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their use, astrology was widely considered as much of a serious science as astronomy, and study of the two went hand-in-hand. The astronomical interest varied between folk astronomy (of the pre-Islamic tradition in Arabia) which was concerned with celestial and seasonal observations, and mathematical astronomy, which would inform intellectual practices and precise calculations based on astronomical observations. In regard to the astrolabe's religious function, the demands of
Islamic prayer times were to be astronomically determined to ensure precise daily timings, and the
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appear inscribed in this place. The date of the astrolabe's construction was often also signed, which has allowed historians to determine that these devices are the second oldest scientific instrument in the world. The inscriptions on astrolabes also allowed historians to conclude that astronomers tended to make their own astrolabes, but that many were also made to order and kept in stock to sell, suggesting there was some contemporary market for the devices.
58:
5418:
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1106:, is free to rotate. These pointers are often just simple points, but depending on the skill of the craftsman can be very elaborate and artistic. There are examples of astrolabes with artistic pointers in the shape of balls, stars, snakes, hands, dogs' heads, and leaves, among others. The names of the indicated stars were often engraved on the pointers in Arabic or Latin. Some astrolabes have a narrow
551:
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wrote a massive text of 386 chapters on the astrolabe, which reportedly described more than 1000 applications for the astrolabe's various functions. These ranged from the astrological, the astronomical and the religious, to navigation, seasonal and daily time-keeping, and tide tables. At the time of
1161:
A shadow square also appears on the back of some astrolabes, developed by Muslim astrologists in the 9th
Century, whereas devices of the Ancient Greek tradition featured only altitude scales on the back of the devices. This was used to convert shadow lengths and the altitude of the sun, the uses of
1165:
Devices were usually signed by their maker with an inscription appearing on the back of the astrolabe, and if there was a patron of the object, their name would appear inscribed on the front, or in some cases, the name of the reigning sultan or the teacher of the astrolabist has also been found to
597:
The first known metal astrolabe in
Western Europe is the Destombes astrolabe made from brass in the eleventh century in Portugal. Metal astrolabes avoided the warping that large wooden ones were prone to, allowing the construction of larger and therefore more accurate instruments. Metal astrolabes
590:, sometimes called the "staff of al-Tusi", which was "a simple wooden rod with graduated markings but without sights. It was furnished with a plumb line and a double chord for making angular measurements and bore a perforated pointer". The geared mechanical astrolabe was invented by Abi Bakr of
1591:
onto the celestial equatorial plane, it transforms into an ellipse upward-shifted relatively to the center of the tympanum (both the observer and the projection of the north-south axis). This implies that a portion of the celestial sphere will fall outside the outer circle of the tympanum (the
1153:
is attached to the back face. An alidade can be seen in the lower right illustration of the
Persian astrolabe above. When the astrolabe is held vertically, the alidade can be rotated and the sun or a star sighted along its length, so that its altitude in degrees can be read ("taken") from the
1947:(d. 666–7), Bishop of Kennesrin. In addition to these works he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899)."
1763:
If successive meridians that divide the celestial sphere into equal sectors (like "orange slices" radiating from the zenith) are projected, a family of curves passing through the zenith projection on the tympanum is obtained. These curves, once overlaid with the
448:
during the mid-7th century. Sebokht refers to the astrolabe as being made of brass in the introduction of his treatise, indicating that metal astrolabes were known in the
Christian East well before they were developed in the Islamic world or in the Latin West.
1154:
graduated edge of the astrolabe; hence the word's Greek roots: "astron" (ἄστρον) = star + "lab-" (λαβ-) = to take. The alidade had vertical and horizontal cross-hairs which plots locations on an azimuthal ring called an almucantar (altitude-distance circle).
1698:
opposite the zenith with respect to the observer), their projections on the celestial equatorial plane, and the center (with no physical meaning attached) of the circle obtained by projecting the secondary meridian (see below) on the celestial equatorial
1759:
of the segment connecting both points. In deed, the projection of the celestial meridian can be considered as a circle with an infinite radius (a straight line) whose center is on this bisection and at an infinite distance from these two points.
148:
capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate astronomical positions precisely. It is able to measure the
802:(Saturn). The device also featured celestial spheres following the Ptolemaic model and Earth was depicted as a blue sphere with circles of geographic coordinates. A complex line representing the axis of the Earth covered the entire instrument.
944:
1493:
for an observer at the Tropic of
Capricorn, meaning summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the northern hemisphere). If, on the other hand, its altitude coincides with the inner circle (Tropic of Cancer), it indicates the
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An arm called a radius connects from the center of the astrolabe to the optical axis which is parallel with another arm also called a radius. The other radius contains graduations of altitude and distance measurements.
740:
Thirteen of his astrolabes survive to this day. One more special example of craftsmanship in early 15th-century Europe is the astrolabe designed by
Antonius de Pacento and made by Dominicus de Lanzano, dated 1420.
1142:
On the back of the mater, there is often engraved a number of scales that are useful in the astrolabe's various applications. These vary from designer to designer, but might include curves for time conversions, a
717:
at the school in Reims, France, sometime before the turn of the 11th century. In the 15th century, French instrument maker Jean
Fusoris (c. 1365–1436) also started remaking and selling astrolabes in his shop in
1009:
were initially influenced by the astrolabe; they could be seen in many ways as clockwork astrolabes designed to produce a continual display of the current position of the sun, stars, and planets. For example,
2758:
Paul
Kunitzsch has recently established that the Latin treatise on the astrolabe long ascribed to Ma'sh'allah and translated by John of Seville is in fact by Ibn al-Saffar, a disciple of Maslama al-Majriti.
1984:
There is no evidence for the
Hellenistic origin of the spherical astrolabe, but rather evidence so far available suggests that it may have been an early but distinctly Islamic development with no Greek
2009:"HISTORIANS' HOME YIELDS RICH LODE; New York Society Searches Its Own Building for Items to Mark Anniversary; SHOW OPENS THURSDAY; Portrait of Stuyvesant and Champlain's Astrolabe Will Be on Display"
1719:
of 40° East relative to the observer's horizon (which, like all secondary meridians, intersects the principal meridian at the zenith and nadir), and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
628:. Universal astrolabes can be found at the History of Science Museum in Oxford. David A. King, historian of Islamic instrumentation, describes the universal astrolobe designed by Ibn al-Sarraj of
1462:, defines the size of the astrolabe's tympanum. The center of the tympanum (and the center of the three circles) is actually the north-south axis around which Earth rotates, and therefore, the
1755:
are located. However, when projecting the 40° E meridian, another circle is obtained that passes through both the zenith and nadir projections, so its center is located on the perpendicular
602:
225:
that was informed by the calculations of the astrolabe was of great significance to the religion of Islam, given that it determines the dates of important religious observances such as
2956:
989:
bizarrely held from the top like it's an astrolabe, however an astrolabe cannot be used by looking over the top of it. The page inexplicably contains the word "Astrolabium," by
1316:(north-south meridian, passing through the zenith) and secondary meridians (circles intersecting the north-south meridian at the zenith), which will enable the measurement of
1135:
move over the projection of the coordinates on the tympan. One complete rotation corresponds to the passage of a day. The astrolabe is, therefore, a predecessor of the modern
832:
1180:
393:; died AD 415), but it's known to have been used much earlier. The misattribution comes from a misinterpretation of a statement in a letter written by Hypatia's pupil
816:
1611:), and projecting them on the celestial equatorial plane, as in the image above, a grid of consecutive ellipses is constructed, allowing for the determination of a
974:
1021:, adopting a stereographic projection (see below) of the ecliptic plane. In recent times, astrolabe watches have become popular. For example, Swiss watchmaker
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3451:
880:
496:
515:
315 (AD 927–928). In the Islamic world, astrolabes were used to find the times of sunrise and the rising of fixed stars, to help schedule morning prayers (
1147:
for converting the day of the month to the sun's position on the ecliptic, trigonometric scales, and graduation of 360 degrees around the back edge. The
2089:
1599:
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2008:
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653:. The same source was translated by French astronomer and astrologer Pélerin de Prusse and others. The first printed book on the astrolabe was
4400:
188:, is effective for determining latitude on land or calm seas. Although it is less reliable on the heaving deck of a ship in rough seas, the
3559:
1510:
411:), which mentions that Hypatia had taught him how to construct a plane astrolabe, but does not say that she invented it. Lewis argues that
770:
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632:(aka Ahmad bin Abi Bakr; fl. 1328) as "the most sophisticated astronomical instrument from the entire Medieval and Renaissance periods".
5497:
3625:
3445:
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and featured a device called the System of the Universe (Σύστημα τοῦ Παντός). The device featured the planets with the names in Greek:
382:) wrote a detailed treatise on the astrolabe. The invention of the plane astrolabe is sometimes wrongly attributed to Theon's daughter
3388:
3043:
Some Medieval Astronomical Instruments and Their Secrets, in Mazzolini, R. G. (ed.), Non-Verbal Communication in Science prior to 1900
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868:
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209:
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Kunitzsch, Paul (1981). "On the authenticity of the treatise on the composition and use of the astrolabe ascribed to Messahalla".
1356:
5371:
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1790:
1709:(or meridian that goes, for the observer, from the north of the horizon to the south of the horizon passing through the zenith).
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3252:
Laird, Edgar (1997), Carol Poster and Richard Utz (ed.), "Astrolabes and the Construction of Time in the Late Middle Ages",
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Michael Deakin (August 3, 1997). "Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria". ABC Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
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1216:
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1890:(or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127–71); repr. and translated into French by Alain Philippe Segonds,
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When projecting onto the celestial equatorial plane, three concentric circles correspond to the celestial sphere's three
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will rotate. It is the component that will enable the precise determination of a star's position at a specific time of
425:
notes "there is no convincing evidence that Ptolemy or any of his predecessors knew about the planispheric astrolabe".
4146:
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1014:'s clock (c. 1330) consisted essentially of a star map rotating behind a fixed rete, similar to that of an astrolabe.
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above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local
3261:
Laird, Edgar; Fischer, Robert, eds. (1995), "Critical edition of Pélerin de Prusse on the Astrolabe (translation of
935:
768:
incorporated a sophisticated astrolabe in his painting depicting Catherine of Alexandria. The painting was entitled
624:
wrote a treatise on the construction and use of a universal astrolabe in the last half of the 13th century entitled
5467:
4882:
4176:
4166:
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1458:(left side of the image). The largest of these, the projection on the celestial equatorial plane of the celestial
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3969:
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956:
571:
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The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
436:
wrote a treatise (c. 550) on the astrolabe in Greek, which is the earliest extant treatise on the instrument.
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A Beginner's Guide to Basic Construction and Use of the Astrolabe (using ruler, protractor and compasses)
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Stereographic projection of the north-south meridian and a meridian 40° E on the tympanum of an astrolabe
899:
673:
641:
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462:
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752:, a manual of the construction and use of the astrolabe. Four identical 16th-century astrolabes made by
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703:
32:
17:
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The astrolabe was almost certainly first brought north of the Pyrenees by Gerbert of Aurillac (future
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were heavier than wooden instruments of the same size, making it difficult to use them in navigation.
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surrounding the observer, which is perpendicular to the zenith vector and defines the portion of the
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surrounding the observer, which is perpendicular to the zenith vector and defines the portion of the
1485:
is known and coincides with the outer circle of the tympanum (Tropic of Capricorn), it signifies the
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towards which Muslims must pray, could also be determined by this device. In addition to this, the
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or circles parallel to the horizon, which will allow for the determination of a celestial body's
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1747:, it results in a straight line that overlaps with the vertical axis of the tympanum, where the
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2470:. Translated by Joe Laredo. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
2350:
Martin, L. C. (1923), "Surveying and navigational instruments from the historical standpoint",
1825:
1815:
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994:
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189:
46:
2911:"The Astronomical Instruments in Saint Catherine's Iconography at the Holy Monastery of Sinai
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in 1985. Dutch watchmaker Christaan van der Klauuw also manufactures astrolabe watches today.
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King, D. A. (1981), "The Origin of the Astrolabe According to the Medieval Islamic Sources",
2037:
1473:
The three concentric circles on the tympanum are useful for determining the exact moments of
951:
2735:
282:(i.e., astrolabe) was given various etymologies. In Arabic texts, the word is translated as
5340:
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4951:
4926:
4809:
4783:
4624:
4594:
3999:
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2313:. The History of Cartography. Vol. 2. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
1744:
1706:
1313:
931:
823:
646:
345:
150:
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3178:
745:
698:, was used by sailors to get an accurate reading of latitude while at sea. The use of the
8:
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2738:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2492:
2424:
2297:
1963:
1882:(On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe), ed. Heinrich Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839,
1830:
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1328:
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911:
559:
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51:
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Three parallel circles represent the projection on the celestial sphere of Earth's main
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4755:
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Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World
3138:
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2013:
1932:
1835:
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1415:
1324:
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621:
489:
458:
170:
1498:. If its altitude is on the middle circle (equator), it corresponds to one of the two
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Geared to the Stars: the Evolution of Planetariums, Orreries, and Astronomical Clocks
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1691:
765:
761:
733:
710:
609:
528:
319:
1949:
Severus' treatise was translated by Jessie Payne Smith Margoliouth in R.T. Gunther,
1466:
of the astrolabe will rotate around this point as the hours of the day pass (due to
1259:
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5279:
5228:
5203:
4855:
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4233:
4156:
4141:
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3711:
3600:
3128:
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1975:
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in the Islamic world. The earliest description of the spherical astrolabe dates to
563:
512:
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429:
178:
112:
523:
first described over 1,000 different uses of an astrolabe, in areas as diverse as
5314:
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5116:
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4760:
4694:
4458:
4413:
3943:
3817:
3786:
3736:
3721:
3549:
3405:
3379:
2442:
2271:
1944:
1915:
1907:
1875:
1495:
1486:
1191:
1022:
990:
613:
445:
441:
433:
337:
289:
145:
99:
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664:
5177:
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4991:
4971:
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4579:
4365:
4228:
3882:
3857:
3842:
3827:
3791:
3660:
3123:
2069:
1187:
1084:
753:
722:, along with portable sundials and other popular scientific devices of the day.
492:
is the first person credited with building the astrolabe in the Islamic world.
333:
329:
248:
222:
74:
3435:
Fully illustrated online catalogue of world's largest collection of astrolabes
3425:
A working model of the Dr. Ludwig Oechslin's Astrolabium Galileo Galilei watch
3384:
1680:
visible to the observer, and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
1563:
visible to the observer, and its projection on the celestial equatorial plane.
1235:
The construction and design of astrolabes are based on the application of the
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5284:
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4634:
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4378:
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1607:
Additionally, when drawing circles parallel to the horizon up to the zenith (
1207:
1099:
1026:
684:
650:
162:
3913:
2581:
Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". p. 140. Basic Books.
2399:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a Sourcebook
1919:
1911:
1360:
Stereographic projection of Earth's tropics and equator from the South Pole.
1017:
Many astronomical clocks use an astrolabe-style display, such as the famous
950:
A page from the 1575 book "Astrolabium" depicting an astrolabe. Masha'Allah
204:
16th-century woodcut of measurement of a building's height with an astrolabe
133:
5410:
5147:
4996:
4554:
4448:
4161:
4095:
3948:
3691:
3655:
2834:
Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". p. 143. basic Books.
2601:
Toward the Setting Sun: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, and the Race for America
1018:
839:
437:
349:
141:
4874:
1979:
1887:
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above the local horizon. The rim of the mater is typically graduated into
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4493:
4473:
4352:
4192:
3928:
3877:
3837:
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direction for the observer (which would vary depending on the observer's
1545:
direction for the observer (which would vary depending on the observer's
1136:
1117:
915:
567:
417:
174:
3133:
1936:
1514:
Stereographic projection of an observer's horizon at a specific latitude
1254:
415:
used an astrolabe to make the astronomical observations recorded in the
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5066:
5026:
4956:
4674:
4664:
4654:
4559:
4539:
4463:
4131:
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3908:
3746:
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3726:
3189:], translated by Gunella, Alessandro; Lamprey, John, John Lamprey,
2547:
1820:
1805:
1608:
1302:
1244:
1128:
714:
679:
In 1370, the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe was written by the
575:
158:
129:
57:
2665:
2468:
Celestial Treasury: From the Music of Spheres to the Conquest of Space
1041:(mother), which is deep enough to hold one or more flat plates called
601:
336:
of the word as "lines of lab", where "Lab" refers to a certain son of
5061:
5051:
5036:
4981:
4976:
4921:
4709:
4649:
4207:
4151:
3822:
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which were various from surveying to measuring inaccessible heights.
783:
536:
524:
315:
264:
258:
252:
125:
83:
39:
3387:
Video of Howard Covitz's Presentation at Ignite Phoenix, June 2009.
2892:. Band 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, S. 204.
2799:
Encyclopedia of world trade : from ancient times to the present
2539:
2526:(1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi".
2205:
The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
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The tympanum captures the celestial coordinate axes upon which the
1144:
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1095:
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introduced angular scales to the design, adding circles indicating
394:
154:
3342:
God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time
3183:
Stoeffler's Elucidatio – The Construction and Use of the Astrolabe
2046:
Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture
1652:
The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
1535:
The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
1391:
The central blue point represents Earth (the observer's location).
1351:
5213:
5076:
5071:
5021:
5011:
4639:
4629:
4564:
4513:
4453:
4443:
4408:
3766:
3430:
Ulysse Nardin Astrolabium Galilei Galileo: A Detailed Explanation
3105:
Gentili, Graziano; Simonutti, Luisa; Struppa, Daniele C. (2020).
2995:
Stephenson, Bruce; Bolt, Marvin; Friedman, Anna Felicity (2000).
2632:(Enhanced Credo ed.). Armonk, New York: Routledge. pp.
1840:
1769:
1716:
1673:
1643:
1588:
1556:
1526:
1499:
1478:
1435:
1382:
1344:
1332:
1317:
1298:
1248:
1149:
1068:
998:
799:
680:
591:
579:
520:
495:
The mathematical background was established by Muslim astronomer
470:
466:
412:
383:
344:). This etymology is mentioned by a 10th-century scientist named
322:
who stated: "asturlab is an arabisation of this Persian phrase" (
226:
185:
1943:"The most distinguished Syriac scholar of this later period was
473:. It was widely used throughout the Muslim world, chiefly as an
5324:
5274:
5223:
5096:
4946:
4614:
4609:
2999:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–109.
1748:
1687:
1659:
1622:
1542:
1490:
1287:
1116:
which rotates over the rete, and may be marked with a scale of
1064:
1052:
1025:
designed and built an astrolabe wristwatch in conjunction with
859:
787:
779:
775:
629:
273:
62:
3420:
Archive of James E. Morrison's extensive website on Astrolabes
2694:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 31.
2629:
Encyclopedia of world trade: from ancient times to the present
1505:
550:
4679:
4544:
4468:
3439:
2997:
The Universe Unveiled: Instruments and Images through History
1902:; and translated into English by H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther,
1247:. The plane onto which the projection is made is that of the
1243:. The point from which the projection is usually made is the
1108:
1047:
843:
719:
544:
540:
516:
482:
478:
341:
218:
214:
78:
2276:. New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 63.
3506:
2773:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
1715:
The two red circles represent a secondary meridian with an
1103:
1080:
982:
795:
791:
5405:
3256:, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press: 51–69
2990:
2988:
1642:
The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the
1603:
Stereographic projection of the horizon and an almucantar.
1525:
The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the
1481:
throughout the year: if the sun's altitude at noon on the
1381:
The blue arrow indicates the direction of true north (the
4337:
2978:
2242:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 102–104.
2208:. Manchester, England: Palgrave, Macmillan. p. 183.
1725:
The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the
1569:
The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the
1397:
The geographic south of the celestial sphere acts as the
1124:
822:
A treatise explaining the importance of the astrolabe by
1210:, this globe is the third oldest surviving in the world.
243:
gives the translation "star-taker" for the English word
3104:
2985:
2795:
2717:
Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences Oxford
50:
North African, 9th century AD, Planispheric Astrolabe.
2994:
1768:
containing the major stars, allow for determining the
1206:
Celestial Globe, Isfahan (?), Iran 1144. Shown at the
5382:
1255:
Designing a tympanum through stereographic projection
323:
119:
3385:"Hello World!" for the Astrolabe: The First Computer
2130:
2128:
1194:
collection. This instrument shows its rete and rule.
283:
277:
106:
2802:( ed.). Armonk, New York: Routledge. pp.
2169:
2167:
128:instrument dating to ancient times. It serves as a
3107:"The Mathematics of the Astrolabe and Its History"
2769:
2528:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2465:
661:, also using Messahalla, but relatively original.
140:. Its various functions also make it an elaborate
2937:
2742:. Springer Science & Business Media. p.
2490:
2152:
2140:
2125:
5454:
2466:Lachièz-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2001).
2164:
1880:De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione libellus
503:(c. AD 920), which was translated into Latin by
2273:The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300
2239:Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr
1352:The tropics and the equator define the tympanum
3399:Video of Tom Wujec demonstrating an astrolabe.
3267:Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies
3062:The Astrolabe: What it is & what it is not
2689:
2518:
906:are mapped on an astrolabe's tympan through a
562:was a variation of both the astrolabe and the
444:also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe in the
4890:
3492:
3412:. Includes clickable transcript. Licensed as
3254:Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages
3162:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1735:The celestial equatorial plane serves as the
1579:The celestial equatorial plane serves as the
1407:The celestial equatorial plane serves as the
511:). The earliest surviving astrolabe is dated
3344:, Continuum International Publishing Group,
3234:Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003),
2854:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2307:. In Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (eds.).
2296:
1962:
1623:The meridians and the measurement of azimuth
1037:An astrolabe consists of a disk, called the
247:and traces it through medieval Latin to the
4904:
3365:Interactive digital astrolabe by Alex Boxer
3324:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
2890:Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
1931:
1506:The horizon and the measurement of altitude
706:(1394–1460) while navigating for Portugal.
312:), a direct translation of the Greek word.
297:
184:The astrolabe, which is a precursor to the
4897:
4883:
3499:
3485:
3370:A digital astrolabe (HTML5 and javascript)
3318:
2604:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 253.
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2222:
1102:indicating the positions of the brightest
1094:, a framework bearing a projection of the
756:provide some of the earliest evidence for
3205:Journal for the History of Arabic Science
3132:
3122:
2770:Glick, Thomas; et al., eds. (2005),
2714:
2440:
1222:Computer-generated planispheric astrolabe
457:Astrolabes were further developed in the
318:quotes and criticises medieval scientist
31:For other pages with a similar name, see
5523:Technology in the medieval Islamic world
3285:Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome
2625:
2484:
2392:
2201:
2188:
1776:and rotated for a specific time of day.
1626:
1598:
1596:) and, therefore, won't be represented.
1509:
1355:
1258:
1131:. When it is rotated, the stars and the
973:
969:
724:
663:
600:
549:
199:
56:
45:
5488:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
3508:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
3380:paper astrolabe generator, from the ESO
2690:Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David (1992).
2502:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2269:
2256:
1791:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
645:for his son, mainly based on a work by
626:Nova compositio astrolabii particularis
616:, examined the use of the astrolabe in
428:Astrolabes continued to be used in the
14:
5455:
4305:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
3651:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
3187:Elucidatio Fabricae Ususque Astrolabii
2850:
2512:
2349:
2235:
1635:On the right side of the image above:
1518:On the right side of the image above:
1364:On the right side of the image above:
750:Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii
674:Royal Museum of Scotland at Edinburgh.
4878:
4326:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
4264:
3518:
3480:
3339:
3282:
3081:
3077:
3075:
2943:
2925:(2). Paris: University of Paris: 87.
2908:
2902:
2796:Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015).
2733:
2626:Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015).
2597:
2173:
2048:. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 59–60.
1938:How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs
1894:Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981,
1892:Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe,
1619:overlaps with the designed tympanum.
1230:
192:was developed to solve that problem.
4275:
3202:
3084:Islamic astrolabists and their works
3059:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2035:
1672:The two black circles represent the
1555:The two black circles represent the
1339:) to determine the exact moments of
1075:and representing the portion of the
713:), where it was integrated into the
328:, meaning "taker of the stars"). In
3375:Astrolabe Tech Made ... Not So Easy
2562:"Qantara – 'Carolingian' astrolabe"
2497:"Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi"
2352:Transactions of the Optical Society
2333:
1914:repr. London: Holland Press, 1976,
1290:, which will vary depending on the
874:Disassembled 18th-century astrolabe
694:A simplified astrolabe, known as a
293:
161:(and vice versa), to survey, or to
116:
103:
24:
3072:
2290:
2062:
272:In the medieval Islamic world the
25:
5539:
5498:Historical scientific instruments
3358:
3111:Journal of Humanistic Mathematics
2670:The Astrolabe: an Online Resource
1705:The orange circle represents the
1309:(from the horizon to the zenith).
5440:
5428:
5416:
5404:
5392:
3532:
3040:
1878:' treatise on the astrolabe are
1811:List of astronomical instruments
1686:The five red dots represent the
1215:
1199:
1179:
1090:Above the mater and tympan, the
943:
923:
891:
879:
867:
851:
831:
815:
655:Composition and Use of Astrolabe
4030:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
3519:
3440:Mobile astrolabe and horologium
3220:, University of Toronto Press,
3153:
3098:
3053:
3034:
3013:
2971:
2949:
2882:
2844:
2828:
2789:
2763:
2727:
2708:
2683:
2658:
2619:
2591:
2575:
2554:
2459:
2434:
2418:
2395:"Mathematics in Medieval Islam"
2386:
2342:
2327:
2179:
1956:
1925:
1868:
1658:The black arrow represents the
1541:The black arrow represents the
1371:The blue sphere represents the
1032:
582:892–902). In the 12th century,
452:
195:
4519:Schema for horizontal sundials
4035:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
3560:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
3287:, Cambridge University Press,
2913:The Almagest Volume 8, Issue 2
2336:"Description of the astrolabe"
2270:Bradley, Michael John (2006).
2236:Deakin, Michael A. B. (2007).
2104:
2082:
2029:
2001:
1282:Therefore, it should project:
1263:Parts of an Astrolabe tympanum
985:by looking over the top of an
936:Libros del saber de astronomía
360:
13:
1:
5295:Inferior and superior planets
2734:Selin, Helaine (2008-03-12).
2441:Nizamoglu, Cem (2005-08-10).
2393:Berggren, J. Lennart (2007),
2112:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1856:
914:) of a 16th-century European
886:Exploded view of an astrolabe
405:
398:
387:
376:
369:
4777:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
2397:, in Katz, Victor J. (ed.),
1592:projection of the celestial
477:and as a way of finding the
265:
263:"star" and λαμβάνειν :
259:
253:
232:
208:The 10th-century astronomer
84:
7:
4766:University of al-Qarawiyyin
3970:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
3301:Morrison, James E. (2007),
3164:, Oxford University Press,
2931:10.1484/J.ALMAGEST.5.114932
2202:Theodore, Jonathan (2016).
1953:, Oxford, 1932, pp. 82–103.
1941:. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
1904:The Astrolabes of the World
1779:
1123:The rete, representing the
642:A Treatise on the Astrolabe
554:An Arab astrolabe from 1208
324:
284:
278:
120:
107:
61:A modern astrolabe made in
10:
5544:
5372:Medieval Islamic astronomy
5169:On the Sizes and Distances
4265:
4010:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
3340:North, John David (2005),
3124:10.5642/jhummath.202001.07
3021:"Star Names on Astrolabes"
2979:"Christaan van der Klauuw"
2776:, Routledge, p. 464,
2692:The history of cartography
2403:Princeton University Press
2372:10.1088/1475-4878/24/5/302
1968:Journal of Islamic Studies
1906:, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932,
1171:Construction of astrolabes
930:Astrolabe manual from the
355:
79:
33:Astrolabe (disambiguation)
29:
5362:Medieval European science
5354:
5333:
5242:
5191:
5130:
5092:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
4912:
4851:Medieval European science
4833:
4802:
4743:
4532:
4399:
4335:
4282:
4271:
4260:
4221:
4185:
4124:
4111:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
4063:
3962:
3891:
3868:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
3810:
3679:
3583:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3514:
3414:Creative Commons by-nc-nd
3393:Creative Commons by-nc-nd
2075:Oxford English Dictionary
1851:Prague astronomical clock
1772:of a star located on the
1468:Earth's rotational motion
1434:In purple, the celestial
1424:In orange, the celestial
764:. In 1612, Greek painter
620:during the 11th century.
332:sources, there is also a
240:Oxford English Dictionary
146:analog calculation device
5483:Astronomical instruments
5473:Ancient Greek technology
4101:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
3995:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
3636:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
3283:Lewis, M. J. T. (2001),
3269:, Binghamton, New York,
2957:"Astrolabium G. Galilei"
2507:University of St Andrews
1966:(1993). "Book Reviews".
1800:mathematical instruments
1798:, designer and maker of
1489:(the sun will be at the
1444:In green, the celestial
1237:stereographic projection
1061:stereographic projection
908:stereographic projection
639:(c. 1343–1400) compiled
519:). In the 10th century,
432:. Christian philosopher
181:for all these purposes.
38:Not to be confused with
5468:Ancient Greek astronomy
5087:Sosigenes of Alexandria
4906:Ancient Greek astronomy
4203:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
4177:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
4055:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
3975:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
3389:Slides for Presentation
3060:King, David A. (2018).
2851:Hockey, Thomas (2009).
1951:Astrolabes of the World
1802:, globes and astrolabes
1059:and is engraved with a
1055:is made for a specific
910:. Hypothetical tympan (
771:Catherine of Alexandria
730:Astronomical Instrument
659:Christian of Prachatice
539:, timekeeping, prayer,
251:word ἀστρολάβος :
27:Astronomical instrument
5518:Navigational equipment
5513:Mechanical calculators
5159:On Sizes and Distances
4484:Navigational astrolabe
4239:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
4005:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3924:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3873:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
3802:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
3263:Practique de Astralabe
3064:. Frankfurt, Germany:
2036:Bean, Adam L. (2009).
1826:Zeiss-Planetarium Jena
1632:
1604:
1515:
1361:
1294:of the astrolabe user.
1264:
1012:Richard of Wallingford
1002:
995:Museum Plantin-Moretus
904:geographic coordinates
898:Animation showing how
737:
676:
606:
566:, invented during the
555:
459:medieval Islamic world
210:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī
205:
66:
54:
5270:Deferent and epicycle
5199:Antikythera mechanism
4820:Hellenistic astronomy
4791:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
4585:Deferent and epicycle
3985:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
3954:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3596:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3160:Evans, James (1998),
3082:Mayer, L. A. (1956).
2909:Vafea, Flora (2017).
2598:Boyle, David (2011).
2078:(2nd ed.). 1989.
1630:
1602:
1513:
1359:
1320:for a celestial body.
1262:
977:
970:Astrolabes and clocks
952:Public Library Bruges
744:In the 16th century,
728:
667:
604:
584:Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
553:
257:, from ἄστρον :
203:
60:
49:
5528:Scientific equipment
5341:Babylonian astronomy
5032:Hippocrates of Chios
4810:Babylonian astronomy
4625:Gravitational energy
4000:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3990:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
3671:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
3570:Mashallah ibn Athari
3555:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
3444:Medieval equal hour
3216:King, Henry (1978),
2524:Maddison, Francis R.
2493:Robertson, Edmund F.
2443:"Using an Astrolabe"
2429:Golden Age of Persia
2298:Savage-Smith, Emilie
2100:on October 22, 2013.
1964:Savage-Smith, Emilie
1743:When projecting the
1587:When projecting the
1347:throughout the year.
932:Alfonso X of Castile
824:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
5112:Theon of Alexandria
4751:Al-Azhar University
4570:Celestial mechanics
4360:Book of Fixed Stars
4319:The Book of Healing
4298:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
4040:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
4015:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3626:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
3621:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
3320:Neugebauer, Otto E.
3238:, Greenwood Press,
3092:1956iatw.book.....M
2859:Springer Publishing
2491:O'Connor, John J.;
2425:Richard Nelson Frye
2364:1923TrOS...24..289M
2348:See p. 289 of
2302:"Celestial Mapping"
2094:Oxford Dictionaries
1980:10.1093/jis/4.2.296
1874:Modern editions of
1831:Hamburg Planetarium
1816:Mariner's astrolabe
1594:Tropic of Capricorn
1460:Tropic of Capricorn
1456:circles of latitude
1446:Tropic of Capricorn
1416:circles of latitude
1325:circles of latitude
1007:astronomical clocks
826:, Persian scientist
807:Medieval astrolabes
605:Spherical astrolabe
570:by astronomers and
560:spherical astrolabe
481:, the direction of
423:Emilie Savage-Smith
366:Theon of Alexandria
217:, the direction of
190:mariner's astrolabe
167:classical antiquity
52:Khalili Collection.
5346:Egyptian astronomy
5260:Circle of latitude
4815:Egyptian astronomy
4756:House of Knowledge
4434:Astronomical clock
4244:Muhammad al-Rudani
3641:Banū Mūsā brothers
3591:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
3404:2012-03-23 at the
3179:Stöffler, Johannes
2967:on 2 January 2011.
2888:Ralf Kern (2010),
2334:Sebokht, Severus.
2014:The New York Times
1836:Astronomical clock
1745:celestial meridian
1707:celestial meridian
1694:(the point on the
1633:
1605:
1516:
1362:
1314:celestial meridian
1265:
1231:Mathematical basis
1098:plane and several
1003:
912:40° north latitude
738:
677:
622:Peter of Maricourt
607:
556:
490:Muhammad al-Fazari
463:Muslim astronomers
206:
171:Islamic Golden Age
67:
55:
5508:Marine navigation
5380:
5379:
5255:Celestial spheres
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4846:Chinese astronomy
4841:Byzantine science
4715:Temporal finitism
4645:Islamic cosmology
4575:Celestial spheres
4395:
4394:
4287:Arabic star names
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4116:Fathullah Shirazi
4050:Al-Ashraf Umar II
3762:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
3565:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
3351:978-1-85285-451-5
3333:978-3-642-61912-0
3312:978-0-939320-30-1
3294:978-0-511-48303-5
3245:978-0-313-31342-4
3227:978-0-8020-2312-4
3196:978-1-4243-3502-2
2898:978-3-86560-865-9
2868:978-0-387-31022-0
2840:978-0-465-00950-3
2753:978-1-4020-4559-2
2587:978-0-465-00950-3
2564:. Qantara-med.org
2520:Bedini, Silvio A.
2477:978-0-521-80040-2
2412:978-0-691-11485-9
2338:. Tertullian.org.
2249:978-1-59102-520-7
2215:978-1-137-56997-4
2055:978-1-4129-4164-8
1127:, functions as a
766:Ieremias Palladas
762:division of labor
746:Johannes Stöffler
734:Ieremias Palladas
711:Pope Sylvester II
610:Herman Contractus
509:De Motu Stellarum
485:. Eighth-century
475:aid to navigation
320:Hamza al-Isfahani
165:. It was used in
16:(Redirected from
5535:
5493:Greek inventions
5463:Analog computers
5445:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5408:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5367:Indian astronomy
5320:Sublunary sphere
5290:Hipparchic cycle
5229:Mural instrument
5204:Armillary sphere
5183:
5173:
5163:
5153:
5143:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4856:Indian astronomy
4825:Indian astronomy
4793:
4786:
4779:
4700:Sublunary sphere
4690:Specific gravity
4590:Earth's rotation
4479:Mural instrument
4424:Armillary sphere
4347:Alfonsine tables
4312:Tabula Rogeriana
4292:Islamic calendar
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4157:Sibt al-Maridini
4142:Jamshid al-Kashi
3863:Said al-Andalusi
3666:Thābit ibn Qurra
3601:Abu Said Gorgani
3575:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3459:, archived from
3458:
3354:
3336:
3315:
3297:
3279:
3257:
3248:
3230:
3212:
3199:
3174:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2963:. Archived from
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2906:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2741:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:. Etymonline.com
2108:
2102:
2101:
2096:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2005:
1988:
1987:
1960:
1954:
1942:
1933:O'Leary, De Lacy
1929:
1923:
1872:
1796:Philippe Danfrie
1786:Armillary sphere
1737:projection plane
1734:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1696:celestial sphere
1685:
1678:celestial sphere
1671:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1581:projection plane
1578:
1568:
1561:celestial sphere
1554:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1443:
1433:
1426:Tropic of Cancer
1423:
1409:projection plane
1406:
1396:
1390:
1380:
1373:celestial sphere
1370:
1241:celestial sphere
1219:
1203:
1183:
1077:celestial sphere
987:Armillary Sphere
979:Amerigo Vespucci
960:
947:
927:
895:
883:
871:
858:An 18th-century
855:
835:
819:
758:batch production
702:was promoted by
672:now kept at the
670:Indian astrolabe
637:Geoffrey Chaucer
618:Mensura Astrolai
588:linear astrolabe
564:armillary sphere
505:Plato Tiburtinus
499:in his treatise
430:Byzantine Empire
410:
407:
403:
400:
392:
389:
381:
378:
374:
371:
348:but rejected by
330:medieval Islamic
327:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:آخِذُ ٱلنُّجُومْ
287:
285:ākhidhu al-Nujūm
281:
268:
262:
256:
179:Age of Discovery
123:
118:
110:
105:
97:
94:
91:
87:
82:
81:
43:
36:
21:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5350:
5329:
5315:Spherical Earth
5250:Callippic cycle
5238:
5219:Equatorial ring
5187:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5126:
5117:Theon of Smyrna
4908:
4903:
4873:
4860:
4829:
4798:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4761:House of Wisdom
4739:
4695:Spherical Earth
4528:
4459:Equatorial ring
4439:Celestial globe
4414:Analog computer
4391:
4386:Sullam al-sama'
4331:
4267:
4248:
4217:
4181:
4120:
4059:
3958:
3944:Jabir ibn Aflah
3887:
3818:Abu Nasr Mansur
3806:
3787:Abolfadl Harawi
3722:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
3675:
3579:
3550:Ahmad Nahavandi
3538:
3523:
3510:
3505:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3446:horary quadrant
3406:Wayback Machine
3361:
3352:
3334:
3313:
3300:
3295:
3277:
3260:
3251:
3246:
3233:
3228:
3215:
3197:
3177:
3172:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3103:
3099:
3080:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3041:King, David A.
3039:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2907:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2814:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2644:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2540:10.2307/1006002
2517:
2513:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2447:Muslim Heritage
2439:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:, p. 519,
2391:
2387:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2268:
2257:
2250:
2234:
2223:
2216:
2200:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1945:Severus Sebokht
1930:
1926:
1876:John Philoponus
1873:
1869:
1859:
1782:
1732:
1727:projection pole
1722:
1712:
1702:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1639:
1625:
1613:star's altitude
1576:
1571:projection pole
1566:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1522:
1508:
1496:summer solstice
1487:winter solstice
1441:
1431:
1421:
1404:
1399:projection pole
1394:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1354:
1323:The three main
1257:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1035:
1023:Ludwig Oechslin
1019:clock at Prague
991:Jan Collaert II
972:
967:
966:
965:
962:
954:
948:
939:
928:
919:
896:
887:
884:
875:
872:
863:
856:
847:
836:
827:
820:
809:
808:
798:(Jupiter), and
635:English author
614:Reichenau Abbey
455:
446:Syriac language
442:Severus Sebokht
434:John Philoponus
408:
401:
390:
379:
372:
363:
358:
309:
306:
303:
300:
235:
198:
173:, the European
138:heavenly bodies
95:
92:
89:
65:, Iran in 2013.
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5541:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5450:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5179:On the Heavens
5175:
5165:
5155:
5152:(Eratosthenes)
5145:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Philip of Opus
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4605:Elliptic orbit
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Circular orbit
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4366:Toledan Tables
4363:
4356:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4229:Yang Guangxian
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3883:Ali ibn Khalaf
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Kushyar Gilani
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Ali ibn Ridwan
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Haseb-i Tabari
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3661:Sahl ibn Bishr
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3448:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3410:TEDGlobal 2009
3396:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3359:External links
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3337:
3332:
3316:
3311:
3298:
3293:
3280:
3275:
3258:
3249:
3244:
3231:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3195:
3175:
3170:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3097:
3086:. A. Kunding.
3071:
3052:
3033:
3012:
3005:
2984:
2970:
2948:
2936:
2901:
2881:
2867:
2843:
2827:
2813:978-0765680587
2812:
2788:
2782:
2762:
2752:
2726:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2666:"Introduction"
2657:
2643:978-0765680587
2642:
2618:
2610:
2590:
2574:
2553:
2511:
2483:
2476:
2458:
2433:
2417:
2411:
2385:
2358:(5): 289–303,
2341:
2326:
2319:
2289:
2282:
2255:
2248:
2221:
2214:
2187:
2178:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2124:
2103:
2081:
2061:
2054:
2042:Birx, H. James
2028:
2017:. May 18, 1964
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1974:(2): 296–299.
1955:
1924:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1681:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1624:
1621:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1507:
1504:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1321:
1310:
1295:
1256:
1253:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1085:degrees of arc
1034:
1031:
983:Southern Cross
981:observing the
971:
968:
964:
963:
949:
942:
940:
929:
922:
920:
897:
890:
888:
885:
878:
876:
873:
866:
864:
857:
850:
848:
837:
830:
828:
821:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
804:
754:Georg Hartmann
454:
451:
391: 350–370
362:
359:
357:
354:
334:folk etymology
234:
231:
223:lunar calendar
197:
194:
134:physical model
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5540:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:Inclinometers
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Metonic cycle
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Heliocentrism
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5265:Counter-Earth
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5172:(Aristarchus)
5170:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
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4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
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4958:
4955:
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4923:
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4911:
4907:
4900:
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4857:
4854:
4852:
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4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:Observatories
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Triangulation
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Heliocentrism
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
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4598:
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4581:
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4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:Shadow square
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
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4490:
4487:
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4480:
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4422:
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4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:Zij-i Sultani
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:Zij-i Ilkhani
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
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4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4245:
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4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
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4227:
4226:
4224:
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4214:
4211:
4209:
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4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Kadızade Rumi
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Ibn al-Shatir
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Ibn al‐Raqqam
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Ibn al-Kammad
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
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3900:
3897:
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3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Ibn al-Saffar
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
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3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
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3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
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3743:
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3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
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3667:
3664:
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3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
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3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3466:on 2015-06-17
3462:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:The Astrolabe
3299:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3276:0-86698-132-2
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:0-19-509539-1
3167:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3049:. p. 30.
3048:
3044:
3037:
3023:. Ian Ridpath
3022:
3016:
3008:
3006:0-521-79143-X
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2961:Ulysse Nardin
2958:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2785:
2783:0-415-96930-1
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2723:(106): 42–62.
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:0-226-31635-1
2697:
2693:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2611:9780802779786
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2283:9780816054237
2279:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2161:, p. 45.
2160:
2155:
2149:, p. 51.
2148:
2143:
2137:, p. 44.
2136:
2131:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:Louvre Museum
1202:
1197:
1193:
1190:astrolabe in
1189:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:hours of time
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1027:Ulysse Nardin
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
958:
953:
946:
941:
937:
933:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
889:
882:
877:
870:
865:
861:
854:
849:
845:
841:
838:Astrolabe of
834:
829:
825:
818:
813:
812:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
685:Mahendra Suri
682:
675:
671:
666:
662:
660:
656:
652:
651:Ibn al-Saffar
648:
644:
643:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
586:invented the
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
488:
487:mathematician
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
419:
414:
396:
385:
367:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
321:
317:
313:
291:
286:
280:
275:
270:
267:
261:
255:
250:
246:
242:
241:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
202:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
114:
109:
101:
86:
76:
72:
64:
59:
53:
48:
41:
34:
19:
5447:Solar System
5208:
5178:
5168:
5162:(Hipparchus)
5158:
5149:Catasterismi
5148:
5138:
4997:Eratosthenes
4744:Institutions
4595:Eccentricity
4555:Astrophysics
4449:Compass rose
4428:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4358:
4351:
4336:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4162:Ibn al-Majdi
4137:Abd al‐Wajid
4096:Al-Wabkanawi
4091:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
3980:Jamal ad-Din
3949:Omar Khayyam
3777:Al-ʻIjliyyah
3752:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
3737:Ibn al-A'lam
3656:Al-Khwarizmi
3468:, retrieved
3461:the original
3452:
3391:Licensed as
3341:
3326:, Springer,
3323:
3302:
3284:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3235:
3217:
3208:
3204:
3186:
3182:
3161:
3154:Bibliography
3134:2158/1182616
3114:
3110:
3100:
3083:
3061:
3055:
3042:
3036:
3025:. Retrieved
3015:
2996:
2973:
2965:the original
2960:
2951:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2889:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
2853:
2846:
2830:
2798:
2791:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2737:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2674:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2628:
2621:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2556:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2467:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2398:
2388:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2309:
2292:
2272:
2238:
2204:
2181:
2154:
2142:
2116:. Retrieved
2106:
2098:the original
2084:
2073:
2064:
2045:
2038:"Astrolabes"
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1985:antecedents.
1983:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1937:
1927:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1870:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1742:
1634:
1616:
1606:
1586:
1517:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1363:
1299:horizon line
1281:
1268:
1266:
1234:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1122:
1118:declinations
1113:
1107:
1091:
1089:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:Construction
1016:
1004:
916:planispheric
840:Jean Fusoris
769:
749:
743:
739:
708:
704:Prince Henry
699:
695:
693:
688:
678:
668:Front of an
654:
640:
634:
625:
617:
608:
596:
587:
557:
508:
501:Kitab az-Zij
500:
494:
456:
453:Medieval era
438:Mesopotamian
427:
416:
364:
350:al-Khwarizmi
314:
271:
244:
238:
236:
207:
196:Applications
183:
142:inclinometer
126:astronomical
104:ٱلأَسْطُرلاب
70:
68:
5435:Outer space
5423:Spaceflight
5280:Geocentrism
5192:Instruments
5182:(Aristotle)
4987:Cleostratus
4952:Aristarchus
4932:Anaximander
4914:Astronomers
4730:Tusi couple
4720:Trepidation
4685:Salah times
4620:Geocentrism
4494:Planisphere
4474:Graph paper
4401:Instruments
4353:Huihui Lifa
4234:Ehmedê Xanî
4193:Al-Birjandi
4172:al-Kubunani
3929:Abu al-Salt
3878:Al-Isfizari
3838:Ibn al-Samh
3717:Abu al-Wafa
3702:al-Khojandi
3606:Al-Farghani
3521:Astronomers
3117:: 101–144.
2534:(5): 1–69.
2090:"Astrolabe"
2070:"Astrolabe"
2021:February 4,
1846:Planetarium
1137:planisphere
1087:, or both.
1005:Mechanical
955: [
782:(Mercury),
683:astronomer
568:Middle Ages
421:. However,
418:Tetrabiblos
361:Ancient era
279:al-Asturlāb
269:"to take".
175:Middle Ages
163:triangulate
136:of visible
108:al-Asṭurlāb
5478:Astrometry
5457:Categories
5355:Influenced
5334:Influences
5305:Octaeteris
5234:Triquetrum
5122:Timocharis
5107:Theodosius
5067:Posidonius
5027:Hipparchus
5017:Heraclides
4957:Aristyllus
4942:Apollonius
4937:Andronicus
4834:Influenced
4803:Influences
4675:Precession
4655:Multiverse
4560:Axial tilt
4540:Almucantar
4524:Triquetrum
4464:Equatorium
4213:Takiyüddin
4086:al-Battiwi
4081:Ibn Shuayb
4076:Al-Khalili
3919:Al-Khazini
3914:Al-Kharaqī
3909:Ibn Tufail
3899:Al-Bitruji
3833:Al-Zarqālī
3797:al-Majriti
3747:Al-Saghani
3742:Al-Nayrizi
3727:al-Battani
3646:Iranshahri
3631:Al-Marwazi
3535:by century
3470:2018-10-26
3027:2016-11-12
2944:North 2005
2874:August 22,
2676:2020-05-15
2568:2013-11-07
2452:2023-10-16
2320:0226316351
2174:Lewis 2001
2118:2013-11-07
1922:pp. 61–81.
1920:14132393M
1857:References
1821:Yantraraja
1806:Equatorium
1644:North Star
1609:almucantar
1527:North Star
1383:North Star
1303:almucantar
1245:South Pole
1129:star chart
1001:, Belgium.
918:astrolabe.
842:, made in
748:published
732:Detail by
715:quadrivium
689:Yantrarāja
647:Messahalla
576:Al-Nayrizi
533:navigation
497:Albatenius
409: 414
402: 373
380: 405
373: 335
325:sitara yab
307:star-taker
254:astrolábos
159:local time
130:star chart
93:star-taker
85:astrolábos
80:ἀστρολάβος
18:Astrolabes
5399:Astronomy
5209:Astrolabe
5142:(Ptolemy)
5062:Philolaus
5052:Oenopides
5037:Hypsicles
4982:Cleomedes
4977:Callippus
4967:Autolycus
4922:Aglaonice
4710:Supernova
4665:Obliquity
4650:Moonlight
4550:Astrology
4429:Astrolabe
4208:Piri Reis
4198:al-Khafri
4167:al-Wafa'i
4152:Ulugh Beg
4132:Ali Kuşçu
4106:al-Jadiri
4025:al-Abhari
3823:al-Biruni
3757:Ibn Yunus
3732:Al-Qabisi
3707:al-Khazin
3616:Al-Mahani
3408:Taken at
3305:, Janus,
3181:(2007) ,
3143:211008813
3066:Frankfurt
2822:889717964
2652:889717964
2380:1475-4878
2159:King 1981
2147:King 1981
2135:King 1981
1912:18840299M
1888:165707441
1862:Footnotes
1757:bisection
1615:when its
1500:equinoxes
1479:equinoxes
1475:solstices
1345:equinoxes
1341:solstices
1329:Capricorn
1067:denoting
900:celestial
862:astrolabe
786:(Venus),
784:Aphrodite
700:balesilha
696:balesilha
687:, titled
594:in 1235.
572:inventors
537:surveying
529:astrology
525:astronomy
316:Al-Biruni
266:lambanein
245:astrolabe
233:Etymology
121:Setāreyāb
117:ستارهیاب
71:astrolabe
40:Cosmolabe
5310:Solstice
5243:Concepts
5139:Almagest
5082:Seleucus
5042:Menelaus
5002:Euctemon
4784:Maragheh
4735:Universe
4705:Sunlight
4670:Parallax
4660:Muwaqqit
4600:Ecliptic
4533:Concepts
4499:Quadrant
4419:Aperture
3934:Averroes
3904:Avempace
3848:Avicenna
3782:Nastulus
3772:al-Sijzi
3697:Al-Adami
3611:Al-Kindi
3402:Archived
3322:(1975),
3047:Florence
2919:Almagest
2431:. p. 163
2300:(1992).
1935:(1948).
1900:10467740
1780:See also
1664:latitude
1547:latitude
1307:altitude
1292:latitude
1188:Hartmann
1145:calendar
1133:ecliptic
1100:pointers
1096:ecliptic
1073:altitude
1057:latitude
1048:climates
794:(Mars),
778:(Moon),
467:azimuths
461:, where
395:Synesius
346:al-Qummi
177:and the
155:latitude
151:altitude
124:) is an
5385:Portals
5214:Dioptra
5077:Pytheas
5072:Ptolemy
5022:Hicetas
5012:Geminus
5007:Eudoxus
4962:Attalus
4927:Agrippa
4640:Inertia
4630:Gravity
4565:Azimuth
4514:Sundial
4504:Sextant
4454:Dioptra
4444:Compass
4409:Alidade
4020:al-Urdi
3843:Alhazen
3767:Ma Yize
3712:al-Qūhī
3687:al-Sufi
3211:: 43–83
3088:Bibcode
2548:1006002
2360:Bibcode
2044:(ed.).
1841:Hypatia
1770:azimuth
1717:azimuth
1674:horizon
1589:horizon
1557:horizon
1436:equator
1333:Equator
1318:azimuth
1249:Equator
1239:of the
1150:alidade
1069:azimuth
1065:circles
1043:tympans
999:Antwerp
961:Ms. 522
938:, 1276.
860:Persian
800:Chronos
790:(Sun),
592:Isfahan
547:, etc.
521:al-Sufi
471:horizon
469:on the
440:bishop
413:Ptolemy
384:Hypatia
356:History
301:
227:Ramadan
186:sextant
144:and an
113:Persian
5325:Zodiac
5275:Equant
5224:Gnomon
5102:Thales
5097:Strabo
4947:Aratus
4615:Galaxy
4610:Equant
4545:Apogee
4489:Octant
4266:Topics
3348:
3330:
3309:
3291:
3273:
3242:
3224:
3193:
3168:
3141:
3003:
2896:
2865:
2838:
2820:
2810:
2780:
2750:
2698:
2672:. 2006
2650:
2640:
2608:
2585:
2546:
2474:
2409:
2378:
2317:
2280:
2246:
2212:
2052:
1918:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1749:zenith
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1699:plane.
1690:, the
1688:zenith
1684:
1670:
1660:zenith
1656:
1650:
1640:
1577:
1567:
1553:
1543:zenith
1539:
1533:
1523:
1491:zenith
1442:
1432:
1422:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1337:Cancer
1335:, and
1288:zenith
1053:tympan
846:, 1400
788:Helios
780:Hermes
776:Selene
630:Aleppo
290:Arabic
274:Arabic
260:astron
169:, the
157:given
100:Arabic
63:Tabriz
5411:Stars
5131:Works
5047:Meton
4992:Conon
4680:Qibla
4469:Globe
4276:Works
3464:(PDF)
3457:(PDF)
3185:[
3139:S2CID
2544:JSTOR
2305:(PDF)
2040:. In
1995:Notes
1753:nadir
1692:nadir
1114:label
1104:stars
1045:, or
1039:mater
959:]
934:work
844:Paris
720:Paris
545:Qibla
541:Salat
517:salat
483:Mecca
479:Qibla
342:Enoch
338:Idris
276:word
249:Greek
219:Mecca
215:qibla
75:Greek
4972:Bion
4222:17th
4186:16th
4125:15th
4064:14th
3963:13th
3892:12th
3811:11th
3680:10th
3346:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3265:)",
3240:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2876:2012
2863:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2818:OCLC
2808:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2744:1335
2696:ISBN
2648:OCLC
2638:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2376:ISSN
2315:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2050:ISBN
2023:2024
1896:OCLC
1884:OCLC
1774:rete
1766:rete
1751:and
1617:rete
1483:rete
1477:and
1464:rete
1343:and
1312:The
1301:and
1297:The
1286:The
1277:year
1275:and
1269:rete
1192:Yale
1186:The
1109:rule
1092:rete
1071:and
1051:. A
902:and
796:Zeus
792:Ares
736:1612
681:Jain
558:The
298:lit.
237:The
132:and
4338:Zij
3692:Ibn
3584:9th
3543:8th
3129:hdl
3119:doi
2927:doi
2804:460
2536:doi
2368:doi
1976:doi
1470:).
1273:day
1125:sky
1112:or
1063:of
760:by
657:by
649:or
612:of
580:fl.
69:An
5459::
3207:,
3137:.
3127:.
3115:10
3113:.
3109:.
3074:^
3045:.
2987:^
2959:.
2921:.
2917:.
2861:.
2857:.
2816:.
2806:.
2756:.
2746:.
2721:31
2719:.
2668:.
2646:.
2636:.
2634:72
2542:.
2532:56
2530:.
2522:;
2505:,
2499:,
2495:,
2445:.
2427::
2401:,
2374:,
2366:,
2356:24
2354:,
2258:^
2224:^
2190:^
2166:^
2127:^
2092:.
2072:.
2011:.
1982:.
1970:.
1916:OL
1908:OL
1666:).
1646:).
1549:).
1529:).
1502:.
1418::
1385:).
1331:,
1279:.
1251:.
1139:.
1120:.
1083:,
997:,
993:.
957:nl
691:.
543:,
535:,
531:,
527:,
513:AH
406:c.
404:–
399:c.
388:c.
377:c.
375:–
370:c.
352:.
296:,
292::
229:.
115::
111:;
102::
98:;
88:,
77::
5387::
4898:e
4891:t
4884:v
3500:e
3493:t
3486:v
3416:.
3395:.
3209:5
3145:.
3131::
3121::
3094:.
3090::
3068:.
3030:.
3009:.
2981:.
2946:.
2933:.
2929::
2923:8
2915:"
2878:.
2824:.
2704:.
2679:.
2654:.
2616:.
2614:.
2571:.
2550:.
2538::
2480:.
2455:.
2382:.
2370::
2362::
2323:.
2286:.
2252:.
2218:.
2176:.
2121:.
2058:.
2025:.
1978::
1972:4
1739:.
1729:.
1583:.
1573:.
1448:.
1438:.
1428:.
1411:.
1401:.
1375:.
1327:(
578:(
507:(
397:(
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310:'
304:'
288:(
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90:'
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42:.
35:.
20:)
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