2219:⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.
1600:: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as
1159:
Aspiration alternation in single-stem and compound word
214:
that accompanies either the release or, in the case of
714:
Gemination of aspirated consonants in
Eastern Armenian
1580:
has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates:
929:
1604:
cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or
1270:
Word-final voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated.
382:⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.
181:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2337:
2188:⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the
1251:has an aspirated middle because it is analyzed as
1089:
Aspiration and voicing of stops in American English
1053:, are extremely rare. They have been documented in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2413:
1837:Final voiced, voiceless, and aspirated velar stops
1392:Aspirated stops and affricates in Mandarin Chinese
481:Final voiceless and aspirated alveolar affricates
302:⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.
3163:
1041:True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to
195:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2055:, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop
891:
875:
858:
320:⟩, typically represent consonants with
2508:
2093:to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding
2364:Schwegler, Kempff & Ameal-Guerra (2010)
2632:
1663:
1651:
1037:Voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration
976:
953:, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes
838:contrast with double stops and single stops
340:, and breathy-voiced consonants are called
325:
308:are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for
16:Consonant followed by a strong burst of air
2515:
2501:
1977:corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated
2145:
813:When aspirated consonants are doubled or
436:Final aspirated and voiceless velar stops
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2126:sometimes refers to the sound change of
985:such as , and have been documented in
2459:
1297:by whether they have one or the other.
1045:(breathy-voice) consonants such as the
3164:
2411:
1677:"postpone, wood shop, branch, shield"
1518:
1485:
1452:
1419:
1289:, tenuis and aspirated consonants are
945:Preaspirated stops also occur in most
526:Final aspirated affricate–stop cluster
2496:
2416:The sounds of French: an introduction
1934:
1880:
1678:
802:
757:
593:
554:
515:
470:
1705:Dravidian languages § Phonology
1300:
185:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1618:
907:Preaspiration is also a feature of
13:
2117:
2062:The other Ancient Greek dialects,
1774:
1701:Indo-Aryan languages § Charts
1625:
1530:Problems playing these files? See
1382:
1202:Problems playing these files? See
1079:
704:
605:Problems playing these files? See
421:
336:, aspirated consonants are called
294:⟩ represents the voiceless
14:
3188:
2444:Frans Hinskens, Johan Taeldeman,
1989:corresponds to Eastern voiceless
565:Final aspirated stop–stop cluster
359:for light aspiration was ⟨
2522:
2051:. Earlier Greek, represented by
1895:
1841:
1793:
1690:Problems playing this file? See
1641:
1503:
1470:
1437:
1404:
1163:
1098:
820:
775:
726:
569:
530:
485:
440:
290:⟩. For instance, ⟨
257:
23:
2539:International Phonetic Alphabet
2366:Fonética y fonología españolas.
351:⟩ and aspirated ⟨
264:International Phonetic Alphabet
177:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
2453:
2438:
2405:
2389:
2371:
2358:
2352:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
2331:
2289:
2168:. The modifier letter ⟨
678:. The Spanish voiceless stops
1:
2479:
2112:
1973:. Western Armenian aspirated
1072:
2460:Loukina, Anastassia (2005).
1923:"left-hand, sale, brushwood"
1592:. These are pronounced with
1060:
667:Armenian or Cantonese. (See
414:
7:
2222:
2022:. These series were called
1927:
1873:
1825:
1767:
1514:
1481:
1448:
1415:
1370:
1285:In many languages, such as
1280:
792:
743:
697:
632:In some languages, such as
588:
549:
510:
465:
284:voiceless glottal fricative
10:
3193:
2149:
2130:, in which a consonant is
2035:
2029:
2023:
2000:
1698:
1375:
1315:
1049:that are common among the
1029:. Some languages, such as
316:⟩, such as ⟨
272:aspiration modifier letter
236:complementary distribution
3121:
3086:
3063:
3001:
2946:
2907:
2855:
2820:
2811:
2791:
2773:
2718:
2695:
2662:
2577:
2554:
2545:
2528:
2447:Language and space: Dutch
2082:in the Classical period.
1917:
1911:
1905:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1306:Alemannic German dialects
1263:has an aspirated initial
785:
736:
654:
579:
540:
501:
495:
456:
450:
155:
142:
137:
128:
123:
2412:Tranel, Bernard (1987).
2282:
2190:voiced glottal fricative
1996:
1752:Other languages such as
1680:[ʈalʈʰalɖalɖʱal]
1637:Retroflex stops in Hindi
977:Fricatives and sonorants
690:and 90, 95, and 125 for
226:. In English, aspirated
3177:Consonants by airstream
2272:(Unaspirated consonant)
2245:List of phonetic topics
2134:(weakened) to become a
2003:Ancient Greek phonology
1936:[dzɑχtsɑχtsʰɑχ]
1882:[tʰɑgtʰɑktʰɑkʰ]
995:Tibeto-Burman languages
674:Aspiration varies with
210:is the strong burst of
173:phonetic transcriptions
2531:Articulatory phonetics
2305:UCLA Phonetics Archive
2146:Breathy-voiced release
1821:"chisel, give!, sword"
1779:
1713:have aspirated stops.
1630:
1387:
1147:with partially voiced
1129:with partially voiced
1084:
999:Oto-Manguean languages
930:
892:
876:
859:
709:
617:are produced with the
426:
282:of the symbol for the
170:This article contains
2705:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2203:⟩ to murmured
1985:, and Western voiced
1869:"crown, mallet, only"
1778:
1629:
1386:
1083:
832:have consonants with
708:
676:place of articulation
556:[ɡəˈnɑt͡sʰkʰ]
517:[ɑjt͡sɑjt͡sʰ]
425:
371:⟩ and ⟨
330:grammatical tradition
240:South Asian languages
58:"Aspirated consonant"
3030:Labio-palatalization
2178:Indo-Aryan languages
2164:or vibration of the
1711:Indo-Aryan languages
983:aspirated fricatives
615:Voiceless consonants
367:⟩ or ⟨
312:followed by ⟨
268:voiceless consonants
250:, the difference is
248:East Asian languages
43:improve this article
2720:Double articulation
2400:Oceanic Linguistics
2368:John Wiley, 4th ed.
2240:Implosive consonant
1273:Voiceless stops in
1069:consonant cluster.
804:[kʲeˈtːsʰe]
338:voiceless aspirated
2042:psilá, daséa, mésa
1780:
1631:
1388:
1310:consonant clusters
1085:
1051:languages of India
949:. For example, in
710:
645:consonant clusters
595:[ɑˈʁɔtʰkʰ]
427:
3159:
3158:
3045:Pharyngealization
2942:
2941:
2807:
2806:
2765:Uvular–epiglottal
2658:
2657:
2378:Guillaume Jacques
1945:Most dialects of
1900:
1891:Dental affricates
1846:
1798:
1675:ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl
1646:
1508:
1475:
1442:
1409:
1301:Consonant cluster
1295:are distinguished
1229:stressed syllable
1189:) with aspirated
1176:with unaspirated
1168:
1138:with unaspirated
1120:with unaspirated
1103:
943:
942:
905:
904:
780:
768:Double aspirated
759:[ˈmekːʰa]
731:
719:Double aspirated
574:
535:
490:
472:[tɑkʰtɑk]
445:
390:tenuis consonants
310:voiced consonants
306:Voiced consonants
166:
165:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3184:
3113:Voice onset time
2818:
2817:
2738:Labial–retroflex
2630:
2629:
2552:
2551:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2384:121.9:1518–1538
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2316:word lists from
2315:
2313:
2311:
2297:Ladefoged, Peter
2293:
2276:Voice onset time
2270:Tenuis consonant
2265:Smooth breathing
2218:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2176:⟩ in the
2175:
2171:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2058:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2010:, including the
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:Western Armenian
1962:
1957:Eastern Armenian
1938:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1777:
1748:
1736:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1628:
1619:Indian languages
1591:
1586:muddy consonants
1583:
1569:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1540:Standard Chinese
1522:
1520:[tsʰɑʊ̀]
1517:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1385:
1238:Mandarin Chinese
1170:
1169:
1105:
1104:
1082:
1048:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
933:
914:
913:
895:
879:
862:
843:
842:
806:
801:
795:
789:
782:
781:
761:
756:
746:
740:
733:
732:
707:
693:
689:
685:
681:
669:voice onset time
641:Eastern Armenian
627:voice onset time
597:
591:
583:
576:
575:
558:
552:
544:
537:
536:
519:
513:
505:
499:
492:
491:
474:
468:
460:
454:
447:
446:
424:
410:
406:
395:
381:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
350:
342:voiced aspirated
319:
315:
301:
293:
289:
280:superscript form
277:
270:followed by the
192:
188:
159:
151:
146:
133:
132:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3117:
3082:
3059:
3004:
2997:
2938:
2903:
2851:
2803:
2787:
2769:
2733:Labial–alveolar
2714:
2691:
2672:Alveolo-palatal
2654:
2628:
2617:Palato-alveolar
2573:
2541:
2535:Co-articulation
2524:
2521:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2410:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2336:
2332:
2309:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2260:Rough breathing
2225:
2154:
2148:
2128:debuccalization
2120:
2118:Debuccalization
2115:
2089:of Attic Greek
2053:Mycenaean Greek
2012:Classical Attic
2005:
1999:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1874:t’ag t’ak t’ak’
1870:
1868:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1820:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1707:
1699:Main articles:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:[tsɑʊ̀]
1478:
1471:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1318:
1303:
1283:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1111:with aspirated
1106:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1039:
979:
909:Scottish Gaelic
823:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
798:
783:
776:
773:
764:
763:
762:
753:
734:
727:
724:
715:
711:
705:
700:
657:
612:
611:
603:
601:
600:
599:
598:
585:
577:
570:
567:
561:
560:
559:
546:
538:
531:
528:
522:
521:
520:
507:
493:
486:
483:
477:
476:
475:
462:
448:
441:
438:
432:
428:
422:
417:
322:murmured voiced
260:
200:
199:
198:
157:
149:
144:
129:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:Glottalization
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Palatalization
3022:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2783:Velopharyngeal
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Labial–palatal
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2728:Labial–coronal
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2602:Denti-alveolar
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2489:vol. 95. 1997.
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2452:
2437:
2430:
2404:
2388:
2370:
2357:
2330:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2150:Main article:
2147:
2144:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2001:Main article:
1998:
1995:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1826:dur, tur, t’ur
1802:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1687:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1527:
1512:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1454:[tʰân]
1446:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1325:Standard Dutch
1317:
1314:
1302:
1299:
1282:
1279:
1233:Indian English
1199:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1038:
1035:
978:
975:
947:Sami languages
941:
940:
937:
935:
925:
924:
921:
918:
903:
902:
899:
897:
887:
886:
883:
881:
871:
870:
867:
864:
854:
853:
850:
847:
822:
819:
784:
774:
766:
765:
735:
725:
717:
716:
713:
712:
703:
702:
701:
699:
696:
656:
653:
602:
578:
568:
563:
562:
539:
529:
524:
523:
494:
484:
479:
478:
449:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
420:
419:
418:
416:
413:
298:, and ⟨
259:
256:
193:⟩, see
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Uvularization
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:Labialization
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Coronal–velar
2758:
2756:
2755:Labial–uvular
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2431:0-521-31510-7
2427:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Preaspiration
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Breathy voice
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:breathy voice
2153:
2152:Breathy voice
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2110:
2108:
2107:Cypriot Greek
2104:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2076:Arcadocypriot
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Ancient Greek
2004:
1994:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1790:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1638:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:breathy voice
1595:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1521:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1483:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1421:[tân]
1417:
1401:
1400:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:and the word
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1095:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1031:Choni Tibetan
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
974:
952:
951:Northern Sami
948:
938:
936:
934:
932:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
915:
912:
910:
900:
898:
896:
894:
889:
888:
884:
882:
880:
878:
873:
872:
868:
865:
863:
861:
856:
855:
851:
848:
845:
844:
841:
839:
835:
834:preaspiration
831:
827:
821:Preaspiration
818:
816:
805:
800:/kʲetsʰˈtsʰe/
797:"long live!":
796:
794:
788:
772:
771:
760:
751:
747:
745:
739:
723:
722:
695:
677:
672:
670:
665:
662:Armenian and
660:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
608:
596:
592:
590:
582:
566:
557:
553:
551:
543:
527:
518:
514:
512:
506:"goat, visit"
504:
498:
482:
473:
469:
467:
459:
453:
437:
412:
402:
399:
391:
387:
383:
376:
358:
357:An old symbol
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:release (see
323:
311:
307:
303:
297:
296:bilabial stop
285:
281:
273:
269:
265:
258:Transcription
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:preaspiration
213:
209:
205:
196:
184:
180:
178:
174:
161:
154:
148:
141:
136:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3100:
3065:Tongue shape
3055:Nasalization
3035:Velarization
3005:articulation
2775:Pathological
2750:Labial–velar
2633:Active place
2612:Postalveolar
2587:Linguolabial
2523:Articulation
2486:
2468:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2396:Robert Blust
2391:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2291:
2198:
2160:, a type of
2155:
2136:glottal stop
2123:
2121:
2103:Modern Greek
2084:
2061:
2046:
2041:
2006:
1965:
1951:
1944:
1928:jax çax c’ax
1925:
1871:
1823:
1789:Dental stops
1751:
1708:
1689:
1674:
1610:
1606:
1585:
1578:Southern Min
1572:
1563:
1555:
1538:
1529:
1497:
1464:
1463:Unaspirated
1431:
1398:
1397:Unaspirated
1365:Modern Greek
1319:
1304:
1284:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1094:Labial stops
1064:
1040:
980:
944:
928:
906:
890:
874:
857:
824:
812:
790:
769:
741:
720:
673:
661:
658:
638:
631:
613:
604:
586:
547:
508:
463:
461:"hot, under"
396:⟩, a
385:
384:
377:
346:
341:
337:
304:
278:⟩, a
261:
207:
201:
189:and ⟨
171:
105:
99:January 2009
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2875:Approximant
2592:Interdental
2569:Labiodental
2346:: 384–422.
2310:20 February
2230:Aspirated h
2166:vocal folds
2016:Koine Greek
1981:and voiced
1743:tone system
1566:represents
1558:represents
991:Xuanzhou Wu
623:modal voice
619:vocal folds
401:equals sign
398:superscript
386:Unaspirated
252:contrastive
244:Indian ones
242:(including
3166:Categories
3003:Secondary
2993:Percussive
2961:Ingressive
2934:Continuant
2480:References
2471:: 263–270.
2207:, such as
2196:⟩.
2124:aspiration
2113:Other uses
1719:Hindustani
1692:media help
1574:Wu Chinese
1532:media help
1496:Aspirated
1430:Aspirated
1341:Portuguese
1204:media help
1073:Allophonic
1067:underlying
1021:languages
1017:, and the
755:/ˈmekʰkʰa/
607:media help
411:⟩.
403:: ⟨
355:⟩.
328:). In the
232:allophones
228:consonants
224:obstruents
208:aspiration
150:ʰ
69:newspapers
3172:Phonetics
3123:Phonation
3101:Aspirated
3096:Voiceless
2971:Implosive
2956:Egressive
2948:Airstream
2929:Occlusive
2880:Semivowel
2840:Fricative
2835:Affricate
2822:Obstruent
2697:Laryngeal
2650:Subapical
2622:Retroflex
2250:Phonation
2205:sonorants
2162:phonation
2140:fricative
2122:The term
1953:Classical
1758:Malayalam
1548:/t͡st͡sʰ/
1329:Afrikaans
1222:voiceless
1187:dis-taste
1061:Phonology
1027:Ventureño
1023:Barbareño
1019:Chumashan
1013:language
1005:language
826:Icelandic
815:geminated
793:kets’ts’e
664:Cantonese
415:Phonetics
204:phonetics
145:(decimal)
124:Aspirated
3018:Rounding
2986:Ejective
2981:Pulmonic
2966:Ejective
2892:Tap/flap
2857:Sonorant
2845:Sibilant
2799:Bidental
2607:Alveolar
2564:Bilabial
2301:"Korean"
2223:See also
2192:⟨
2099:Medieval
2049:/pʰtʰkʰ/
1947:Armenian
1768:Armenian
1735:/ppʰbbʱ/
1731:Gujarati
1715:Sanskrit
1371:Examples
1291:phonemic
1281:Phonemic
1249:distaste
1183:distaste
1043:murmured
923:Meaning
901:opening
852:Meaning
698:Doubling
692:/pʰtʰkʰ/
584:"prayer"
511:ayc ayc’
466:tak’ tak
334:Sanskrit
286:⟨
274:⟨
222:of some
187:/ /
183:Help:IPA
156:Unicode
138:Encoding
3136:Breathy
2922:Lateral
2887:Vibrant
2830:Plosive
2710:Glottal
2677:Palatal
2645:Laminal
2579:Coronal
2469:CamLing
2132:lenited
2091:lenited
1762:Kannada
1739:Punjabi
1727:Marathi
1723:Bengali
1602:initial
1588:, like
1376:Chinese
1361:Latvian
1353:Russian
1349:Spanish
1345:Italian
1337:Finnish
1316:Absence
1245:distend
1219:English
1213:voicing
1174:distend
1055:Kelabit
1003:Hmongic
997:, some
830:Faroese
744:Mek’k’a
589:aġot’k’
550:gnac’k’
545:"train"
262:In the
220:closure
175:in the
143:Entity
83:scholar
3146:Creaky
3106:Tenuis
3073:Sulcal
2917:Rhotic
2912:Liquid
2813:Manner
2687:Uvular
2664:Dorsal
2640:Apical
2597:Dental
2556:Labial
2428:
2424:–130.
2402:45:311
2382:Lingua
2213:nasals
2209:vowels
2074:, and
2072:Aeolic
2020:/ttʰd/
1961:/ttʰd/
1760:, and
1754:Telugu
1747:/ppʰb/
1729:, and
1703:, and
1613:) tone
1582:/ppʰb/
1562:, and
1552:pinyin
1357:Polish
1321:French
1275:Pashto
1011:Siouan
1009:, the
1001:, the
987:Korean
655:Degree
634:Navajo
365:kʰ kʰʰ
246:) and
218:, the
212:breath
191:
162:U+02B0
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3151:Stiff
3141:Slack
3131:Modal
3088:Voice
3078:Domed
2976:Click
2897:Trill
2870:Vowel
2865:Nasal
2792:Other
2682:Velar
2547:Place
2465:(PDF)
2283:Notes
2087:/tʰd/
2068:Doric
2064:Ionic
2057:/kʷʰ/
2031:δασέα
1997:Greek
1971:/tʰd/
1709:Many
1607:light
1594:slack
1550:. In
1544:/ttʰ/
1333:Tamil
1287:Hindi
1261:taste
1257:taste
1225:stops
917:Word
885:hoax
869:zeal
846:Word
787:կեցցե
750:Mecca
738:Մեքքա
688:/ptk/
684:/ptk/
680:/ptk/
649:Wahgi
647:. In
581:աղոթք
542:գնացք
326:below
179:(IPA)
158:(hex)
90:JSTOR
76:books
2426:ISBN
2340:Word
2326:1975
2322:1966
2318:1977
2312:2015
2211:and
2101:and
2095:/θð/
2080:/tʰ/
2037:μέσα
2025:ψιλά
2014:and
1979:/tʰ/
1975:/tʰ/
1955:and
1817:թուր
1811:տուր
1805:դուր
1611:yáng
1576:and
1568:/tʰ/
1363:and
1253:dis-
1118:spin
1025:and
989:and
967:/tʃ/
963:/ts/
939:cat
920:IPA
877:gabb
866:or
860:kapp
849:IPA
828:and
770:c’c’
721:k’k’
230:are
62:news
2422:129
2348:doi
2138:or
2097:in
1991:/t/
1987:/d/
1983:/d/
1919:ցախ
1913:ծախ
1907:ձախ
1865:թաք
1859:թակ
1853:թագ
1671:ढाल
1665:डाल
1659:ठाल
1653:टाल
1609:(陽
1596:or
1590:/b/
1560:/t/
1515:cǎo
1482:zǎo
1449:tàn
1416:dàn
1145:nib
1136:nip
1127:bin
1109:pin
1015:Ofo
1007:Hmu
971:/k/
959:/t/
955:/p/
931:cat
893:gap
671:.)
503:այց
497:այծ
458:տակ
452:տաք
388:or
332:of
234:in
202:In
45:by
3168::
2537:–
2533:–
2467:.
2344:20
2342:.
2324:,
2320:,
2303:.
2217:◌ʱ
2201:◌̤
2186:bʱ
2182:b̤
2174:bʰ
2170:◌ʰ
2142:.
2105:.
2070:,
2066:,
2034:,
2028:,
1993:.
1963:.
1916:,
1910:,
1862:,
1856:,
1814:,
1808:,
1756:,
1749:.
1737:.
1725:,
1721:,
1717:,
1668:,
1662:,
1656:,
1615:.
1570:.
1546:,
1498:ts
1465:ts
1359:,
1355:,
1351:,
1347:,
1343:,
1339:,
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1323:,
1312:.
1267:.
1255:+
1240:.
1057:.
1047:,,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
911::
840::
752:":
694:.
500:,
455:,
405:t˭
394:◌˭
380:ʰp
373:kʰ
369:kʻ
353:kʰ
344:.
318:bʰ
314:◌ʰ
300:pʰ
276:◌ʰ
254:.
206:,
131:◌ʰ
2516:e
2509:t
2502:v
2434:.
2354:.
2350::
2328:.
2314:.
2194:ɦ
2040:(
1932::
1878::
1694:.
1564:t
1556:d
1534:.
1432:t
1399:t
1265:t
1206:.
1193::
1191:t
1185:(
1180:,
1178:t
1151::
1149:b
1142:,
1140:p
1133:,
1131:b
1124:,
1122:p
1115:,
1113:p
748:"
609:.
409:t
361:ʻ
349:k
292:p
288:h
197:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
