1970:
characteristics with the two fused sounds. Some examples in
English include ‘don’t you’ -> /dəʊnt ju/ -> . In this instance, /t/ and /j/ have fused to . /tʃ/ is a palato-alveolar sound; its palatal feature is derived from /j/ while its alveolar is from /t/. Another English example is ‘would you’ -> /wʊd ju/ -> . There are examples in other languages, such as Chumburung where /ɪ̀wú ɪ̀sá/ -> /ɪ̀wúɪ̀sá/ becomes - ‘three horns’. In this case, /ɪ/ is retained in the coalescence and the rising tone on /u/ appears on the coalesced sound.
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Accordingly, a variety of alternative terms have arisen, not all of which avoid the problem of the traditional terms. Regressive assimilation is also known as right-to-left, leading, or anticipatory assimilation. Progressive assimilation is also known as left-to-right, perseveratory, preservative, lagging, or lag assimilation. The terms anticipatory and lag are used here.
1974:
other hand non-reductive coalescence have no reduction in sound segments even though there is evidence of fusion. For example, in Shona, (they sell) becomes (to sell). Here, the original sound does not reduce with respect to sound segments even though the rising tone on the vowels in the coalesced form indicates the fusion of /á/ to the vowels.
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is no longer the structure /bt/ subject to the partial assimilation of devoicing of /b/ and full assimilation to produce . Over time, phonetic as a frequent assimilation of /kt/ and /bt/ was rather reinterpreted as reflecting /tt/. The structural sequence /kt/ is now all but absent in
Italian, since
1195:
Although all four occur, changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes and most of the regular ones. Assimilations to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilations to a nonadjacent one. Those radical asymmetries might contain hints
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The physiological or psychological mechanisms of coarticulation are unknown, and coarticulation is often loosely referred to as a segment being "triggered" by an assimilatory change in another segment. In assimilation, the phonological patterning of the language, discourse styles and accent are some
1973:
There are two major types of coalescence: reductive and unreductive. Reductive coalescence is the type of coalescence where sound segments are reduced after fusion is made. For example, in Xhosa, /i - lˈalaini/ becomes /e - lˈoleni/ (side). The /a-i/ segment in the first form reduces to /e/. On the
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Assimilation occurs in two different types: complete assimilation, in which the sound affected by assimilation becomes exactly the same as the sound causing assimilation, and partial assimilation, in which the sound becomes the same in one or more features but remains different in other features.
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is "Pre-School
Children's Knowledge of English Phonology" by Charles Read, published in 1971. The study discussed in this paper focuses on how children in pre-school analyze the phonetic aspect of language in order to determine the proper spelling of English words. Read noticed that many of the
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If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is traditionally called "regressive assimilation". Changes with reference to a preceding segment are traditionally called "progressive". Many find those terms confusing, as they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning.
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Coalescence is a phonological situation whereby adjacent sounds are replaced by a single sound that shares the features of the two originally adjacent sounds. In other words, coalescence is a type of assimilation whereby two sounds fuse to become one, and the fused sound shares similar
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all items in popular speech underwent the same restructuring, /kt/ > /tt/. On the rare occasion that
Italian /kt/ is encountered, however, the same assimilation that triggered the restructuring can occur at the phonetic level. For example, the medical term
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Like in those examples, sound segments typically assimilate to a following sound, but they may also assimilate to a preceding one. Assimilation most commonly occurs between immediately adjacent-sounds but may occur between sounds that are separated by others.
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pronounced with phonetic rather than . In this case, becomes since is more phonetically similar to . In other cases, the change is accepted as canonical for that word or phrase, especially if it is recognized in standard spelling:
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Occasionally, two sounds (invariably adjacent) may influence each other in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.
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Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment is the most common type of assimilation by far, and typically has the character of a conditioned sound change, i.e., it applies to the whole lexicon or part of it. For example,
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in which the phonetics of a vowel are influenced by the phonetics of a vowel in a following syllable, are common and in the nature of sound laws. Such changes abound in the histories of
1504:, a back vowel became front if a high front vowel or semivowel (*i, ī, j) was in the following syllable, and a front vowel became higher unless it was already high:
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has been seen in
American English, British English, Australian English, and New Zealand English. It is suspected that this change has occurred due to assimilation.
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has slowly been replaced by a post-alveolar affricate instead, resulting in the all-postalveolar consonant clusters and . This phenomenon also occurs in
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of pairs of endings in
Finnish is not the operation of an assimilatory innovation, but it is probably the outbirth of such an innovation long ago.
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1351:'stroke', a relatively recent direct borrowing from Latin, is usually pronounced in deliberate speech, but is frequent in more casual registers.
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1940:), depending on whether the preceding vowel is back or front. However, it is difficult to know where and how in the history of Finnish an actual
1920:, a vowel's phonetic features are often influenced by those of a preceding vowel. For example, most Finnish case markers come in two forms, with
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as "chribls" and "jragin", respectively. In a different test, Read also found that many of the children believed that words like
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Lag assimilation at a distance is rare and usually sporadic (except when part of a broader change, as for the
Sanskrit
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There has been a notable change recognized across a variety of
English dialects regarding the pronunciation of the
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becoming labialized as in "boot" or "ball" in some accents. This article describes both processes under the term
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Anticipatory assimilation at a distance is rare and usually merely an accident in the history of a specific word.
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This is the case even in slow, highly-articulated speech; excepting some unlearned speakers, as well as
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Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment is tolerably common and often has the nature of a sound law.
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in which one segment influences another to produce an allophonic variation, such as vowels becoming
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2364:. Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 38-55.
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2210:/tɹ/ and /dɹ/ in North American English: Phonologization of a Coarticulatory Effect
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the vowel, becomes voiceless when adjacent to a word-final voiceless nonsibilant:
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Smith, Bridget J.; Mielke, Jeff; Magloughlin, Lyra; Wilbanks, Eric (2019-06-19).
1955:, a vowel is modified to conform more closely to the vowel in the next syllable.
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across languages, assimilation can occur either within a word or between words.
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Vowel
Processes in Nguni: Resolving the Problem of Unacceptable VV Sequences
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Another example of a regular change is the sibilant assimilation of
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The voiced-voiceless distinction and assimilation of voice in Dutch
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also exhibit assimilation when the characteristics of neighbouring
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This does not apply across word boundaries, so that the placename
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children involved in the study misspelled words that began with
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In contrast, the word "cupboard", although it is historically a
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Between segments separated by one or more intervening segments.
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2213:(Thesis thesis). Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa.
1383:. Starting around the mid-20th century, the alveolar stop in
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1601:) although that had already happened significantly earlier:
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may exhibit tone assimilation (in effect tonal umlaut), but
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It occurs in normal speech but becomes more common in more
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One of the first papers that discussed the affrication of
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about the mechanisms involved, but they are not obvious.
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However, the diverse and common assimilations known as
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There are four configurations found in assimilations:
2293:"Pre-School Children's Knowledge of English Phonology"
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is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
1989:Phonological history of English consonant clusters
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1175:of the factors contributing to changes observed.
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1231:Anticipatory assimilation to an adjacent segment
1191:Changes made in reference to a following segment
1188:Changes made in reference to a preceding segment
761:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2165:Synchronic English Linguistics: An Introduction
2348:Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen
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2197:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 21–22.
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2380:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.
2177:For examples, see: Slis, Iman Hans. 1985.
2137:This is called assimilation at a distance.
1334:are examples of historical restructuring:
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241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
105:, without removing the technical details.
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2243:Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics
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2066:and similar dialects that pronounce it ~
1342:no longer contain /kt/ pronounced , and
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1958:
1847:patterns with other voiced obstruents.
1843:is pronounced , not . In that context,
1708:Lag assimilation to an adjacent segment
1431:Anticipatory assimilation at a distance
1008:are, however, common in normal speech.
14:
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2382:3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
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2167:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. p. 130.
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103:make it understandable to non-experts
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751:. For the distinction between ,
161:adding citations to reliable sources
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2309:10.17763/haer.41.1.91367v0h80051573
1642:was always replaced by the palatal
1244:assimilates to that of a following
913:are similar. However, the sequence
24:
1827:'flower', pronounced , instead of
1570:On the other hand, Proto-Germanic
25:
2413:
2195:Language History: An Introduction
1449:(a toponym) > Slovene dialect
1256:in rapid speech is pronounced ).
1055:, is always generally pronounced
929:has different places but similar
794:in isolation, such as the prefix
52:This article has multiple issues.
2207:Magloughlin, Lyra (2018-05-07).
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1835:'face', pronounced , instead of
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822:English "handbag" (canonically
743:International Phonetic Alphabet
304:Consonant voicing and devoicing
148:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
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1951:In the opposite direction, in
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1850:Because of a similar process,
807:pronounced with , composed of
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1818:after a voiceless obstruent:
1732:in both Germanic and Italic:
1158:(velum) opens prematurely or
172:"Assimilation" phonology
2291:Read, Charles (1971-04-01).
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889:in rapid speech because the
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2163:Meyer, Paul Georg (2005).
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1901:- example, above): Greek
27:Phenomenon in linguistics
2193:Sihler, Andrew L. 2000.
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1994:Co-articulated consonant
1363:, pronounced either or
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426:Compensatory lengthening
2378:Crowley, Terry. (1997)
1879:'horse' corresponds to
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2181:. Helmond: Wibro. 2-3.
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1841:Grodzisk Wielkopolski
1138:A related process is
32:Language assimilation
2360:Sibanda, G. (2009).
2346:Snoj, Marko (2009).
2009:Deletion (phonology)
1959:Coalescence (fusion)
1741:"hill" > PreLat.
1715:Proto-Indo-European
1661:- "beard" > Skt.
1590:respectively before
1529:> Modern English
1500:For example, in the
1123:Assimilation can be
781:phonological process
419:Transphonologization
157:improve this article
2219:10.20381/ruor-21856
1942:assimilatory change
1679:- "gray" > Skt.
1651:Proto-Indo-European
1599:Germanic a-mutation
1497:, and many others.
1084:, and almost never
937:) and is sometimes
907:bilabial consonants
299:Consonant gradation
2064:Philippine English
1965:Fusion (phonetics)
1852:Proto-Indo-Iranian
1814:regularly becomes
1502:history of English
1483:Germanic languages
1473:(a mountain ridge)
1423:both started with
1381:consonant clusters
684:Consonant mutation
659:Monophthongization
541:Consonant mutation
2034:Pharyngealization
1999:Consonant harmony
1542:"better" > OE
1279:"eight" > It.
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2170:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2117:
2100:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:Palatalization
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1892:
1889:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1668:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1568:
1567:
1548:
1533:
1509:Proto-Germanic
1491:Insular Celtic
1475:
1474:
1455:
1432:
1429:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1285:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:may be mixed.
1216:sign languages
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1171:
1168:
1140:coarticulation
759:⟩, see
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
727:
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719:
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704:
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523:
522:
519:
518:
512:
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488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Palatalization
468:
466:Coarticulation
463:
457:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
366:Vowel breaking
363:
358:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
319:L-vocalization
316:
314:Spirantization
311:
306:
301:
295:
290:
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249:
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231:
230:
213:September 2009
145:
143:
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111:September 2016
90:
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50:
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26:
9:
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2326:
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2257:
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2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2134:
2128:assimilation.
2127:
2121:
2115:assimilation.
2114:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Labialization
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Dissimilation
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1918:vowel harmony
1914:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
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1396:
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1359:> Italian
1358:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:"under" >
1311:
1307:– pronounced
1305:
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1297:
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1223:
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1190:
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1126:
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1117:
1113:
1081:
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1009:
1005:
970:
940:
936:
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918:
912:
908:
902:
894:
886:
854:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
792:pronunciation
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
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762:
750:
746:
744:
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725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
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680:
677:
675:
674:Sulcalization
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
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650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
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612:
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607:
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601:
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568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
533:
530:
529:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:Dissimilation
514:
513:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:vowel harmony
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Labialization
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:
450:
449:
442:
441:Floating tone
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
339:
336:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
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300:
297:
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293:
288:
287:
280:
277:
276:
273:
268:
267:
264:
260:
257:
256:
253:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2379:
2356:
2347:
2330:
2325:
2300:
2296:
2246:
2242:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2113:anticipatory
2112:
2108:
2103:
2058:
2044:Velarization
1984:Assibilation
1972:
1968:
1950:
1946:distribution
1945:
1941:
1915:
1894:
1849:
1838:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1756:; > PGmc
1745:
1736:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1692:
1674:
1656:
1633:
1569:
1564:
1530:
1517:"mice" >
1499:
1476:
1434:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1371:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1258:
1253:
1250:handkerchief
1249:
1234:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1164:assimilation
1163:
1137:
1133:sound change
1122:
1118:
1035:and "board"
1010:
909:, and their
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
788:rapid speech
785:
769:Assimilation
768:
767:
755:and ⟨
737:
551:Vowel hiatus
476:Velarization
454:Assimilation
453:
431:Nasalization
309:Assibilation
259:Sound change
252:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2303:(1): 1–34.
2126:progressive
1872:Old Avestan
1519:Old English
1293:"bed" >
1156:soft palate
1154:) when the
935:voiced stop
798:of English
694:Chain shift
689:Vowel shift
609:Affrication
598:Other types
546:Tone sandhi
436:Tonogenesis
263:alternation
2391:Categories
2145:References
2109:regressive
2019:Epenthesis
1907:> Lat.
1750:> Lat.
1685:- "rabbit"
1238:in English
1129:diachronic
1125:synchronic
773:consonants
614:Gemination
575:Synaeresis
344:Epenthesis
272:Metathesis
183:newspapers
57:improve it
2402:Phonetics
2317:0017-8055
2273:197750120
2265:2397-1835
2150:Citations
1934:(written
1924:(written
1469:Ratitovec
1462:Rakitovec
1144:nasalized
1015:of "cup"
817:explosion
805:implosion
664:Rhotacism
584:Synizesis
579:diaeresis
558:Synalepha
536:linking R
491:Metaphony
401:Haplology
386:Apheresis
361:Unpacking
351:Prothesis
335:Fortition
63:talk page
1978:See also
1913:"lily".
1881:Sanskrit
1777:enclitic
1762:> OE
1724:becomes
1636:Sanskrit
1625:> OE
1611:> OE
1563:> ME
1495:Albanian
1409:troubles
1322:Italian
1226:Examples
1220:cheremes
1013:compound
813:-plosion
753:/ /
749:Help:IPA
639:Iotacism
634:Betacism
624:Fronting
619:Clipping
604:Apophony
356:Paragoge
292:Lenition
2372:Sources
1904:leirion
1868:Avestan
1860:became
1793:that is
1785:eliding
1759:*hulliz
1622:*nestaz
1539:batizōn
1487:Romance
1458:Slovene
1452:Vevnica
1445:Jevnica
1421:chicken
1405:/tr,dr/
1400:/tr,dr/
1393:/tr,dr/
1385:/tr,dr/
1261:Italian
1254:handbag
1170:Concept
1152:/n,m,ŋ/
1146:before
815:(as in
741:in the
629:Raising
565:Elision
532:Liaison
396:Apocope
391:Syncope
379:Elision
197:scholar
97:Please
2315:
2271:
2263:
2004:Crasis
1953:umlaut
1930:) and
1910:līlium
1808:Polish
1801:that's
1775:. The
1769:/hyll/
1753:collis
1746:kolnis
1737:ḱl̥nis
1700:śvaśrū
1693:sweḱru
1664:śmaśru
1657:smeḱru
1608:*wurdą
1545:bettre
1527:/myːs/
1479:umlaut
1413:dragon
1355:Latin
1310:suptus
1304:subtus
1301:Latin
1290:lectus
1287:Latin
1242:nasals
939:elided
777:vowels
757:
649:Merger
644:Fusion
570:Crasis
525:Sandhi
499:umlaut
461:Fusion
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
2269:S2CID
2249:(1).
2050:Notes
1855:*
1832:twarz
1824:kwiat
1795:>
1789:it is
1771:>
1619:PGmc
1605:PGmc
1592:*
1584:>
1579:*
1572:*
1554:fōtiz
1552:*
1550:PGmc
1537:*
1535:PGmc
1514:mūsiz
1512:*
1465:>
1417:train
1389:/str/
1361:ictus
1357:ictus
1349:ictus
1344:sotto
1340:letto
1332:sotto
1328:letto
1316:sotto
1296:letto
1272:Latin
927:]
923:[
919:]
915:[
903:]
899:[
895:]
891:[
800:input
745:(IPA)
204:JSTOR
190:books
2313:ISSN
2261:ISSN
1898:śaśa
1885:aśva
1876:aspa
1797:it's
1773:hill
1765:hyll
1728:-ll-
1720:-ln-
1688:PIE
1682:śaśa
1675:ḱoso
1670:PIE
1628:nest
1614:word
1587:e, o
1577:and
1565:feet
1531:mice
1425:/tʃ/
1419:and
1411:and
1378:/dr/
1376:and
1374:/tr/
1338:and
1336:otto
1330:and
1324:otto
1282:otto
1276:octo
1246:stop
897:and
577:and
261:and
176:news
2305:doi
2251:doi
2215:doi
2111:or
2088:ɔːr
1932:/æ/
1922:/ɑ/
1916:In
1866:in
1845:/v/
1816:/f/
1812:/v/
1806:In
1644:/ɕ/
1640:/s/
1560:fét
1523:mýs
1265:/t/
1259:In
1160:/b/
1106:ɔːr
1045:ɔːr
973:or
819:).
809:in-
796:in-
775:or
159:by
101:to
2393::
2338:^
2311:.
2301:41
2299:.
2295:.
2281:^
2267:.
2259:.
2245:.
2241:.
2227:^
2186:^
1870::
1863:sp
1857:ćw
1810:,
1803:.
1799:,
1791:,
1783:,
1781:is
1646::
1493:,
1489:,
1485:,
1427:.
1326:,
1267::
1166:.
1135:.
1116:.
1074:ər
811:+
534:,
497:,
66:.
2319:.
2307::
2275:.
2253::
2247:4
2221:.
2217::
2098:.
2094:/
2091:d
2085:b
2082:p
2079:ʌ
2076:k
2073:ˈ
2070:/
1937:ä
1927:a
1744:*
1735:*
1718:*
1703:-
1691:*
1673:*
1667:-
1655:*
1594:a
1581:u
1574:i
1248:(
1150:(
1112:/
1109:d
1103:b
1100:p
1097:ʌ
1094:k
1091:ˈ
1088:/
1080:/
1077:d
1071:b
1068:ʌ
1065:k
1062:ˈ
1059:/
1051:/
1048:d
1042:b
1039:/
1031:/
1028:p
1025:ʌ
1022:k
1019:/
1004:/
1001:ɡ
998:æ
995:b
992:d
989:n
986:æ
983:h
980:ˈ
977:/
969:/
966:ɡ
963:æ
960:b
957:n
954:æ
951:h
948:ˈ
945:/
933:(
925:b
921:-
917:d
901:b
893:m
885:/
882:ɡ
879:æ
876:b
873:m
870:æ
867:h
864:ˈ
861:/
853:/
850:ɡ
847:æ
844:b
841:d
838:n
835:æ
832:h
829:ˈ
826:/
763:.
723:e
716:t
709:v
501:)
493:(
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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