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evening consultation. In the early morning of
September 13, McKinley suffered a collapse. Urgent word to return to Buffalo was sent to Vice President Roosevelt, 12 mi (19 km) from the nearest telegraph or telephone in the Adirondack wilderness; a park ranger was sent to find him. Specialists were summoned; although at first some doctors hoped that McKinley might survive with a weakened heart, by afternoon they knew the case was hopeless. As yet unknown to the doctors, gangrene was growing on the walls of his stomach and toxins were passing into his blood. McKinley drifted in and out of consciousness all day; when awake he was the model patient. By evening, McKinley too knew he was dying, "It is useless, gentlemen. I think we ought to have prayer." His friends and family were admitted, and the First Lady sobbed over him, "I want to go, too. I want to go, too." Her husband replied, "We are all going, we are all going. God's will be done, not ours" and with final strength put an arm around her. He may also have sung part of his favorite hymn, "
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819:, was in Niagara Falls, performing a delicate neck operation. When interrupted during the procedure on September 6 to be told he was needed in Buffalo, he responded that he could not leave, even for the President of the United States. He was then told who had been shot. Park, two weeks later, would save the life of a woman who suffered injuries almost identical to McKinley's. The first physician to arrive at the hospital was Herman Mynter, whom the President had met briefly the previous day; the wounded McKinley (who had a good memory for faces) joked that when he had met Mynter, he had not expected to need his professional services. As McKinley lay on the operating table, he stated of Czolgosz, "He didn't know, poor fellow, what he was doing. He couldn't have known." With Park unavailable and with the fading afternoon light the major source of illumination in the operating room, upon the arrival of another surgeon,
782:, who was accompanied by her mother, asked McKinley for the red carnation he always wore on his lapel. The President gave it to her, then resumed work without his trademark good-luck piece. The Secret Service men looked suspiciously on a tall, swarthy man who appeared restless as he walked towards the President, but he shook hands with McKinley without incident and began to move towards the exit. The usual rule that those who approached the President must do so with their hands open and empty was not being enforced, perhaps due to the heat of the day, as several people were using handkerchiefs to wipe their brows; the man who followed the swarthy individual had his right hand wrapped in one, as if injured. Seeing this, McKinley reached for his left hand instead. As the two men's hands touched at 4:07 p.m., Czolgosz shot McKinley twice in the abdomen with a .32
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because of
Cortelyou's security concerns. Babcock was made nervous by a joke at lunch in an Exposition restaurant that the President might be shot during the reception. He had arranged for a dozen artillerymen to attend the reception in full-dress uniform, intending to use them as decoration. Instead, he had them stand in the aisle with instructions to close on any suspicious-looking person who might approach the President. These men were not trained in police work, and served to crowd the area in front of the President and obstruct the views of the detectives and Secret Service. At such events, Foster usually stood just to the left and behind McKinley. Milburn wished to stand to McKinley's left to be able to introduce anyone he knew in the line to the President, and Foster and another agent instead stood across the aisle from McKinley.
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Esplanade, in the heart of the fair, and had doorways on each of its four sides. In addition to rows of chairs on the floor of the hall, it had spacious galleries. Babcock spent the morning of
September 6 making some physical arrangements for the reception. Floor seating was removed to create a broad aisle, running from the east doors through which the public would be admitted, to where McKinley would stand. Once members of the public shook hands with McKinley, they would continue on to exit the building. An American flag was draped behind the President, both to screen him from behind and for decoration – several potted plants were arrayed around his place to create an attractive scene. Besides its utility for other purposes, the ornate building was one of the architectural features of the fair.
593:, who, concerned for the President's security, twice tried to remove it from the program. McKinley restored it every time; he wished to support the fair (he agreed with its theme of hemispheric cooperation), enjoyed meeting people, and was not afraid of potential assassins. When Cortelyou asked McKinley a final time to remove the event from the schedule, the President responded, "Why should I? No one would wish to hurt me." Cortelyou warned McKinley that many would be disappointed since the President would not have time to shake hands with all who would line up to meet him. McKinley responded, "Well, they'll know I tried, anyhow." Unable to persuade the President to alter his schedule, Cortelyou telegraphed to authorities in Buffalo, asking them to arrange extra security.
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in his head. He came to see her at her
Chicago home in July as she was about to depart on a trip to Buffalo to see the fair, and the two anarchists rode together to the train station. Goldman expressed concern to another radical that Czolgosz (who was using the alias Fred Nieman) was following her around; soon after, he apparently departed Chicago. William Arntz, a worker at a park in Canton, stated that he had seen a man resembling Czolgosz in mid-1901, when the President was staying at home and sometimes visiting the park. The man was wearing two guns, and when Arntz reminded him that firearms were not permitted outside the park's shooting range, responded dismissively. Arntz sought the police, but the man was never found.
774:" as McKinley ordered the doors open to admit those who had waited to greet him. The police let them in, and McKinley prepared to perform his "favorite part of the job". An experienced politician, McKinley could shake hands with 50 people per minute, gripping their hands first so as to both guide them past him quickly and prevent his fingers from being squeezed. Cortelyou anxiously watched the time; about halfway through the ten minutes allotted, he sent word to Babcock to have the doors closed when the presidential secretary raised his hand. Seeing Cortelyou looking at his watch, Babcock moved towards the doors. As the reception continued, the organist played works by
854:. With McKinley in a weakened condition, Mann could do little probing of the wound to try to find the bullet; his work was complicated by the fact that the President was obese. The surgeon made an incision in the President's skin, and found and removed a small piece of cloth which was embedded in the flesh. He probed with his finger and hand, finding damage to the digestive system – the stomach displayed both an entry and exit wound. Mann sewed up both holes in the organ, but could not find the bullet itself; he concluded it had lodged in the President's back muscles. He later wrote, "A bullet once it ceases to move does little harm." A primitive
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with rifle butts. He was heard to say, "I done my duty." McKinley staggered backwards and to the right, but was prevented from falling by
Cortelyou, Milburn, and Detective Geary; they guided him across some fallen bunting to a chair. The President tried to convince Cortelyou he was not seriously injured, but blood was visible as he tried to expose his injury. Seeing the pummeling being taken by Czolgosz, McKinley ordered it stopped. Czolgosz was dragged away, but not before being searched by Agent Foster. When Czolgosz kept turning his head to watch the President while being searched, Foster struck him to the ground with one punch.
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961:", although other accounts have her singing it softly to him. Ida McKinley was led away, her place briefly taken by Senator Hanna. Morgan recounts their final encounter, "Sometime that terrible evening, Mark Hanna had approached the bedside, tears standing in his eyes, his hands and head shaking in disbelief that thirty years of friendship could end thus." When a tentative, formal greeting gained no coherent response, Hanna "cried out over the years of friendship, 'William, William, don't you know me?'"
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reception at the Temple of Music. Ida McKinley had originally intended to accompany her husband to the auditorium, but as she was not fully recovered, she decided to return to the
Milburn House to rest. As the time allotted for the reception had been pared down to ten minutes, the President did not expect to be separated from his wife for long. As it was only 3:30 p.m., McKinley stopped for refreshments at the Mission Building before proceeding to the Temple of Music.
496:, passed during his first year in office, had helped the nation reach prosperity, McKinley planned to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. This would open foreign markets to United States manufacturers that had dominated the domestic market thanks to the tariff, and who sought to expand. During a long trip planned for the months after his inauguration, he intended to make major speeches promoting this plan, culminating in a visit and address at the
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what had occurred. As McKinley was carried out on a stretcher to an electric-powered ambulance, there was a moan from the crowd at the sight of the
President's ashen face. Foster rode with him on the way to the fair's hospital. On the way there, McKinley felt in his clothing and came out with a metal object. "I believe that is a bullet." McKinley had been shot twice; one bullet had deflected off a button and only grazed him; the other had penetrated his abdomen.
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crowd overflowed into the nearby Court of the
Fountains. Of the 116,000 fairgoers that day, about 50,000 are believed to have attended McKinley's speech. The route between the Milburn House and the site of the speech was packed with spectators; McKinley's progress by carriage to the fair with his wife was accompanied by loud cheering. He ascended to a stand overlooking the Esplanade, and after a brief introduction by Milburn, began to speak.
1036:"place in the community, rather than an effort to spare his client the electric chair". After a bare half-hour of deliberations (which a jury member later remarked would have actually been sooner, if not examining the evidence), the jury convicted Czolgosz; he was subsequently sentenced to death and executed by electric chair on October 29, 1901. Acid was placed in the casket to dissolve his body, before burial in the prison graveyard.
315:, a political philosophy adhered to by recent assassins of foreign leaders. He regarded McKinley as a symbol of oppression and was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. He was unable to get near the president during an earlier visit, but he shot him twice as McKinley reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.
612:. He proposed trade arrangements which would allow U.S. manufacturers new markets. "The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable." The crowd greeted his speech with loud applause; at its conclusion, the President escorted Ida McKinley back to her carriage as she was to return to the Milburn House while he saw the sights at the fair.
945:. It was not used on the President; sources vary on why this was – Leech stated that the machine, which she says was procured by Cortelyou and accompanied by a trained operator, was not used on orders of the doctors in charge of McKinley's case. Miller recounts that doctors attempted to test it on a man of about McKinley's size, but it proved to be missing a crucial part, much to Edison's embarrassment.
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Vice
President Roosevelt (who had been in Vermont), much of the Cabinet, and Senator Hanna hurried to Buffalo. Cortelyou continued to issue encouraging bulletins. The President was permitted few visitors, and complained of loneliness. As the crisis seemed to have passed, dignitaries started to leave on September 9, confident of the President's recovery. Roosevelt left for a vacation in the
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the people: the federal simplicity that would not be seen again in
Washington ... old men came to the on errands of state and politics, but their primacy was disputed by the young men crowding forward. The nation felt another leadership, nervous, aggressive, and strong. Under command of a bold young captain, America set sail on the stormy voyage of the twentieth century.
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McKinley would not survive the day of his shooting were allayed by reassuring bulletins issued by Cortelyou based on information from the doctors. Large, threatening crowds assembled outside Buffalo police headquarters where Czolgosz was brought. Word that he had admitted to being an anarchist led to attacks on others of that belief: one was nearly lynched in Pittsburgh.
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windows in the train, unnerving the First Lady. About a dozen people on the platform, believing the damage was caused by a bomb, shouted "Anarchists!" As William McKinley stepped down from the train to the official welcome, Czolgosz shoved his way forward in the crowd, but found the President too well guarded to make an attempt on his life.
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mind when McKinley concluded his speech and disappeared behind security guards. Nevertheless, he attempted to follow McKinley as the President began his tour of the fair, but was thrust back by officers. Czolgosz saw no further chance at getting close to the President that day, and he returned to his $ 2/week rented room above a saloon.
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guarded by soldiers and police, but still tried to interact with the public, encouraging those who tried to run to him by noticing them, and bowing to a group of loud young popcorn sellers. He made an unscheduled stop for coffee at the Porto Rican Building before returning to the Milburn House in the late afternoon.
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from Niagara Falls; he was unwilling to interfere and at 5:20, McKinley was given another shot of painkiller and allowed to awaken. He was taken to the Milburn House by the electric ambulance. The First Lady had not been told of the President's shooting; once the surgery was complete, the presidential physician,
585:, and, on his return to Buffalo, meet the public at the Temple of Music on the Exposition grounds. Part of the reason for bringing McKinley repeatedly to the fair was to swell the gate receipts; the popular President's visit was heavily advertised. The public reception at the Temple of Music was disliked by
850:, a Swiss surgeon, had been the first to successfully operate on a patient who had received such a wound. To increase the lighting, sunlight was reflected onto the wound by another physician; towards the end of the surgery, an electric light was rigged. The hospital lacked basic surgical equipment such as
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and his co-counsel called no witnesses, which Lewis in his closing argument attributed to Czolgosz's refusal to cooperate with them. In his 27-minute address to the jury, Lewis took pains to praise President McKinley; Miller notes that the closing argument was more calculated to defend the attorney's
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His hearty constitution, everyone said, would see him through. The doctors seemed hopeful, even confident ... It is difficult to understand the cheer with which they viewed their patient. He was nearly sixty years old, overweight, and the wound itself had not been thoroughly cleaned or traced.
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Despite a Cortelyou warning to the organizers that she might not attend due to her delicate health, Ida McKinley had been present at a luncheon in her honor by the Exposition's Board of Lady Managers, and after dinner, the President and First Lady returned to the fairgrounds, pausing at the Triumphal
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At the Milburn House, McKinley seemed to be recovering. On Saturday, September 7, McKinley was relaxed and conversational. His wife was allowed to see him, as was Cortelyou; the President asked his secretary, "How did they like my speech?" and was pleased on hearing of positive reactions. Meanwhile,
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Throughout the afternoon, crowds had filled the floor outside the blocked-off aisle, and the galleries as well, wanting to see the President, even if they could not greet him. McKinley arrived just on time, glanced at the arrangements, and walked over to his place, where he stood with Milburn on his
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On the morning of Friday, September 6, 1901, McKinley dressed formally as usual, then departed the Milburn House for a stroll through the neighborhood. The President nearly slipped away unguarded; when the police and soldiers noticed him leaving, they hurried after him. Czolgosz also rose early with
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The new President was in office. The republic still lived. Yet, for a space, Americans turned from the challenge and the strangeness of the future. Entranced and regretful, they remembered McKinley's firm, unquestioning faith, his kindly, frock-coated dignity; his accessibility and dedication to
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was taken, and private services took place in the Milburn House before the body was moved to Buffalo City and County Hall for the start of five days of national mourning. McKinley's body was ceremoniously taken from Buffalo to Washington, and then to Canton. On the day of the funeral, September 19,
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At 2:15 a.m. on Saturday, September 14, 1901, President McKinley died. At the time of McKinley's death, Roosevelt was on his return journey to Buffalo, racing over the mountain roads by carriage to the nearest railroad station, where a special train was waiting. When he reached that station at
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McKinley had been given nutritive enemas; on September 11, he took some broth by mouth. When it seemed to do him good, the following morning they allowed him toast, coffee, and chicken broth. His subsequent pain was diagnosed as indigestion; he was given purgatives and most doctors left after their
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Within minutes of the shots, the news was conveyed around the world by telegraph wire, in time for the late newspaper editions in the United States. In the era before radio, thousands stood in cities across the country outside newspaper offices, awaiting the latest bulletin from Buffalo. Fears that
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After stopping the beating of Czolgosz, McKinley's next concern was for his wife, urging Cortelyou, "My wife – be careful, Cortelyou, how you tell her – oh, be careful." The initial crowd reaction had been panic, and an attempt to flee the hall, which was frustrated by others surging inwards to see
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who had been behind Czolgosz in line, slammed into the assassin, reaching for the gun. A split second after Parker struck Czolgosz, so did Buffalo detective John Geary and one of the artillerymen, Francis O'Brien. Czolgosz disappeared beneath a pile of men, some of whom were punching or hitting him
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Czolgosz, gun in his pocket, had arrived early at the fair, and was quite close to the podium before McKinley arrived. He considered shooting the President during his speech, but felt he could not be certain of hitting his target; he was also being jostled by the crowd. Czolgosz had not made up his
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in May 1901 in Cleveland: he approached her before the speech and asked her to recommend books on anarchism; she obliged. The talk, in which Goldman did not advocate violence but expressed understanding for those driven to it, was a great influence on Czolgosz; he later stated that her words burned
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He, the said William McKinley, from the said sixth day of September, in the year aforesaid, until the fourteenth day of September, in the same year aforesaid, in the city and county aforesaid, did languish and languishing did live; on which said last mentioned day he, the said William McKinley, of
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was on display at the fair but was not used on McKinley; Mann later stated that its use might have disturbed the patient and done little good. He used black silk thread to stitch the incision and wound, without drainage, and covered the area with a bandage. As the operation concluded, Park arrived
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revolver. He had as yet no clear plan for the assassination of the President. The following day, William and Ida McKinley arrived in Buffalo by train. The cannon that fired a salute to the President on his arrival in the city had been set too close to the track, and the explosions blew out several
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became seriously ill, and for a time was thought to be dying. She recovered in San Francisco, but her husband canceled the remainder of the tour and the McKinleys returned to Washington. The speech at the Exposition was postponed until September 5, after McKinley spent some weeks in Washington and
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On the morning of Thursday, September 5, the fair gates were opened at 6:00 a.m. to allow the crowds to enter early and seek good spots to witness the President's speech. The Esplanade, the large space near the Triumphal Bridge where the President was to speak, was filled with fairgoers; the
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When given the opportunity to host a public reception for President McKinley, fair organizers chose to site it in the Temple of Music – Louis L. Babcock, grand marshal of the Exposition, regarded the building as ideal for the purpose. The large auditorium was located close to the
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McKinley toured the pavilions of other Western Hemisphere nations, attracting crowds and applause wherever he went. He presided over a luncheon at the New York State Building (now The Buffalo History Museum), and attended a by-invitation-only reception at the Government Building. He was heavily
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Considerable arrangements had been made for the President's security. Exposition police were stationed at the doors; detectives from the Buffalo police guarded the aisle. In addition to McKinley's usual Secret Service agent, George Foster, two other agents had been assigned to the Buffalo trip
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and spent much of his time reading. Czolgosz then left for Cleveland, though what he did there is uncertain; he may have picked up anarchist literature or procured more money. After Cleveland, Czolgosz went to Chicago, where he saw a newspaper mention of President McKinley's impending visit to
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after penetrating a corner of the left kidney. There was also damage to the adrenal glands and pancreas. Mynter, who participated in the autopsy, later stated his belief that the bullet lodged somewhere in the back muscles, though this is uncertain as it was never found. After four hours, Ida
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The ambulance carrying McKinley reached the Exposition hospital at 4:25 p.m. Although it usually dealt only with the minor medical issues of fairgoers, the hospital did have an operating theatre. At the time of the shooting, no fully qualified doctor was at the hospital, only nurses and
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before joining his wife for lunch. After smoking a cigar on the veranda, the President rode with his wife to the train which now awaited them nearby, and saw her settled there before touring the hydroelectric plant at the Falls. The train then returned to Buffalo so McKinley could attend the
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during the interrogation; authorities arrested her family to give her incentive to turn herself in, which she did on September 10. She spent nearly three weeks in jail; she, like all other arrestees thought to have conspired with Czolgosz, was released without charge. Anarchist colonies and
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Czolgosz went on trial for the murder of McKinley in state court in Buffalo on September 23, 1901, nine days after the president died. Prosecution testimony took two days and consisted principally of the doctors who treated McKinley and various eyewitnesses to the shooting. Defense attorney
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The aftermath of the assassination saw a backlash against anarchists; the Buffalo police announced soon after the shooting that they believed Czolgosz had not acted alone, and several anarchists were arrested on suspicion of involvement in the attack. Czolgosz mentioned his contacts with
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It was in my heart, there was no escape for me. I could not have conquered it had my life been at stake. There were thousands of people in town on Tuesday. I heard it was President's Day. All those people seemed bowing to the great ruler. I made up my mind to kill that ruler.
507:, and their official party left Washington on April 29 for a tour of the nation by train, scheduled to conclude in Buffalo for a speech on what had been designated as "President's Day". He met with rapturous receptions in the Far West, where many had never seen a president. In
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The "last posed photograph" of President McKinley, taken in the Government Building on September 5, 1901, the day before his assassination. Left to right: Mrs. John Miller Horton, Chairwoman of the Entertainment Committee of the Woman's Board of Managers; John G. Milburn;
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as McKinley was taken from his home on North Market Street for the last time, all activity ceased in the nation for five minutes. Trains came to a halt, telephone and telegraph service was stopped. Leech stated, "the people bowed in homage to the President who was gone".
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According to McKinley biographer Margaret Leech, McKinley's apparent recovery "was merely the resistance of his strong body to the gangrene that was creeping along the bullet's track through the stomach, the pancreas, and one kidney". Another X-ray machine was sent from
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the intent of lining up for the public reception at the Temple of Music; he reached the Exposition gates at 8:30 a.m., in time to see the President pass in his carriage en route to the train station for the visit to Niagara Falls. The McKinleys traveled by train to
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After McKinley's murder, newspaper editorials across the country heavily criticized the lack of protection afforded to American presidents. Though it still lacked any legislative mandate, by 1902, the Secret Service (a unit of the Treasury) was protecting President
1023:(fatty degeneration of the heart muscle). This would have weakened his heart and made him less able to recover from such an injury, and was thought to be related to his overweight frame and lack of exercise. Modern scholars generally believe that McKinley died of
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factory until he lost his job in a labor dispute in 1893. Thereafter, he worked irregularly and attended political and religious meetings, trying to understand the reasons for the economic turmoil of the Panic of 1893. In doing so, he became interested in
823:, the decision was made to operate at once to try to remove the remaining bullet. Mynter had given McKinley an injection of morphine and strychnine to ease his pain; Mann (a noted gynecologist without experience in abdominal wounds) administered
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Later in the summer, Czolgosz moved to Buffalo, though his reasons for doing so are not known. Author and journalist Scott Miller speculated that he may have chosen Buffalo because of its large Polish population. He boarded in the suburb of
578:. Upon arrival in Buffalo, the presidential party was driven through the fairgrounds on the way to the Milburn House, pausing for a moment at the Triumphal Bridge at the Exposition so the visitors could look upon the fair's attractions.
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overlooking the Falls, though McKinley was careful not to enter Canada for reasons of protocol. It was a hot day, and Ida McKinley felt ill due to the heat; she was driven to the International Hotel to await her husband, who toured
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Buffalo. He returned to Buffalo, as yet uncertain of what he would do; at first, he only sought to be near the man who to him embodied injustice. On Tuesday, September 3, he made up his mind. Czolgosz later stated to the police:
869:] Falls this morning. My Dearest was receiving in a public hall on our return, when he was shot by a ... " Leech, in her biography of President McKinley, suggests that the First Lady could not write the word, "anarchist".
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newspapers were attacked by vigilantes; although no one was killed, there was considerable property damage. Fear of anarchists led to surveillance programs which were eventually consolidated in 1908 as the
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Czolgosz had lived on his parents' farm near Cleveland beginning in 1898, working little – he may have suffered a nervous breakdown. He is known to have attended a speech by anarchist
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after expressing outrage that Czolgosz might serve only a few years under New York State law for attempted murder, the maximum penalty for attempted murder in New York at that time being ten years.
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Bridge to watch the fair illuminated by electricity as the sun set. They went by boat to the Life Saving Station to view the fireworks from there before returning to the Milburn House.
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two months in Canton. He used his time in his Ohio home working on the Buffalo speech and in supervising improvements to his house. He intended to remain based in Canton until October.
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An autopsy was performed later on the morning of McKinley's death; Mann led a team of 14 physicians. They found the bullet had passed through the stomach, then through the
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McKinley's trip to Buffalo was part of a planned ten-day absence from Canton, beginning on September 4, 1901, which was to include a visit in Cleveland to an encampment of the
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446:. Anarchists had taken a toll in Europe by assassinating or attempting assassinations of a half-dozen officials and members of royal houses, and had been blamed for the 1886
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Library of Congress. Includes motion picture clips of McKinley's funeral train, McKinley at the Exposition, and the crowd outside the Temple of Music after the shooting.
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While in Buffalo, McKinley had two days of events: On Thursday, September 5, he was to deliver his address and then tour the fair. The following day, he was to visit
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feared that an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music and took it off the schedule twice, but McKinley restored it each time.
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immigrants. The Czolgosz family moved several times as Paul Czolgosz, Leon's father, sought work throughout the Midwest. As an adult, Leon Czolgosz worked in a
471:, he often walked to church or the business district without protection, and in Washington went on drives with his wife without any guard in the carriage.
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924:. He arrived on September 10; met at the station by Babcock with an account of the President's recovery, Hay responded that the President would die.
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Scene of the shooting inside the Temple of Music. The spot where McKinley was shot is marked with an X, near the bottom-right corner of the picture.
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As onlookers gazed in horror, and as McKinley lurched forward a step, Czolgosz prepared to take a third shot. He was prevented from doing so when
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370:, "it looked as if the McKinley Administration would continue peaceably unbroken for another four years, a government devoted to prosperity".
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After the McKinley assassination, a Pinkerton man proposed creating a new government agency dedicated to eradicating the nation's radicals.
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624:, the Mexican Ambassador; the President; George B. Cortelyou, the President's secretary; Col. John H. Bingham of the Government Board.
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467:. Even considering this history, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people. When in his hometown,
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The Temple of Music, as seen on a post card. Like most of the Exposition's structures, it was removed after the Exposition closed.
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McKinley enjoyed meeting the public and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office. Secretary to the President
570:. On Saturday, September 7, they were to travel to Cleveland and stay first at the home of businessman and future Ohio governor
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1073:. Anti-anarchist laws passed in the wake of the assassination lay dormant for some years before being used during and after
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396:, by pushing for his nomination as vice president. Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinley's ticket.
863:, gently told her what had occurred. Ida McKinley took the news calmly; she wrote in her diary, "Went to Niagra [
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In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president. Elected in 1896, during the serious
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McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but his conditions deteriorated on September 13 as his wounds became
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778:. The procession of citizens shaking hands with their President was interrupted when 12-year-old Myrtle Ledger of
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273:, on September 6, 1901, six months into his second term. He was shaking hands with the public when an anarchist,
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veteran. The McKinleys stayed in Buffalo at the Milburn House, the large home of the Exposition's president,
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In addition to the damage done by the bullet, the autopsy also found that the President was suffering from
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be charged with protecting the President. In 1906, Congress passed legislation officially designating the
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846:
or other infection, with doctors able to do little more than ease pain. Only seventeen years previously,
749:
detailed the shooting – "How the Deed Was Done" – on its September 7 cover.
3175:
666:
563:
559:
214:
2831:
3280:
3206:
3195:
3090:
2958:
2912:
542:
On September 3, Czolgosz went to Walbridge's Hardware Store on Buffalo's Main Street and purchased a
439:
3292:
993:
From the indictment by the grand jury of the County Court of Erie County for first-degree murder in
740:
48:
3060:
2981:
771:
355:
1471:
3147:
3085:
1486:
958:
820:
662:
497:
262:
77:
60:
with a revolver concealed under a cloth rag on September 6, 1901, depicted in an illustration by
3070:
2859:
2850:
2835:
1625:
816:
779:
671:
351:
224:
175:
1 (McKinley; died on September 14, 1901 as a result of initial injury and subsequent infection)
3033:
812:
790:
775:
574:, a friend of the President, and then with McKinley's close friend and adviser, Ohio Senator
529:
2846:
442:
had ruled that the act of identifying oneself as an anarchist in front of an audience was a
3244:
3016:
895:
794:
604:
William McKinley (to the left of center, with white shirtfront) delivers his final speech.
8:
3238:
3105:
3075:
1024:
932:
Precautions against infections, admittedly difficult in 1901, were negligently handled.
851:
590:
443:
343:
301:
3355:
3266:
2701:
2670:
1045:
1041:
700:
654:
393:
323:
242:
2884:: A comprehensive collection of primary source materials on the McKinley assassination
885:(left), friend of President McKinley, arriving at the Milburn House after the shooting
3379:
3343:
3127:
3122:
2809:
2630:
2589:
2570:
2563:
2547:
2528:
2511:
2504:
2485:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2354:
921:
665:, they transferred to carriages to see the sights. The party rode halfway across the
621:
489:
461:
270:
81:
912:
had been closely associated with the two presidents to be assassinated: he had been
3259:
3080:
2935:
2693:
2684:
2662:
1003:
860:
828:
447:
254:
151:
61:
57:
600:
2996:
2479:
913:
645:
567:
454:
386:
266:
73:
2887:
2866:
Secret Service Reports Regarding the Assassination of President William McKinley
877:
366:. Re-elected handily in a rematch against Bryan in 1900, according to historian
2682:
Parker, LeRoy (December 1901). "The trial of the anarchist murderer Czolgosz".
2499:
1032:
1020:
905:
went to Washington, searching for a means to bring Czolgosz under federal law.
902:
493:
382:
354:. McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the
327:
927:
McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan wrote of the week following the shooting:
322:. He died at 2:15 am on September 14 and was succeeded by his vice president,
3396:
3367:
3323:
2780:"Special Contribution: The Official Report on the Case of President McKinley"
2622:
974:
942:
855:
824:
731:
658:
582:
571:
422:
410:
403:
374:
367:
347:
308:
274:
220:
183:
111:
98:
53:
23:
1887:
1044:
full-time. This did not settle the debate. Some in Congress recommended the
1065:
783:
688:
546:
520:
504:
468:
164:
2515:
834:
389:, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his state's governor, former
377:, had died in 1899, and McKinley left the choice of a running mate to the
3095:
2651:
Fine, Sidney (July 1955). "Anarchism and the assassination of McKinley".
1102:
1074:
1055:
948:
847:
363:
359:
204:
2840:
1080:
Leech believed the nation experienced a transition at McKinley's death:
399:
3115:
3100:
2674:
2346:
1012:
1007:
938:
882:
815:. The best surgeon in the city, and the Exposition's medical director,
575:
543:
508:
161:
2705:
640:
3322:
3026:
2527:(softcover ed.). Canton, Ohio: Stark County Historical Society.
431:
426:
312:
2666:
2904:
2697:
1134:
List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
909:
843:
842:
For hundreds of years, abdominal gunshot wounds had meant death by
453:
Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century:
418:
319:
282:
2732:
1477:
724:
2712:
2588:(revised ed.). Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press.
1492:
414:
278:
2423:
Federal Agents: The Growth of Federal Law Enforcement in America
553:
770:
left and Cortelyou on his right. The pipe organ began to play "
2627:
Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt's America
973:
in Buffalo. The oath was administered by U.S. district judge
718:
President McKinley greeting the public in the Temple of Music
2881:
330:, and Congress passed legislation to officially charge the
2896:; Anarchy and Assassination at the Pan-American Exposition
965:
dawn, he learned of McKinley's death. President Roosevelt
1966:
1964:
1552:
1357:
1355:
865:
1626:"President Shot at Buffalo Fair / How the Deed Was Done"
1569:
1567:
1444:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1244:
2022:
2020:
1686:
1684:
1461:
1459:
358:
in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as
1961:
1720:
1696:
1379:
1367:
1352:
1280:
381:. In advance of the convention, New York's Republican
334:
with the responsibility for protecting the president.
326:. Czolgosz was sentenced to death and executed in the
2525:
William McKinley and Our America: A Pictorial History
2255:
2136:
2124:
1988:
1901:
1843:
1821:
1819:
1744:
1732:
1584:
1582:
1564:
1415:
1403:
1316:
1292:
1150:
1148:
2394:
2231:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2153:
2151:
2112:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1976:
1937:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1804:
1681:
1669:
1606:
1516:
1456:
1256:
1172:
872:
2382:
2370:
2327:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2195:
2168:
2166:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2059:
1860:
1858:
1506:
1504:
1391:
1160:
827:to sedate McKinley as the wounded man murmured the
2562:
2503:
2267:
2219:
2100:
2032:
1925:
1816:
1756:
1708:
1579:
1208:
1196:
1145:
1052:as the agency in charge of presidential security.
793:, an American of African and Spanish descent from
730:Illustration of how Czolgosz's gun was concealed.
488:on March 4, 1901. Having long been an advocate of
3106:Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897
2856:McKinley Assassination Witnesses: A List of Names
2843:has about 50 full-text works on the assassination
2832:Assassination of President William McKinley, 1901
2353:(1 ed.). New York: Random House. p. 9.
2243:
2178:
2148:
2088:
2000:
1913:
1870:
1831:
1780:
1594:
1540:
1528:
1328:
1268:
1232:
678:
3394:
3181:William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
2207:
2163:
2071:
2056:
2044:
1949:
1855:
1792:
1768:
1657:
1618:
1501:
1340:
1304:
1220:
2315:
1432:
1184:
969:at about 3:00 p.m. that afternoon at the
657:, where they switched to trolleys to view the
608:In his final speech, McKinley urged an end to
307:Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic
3308:
2920:
838:The operating room at the Exposition hospital
554:A day at the fair; excursion to Niagara Falls
3191:McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center
2463:. South Brunswick, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes.
3007:William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign
786:revolver concealed under the handkerchief.
287:third American president to be assassinated
16:1901 assassination in Buffalo, New York, US
3315:
3301:
2927:
2913:
2754:"An interview with the President's nurses"
2481:The Anarchists: The Men who Shocked an Era
2442:Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth
2425:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
2339:
1059:The assassination site as it appears today
1011:McKinley demanded that the autopsy end. A
2872:"Tragic September, Part I: Assassination"
2752:
1893:
1105:was often spelled Porto Rico before 1932.
756:
3201:McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar
3133:1900 United States presidential election
3002:1896 United States presidential election
2800:
2237:
1054:
947:
876:
833:
639:
614:
599:
398:
350:, he had defeated his Democratic rival,
3443:Political violence in the United States
3143:Second inauguration of William McKinley
2609:. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
2444:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
3395:
3056:First inauguration of William McKinley
2786:. Xll–LVII (4): 271–293. November 1901
2345:
952:Milburn residence, where McKinley died
3296:
3186:National McKinley Birthplace Memorial
2908:
2900:Crime Library: McKinley assassination
2758:The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review
2420:
2297:
2285:
479:
474:
3428:Deaths by person in New York (state)
2934:
2621:
2388:
2273:
2038:
1825:
1762:
1714:
1397:
1250:
1238:
1166:
1154:
434:. By 1901, this movement was feared
373:McKinley's original vice president,
3453:Assassinations in the United States
3138:1900 Republican National Convention
3012:1896 Republican National Convention
2992:1888 Republican National Convention
2876:The Buffalo History Museum Podcast.
2522:
2477:
2225:
2106:
1931:
1726:
1702:
1588:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1286:
1226:
379:1900 Republican National Convention
281:. McKinley died on September 14 of
13:
2802:"William McKinley: Autopsy Report"
2681:
2602:
2583:
2560:
2439:
2261:
2249:
2201:
2189:
2157:
2142:
2130:
2094:
2050:
2011:
1994:
1970:
1919:
1907:
1881:
1849:
1837:
1786:
1750:
1738:
1636:from the original on June 23, 2019
1600:
1573:
1546:
1534:
1438:
1426:
1409:
1334:
1322:
1298:
1274:
1214:
1202:
1178:
1124:Assassination of James A. Garfield
995:State of New York v. Leon Czolgosz
644:President McKinley arrives at the
14:
3464:
3423:20th century in Buffalo, New York
3408:1901 murders in the United States
3403:Assassination of William McKinley
3153:Assassination of William McKinley
2894:"Lights out in the City of Light"
2847:McKinley Assassination Chronology
2825:
2541:
2510:. New York: Harper and Brothers.
2498:
2458:
2400:
2213:
2172:
2118:
2082:
2065:
2026:
1982:
1955:
1943:
1864:
1810:
1798:
1774:
1690:
1675:
1663:
1612:
1558:
1522:
1510:
1465:
1450:
1346:
1310:
1262:
1190:
873:Apparent recovery; eventual death
285:caused by the wounds. He was the
261:, was shot on the grounds of the
42:Assassination of William McKinley
3276:
3275:
3032:
3025:
2878:. Podcast audio, April 13, 2021.
2650:
2586:William McKinley and His America
2478:Kedward, Harry Roderick (1971).
2376:
2333:
2321:
2309:
1632:. September 7, 1901. p. 1.
1129:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
1119:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
739:
723:
711:
699:
687:
484:McKinley gave a short speech at
47:
3328:presidents of the United States
2808:. April 9, 2009. Archived from
1096:
1071:Federal Bureau of Investigation
988:the said mortal wound did die.
391:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
3433:Presidency of William McKinley
3170:McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio
3111:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
2951:President of the United States
2888:"The Last Days of a President"
2654:The American Historical Review
2565:The President and the Assassin
679:Shooting and death of McKinley
259:president of the United States
1:
2734:"President going to big show"
2351:Enemies: a history of the FBI
1139:
663:municipality of Niagara Falls
661:. When the party reached the
337:
2523:McElroy, Richard L. (1996).
980:
805:
7:
2987:Coal miners' strike of 1873
2977:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment
2629:. New York: Hill and Wang.
2484:. American Heritage Press.
2440:Horner, William T. (2010).
2421:Bumgarner, Jeffrey (2006).
1648:Wayback Machine archive of
1112:
1006:, and vanished through the
10:
3469:
3176:McKinley National Memorial
2764:(4): 222–223. October 1901
2569:. New York: Random House.
2409:
560:Grand Army of the Republic
3418:1901 in the United States
3334:
3254:
3231:
3207:William McKinley Monument
3196:William McKinley Memorial
3161:
3041:
3023:
2969:
2942:
2584:Morgan, H. Wayne (2003).
2542:Merry, Robert W. (2017).
2461:The Man Who Shot McKinley
2459:Johns, A. Wesley (1970).
295:James A. Garfield in 1881
248:
238:
210:
200:
189:
179:
171:
157:
147:
127:
88:
69:
46:
41:
3413:1901 in New York (state)
2982:Battle of South Mountain
2870:Visser, Lindsey Lauren.
2834:: A bibliography by The
2603:Olcott, Charles (1916).
2546:. Simon & Schuster.
1561:, pp. 585, 588–589.
1089:
920:, and a close friend of
772:The Star-Spangled Banner
440:New York's highest court
277:, shot him twice in the
3448:Pan-American Exposition
3148:Pan-American Exposition
3086:China Relief Expedition
3066:Philippine–American War
2874:: eason 2 episode 3 of
2841:Buffalo Digital Library
2784:Buffalo Medical Journal
2506:In the Days of McKinley
1652:archive with full text.
1453:, pp. 11, 582–584.
967:took the oath of office
959:Nearer, My God, to Thee
562:; he was a member as a
500:in Buffalo on June 13.
498:Pan-American Exposition
486:his second inauguration
291:Abraham Lincoln in 1865
263:Pan-American Exposition
217:
133:; 123 years ago
78:Pan-American Exposition
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
3071:Treaty of Paris (1898)
2860:Buffalo History Museum
2851:Buffalo History Museum
2836:Buffalo History Museum
2714:"President at Buffalo"
2561:Miller, Scott (2011).
2349:(2012). "Revolution".
1087:
1060:
990:
953:
934:
886:
839:
780:Spring Brook, New York
757:At the Temple of Music
649:
625:
605:
587:his personal secretary
540:
421:, in 1873, the son of
407:
352:William Jennings Bryan
230:considered for merging
131:September 6, 1901
76:on the grounds of the
33:considered for merging
3438:September 1901 events
3091:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
2959:39th Governor of Ohio
1253:, pp. ix, 14–15.
1082:
1058:
997:, September 16, 1901.
985:
951:
929:
880:
837:
776:Johann Sebastian Bach
643:
618:
610:American isolationism
603:
535:
406:, McKinley's assassin
402:
112:42.93861°N 78.87361°W
3267:Theodore Roosevelt →
3245:William McKinley Sr.
3061:Spanish–American War
3017:Front porch campaign
2812:on November 23, 2010
1973:, pp. 308, 344.
896:Adirondack Mountains
734:, September 14, 1901
492:, and believing the
436:in the United States
356:Spanish–American War
3239:Ida Saxton McKinley
3076:Newlands Resolution
2740:. September 4, 1901
2738:Philadelphia Record
2720:. September 6, 1901
2403:, pp. 603–605.
2379:, pp. 798–799.
2336:, pp. 785–786.
2312:, pp. 780–782.
2264:, pp. 322–330.
2145:, pp. 319–320.
2133:, pp. 318–319.
2121:, pp. 600–601.
2029:, pp. 598–599.
1997:, pp. 320–321.
1985:, pp. 597–598.
1946:, pp. 596–597.
1910:, pp. 313–314.
1852:, pp. 312–313.
1813:, pp. 595–596.
1753:, pp. 301–303.
1741:, pp. 301–302.
1729:, pp. 160–161.
1705:, pp. 159–160.
1693:, pp. 594–595.
1678:, pp. 590–591.
1615:, pp. 299–300.
1576:, pp. 299–300.
1525:, pp. 586–587.
1496:, September 5, 1901
1481:, September 4, 1901
1479:Philadelphia Record
1468:, pp. 584–585.
1429:, pp. 297–298.
1412:, pp. 296–297.
1388:, pp. 285–286.
1376:, pp. 273–274.
1364:, pp. 158–159.
1325:, pp. 392–395.
1301:, pp. 392–394.
1289:, pp. 151–152.
1265:, pp. 561–562.
1181:, pp. 262–266.
1025:pancreatic necrosis
971:Ansley Wilcox House
591:George B. Cortelyou
503:McKinley, his wife
444:breach of the peace
346:resulting from the
344:economic depression
302:George B. Cortelyou
215:First degree murder
117:42.93861; -78.87361
108: /
3260:← Grover Cleveland
2858:: compiled by the
2849:, compiled by the
2718:The New York Times
2544:President McKinley
1630:The New York Times
1494:The New York Times
1061:
1046:United States Army
1042:Theodore Roosevelt
954:
907:Secretary of State
887:
840:
747:The New York Times
650:
626:
606:
490:protective tariffs
480:Plans and arrivals
475:Presidential visit
408:
394:Theodore Roosevelt
324:Theodore Roosevelt
3390:
3389:
3351:James A. Garfield
3290:
3289:
3128:Gold Standard Act
3123:Lacey Act of 1900
2882:McKinleyDeath.com
2636:978-0-8090-1638-9
2595:978-0-87338-765-1
2576:978-1-4000-6752-7
2534:978-0-9634712-1-5
2491:978-0-356-03721-9
2470:978-0-498-07521-6
2451:978-0-8214-1894-9
2432:978-0-275-98953-8
2360:978-0-679-64389-0
2204:, pp. 81–82.
1217:, pp. 56–60.
1205:, pp. 39–41.
941:by its inventor,
922:James A. Garfield
622:Manuel de Azpíroz
462:James A. Garfield
448:Haymarket bombing
271:Buffalo, New York
252:
251:
82:Buffalo, New York
56:shoots President
3460:
3363:William McKinley
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3081:Open Door Policy
3036:
3029:
2962:
2954:
2936:William McKinley
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2709:
2685:Yale Law Journal
2678:
2640:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2606:William McKinley
2599:
2580:
2568:
2557:
2538:
2519:
2509:
2495:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2015:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
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1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1484:
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1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1169:, pp. 9–11.
1164:
1158:
1152:
1106:
1100:
1004:transverse colon
998:
900:Attorney General
861:Presley M. Rixey
743:
727:
715:
703:
691:
667:Honeymoon Bridge
255:William McKinley
233:
152:William McKinley
141:
139:
134:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
62:Achille Beltrame
51:
39:
38:
36:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3375:John F. Kennedy
3339:Abraham Lincoln
3330:
3321:
3291:
3286:
3250:
3227:
3157:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3021:
2997:McKinley Tariff
2965:
2957:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2828:
2815:
2813:
2806:DoctorZebra.com
2789:
2787:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2743:
2741:
2723:
2721:
2667:10.2307/1844919
2637:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2577:
2554:
2535:
2500:Leech, Margaret
2492:
2471:
2452:
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2412:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
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2375:
2371:
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2256:
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2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1856:
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1797:
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1674:
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1662:
1658:
1639:
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1624:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
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1565:
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1491:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1416:
1408:
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1396:
1392:
1384:
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1368:
1360:
1353:
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1341:
1333:
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1321:
1317:
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1297:
1293:
1285:
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1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
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1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:, pp. 3–4.
1153:
1146:
1142:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1000:
992:
983:
875:
821:Matthew D. Mann
808:
759:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
744:
736:
735:
728:
720:
719:
716:
708:
707:
704:
696:
695:
692:
681:
646:Temple of Music
568:John G. Milburn
556:
482:
477:
455:Abraham Lincoln
387:Thomas C. Platt
340:
267:Temple of Music
234:
218:
142:
137:
135:
132:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
74:Temple of Music
65:
37:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3324:Assassinations
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3255:
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2902:
2897:
2891:
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2879:
2868:
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2844:
2838:
2827:
2826:External links
2824:
2823:
2822:
2797:
2796:
2775:
2774:
2750:
2730:
2710:
2698:10.2307/783764
2679:
2661:(4): 777–799.
2642:
2641:
2635:
2623:Rauchway, Eric
2619:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2558:
2553:978-1451625448
2552:
2539:
2533:
2520:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2456:
2450:
2437:
2431:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2391:, p. 146.
2381:
2369:
2359:
2338:
2326:
2324:, p. 782.
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 325.
2242:
2230:
2228:, p. 167.
2218:
2216:, p. 602.
2206:
2194:
2192:, p. 402.
2177:
2175:, p. 601.
2162:
2160:, p. 320.
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2109:, p. 164.
2099:
2097:, p. 316.
2087:
2085:, p. 600.
2070:
2068:, p. 599.
2055:
2043:
2031:
2016:
2014:, p. 401.
1999:
1987:
1975:
1960:
1958:, p. 597.
1948:
1936:
1934:, p. 162.
1924:
1922:, p. 314.
1912:
1900:
1898:, p. 223.
1886:
1884:, p. 313.
1869:
1867:, p. 596.
1854:
1842:
1840:, p. 312.
1830:
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 595.
1791:
1789:, p. 302.
1779:
1777:, p. 480.
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1680:
1668:
1666:, p. 590.
1656:
1617:
1605:
1603:, p. 300.
1593:
1591:, p. 159.
1578:
1563:
1551:
1549:, p. 397.
1539:
1537:, p. 396.
1527:
1515:
1513:, p. 584.
1500:
1485:
1470:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 101.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1351:
1349:, p. 582.
1339:
1337:, p. 293.
1327:
1315:
1313:, p. 576.
1303:
1291:
1279:
1277:, p. 391.
1267:
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1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
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1183:
1171:
1159:
1143:
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1126:
1121:
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1111:
1108:
1107:
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1093:
1091:
1088:
1050:Secret Service
1033:Loran L. Lewis
1021:cardiomyopathy
984:
982:
979:
903:Philander Knox
874:
871:
807:
804:
758:
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745:
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729:
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685:
684:
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682:
680:
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555:
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494:Dingley Tariff
481:
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476:
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383:political boss
339:
336:
332:Secret Service
328:electric chair
311:and turned to
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52:
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43:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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2645:Other sources
2638:
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2342:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2300:, p. 46.
2299:
2294:
2288:, p. 45.
2287:
2282:
2276:, p. 53.
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2053:, p. 81.
2052:
2047:
2041:, p. 12.
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1895:Trained Nurse
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 11.
1827:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 15.
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1717:, p. 61.
1716:
1711:
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1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 17.
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 42.
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1193:, p. 36.
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
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1151:
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1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
989:
978:
976:
975:John R. Hazel
972:
968:
962:
960:
950:
946:
944:
943:Thomas Edison
940:
933:
928:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
891:
884:
879:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
856:X-ray machine
853:
849:
845:
836:
832:
830:
829:Lord's Prayer
826:
822:
818:
814:
803:
799:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
763:
748:
742:
733:
732:Chicago Eagle
726:
714:
702:
690:
676:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:Niagara Gorge
656:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
617:
613:
611:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:Niagara Falls
579:
577:
573:
572:Myron Herrick
569:
565:
561:
551:
548:
545:
539:
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531:
525:
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510:
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501:
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463:
459:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Leon Czolgosz
405:
404:Leon Czolgosz
401:
397:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Garret Hobart
371:
369:
368:Eric Rauchway
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Panic of 1893
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:Panic of 1893
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Leon Czolgosz
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
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244:
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231:
227:
226:
225:Infobox event
222:
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206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:Leon Czolgosz
182:
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174:
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150:
146:
130:
126:
121:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
54:Leon Czolgosz
50:
45:
40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
3362:
3274:
3265:
3258:
3216:Canton, Ohio
3205:
3168:
3162:Public image
3152:
2875:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2805:
2788:. Retrieved
2783:
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2757:
2742:. Retrieved
2737:
2722:. Retrieved
2717:
2692:(2): 80–94.
2689:
2683:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2626:
2611:. Retrieved
2605:
2585:
2564:
2543:
2524:
2505:
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2441:
2422:
2414:
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2372:
2364:
2350:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2238:Doctor Zebra
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2046:
2034:
1990:
1978:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
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452:
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413:was born in
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299:
289:, following
253:
223:
165:Iver Johnson
26:
18:
3096:Dingley Act
2961:(1892–1896)
2953:(1897–1901)
2347:Weiner, Tim
1103:Puerto Rico
1075:World War I
848:Emil Kocher
672:Goat Island
544:.32-caliber
530:West Seneca
364:Philippines
360:Puerto Rico
257:, the 25th
219:‹ The
211:Convictions
193:To advance
180:Perpetrator
162:.32 caliber
115: /
90:Coordinates
22:‹ The
3397:Categories
3116:Refuse Act
3101:Erdman Act
3043:Presidency
1140:References
1013:death mask
1008:peritoneum
939:New Jersey
883:Mark Hanna
852:retractors
576:Mark Hanna
513:First Lady
509:California
385:, Senator
338:Background
320:gangrenous
138:1901-09-06
103:78°52′25″W
100:42°56′19″N
3048:timeline)
2768:March 13,
2744:March 23,
2724:March 23,
2613:March 23,
2298:Bumgarner
2286:Bumgarner
981:Aftermath
918:secretary
806:Operation
432:anarchism
427:Cleveland
313:anarchism
228:is being
195:anarchism
143:4:07 p.m.
31:is being
3368:Czolgosz
3281:Category
3247:(father)
3212:Statues
2625:(2004).
2502:(1959).
2389:Rauchway
2274:Rauchway
2039:Rauchway
1826:Rauchway
1763:Rauchway
1715:Rauchway
1640:June 23,
1634:Archived
1398:Rauchway
1251:Rauchway
1239:Rauchway
1167:Rauchway
1155:Rauchway
1113:See also
910:John Hay
881:Senator
844:gangrene
655:Lewiston
419:Michigan
362:and the
283:gangrene
239:Sentence
232:. ›
221:template
167:revolver
70:Location
58:McKinley
35:. ›
24:template
3356:Guiteau
3221:Chicago
2816:June 1,
2790:May 19,
2675:1844919
2410:Sources
2226:McElroy
2107:McElroy
1932:McElroy
1727:McElroy
1703:McElroy
1589:McElroy
1386:McElroy
1374:McElroy
1362:McElroy
1287:McElroy
1227:Kedward
914:Lincoln
813:interns
795:Georgia
465:in 1881
458:in 1865
415:Detroit
279:abdomen
265:in the
201:Verdict
158:Weapons
136: (
3380:Oswald
3241:(wife)
3232:Family
2706:783764
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2262:Miller
2250:Miller
2202:Parker
2190:Morgan
2158:Miller
2143:Miller
2131:Miller
2095:Miller
2051:Parker
2012:Morgan
1995:Olcott
1971:Miller
1920:Miller
1908:Miller
1882:Miller
1850:Miller
1838:Miller
1787:Miller
1751:Miller
1739:Miller
1601:Miller
1574:Miller
1547:Morgan
1535:Morgan
1439:Miller
1427:Miller
1410:Miller
1335:Miller
1323:Morgan
1299:Morgan
1275:Morgan
1215:Miller
1203:Miller
1179:Horner
511:, the
423:Polish
205:Guilty
190:Motive
172:Deaths
148:Target
84:, U.S.
3344:Booth
2702:JSTOR
2671:JSTOR
2415:Books
2401:Leech
2214:Leech
2173:Leech
2119:Leech
2083:Leech
2066:Leech
2027:Leech
1983:Leech
1956:Leech
1944:Leech
1865:Leech
1811:Leech
1799:Leech
1775:Merry
1691:Leech
1676:Leech
1664:Leech
1650:Times
1613:Leech
1559:Leech
1523:Leech
1511:Leech
1466:Leech
1451:Leech
1347:Leech
1311:Leech
1263:Leech
1191:Johns
1090:Notes
825:ether
564:Union
243:Death
2970:Life
2948:25th
2818:2012
2792:2024
2770:2012
2746:2012
2726:2012
2631:ISBN
2615:2012
2590:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2512:OCLC
2486:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2377:Fine
2355:ISBN
2334:Fine
2322:Fine
2310:Fine
1642:2019
460:and
293:and
128:Date
3326:of
2694:doi
2663:doi
916:'s
866:sic
505:Ida
269:in
80:in
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