3154:, Marion Kaplan describes how the Jewish identity was maintained and how the German-Jewish identity was formed, specifically through Jewish women and their actions within their families and their communities. Jewish women placed a lot of importance on their culture and religion by reinforcing their traditions. They accomplished this by continually observing Jewish traditions and rituals, such as family dinners on Friday evenings, and holidays from the Jewish calendar. Strict adherence to Judaism was essential in maintaining their Jewish identity within their household. Kaplan also stresses the importance of family and community; close knit families had strong ties with one another. This strong sense of community helped them in protecting and maintaining their culture. However, ways in which Jews adapted to the culture can be seen in the way Jewish women raised their children in Germany. They encouraged them to take part in sports, learn musical instruments, and read German fairy tales to them. Jewish women also subscribed to German periodicals, following its fashion styles and news.
2954:
Jews as the autonomous community had been in full decline. Many Jewish social scientists did not entirely disagree with the ideas of distinct Jewish traits conceived by anti-Semites. This lent itself well to the contentious debate over assimilatory practices. "The political and social message of this immutable Jewish nature was clear: the 'Jewish body' was racially different and pathological, and opponents of emancipation and integration were correct in insisting that Jews were unfit to be part of a healthy modern nation-state." Participating in the exploration of Jewish lineage can also be seen as a form of appeasement as "It allowed Jewish social scientists to fill the roles of apologist and reformer, to defend their own people based on the knowledge and insights of science."
2845:
2777:, as well as translating the Hebrew Bible to German. This had a lot of success especially amongst Western European Jews, who started abandoning Yiddish in favour of the nationally dominant languages, but less amongst Eastern European Jews; for example, Polish rabbis banned Mendelssohn's translation because they believed 'the Bible should only be read in the holy Hebrew language.' Reasons cited for its initial success included hope for better opportunities accompanying assimilation into the non-Jewish European communities, especially among the
3180:
network of modern Jewish primary schools as well as extended supplemental Jewish education to Jewish children who began attending public schools. Despite mass participation by Jews in all levels of French society – government, universities, and professional careers – the vast majority of Jews in 19th century France chose to be married and buried as Jews. This clarifies that Jews were not fully assimilated into French society nor sought the disappearance of their institutions and/or biological merger with the French society.
6315:
6329:
3023:. Such marriages are conducted to strengthen Jewish continuity (with the aim that the non-Jewish spouse will convert to Judaism). However, the 2013 study "What happens when Jews intermarry?" explains that children of intermarriage are much more likely to intermarry themselves and much more likely than people with two Jewish parents to describe themselves religiously as atheist, agnostic or just "nothing in particular."
3232:
Christian monarch in charge of a growing town would invite Jewish merchants to help revitalize the economy. There was a pattern of expulsion and re-invitation that allowed for the two to live intimately together in smaller towns throughout Europe. Louis the Pious, son of
Charlemagne in the Holy Roman Empire, was the first to leave detailed descriptions of the rights of Jewish merchants.
3003:) and ethnic/cultural Jewishness on the other hand. Fles felt himself to be Dutch, argued that Zionism further separated Jews from their non-Jewish Dutch neighbours while reinforcing the image of the Jew as a foreigner, and instead favoured assimilation into the cultures in which Jews found themselves, changing his own Hebrew first name
2535:(by assimilating them into a national identity, e.g. by calling them 'Polish citizens', or by reframing them into an international context, e.g. as 'victims of fascism') in the historiography, monuments and memorials of Eastern European Communist regimes (1945–1991) as a negative form of 'de-Judaization', which he argued could lead to "
2487:('a less radical and more academic term which implies that people accept a new culture or part of it, but do not give up completely their own tradition'). She stated that the latter term was more appropriate for what Jews did in Western and (to a lesser degree) Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th century. Richarz used the term
3175:
society, through participating in all aspects of society like government and universities. In her book Hyman helps illustrate instances that show integration in French society. Beginning with the cooperation of the French state, Jews were able to maintain networks of communal institutions in the system of
3231:
Early
Christian Europe proved a time and place where Jews and Christians could come together while coexisting socially and creatively amidst the persecution. They were living so closely together in some areas that leaders from both would be worried about the influence one religion had on the other. A
3097:
culture, a sign of rejection of all links to the common history and destiny of the Jewish people. Modern historians and sociologists, however, have rescued the term from its negative connotations, providing insight into the factor which impelled Jews toward integration, those that effectively blocked
3142:
of the
National Jewish Outreach Program. Buchwald said in 1992 that the Jewish community would not be recognizable in 25 to 30 years, going as far as saying: 'We must make certain that young Jews (...) will to live as Jews. (...) If we fail to share with our young Jews the beauty and meaningfulness
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equation of assimilation with Jewish group disappearance. Reviewing the collection, Marsha L. Rozenblit stated: "Religious Jews regarded those who assimilated with horror, and
Zionists campaigned against assimilation as an act of treason. As a result, the term assimilation, used proudly by those who
3588:
We Jews are expert in the history and meaning of persecution. (...) Now in the Soviet Union, 3 million Jews—one quarter of our number, the second largest Jewish community in the world—are subjected to a vicious policy of attrition that is crushing their spirit. If I were to sum up the situation in
2953:
Jewish academics in the nineteenth century partook in social scientific studies concerning anti-Semitic notions of Jewish degeneration. Their active role in this intellectual discussion served as both a calculated response to anti-Semitic allegations and a way to explore common social bonds uniting
3118:
abstained from what Gordon called "structural assimilation" ('the creation of friendships and other contacts primarily with members of the host society'), they 'acculturated', but rarely lost their sense of Jewish identity. Overall, Rozenblit concluded the 1981 collection was 'interesting', but 'a
2944:
did not allow Jews born in a Jewish community to leave
Judaism as a religion, even if they had left the Jewish community socially. As this gave Christians certain rights that were denied to Jews, both liberal and orthodox Jews protested against this legal discrimination and successfully petitioned
2908:
Conditional emancipation, dominant in
Central and Eastern Europe and with some influence in Western Europe, put social and eventually political pressure on all Jews to abandon some or all aspects of their Jewish life and participate in the non-Jewish majority culture, mostly for the benefit of the
3179:
that both promoted acculturation and reinforced Jewish feelings of solidarity. These consistories also helped support the existence of specific Jewish institutions. These institutions provided charitable assistance to Jews through a variety of philanthropic societies. Examples of these would be a
3169:
allowed them to integrate in the community. The term assimilation is based on the modern term. Assimilation is presumed to "reflect the substitution of a French identity for a Jewish one." It is believed that this simplistic view does not give an all encompassing view on the intricate relations
3174:
and the French. The Jews had to constantly defend their legitimacy as a minority group in France. While most people associate assimilation as a negative term, "they were not simply passive absorbers of bourgeois French culture; they also participated in its shaping." Jews contributed to French
2866:
in Europe, the only way to leave
Judaism behind was to become a Christian, but in the 19th century, liberal states such as France, Britain and the United States started allowing people who were raised Jewish to identify with neither religion, either through religious indeterminacy or by fully
2470:: 'the attempt to flee the Jewish community by assuming a non-Jewish identity and hiding evidence of a Jewish birth and upbringing'. According to Endelman, most people in this category never converted to Christianity, because that would have revealed they had once been Jews.
2785:
ideals, which they believed would allow them to improve their social standing. "The ideologues consequently envisioned a regeneration of German Jewry that would gain it equal rights but would also lead to the formation of a new kind of Jew based on its ideal of man."
2802:, marked the declining perception of a distinct Jewish nationality among those Jews that promoted emancipation. However, attempts to reduce Judaism to a confession did not necessarily induce an increase in tolerance of the Jews on the part of the majority society.
2781:. "The concentration of the Jewish population in large cities had a strong impact on their lifestyle and made them more visible in the economy and in the culture." As legal emancipation remained incomplete in Germany, many upper-middle class urban Jews propagated
2966:
were generally absent but they faced many different challenges of acculturation. In the early 20th century, there was social discrimination against Jews in certain quarters. After World War I, antisemitism grew in Europe and
America, and worsened by the
2836:. None of the descendants of Moses Mendelssohn retained the Jewish religion. Assimilationists saw Jewish cultural distinctiveness and tribalism as the root of antisemitic hostility and thus felt that Jewish social bonds needed to be weakened.
2631:
in order to have him forcefully
Hellenise the region. After reversing a counter-coup by the moderate Jason, Menelaus tried to eradicate the Judaic religion, eventually leading traditionalist orthodox Jews to start the anti-Hellenic
3554:
and de-Zionization of Israel... I'm asking for a new definition of the word 'Israeli,' so that it will include me as well, a definition in territorial terms that you distort, because you're looking at it from the Jewish point of
2797:
in Europe, included the extent to which each nation could integrate its Jewish citizens, and if not integrated, how should they be treated and the question solved. The breakdown of the traditional Jewish communal structure, the
2813:. The propriety of assimilation, and various paths toward it were among the earliest internal debates of the emancipation era, including whether and to what extent Jews should relinquish their right to uniqueness in return for
3110:(meaning 'adoption of such outward cultural forms of the larger society as language, dress, recreational tastes, and political views') is the first phase. Gordon argued that a combination of a receptive host society and high
2949:
to have the law amended, which happened in May 1876: henceforth, a Jew couldn't withdraw from his congregation and still be considered a Jew. In
Germany, Jewish integration into the Army and other occupations was successful.
2441:: 'the act of legally withdrawing from the Jewish community—whether or not conversion to Christianity followed.' Endelman noted that secession did not become available until the late 19th century, and only in Central Europe (
2940:("law of separation") laid down rules for those Catholics or Protestants who desired to leave their churches, declaring it sufficient for them to manifest their intention before a secular judge. The initial version of the
2515:. However, it is mostly used in a negative sense to describe a discriminatory governmental policy aimed at forcibly erasing the allegedly Jewish character of someone or something, for example the 'de-Judaization (...) of
2506:
used it in an emancipatory sense: 'I advocate the de-Judaization and de-Zionization of Israel... I'm asking for a new definition of the word 'Israeli,' so that it will include me as well', in order to emancipate
2636:(167–160 BCE) against the Seleucids and pro-Hellenic Jews. After a series of battles, the Seleucids were eventually defeated (also in part due to a Persian invasion in the east), and the Maccabees achieved
2459:
between a Christian and Jew'. Endelman excluded marriages between baptized Jews and Christians or between Jews and ex-Christians from this definition, since they were legally and religiously considered
3202:
subculture developed while emancipation lagged. Sorkin depicts the fruitless attempts of the Jews to be tolerated as no level of self-denial would ultimately prove acceptable to their counterparts.
2611:
for control of the Levant, the Hellenistic rulers mostly did not interfere with the Hebrews' culture, religion and internal politics. After driving out the Ptolemees in 198 BCE, the Seleucid king
2905:), encouraged individual Jews to voluntarily abandon some or all aspects of their Jewish life and participate in the non-Jewish majority culture, mostly for their own benefit if they so chose.
2879:
even allowed Jews to change their legal status and formally register as a non-Jew. Scholars call this the emancipation era, beginning on 27 September 1791, when Jews in France were first
3872:
The ideologues consequently envisioned a regeneration of German Jewry that would gain it equal rights but would also lead to the formation of a new kind of Jew based on its ideal of man.
3190:
assesses what should have been an immensely successful integration process given the Jewish population's great societal contributions as they adopted German secular culture and the
2527:
by sacking Jewish scientists, deleting them from the education canon and removing any other perceived 'Jewish influences', in an attempt to make science 'authentically German'.
4248:
2893:
Scholars examining the 19th-century emancipation processes of European Jews (also known as the 'integrationist' or 'assimilationist challenge') distinguish between two models:
2723:(93/4, in Greek). He tried to reconcile the Jewry with the Greco-Roman world, and although a defender of the Jewish religion and culture against anti-Jewish writers such as
1038:
3080:
engaged in many discussions on Jewish assimilation, while Jewish historians documented the process. From an international conference on Jewish assimilation held at
2962:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, conditions in Eastern Europe convinced many Jews to emigrate to the United States. In the United States traditional
1616:
3493:
3147:, from 1996, 47% of American Jews married a non-Jew. The NJPS survey said that higher levels of education are associated with lower levels of intermarriage.
1271:
966:
1158:
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2920:, showed no significant interest in emancipating, integrating or assimilating the Jewry. Some ethnic nationalist groups elsewhere in Europe, such as the
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130:
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weak treatment of Jewish assimilation', citing the lack of good definitions of the phenomenon which meant scholars were talking past each other.
1401:
2753:—is an example of acculturation, one of the key characteristics of Jewish assimilation in the modern era. Jewish assimilation began anew among
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1655:
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De kleine verschillen die het leven uitmaken. Een historische studie naar joodse sociaal-democraten en socialistisch-zionisten in Nederland
2897:
Unconditional emancipation, dominant in Western Europe and with some influence in Central Europe (for example, amongst Hungarian liberals
6169:
4539:
2880:
640:
603:
4687:
4381:
3259:), were, for a period of time banned from certain guilds, positions in the clergy and particularly from emigrating to Latin America (
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1579:
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An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
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4325:
3323:
2491:
to mean obtaining 'full citizenship without any conditions', adding that this 'only works if society accepts a minority as equal'.
1602:
4116:
2546:
In order to prevent assimilation, Jewish laws keep an observant Jew from being close to a non-Jew, including the food prohibition
2429:: 'an umbrella term referring to all the routes Jews traveled to lose their Jewishness, whether that was their intention or not'.
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2516:
952:
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of especially the upper stratum of the population, such as the clergy, the aristocracy and the merchantry. Tensions rose after
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France and Frenchness come from the same root, but Judaism and Israeliness is a different matter. That's why I advocate the
2971:
of the 1930s; many universities and professions were barred to Jews or set with a quota limit. Dutch businessman and writer
3098:
total assimilation, and the limits which the Jews themselves placed on the process in order to be both European and Jews."
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lowered taxes in the region and formally affirmed the Judeans' religious and political autonomy, stimulating the voluntary
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The question of Jewish assimilation is a topic of concern for both Jewish and Christian religious leaders. A number of
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since its founding in 332 BCE, and by the 1st century CE the city had a large population of Hellenized Jews such as
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in the Age of Enlightenment, more conservative Jews have chastised them for deserting the Jewish people. Jewish
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4523:
4055:"The American Jewish Experience in the Twentieth Century: Antisemitism and Assimilation, The Twentieth Century"
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usurped the High Priesthood in Jerusalem and adopted a pro-Hellenic policy in 175 BCE. Three years later, king
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Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 88th Congress, second session. Volume 110, Numbers 58–69
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supporters soon fully Hellenized as well in the late 2nd and early 1st century BCE; they were opposed by the
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of Jewish life and Jewish heritage (...) Hitler will have emerged victorious.' According to the 2000—2001
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on an extensive scale towards the end of the 18th century in Western Europe, especially Germany, as the
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90:
2769:(1726–1786) became a leading Haskalah figure, advocating amongst other things for Jews to embrace the
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6007:
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5792:
5659:
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4007:
Hart, Mitchell B. (1999). "Racial Science, Social Science, and the Politics of Jewish Assimilation".
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sought integration into European society, became a term of contempt for a symbol of subservience to
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3235:
In Spain and Portugal, after the 15th century, there was controversy over the sincerity of Iberian
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Both the Christian and Jewish communities were divided concerning answers to what was known as the
2536:
2038:
2018:
1128:
608:
149:
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4093:. Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland. Archived from
3742:(1993–2002) s.v. "joden §2.2.1 Opstand en onafhankelijkheid". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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3942:. Translated by Tim Wilkinson. Budapest: Central Euoprean University Press. pp. 197–201.
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The assimilation is the leading cause for the shrinkage of almost all Jewish populations in
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in May 1976, Romano-Hungarian historian Béla Vágó edited a collection of 14 papers entitled
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3593:. These three words go to the heart of the problem of Jewish identity in the Soviet Union.
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that some Jewish and Christian denominations today consider sacred scripture, such as the
8:
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2008:
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267:
142:
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4249:"'Judaism Shouldn't Have to Stay Alive Only Because Jews Are Afraid of Everything Else'"
2531:(2012) also described the de-emphasis or erasure of the Jewishness of Jewish victims of
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3494:"The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"
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under pain of being expelled from the Peninsula. In Spain and Portugal, descendants of
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1970:
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3793:. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 510–512, 532–534, 625–627.
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Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History
3887:
Endelman, Todd M. (2015). "7. Neither Jew nor Christian. New Religions, New Creeds".
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Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History
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2422:(2015) used the following terms to describe various forms of Jewish assimilation:
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promoting conformity as a potential solution to historic Jewish marginalization.
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due to the social status that Sub-Saharan African slaves had, much below that of
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2761:(also known as Jewish Enlightenment) emerged as a culture. The orthodox Jewish
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is somewhat ambiguous. For example, in a 1992 debate with Israeli intellectual
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62:
4291:
Rozenblit, Marsha E. (1981). "Review of Jewish Assimilation in Modern Times".
3898:
3277:, a contributing factor to the absorption of these elements in the developing
2924:, also doubted the 'assimilability' of the Jews into the nascent Czech nation.
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2729:
2616:
2532:
2503:
2442:
2419:
2288:
2283:
1489:
1416:
942:
791:
786:
781:
771:
749:
701:
463:
302:
207:
169:
120:
3754:(1993–2002) s.v. "Philo van Alexandrië". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
6082:
5879:
5841:
5802:
5391:
5135:
5074:
5054:
5014:
4997:
4965:
4953:
4914:
4832:
4807:
4480:
3333:
3297:
3183:
3039:
2833:
2822:
2524:
2512:
2318:
2144:
1985:
1980:
1938:
1891:
985:
852:
837:
796:
761:
374:
216:
6092:
5607:
5532:
5510:
5413:
5007:
4936:
4931:
4919:
4909:
4458:
3328:
3293:
3225:
3158:
3077:
3047:
2980:
2794:
2778:
2688:
2608:
2593:
2555:
2547:
2303:
2245:
1910:
816:
811:
806:
776:
3853:(1993–2002) s.v. "Josephus Flavius". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
2852:
journalist Sache Petreanu, an advocate of assimilation, cutting off the
2406:
in their surrounding culture or to an ideological program in the age of
6186:
5893:
5475:
5069:
4817:
4739:
4582:
A "chief rabbi" of Rome becomes a Catholic: A study in fright and spite
4304:
3763:
3114:
rates were necessary for total assimilation. Because most European and
3067:
2991:(1933), as well as rejecting Judaism along with all other religions in
2972:
2946:
2868:
2742:
2668:
1961:
975:
904:
862:
691:
671:
230:
137:
57:
4502:
Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews
4028:
3019:
The largest Reform Synagogue in New York, Central Synagogue, performs
2711:(66–73 CE), but surrendered in 67 and settled in Rome, where he wrote
6107:
5572:
5463:
5374:
4992:
4926:
4181:
3282:
3274:
3191:
2976:
2929:
2664:
2656:
2124:
2109:
1199:
1147:
909:
857:
847:
528:
524:
514:
429:
189:
4943:
4223:
877:
5826:
5768:
5713:
5708:
5379:
4665:
4020:
3236:
2758:
2700:
2649:
2597:
2456:
2293:
1903:
1835:
666:
174:
125:
3893:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 275.
3677:
6041:
5925:
5920:
5910:
5898:
5718:
5703:
5647:
5582:
5557:
5520:
5384:
5059:
4958:
4882:
4774:
4700:
4621:
Assimilation and Community: The Jews in Nineteenth-Century Europe
4424:
Assimilation and community: The Jews in nineteenth-century Europe
4409:
Assimilation and community: The Jews in nineteenth-century Europe
4052:
3734:
3578:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 6787
3449:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 16.
3255:
3249:
3195:
3152:
Assimilation and Community: The Jews in nineteenth-century Europe
3094:
3089:
3070:
2996:
2829:
2774:
2746:
2660:
2578:
2269:
2235:
2104:
1898:
887:
882:
754:
645:
540:
536:
532:
281:
276:
253:
235:
110:
105:
95:
73:
48:
4597:
French Catholic leader, Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, dies at 80
3939:
The Jews of Europe in the Modern Era: A Socio-historical Outline
6112:
5979:
5915:
4224:"Central Synagogue, a Reform congregation in Midtown Manhattan"
3528:
The Postzionism Debates: Knowledge and Power in Israeli Culture
3043:
3035:
3027:
2984:
2762:
1929:
1924:
1884:
1869:
980:
872:
292:
258:
244:
179:
3224:
denominations have publicly declared that they will no longer
6063:
6058:
6012:
5967:
5888:
5883:
5147:
4902:
4872:
3244:
3240:
2854:
2724:
892:
321:
225:
194:
3764:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (12 December 2008).
3034:
is a derogatory term used mainly to refer with prejudice to
2483:('radical adjustment, even to the point of absorption') and
6162:
4696:
4448:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 57.
3051:
2825:, but without a state of their own for nearly 2,000 years.
2403:
44:
2655:
The priestly Hasmonean dynasty of the Maccabees and their
2435:: 'the religious act of formally embracing Christianity'.
3589:
three words, they would be—deprivation, discrimination,
3126:
since World War II. This shrinkage has been called the
2479:(2012) argued the importance of distinguishing between
4459:
Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue
3608:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
2912:
Finally, the governments of some states, most notably
3820:
3106:(1964) defined assimilation as a continuum, of which
4426:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 210.
4411:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
3644:"Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe"
3038:
inter-faith couples, who can be criticized as being
1908:
1889:
312:
3216:
Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews
2832:, assimilation also took the form of conversion to
2644:, reversing much of the Hellenization process. The
2596:became the dominant language of the elite, and the
4619:Frankel, Jonathan; Zipperstein, Steven J. (1992).
4618:
3265:). This early discrimination system was weaker in
3042:or anti-Israeli, particularly when one partner is
2733:), Josephus rejected Jewish (Judean) nationalism.
2699:in Alexandria by these Hellenized Jews. Historian
2588:, where most Jews lived at the time, starting the
3062:Ever since some Jews first abandoned traditional
2805:This led some Jews to philosophical questions of
6347:
4642:, Lior Tal Sadeh (ליאור טל), The Times Of Israel
3976:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 334.
3870:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5.
3611:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 172.
2828:As an alternative to a more liberal practice of
2817:. These debates initially took place within the
4546:. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005
4473:"Should Christians Attempt to Evangelize Jews?"
3830:DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
2936:(the dominant state of the German Empire), the
4059:Divining America: Religion in American History
3882:
3880:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3491:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
2717:(75–79, first in Aramaic, later in Greek) and
2695:(1st century BCE), were (probably) written in
4681:
4640:Intermarriage is not the same as assimilation
4150:. Amsterdam: Fles and Company. pp. 9–15.
3650:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 27–28.
3205:
2360:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
3868:The Transformation of German Jewry 1780-1840
3786:
3780:
3188:The Transformation of German Jewry 1780-1840
2673:important Hellenistic Jewish cultural centre
6170:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4384:. United Jewish Communities. Archived from
3877:
3690:
3524:
3423:
3165:demonstrates that Jewish assimilation into
2975:(1872–1940) devoted much of the 1930s as a
2858:of an observant Jew (by Constantin Jiquidi)
604:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4688:
4674:
2793:. The question, coming during the rise of
2367:
2353:
4635:Effects of Intermarriage and Assimilation
4326:"The Holocaust is Killing America's Jews"
4273:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3678:Why is Gentile food forbidden in Judaism?
3648:Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy
3604:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
2821:, a population with a revered historical
4717:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4048:
4046:
3973:Hermann Cohen: An Intellectual Biography
3886:
3814:
3566:
3442:
3324:Historical Jewish population comparisons
3088:(1981); most of these papers accept the
2843:
6216:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4853:
4316:
4314:
4159:
4157:
4081:
4079:
4053:Jonathan D. Sarna and Jonathan Golden.
3757:
2736:
14:
6348:
4578:
4513:
3969:
3963:
3935:
3922:
3865:
3705:
3638:
3470:
3057:
4669:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4043:
4002:
4000:
3861:
3859:
3572:"Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union"
2627:expelled Jason and replaced him with
4695:
4470:
4320:
4311:
4267:"What happens when Jews intermarry?"
4163:
4154:
4145:
4076:
4006:
3531:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 120.
3400:
3398:
3396:
4589:
4382:"NJPS: Variations in Intermarriage"
4123:. Joodsamsterdam.nl. Archived from
3851:Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia
3752:Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia
3212:Conversions of Jews to Christianity
3086:Jewish Assimilation in Modern Times
2517:Jewish identity in the Soviet Union
2418:Professor of Modern Jewish History
2387:
24:
6163:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
6143:American Jewish Historical Society
4430:
4421:
4406:
4354:
4109:
3997:
3856:
3492:Monika Richarz (13 October 2012).
25:
6372:
4628:
3525:Silberstein, Laurence J. (2013).
3393:
3292:has attracted some Jews, such as
3145:National Jewish Population Survey
2987:anti-Semitism on the one hand in
395:Historical population comparisons
6327:
6314:
6313:
4661:Will Your grandchildren be Jews?
4117:"personen > levie jacob fles"
3832:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln
3790:The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
3194:ideal of individualism known as
2871:. In the late 19th century, the
2566:
1039:Democratic Republic of the Congo
953:Historical population by country
4612:
4572:
4532:
4518:. Schocken. pp. 453, 449.
4507:
4495:
4464:
4452:
4415:
4400:
4374:
4357:"Silent Holocaust Gets a Voice"
4348:
4290:
4259:
4241:
4216:
4139:
3844:
3787:Charlesworth, James H. (2010).
3745:
3727:
3014:
2957:
2839:
2394:) refers either to the gradual
6235:Relations with other religions
3671:
3632:
3598:
3560:
3518:
3350:On Venus, Have We Got a Rabbi!
2928:On 14 May 1873, as one of the
2883:without any conditions by the
2703:initially participated in the
2413:
13:
1:
6222:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4623:. Cambridge University Press.
3970:Beiser, Frederick C. (2018).
3386:
3344:Criticism of multiculturalism
3237:Judeo-Catholics who converted
3104:Assimilation in American Life
2989:Hitler, reformer or criminal?
610:Christianity and Judaism
6153:Leo Baeck Institute New York
6148:American Sephardi Federation
4602:International Herald Tribune
4516:A Jewish-Christian Symbiosis
2679:(25 BCE–45 CE). Some of the
2519:', or the 'de-Judaization' (
7:
4976:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4461:(World Council of Churches)
4170:. University of Amsterdam.
3311:
2999:(e.g. in his 1939 pamphlet
2502:, Palestinian intellectual
1909:
1890:
1617:Latin America and Caribbean
313:
10:
6377:
6204:National Library of Israel
4845:Zionism, race and genetics
4063:National Humanities Center
3443:Endelman, Todd M. (2015).
3209:
3206:Christian–Jewish relations
3046:or is identified as being
2570:
2561:
2222:Jewish political movements
1919:Conversion to Judaism
27:Social process or ideology
6302:
6158:Yeshiva University Museum
6138:Center for Jewish History
6128:
5993:
5865:
5739:
5633:
5164:
4783:
4725:
4707:
4579:Newman, Louis I. (1945).
4564:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4540:"Famous Jewish Catholics"
4446:The Jews of Modern France
3899:10.1515/9781400866380-010
3768:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3605:Longerich, Peter (2010).
3163:The Jews of Modern France
3136:Orthodox Judaism outreach
3132:the genocide against Jews
2983:to both opposing growing
2663:-speaking traditionalist
625:Hinduism and Judaism
4750:Ancient Israel and Judah
4585:. The Renaissance Press.
4504:(religioustolerance.org)
3410:www.yivoencyclopedia.org
3138:activists such as rabbi
3134:during World War II) by
2881:granted full citizenship
2652:stems from this revolt.
2537:Holocaust trivialization
451:Temple in Jerusalem
144:Bar and bat mitzvah
5126:North African Sephardim
5099:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3936:Karady, Victor (2004).
2720:Antiquities of the Jews
2613:Antiochus III the Great
2509:Arab citizens of Israel
413:Twelve Tribes of Israel
6229:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6199:Jewish Virtual Library
3866:Sorkin, David (1987).
3366:Ethnic plastic surgery
3279:culturally pluralistic
3198:. Instead, a separate
2859:
2709:First Jewish–Roman War
2681:Deuterocanonical books
2625:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2494:The usage of the term
6356:Cultural assimilation
6176:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5958:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
5143:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4893:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
4514:Marcus, Ivan (2002).
4444:Hyman, Paula (1999).
4293:Jewish Social Studies
3826:"Additions to Esther"
3822:Sidnie White Crawford
3406:"YIVO | Assimilation"
3290:Roman Catholic Church
3222:Progressive Christian
3007:to the European name
2847:
2671:in Egypt had been an
2523:) of the sciences in
2511:as equal citizens to
2396:cultural assimilation
1159:São Tomé and Príncipe
1154:Republic of the Congo
548:Second Temple Judaism
419:Kingdom of Judah
390:Modern historiography
4755:Second Temple period
4646:Are we assimilating?
4228:centralsynagogue.org
4184:on 25 September 2015
4146:Fles, Levie (1931).
4097:on 26 September 2015
3021:interfaith marriages
2885:French Revolutionary
2737:Age of Enlightenment
2691:(c. 100–50 BCE) and
2640:independence as the
2586:conquered the Levant
2427:Radical assimilation
2261:World Agudath Israel
1402:United Arab Emirates
489:Second Temple period
479:Babylonian captivity
6193:Jewish Encyclopedia
5938:Hekhalot literature
5749:Religious movements
5284:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4471:Brockway, Allan R.
4164:Gans, E.E. (1999).
4121:naar joodsamsterdam
3766:"Wisdom of Solomon"
3339:Apostasy in Judaism
3319:Jewish emancipation
3306:Jean-Marie Lustiger
3112:interfaith marriage
3058:Contemporary debate
2848:1899 caricature of
2693:Additions to Esther
2677:Philo of Alexandria
2583:Alexander the Great
2573:Hellenistic Judaism
2380:Jewish assimilation
554:Hellenistic Judaism
132:Land of Israel
91:Principles of faith
6334:Judaism portal
6270:Jews and Halloween
6265:Jews and Christmas
5655:Rabbinic authority
5407:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4840:Xueta Christianity
4745:Origins of Judaism
4712:Outline of Judaism
4483:on 24 January 2010
4422:Kaplan, Marion A.
4407:Kaplan, Marion A.
3506:on 13 October 2012
3302:Erich von Stroheim
3262:limpieza de sangre
3130:(in comparison to
3001:Down with Zionism!
2934:Kingdom of Prussia
2860:
2749:or the liturgical
2697:Jewish Koine Greek
2590:Hellenistic period
2400:social integration
2115:Jewish Koine Greek
1657:Dominican Republic
938:Judaism by country
617:Jews and Christmas
472:Assyrian captivity
6343:
6342:
6309:extinct languages
6210:YIVO Encyclopedia
5985:Hebrew literature
5953:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5793:Reconstructionist
5471:Judaeo-Portuguese
5160:
5159:
5116:Eastern Sephardim
4760:Synagogal Judaism
4544:www.adherents.com
4388:on 15 August 2004
4355:Sergel, Julie A.
4322:Buchwald, Ephraim
4127:on 16 August 2011
3707:Grabbe, Lester L.
3568:Ribicoff, Abraham
3361:Jewish visibility
3281:societies of the
3124:Western countries
2823:Biblical homeland
2767:Moses Mendelssohn
2685:Wisdom of Solomon
2642:Hasmonean dynasty
2601:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2541:Holocaust deniers
2377:
2376:
2326:
2325:
2074:
2073:
1821:Reconstructionist
1765:
1764:
917:
916:
724:
723:
561:Jewish–Roman wars
509:Hasmonean dynasty
425:Kingdom of Israel
329:
328:
16:(Redirected from
6368:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6317:
6316:
5449:Judeo-Golpaygani
5050:Palestinian Jews
5025:Alexandrian Jews
4981:Crimean Karaites
4898:Unterlander Jews
4851:
4850:
4765:Rabbinic Judaism
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4624:
4606:
4595:John Tagliabue,
4593:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4479:. Archived from
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4332:. Archived from
4318:
4309:
4308:
4288:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4180:. Archived from
4161:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3824:(January 2000).
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3703:
3688:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3499:. Archived from
3498:
3489:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3440:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3402:
3372:The Operated Jew
3140:Ephraim Buchwald
3128:Silent Holocaust
3082:Haifa University
2969:Great Depression
2634:Maccabean Revolt
2577:In 332 BCE, the
2389:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2218:
2217:
2099:
1920:
1914:
1895:
1859:
1858:
1806:
1753:New Zealand
1705:
1668:El Salvador
1658:
1590:Northern America
1582:
1176:
932:
931:
843:Crimean Karaites
739:
738:
717:
715:
636:
634:
626:
620:
611:
599:Rabbinic Judaism
580:
574:
568:
556:
544:
510:
503:Maccabean Revolt
480:
473:
467:
459:
452:
446:
438:
420:
344:
343:
318:
213:
212:
145:
133:
32:
31:
21:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6328:
6326:
6298:
6124:
5989:
5861:
5735:
5629:
5444:Judeo-Borujerdi
5419:Judeo-Malayalam
5365:Judeo-Aragonese
5336:Lishanid Noshan
5168:
5156:
4888:Oberlander Jews
4849:
4779:
4721:
4703:
4694:
4631:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4605:, 6 August 2007
4594:
4590:
4577:
4573:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4442:
4431:
4420:
4416:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4336:on 22 July 2004
4319:
4312:
4289:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4162:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4051:
4044:
4005:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3934:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3704:
3691:
3686:Eliezer Melamed
3682:Peninei Halakha
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3640:Shafir, Michael
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3603:
3599:
3581:
3579:
3565:
3561:
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3509:
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3496:
3490:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3441:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3356:Jewish adjacent
3314:
3218:
3208:
3074:Western culture
3060:
3017:
2960:
2877:Austria-Hungary
2850:Romanian Jewish
2842:
2807:Jewish identity
2791:Jewish question
2771:German language
2745:—as opposed to
2739:
2605:Seleucid Empire
2575:
2569:
2564:
2513:Jewish Israelis
2447:Austria-Hungary
2416:
2373:
2328:
2327:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2195:Judeo-Malayalam
2175:Judaeo-Georgian
2095:
2086:
2076:
2075:
1976:Yiddish theatre
1918:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1804:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1703:
1656:
1580:
1174:
958:Genetic studies
929:
919:
918:
736:
726:
725:
713:
712:
632:
631:
624:
614:
609:
591:and Middle Ages
589:Rabbinic period
576:
570:
563:
551:
522:
508:
478:
471:
462:
454:
450:
441:
436:in Judaism
433:
418:
341:
331:
330:
210:
200:
199:
143:
131:
76:
28:
23:
22:
18:Assimilated Jew
15:
12:
11:
5:
6374:
6364:
6363:
6361:Jewish society
6358:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6323:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:non-Christian
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6213:
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6022:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6010:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Shulchan Aruch
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5963:Sefer Yetzirah
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Pardes Rimonim
5940:
5933:Kabbalah texts
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
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5795:
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5779:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5726:Land of Israel
5723:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5657:
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5639:
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5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5602:Judeo-Alsatian
5594:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5529:
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5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Judeo-Hamedani
5451:
5446:
5441:
5431:
5429:Judaeo-Occitan
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5370:Jewish English
5367:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5301:Judaeo-Aramaic
5298:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5289:Judeo-Tunisian
5286:
5281:
5279:Judeo-Moroccan
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:Judeo-Baghdadi
5259:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5176:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5121:Livornese Jews
5118:
5108:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5062:
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4951:
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4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4868:Afrikaner-Jode
4859:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
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4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
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4778:
4777:
4772:
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4757:
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4714:
4708:
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4704:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4629:External links
4627:
4626:
4625:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4588:
4571:
4531:
4524:
4506:
4494:
4477:www.abrock.com
4463:
4451:
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4373:
4347:
4310:
4272:
4258:
4240:
4215:
4206:|website=
4176:
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4138:
4108:
4075:
4042:
4021:10.1086/384324
4015:(2): 268–297.
3996:
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3779:
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3689:
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3631:
3617:
3597:
3591:de-Judaization
3559:
3552:de-Judaization
3537:
3517:
3469:
3455:
3422:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
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3377:
3376:
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3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3271:New Christians
3207:
3204:
3167:French society
3064:Jewish customs
3059:
3056:
3016:
3013:
2993:Water and Fire
2959:
2956:
2942:Austrittgesetz
2938:Austrittgesetz
2926:
2925:
2910:
2906:
2841:
2838:
2815:civic equality
2755:Ashkenazi Jews
2738:
2735:
2714:The Jewish War
2705:Judean faction
2687:(c. 150 BCE),
2646:Jewish holiday
2571:Main article:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2552:Bishul Yisrael
2539:" and empower
2529:Michael Shafir
2500:A. B. Yehoshua
2496:de-Judaization
2477:Monika Richarz
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2436:
2415:
2412:
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2256:Territorialism
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2177:
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2140:Judaeo-Spanish
2137:
2135:Judaeo-Iranian
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
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2100:
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2016:
2011:
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1998:
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1991:
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1581:United Kingdom
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1014:Bilad-el-Sudan
1011:
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989:
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983:
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967:Land of Israel
963:
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825:Related groups
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720:
719:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:Jewish atheism
679:
674:
669:
661:
660:
656:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:Islamic–Jewish
628:
621:
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593:
592:
585:
584:
583:
582:
558:
545:
517:
512:
505:
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498:Yehud Medinata
492:
491:
485:
484:
483:
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460:
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439:
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415:
407:
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404:Ancient Israel
400:
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367:
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360:Land of Israel
357:
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327:
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315:Shulchan Aruch
310:
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118:
113:
108:
103:
93:
88:
81:God in Judaism
77:
72:
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68:
67:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6373:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6336:
6335:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:Protestantism
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
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6236:
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6127:
6121:
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6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
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6089:
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6084:
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6077:
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6073:
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6065:
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6057:
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6047:
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6040:
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6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Sefer HaBahir
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Sifrei Kodesh
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
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5830:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5731:Who is a Jew?
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:Chosen people
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5616:Scots-Yiddish
5614:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5589:Klezmer-loshn
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Judeo-Shirazi
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:Judeo-Persian
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Judeo-Marathi
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:Judeo-Italian
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:Judeo-Amazigh
5255:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Hadhrami Jews
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Mountain Jews
5043:
5041:
5040:Egyptian Jews
5038:
5036:
5035:Bukharan Jews
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Lists of Jews
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4650:Eretz Acheret
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4498:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4403:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4199:
4183:
4179:
4177:9789050001281
4173:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4148:Water en vuur
4142:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4087:"Fles, Levie"
4082:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3985:
3983:9780198828167
3979:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3951:
3949:9789639241527
3945:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3910:
3908:9781400866380
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3800:9781598564907
3796:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3740:Encyclopaedia
3739:
3738:Winkler Prins
3736:
3730:
3722:
3720:9780567552488
3716:
3713:. Continuum.
3712:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3659:
3657:9783110288216
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3618:9780191613470
3614:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3540:
3538:9781136663864
3534:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3458:
3456:9781400866380
3452:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:Latin America
3264:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3200:German-Jewish
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3116:American Jews
3113:
3109:
3108:acculturation
3105:
3101:
3100:Milton Gordon
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:József Eötvös
2900:
2899:Lajos Kossuth
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:German Empire
2870:
2865:
2864:ancien Régime
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:Who is a Jew?
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2783:Enlightenment
2780:
2779:upper classes
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:Against Apion
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:Hellenization
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2567:Hellenization
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:the Holocaust
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:Anton Shammas
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:acculturation
2482:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2453:Intermarriage
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:German Empire
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:Todd Endelman
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Judeo-Aramaic
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Judeo-Italian
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Ghardaïa Sign
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:Denominations
1771:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:United States
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Guinea-Bissau
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
992:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Lists of Jews
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
922:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
824:
823:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
729:
718:
710:
708:
705:
703:
702:The Holocaust
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
629:
627:
622:
618:
612:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
579:
573:
567:
562:
559:
555:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
437:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
405:
402:
401:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
334:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Mishneh Torah
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
232:
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104:
101:
97:
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89:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
64:
63:Who is a Jew?
61:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6325:
6318:
6304:
6227:
6220:
6208:
6191:
6174:
6008:perspectives
5842:Samaritanism
5803:Neo-Hasidism
5783:Conservative
5697:Names of God
5606:
5587:
5397:Judaeo-Greek
5392:Judeo-Gascon
5331:Lishán Didán
5326:Lishana Deni
5294:Judeo-Yemeni
5262:Judeo-Arabic
5136:Meshuchrarim
5055:Persian Jews
4988:Kurdish Jews
4966:Kaifeng Jews
4915:Beta Abraham
4878:Galitzianers
4833:Antisemitism
4808:Israeli Jews
4793:Assimilation
4792:
4656:Assimilation
4620:
4613:Bibliography
4600:
4591:
4581:
4574:
4548:. Retrieved
4543:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4476:
4466:
4454:
4445:
4423:
4417:
4408:
4402:
4390:. Retrieved
4386:the original
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4360:
4350:
4338:. Retrieved
4334:the original
4329:
4296:
4292:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4218:
4188:27 September
4186:. Retrieved
4182:the original
4166:
4147:
4141:
4131:27 September
4129:. Retrieved
4125:the original
4120:
4111:
4101:26 September
4099:. Retrieved
4095:the original
4090:
4066:. Retrieved
4058:
4012:
4008:
3987:. Retrieved
3972:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3938:
3912:. Retrieved
3889:
3871:
3867:
3850:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3829:
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3789:
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3759:
3751:
3747:
3733:
3729:
3710:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3647:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3607:
3600:
3590:
3587:
3580:. Retrieved
3575:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3542:. Retrieved
3527:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3501:the original
3460:. Retrieved
3445:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:
3370:
3348:
3334:Zera Yisrael
3298:Israel Zolli
3287:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3247:, and Jews (
3234:
3230:
3219:
3187:
3184:David Sorkin
3182:
3177:consistories
3162:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3127:
3121:
3103:
3085:
3061:
3040:anti-Zionist
3031:
3025:
3018:
3015:21st century
3008:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2964:disabilities
2961:
2958:20th century
2952:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2922:Young Czechs
2892:
2861:
2853:
2840:19th century
2834:Christianity
2827:
2804:
2788:
2740:
2728:
2718:
2712:
2654:
2637:
2576:
2545:
2525:Nazi Germany
2520:
2495:
2493:
2489:emancipation
2488:
2484:
2481:assimilation
2480:
2475:
2467:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2408:emancipation
2391:
2379:
2378:
2319:Post-Zionism
2190:Judeo-Berber
2185:Judeo-Arabic
2145:Judeo-Gascon
1892:Pidyon haben
1811:Conservative
1357:Saudi Arabia
1175:South Africa
1164:Sierra Leone
986:Israeli Jews
900:Mosaic Arabs
853:Kaifeng Jews
714:Arab–Israeli
687:Emancipation
566:Great Revolt
375:Anti-Judaism
370:Antisemitism
365:Name "Judea"
160:Baal teshuva
29:
6250:Catholicism
5832:Hellenistic
5670:Eschatology
5608:Lachoudisch
5533:Lotegorisch
5511:Lachoudisch
5501:Koiné Greek
5414:Judeo-Latin
5351:Palestinian
5245:Palestinian
5094:Mustaʿravim
5020:Afghan Jews
5008:Berber Jews
4932:Bene Israel
4920:Falash Mura
4910:Beta Israel
4828:Persecution
4770:Middle Ages
4361:Jewish Post
4233:29 December
3380:Secular Jew
3329:Yevsektsiya
3294:Edith Stein
3226:proselytize
3159:Paula Hyman
3078:polemicists
3066:to embrace
3048:Palestinian
2981:freethinker
2862:During the
2795:nationalism
2773:instead of
2741:Use of the
2689:3 Maccabees
2609:Syrian Wars
2594:Koine Greek
2592:. Although
2556:Kosher wine
2548:Pas Yisroel
2414:Terminology
2314:Revisionist
2304:Neo-Zionism
1911:Zeved habat
1704:Puerto Rico
1530:Netherlands
1362:South Korea
1347:Philippines
1227:Afghanistan
1094:Ivory Coast
868:Crypto-Jews
833:Bnei Anusim
812:Bene Israel
777:Beta Israel
734:Communities
641:Middle Ages
380:Persecution
155:Bereavement
6350:Categories
6245:Anabaptism
6187:Jew (word)
6054:Leadership
5867:Literature
5852:Secularism
5798:Humanistic
5665:Conversion
5635:Philosophy
5476:Judeo-Urdu
5240:Babylonian
5085:Saada Jews
5070:Adeni Jews
4863:Ashkenazim
4818:Samaritans
4785:Population
4740:Israelites
4550:9 February
4525:0805212019
4487:9 February
4340:15 January
3510:9 February
3415:5 December
3387:References
3210:See also:
3032:Hitbolelut
2973:Louis Fles
2947:Wilhelm II
2888:parliament
2869:irreligion
2867:embracing
2743:vernacular
2669:Alexandria
2607:waged the
2598:succeeding
2579:Macedonian
2462:endogamous
2433:Conversion
2392:hitbolelut
2299:Maximalism
2251:Secularism
2231:Autonomism
2048:Literature
1841:Humanistic
1445:Azerbaijan
1407:Uzbekistan
1382:Tajikistan
1302:Kyrgyzstan
1287:Kazakhstan
1134:Mozambique
1109:Madagascar
1029:Cape Verde
981:New Yishuv
976:Old Yishuv
927:Population
905:Subbotniks
863:Samaritans
802:Romanyotim
745:Ashkenazim
692:Old Yishuv
672:Sabbateans
659:Modern era
651:Golden Age
578:Bar Kokhba
298:Beit Yosef
165:Philosophy
6307:indicate
6255:Mormonism
6240:Christian
6120:Symbolism
6108:Synagogue
6088:Mythology
6049:Education
6020:Astronomy
6003:Astrology
5820:relations
5625:Zarphatic
5573:Galitzish
5375:Yeshivish
5252:Catalanic
5215:Samaritan
5190:Ashkenazi
5171:Diasporic
5166:Languages
5111:Sephardim
5106:Romaniote
4993:Krymchaks
4927:Desi Jews
4803:Buddhists
4208:ignored (
4198:cite book
4037:143667571
3836:4 January
3806:5 January
3772:4 January
3684:by rabbi
3283:New World
3275:Old World
3273:from the
3192:bourgeois
3102:'s paper
2977:socialist
2909:majority.
2665:Pharisees
2521:Entjudung
2439:Secession
2309:Religious
2165:Zarphatic
2155:Bukharian
2125:Judeo-Tat
2110:Yeshivish
2084:Languages
2039:Sephardic
2029:Israelite
2019:Ethiopian
2009:Ashkenazi
1948:Religious
1738:Australia
1720:Venezuela
1626:Argentina
1608:Greenland
1520:Lithuania
1372:Sri Lanka
1367:Singapore
1292:Kurdistan
1257:Indonesia
1247:Hong Kong
1200:Abayudaya
1124:Mauritius
858:Igbo Jews
848:Krymchaks
767:Sephardim
635:relations
529:Sadducees
525:Pharisees
515:Sanhedrin
430:Jerusalem
190:Synagogue
58:Etymology
6320:Category
6290:Hinduism
6280:Buddhism
6182:Genetics
6098:Politics
6071:Marriage
6030:Holidays
6025:Calendar
5906:Rabbinic
5882:/Hebrew
5827:Haymanot
5754:Orthodox
5741:Branches
5714:Kabbalah
5709:Haskalah
5687:Holiness
5563:dialects
5543:Shassagh
5506:Krymchak
5486:Kayliñña
5380:Yinglish
5356:Galilean
5346:Talmudic
5341:Biblical
5316:Betanure
5235:Biblical
5230:Mishnaic
5225:Medieval
5210:Tiberian
5205:Yemenite
5195:Sephardi
5131:Paradesi
5075:Ḥabbanim
5065:Teimanim
5030:Baghdadi
5003:Maghrebi
4971:Karaites
4949:Gruzínim
4937:Kochinim
4855:Diaspora
4813:Karaites
4798:Atheists
4735:Timeline
4652:Magazine
4560:cite web
4330:njop.org
4068:22 March
3989:24 March
3955:24 March
3914:22 March
3709:(2010).
3663:24 March
3642:(2012).
3624:23 March
3582:23 March
3570:(1964).
3544:23 March
3462:22 March
3312:See also
3256:marranos
3250:moriscos
3170:between
3161:'s book
2995:(1931),
2945:emperor
2930:May Laws
2819:diaspora
2759:Haskalah
2701:Josephus
2657:Sadducee
2650:Hanukkah
2638:de facto
2629:Menelaus
2388:התבוללות
2336:Category
2294:Kahanism
2241:Feminism
2213:Politics
2097:Biblical
2067:American
2014:Bukharan
2004:American
1904:Shidduch
1880:Clothing
1836:Haymanot
1782:Orthodox
1710:Suriname
1693:Paraguay
1646:Colombia
1545:Portugal
1455:Bulgaria
1392:Thailand
1342:Pakistan
1322:Mongolia
1317:Malaysia
1237:Cambodia
1211:Zimbabwe
1186:Tanzania
1064:Eswatini
1054:Ethiopia
1044:Djibouti
1024:Cameroon
1019:Botswana
948:Diaspora
910:Noahides
883:Marranos
807:Cochinim
792:Bukharim
782:Gruzinim
772:Teimanim
762:Mizrahim
750:Galician
716:conflict
677:Hasidism
667:Haskalah
572:Diaspora
443:timeline
355:Timeline
268:Rabbinic
175:Kabbalah
150:Marriage
126:Tzedakah
116:Holidays
74:Religion
37:a series
35:Part of
6305:Italics
6130:Studies
6076:Divorce
6042:Kashrut
6037:Cuisine
5995:Culture
5926:Midrash
5921:Tosefta
5911:Mishnah
5899:Ketuvim
5894:Nevi'im
5857:Schisms
5847:Science
5837:Karaite
5808:Renewal
5769:Litvaks
5764:Hasidic
5719:Sefirot
5704:Halakha
5675:Messiah
5648:Mitzvah
5643:Beliefs
5597:Western
5583:Poylish
5578:Litvish
5568:Eastern
5558:Yiddish
5553:Shuadit
5538:Qwareña
5526:Tetuani
5521:Haketia
5496:Knaanic
5491:Kivruli
5439:Bukhori
5385:Heblish
5321:Hulaulá
5311:Barzani
5267:Yahudic
5200:Mizrahi
5060:Urfalim
5015:Mizrahi
4959:Neofiti
4954:Italkim
4883:Lita'im
4775:Zionism
4727:History
4701:Judaism
4392:21 July
4305:4467195
4299:(3–4).
4253:Haaretz
3735:Encarta
3196:Bildung
3095:gentile
3090:Zionist
3071:secular
2997:Zionism
2932:in the
2914:Romania
2830:Judaism
2800:Kehilla
2775:Yiddish
2765:-based
2747:Yiddish
2707:of the
2661:Aramaic
2562:History
2468:Passing
2455:: 'the
2279:General
2270:Zionism
2246:Leftism
2236:Bundism
2160:Knaanic
2120:Yevanic
2105:Yiddish
2062:Yiddish
2057:Israeli
2034:Mizrahi
2024:Israeli
1995:Cuisine
1971:Ancient
1953:Secular
1899:Kashrut
1875:Wedding
1862:Customs
1854:Culture
1831:Science
1826:Renewal
1816:Karaite
1797:Hasidic
1729:Oceania
1715:Uruguay
1683:Jamaica
1663:Ecuador
1631:Bolivia
1575:Ukraine
1550:Romania
1525:Moldova
1505:Hungary
1495:Germany
1490:Georgia
1480:Finland
1475:Estonia
1470:Denmark
1465:Czechia
1450:Belarus
1440:Austria
1435:Armenia
1412:Vietnam
1327:Myanmar
1312:Lebanon
1232:Bahrain
1191:Tunisia
1169:Somalia
1144:Nigeria
1139:Namibia
1129:Morocco
1059:Eritrea
1004:Algeria
888:Neofiti
797:Italkim
787:Juhurim
697:Zionism
646:Khazars
541:Sicarii
537:Zealots
533:Essenes
520:Schisms
385:Leaders
347:General
339:History
282:Tosefta
277:Midrash
254:Mishnah
236:Ketuvim
231:Nevi'im
180:Customs
111:Shabbat
106:Halakha
98: (
96:Mitzvot
83: (
49:Judaism
6113:Hazzan
6103:Prayer
5980:Siddur
5916:Talmud
5880:Tanakh
5815:Neolog
5788:Reform
5776:Modern
5759:Haredi
5682:Ethics
5548:Shassi
5516:Ladino
5481:Karaim
5464:Juhuri
5306:Targum
5220:Signed
5185:Modern
5180:Hebrew
5148:Xuetes
4944:Dönmeh
4903:Yekkes
4522:
4366:31 May
4303:
4174:
4035:
4029:237051
4027:
3980:
3946:
3905:
3797:
3717:
3654:
3615:
3535:
3453:
3304:, and
3228:Jews.
3068:modern
3044:Muslim
3036:Jewish
3028:Israel
2979:and a
2918:Russia
2763:Berlin
2751:Hebrew
2384:Hebrew
2341:Portal
2200:Domari
2130:Shassi
2091:Hebrew
1986:Humour
1930:Hiloni
1925:Aliyah
1885:Niddah
1870:Minyan
1805:Reform
1792:Haredi
1787:Modern
1688:Mexico
1673:Guyana
1636:Brazil
1598:Canada
1570:Sweden
1560:Serbia
1555:Russia
1540:Poland
1535:Norway
1515:Latvia
1500:Greece
1485:France
1460:Cyprus
1426:Europe
1397:Turkey
1387:Taiwan
1297:Kuwait
1282:Jordan
1272:Israel
1206:Zambia
1196:Uganda
1114:Malawi
1084:Guinea
1074:Gambia
1009:Angola
995:Africa
878:Dönmeh
873:Anusim
817:Berber
755:Litvak
707:Israel
613:
550:
464:Second
432:
293:Targum
259:Gemara
245:Talmud
217:Tanakh
170:Ethics
121:Prayer
6285:Islam
6093:Names
6083:Music
6064:Rebbe
6059:Rabbi
6013:Monen
5968:Zohar
5889:Torah
5884:Bible
4998:Lemba
4873:Chuts
4301:JSTOR
4033:S2CID
4025:JSTOR
3555:view.
3504:(PDF)
3497:(PDF)
3245:Moors
3241:Arabs
3009:Louis
2855:payot
2725:Apion
2621:Jason
2581:king
2457:union
2289:Labor
2284:Green
1981:Dance
1939:Music
1758:Palau
1678:Haiti
1641:Chile
1565:Spain
1510:Italy
1417:Yemen
1377:Syria
1352:Qatar
1332:Nepal
1277:Japan
1252:India
1242:China
1181:Sudan
1104:Libya
1099:Kenya
1079:Ghana
1069:Gabon
1049:Egypt
1034:Benin
893:Xueta
838:Lemba
457:First
322:Zohar
226:Torah
208:Texts
195:Rabbi
185:Rites
85:names
4699:and
4697:Jews
4566:link
4552:2018
4520:ISBN
4489:2018
4394:2004
4368:2022
4342:2022
4235:2023
4210:help
4190:2015
4172:ISBN
4133:2015
4103:2015
4091:BWSA
4070:2021
4009:Isis
3991:2021
3978:ISBN
3957:2021
3944:ISBN
3916:2021
3903:ISBN
3838:2021
3808:2021
3795:ISBN
3774:2021
3715:ISBN
3665:2021
3652:ISBN
3626:2021
3613:ISBN
3584:2021
3546:2021
3533:ISBN
3512:2018
3464:2021
3451:ISBN
3417:2016
3288:The
3253:and
3214:and
3172:Jews
3052:Arab
3005:Levi
2985:Nazi
2916:and
2901:and
2875:and
2809:and
2727:(in
2603:and
2554:and
2550:and
2445:and
2404:Jews
2398:and
1748:Guam
1743:Fiji
1698:Peru
1651:Cuba
1337:Oman
1307:Laos
1267:Iraq
1262:Iran
1219:Asia
1148:Igbo
1119:Mali
138:Brit
47:and
45:Jews
5692:God
4017:doi
3895:doi
3680:in
3186:'s
3157:In
3150:In
3050:or
3026:In
2648:of
2402:of
1962:Art
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