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gathered originally for a purpose that has nothing to do with astrology (Clarke, Gabriels, and Barnes, 1996; Van Rooij, Brak, & Commandeur, 1988), but the effect is stronger when a cue is given to the subjects that the study is about astrology (Van Rooij 1994). Early evidence for sun-sign derived self-attribution effects has already been reported by
Silverman (1971) and Delaney & Woodyard (1974). In studies with subjects unfamiliar with the meaning of the astrological sun-sign symbolism, no effect was observed (Fourie, 1984; Jackson & Fiebert, 1980; Kanekar & Mukherjee, 1972; Mohan, Bhandari, & Meena, 1982; Mohan and Gulati, 1986; Saklofske, Kelly, & McKerracher, 1982; Silverman & Whitmer, 1974; Veno & Pamment, 1979).
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In the first Barnum study, Forer (1949) administered, astrological believers deemed a Barnum profile supposedly derived from astrology was a better description of their own personality than did astrological skeptics. This was true regardless of the respondent's ethnicity or apparent profile source. This reinforces still further the view that individuals who endorse astrological beliefs are prone to judging the legitimacy and usefulness of horoscopes according to their a priori expectations.
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systematic procedure tailored especially for them (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Rogers & Soule, 2009; Wyman & Vyse, 2008). For example, the more birth detail is used in an astrological prediction or horoscope, the more credulous people tend to be (Furnham, 1991). However, confirmation bias means that people do not tend to pay attention to other information that might disconfirm the credibility of the predictions.
1225:"astrology" was used, while in the other the word "horoscope" was used. Belief that astrology was at least partially scientific was 76%, but belief that horoscopes were at least partially scientific was 43%. In particular, belief that astrology was very scientific was 26% while that of horoscopes was 7%. This appeared to indicate that the high level of apparent polling support for astrology in the EU was indeed due to confusion over terminology.
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telepathy/communication between minds without using traditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that the position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone who has died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-being" to temporarily assume control of a body.
917:, astrologers avoid the concept that precession seemingly moves the constellations because they do not reference them. Charpak and Broch, noting this, referred to astrology based on the tropical zodiac as being "...empty boxes that have nothing to do with anything and are devoid of any consistency or correspondence with the stars." Sole use of the tropical zodiac is inconsistent with references made, by the same astrologers, to the
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1082:, the claim that two events have some sort of acausal connection, to explain the lack of statistically significant results on astrology from a single study he conducted. However, synchronicity itself is considered neither testable nor falsifiable. The study was subsequently heavily criticised for its non-random sample and its use of statistics and also its lack of consistency with astrology.
1013:. The statement, entitled "Objections to Astrology", was signed by 186 astronomers, physicists and leading scientists of the day. They said that there is no scientific foundation for the tenets of astrology and warned the public against accepting astrological advice without question. Their criticism focused on the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur:
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profession. The sample group was taken from a time where belief in astrology was more common. Gauquelin had failed to find the Mars effect in more recent populations, where a nurse or doctor recorded the birth information. The number of births under astrologically undesirable conditions was also lower, indicating more evidence that parents choose dates and times to suit their beliefs.
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for other astrologers the issues are too difficult and they just want to get back to their astrology. Further, to astrologers, if something appears in their favour, they may latch upon it as proof, while making no attempt to explore its implications, preferring to refer to the item in favour as definitive; possibilities that do not make astrology look favourable are ignored.
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with statements that discouraged performance at work etc. risked losing their jobs. Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where flattery and vague generalisations subtly led individuals to believe the author of the column addressed them directly. Adorno drew a parallel with the phrase
794:, acted as the astrological advisors, and helped to ensure, and agreed, that the test was fair. They also chose 26 of the 28 astrologers for the tests, the other two being interested astrologers who volunteered afterwards. The astrologers came from Europe and the United States. The astrologers helped to draw up the central proposition of
1220:(the scientific study of celestial objects). The closeness of the two words varies depending on the language. A plain description of astrology as an "occult influence of stars, planets etc. on human affairs" had no impact on the general public's assessment of whether astrology is scientific or not in a 1992
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and the disconnect from the constellations was because the sun is not in each constellation for the same amount of time. This disconnection from the constellations led to the problem with precession separating the zodiac symbols from the constellations that they once were related to. Philosopher of science,
1061:. The strength of these forces drops off with distance. Scientists reject these proposed mechanisms as implausible since, for example, the magnetic field, when measured from Earth, of a large but distant planet such as Jupiter is far smaller than that produced by ordinary household appliances. Astronomer
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The Barnum effect is a robust phenomenon, having been demonstrated in clinical, occupational, educational, forensic, and military settings as well as numerous ostensibly paranormal contexts (Dickson & Kelly, 1985; Furnham & Schofield, 1987; Snyder, Shenkel & Lowery, 1977; Thiriart, 1991).
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To optimise the chances of finding even remote relationships between date of birth and individual differences in personality and intelligence we further applied two different strategies. The first one was based on the common chronological concept of time (e.g. month of birth and season of birth). The
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By a process known as self-attribution, it has been shown in numerous studies that individuals with knowledge of astrology tend to describe their personalities in terms of traits compatible with their sun signs. The effect is heightened when the individuals were aware that the personality description
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conducted a personality test on students in his classroom. Each student was given a supposedly individual assessment but actually all students received the same assessment. The personality descriptions were taken from a book on astrology. When the students were asked to comment on the accuracy of the
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Geoffrey Dean has suggested that the effect may be caused by self-reporting of birth dates by parents rather than any issue with the study by
Gauquelin. The suggestion is that a small subset of the parents may have had changed birth times to be consistent with better astrological charts for a related
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argued that it was not lack of falsifiability that makes astrology unscientific, but rather that the process and concepts of astrology are non-empirical. To Kuhn, although astrologers had, historically, made predictions that "categorically failed", this in itself does not make it unscientific, nor do
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Studies and polling have shown that the belief in astrology is higher in
Western countries than might otherwise be expected. In 2012, in polls 42% of Americans said they thought astrology was at least partially scientific. This belief decreased with education and education is highly correlated with
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said: "Despite the fact that astrology is a load of rubbish, Jupiter can in fact have a profound influence on our planet. And it's through a force... gravity." This upset believers in astrology who complained that there was no astrologer to provide an alternative viewpoint. Following the complaints
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The study of the Barnum/Forer effect has been focused mostly on the level of acceptance of fake horoscopes and fake astrological personality profiles. Recipients of these personality assessments consistently fail to distinguish between common and uncommon personality descriptors. In a study by Paul
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Edward W. James, commented that attaching significance to the constellation on the celestial sphere the sun is in at sunset was done on the basis of human factors—namely, that astrologers did not want to wake up early, and the exact time of noon was hard to know. Further, the creation of the zodiac
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who claimed that "the sun ends up in the same place in the sky on the same date each year" as the basis for claims that two people with the same birthday but a number of years apart should be under the same planetary influence. Charpak and Broch noted that "there is a difference of about twenty-two
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in 1120, funded the construction of observatories so that astrological predictions, fuelled by precise planetary information, could be made. Since the observatories were built to help in making astrological predictions, few of these observatories lasted long due to the prohibition against astrology
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related what happened to the planets and other objects in the sky to medical operations. This provided a further motivator for the study of astronomy. While still defending the practice of astrology, Ptolemy acknowledged that the predictive power of astronomy for the motion of the planets and other
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is the tendency for an individual to give a high accuracy rating to a description of their personality that supposedly tailored specifically for them, but is, in fact, vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. If more information is requested for a prediction, the more accepting
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Solar System corresponded to an atom. Further, James noted that response to criticism also relies on faulty logic, an example of which was a response to twin studies with the statement that coincidences in twins are due to astrology, but any differences are due to "heredity and environment", while
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What if throughout astrological writings we meet little appreciation of coherence, blatant insensitivity to evidence, no sense of a hierarchy of reasons, slight command over the contextual force of critieria, stubborn unwillingness to pursue an argument where it leads, stark naivete concerning the
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The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future. Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterised as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific
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The effect was replicated several times (Eysenck & Nias 1981,1982; Fichten & Sunerton, 1983; Jackson, 1979; Kelly, 1982; Smithers and Cooper, 1978), even if no reference to astrology was made until the debriefing of the subjects (Hamilton, 1995; Van Rooij, 1994, 1999), or if the data were
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conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los
Angeles newspaper as part of a project that examined mass culture in capitalist society. Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements that encouraged conformity—and that astrologers who went against conformity
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From the literature, astrology believers often tend to selectively remember those predictions that turned out to be true and do not remember those that turned out false. Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where believers often fail to distinguish between messages that
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About three-fourths of
Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 survey items" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spirits of dead people can come back in certain places/situations,
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poll. This may partially be due to the implicit association amongst the general public, of any wording ending in "-ology" with a legitimate field of knowledge. In
Eurobarometers 224 and 225 performed in 2004, a split poll was used to isolate confusion over wording. In half of the polls, the word
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This underlies the "Barnum effect". Named after the 19th-century showman
Phineas T. Barnum, whose circus act provided "a little something for everyone", it refers to the idea that people believe a statement about their personality that is vague or trivial if they think that it derives from some
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declined to sign the statement. Sagan said he took this stance not because he thought astrology had any validity, but because he thought that the tone of the statement was authoritarian, and that dismissing astrology because there was no mechanism (while "certainly a relevant point") was not in
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of successful athletes and became known as the "Mars effect". A study conducted by seven French scientists attempted to replicate the claim, but found no statistical evidence. They attributed the effect to selective bias on
Gauquelin's part, accusing him of attempting to persuade them to add or
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Beyond the scientific tests astrology has failed, proposals for astrology face a number of other obstacles due to the many theoretical flaws in astrology including lack of consistency, lack of ability to predict missing planets, lack of connection of the zodiac to the constellations in
Western
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Astrologers often avoid making verifiable predictions, and instead rely on vague statements that let them try to avoid falsification. Across several centuries of testing, the predictions of astrology have never been more accurate than that expected by chance alone. One approach used in testing
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believed that astrology can not be regarded as falsified in this sense until it has been replaced with a successor. In the case of predicting behaviour, psychology is the alternative. To
Thagard a further criterion of demarcation of science from pseudoscience was that the state of the art must
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was conducted, pooling 40 studies consisting of 700 astrologers and over 1,000 birth charts. Ten of the tests, which had a total of 300 participating, involved the astrologers picking the correct chart interpretation out of a number of others that were not the astrologically correct chart
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To Thagard, astrology should not be regarded as a pseudoscience on the failure of Gauquelin to find any correlation between the various astrological signs and someone's career, twins not showing the expected correlations from having the same signs in twin studies, lack of agreement on the
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consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world. Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe.
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in Iran. The first work, Falak al-sa'ada by Ictizad al-Saltana, aimed at undermining this belief in astrology and "old astronomy" in Iran was published in 1861. On astrology, it cited the inability of different astrologers to make the same prediction about what occurs following a
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Should astrologers remove it from the list of luminars and confess that it did not actually bring any improvement? If they decide to keep it, what about the growing list of other recently discovered similar bodies (Sedna, Quaoar. etc), some of which even have satellites (Xena,
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and other variables, but found no support for astrology. A further test involved 45 confident astrologers, with an average of 10 years' experience and 160 test subjects (out of an original sample size of 1198 test subjects) who strongly favoured certain characteristics in the
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For the philosopher Edward W. James, astrology is irrational not because of the numerous problems with mechanisms and falsification due to experiments, but because an analysis of the astrological literature shows that it is infused with fallacious logic and poor reasoning.
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commented on astrological belief, saying that "part of knowing how to think is knowing how the laws of nature shape the world around us. Without that knowledge, without that capacity to think, you can easily become a victim of people who seek to take advantage of you".
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We can see how infinitesimally small are the gravitational and other effects produced by the distant planets and the far more distant stars. It is simply a mistake to imagine that the forces exerted by stars and planets at the moment of birth can in any way shape our
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False balance is where a false, unaccepted or spurious viewpoint is included alongside a well reasoned one in media reports and TV appearances and as a result the false balance implies "there were two equal sides to a story when clearly there were not". During
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significance of the planets discovered since Ptolemy's time and large scale disasters wiping out individuals with vastly different signs at the same time. Rather, his demarcation of science requires three distinct foci: "theory, community historical context".
590:; they followed a sequence of rules and guidelines for a seemingly necessary field with known shortcomings, but they did no research because the fields are not amenable to research, and so, "They had no puzzles to solve and therefore no science to practise."
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amongst astrologers' predictions was measured as a low 0.1. Most professional astrologers are paid to predict the future or describe a person's personality and life, but most horoscopes only make vague untestable statements that can apply to almost anyone.
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such as Kepler despite any relevance of topic or specific reasoning, and vague claims. The claim that evidence for astrology is that people born at roughly "the same place have a life pattern that is very similar" is vague, but also ignores that time is
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of astrology believers, Cox gave the following statement to the BBC: "I apologise to the astrology community for not making myself clear. I should have said that this new age drivel is undermining the very fabric of our civilisation." In the programme
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Psychological studies have not found any robust relationship between astrological signs and life outcomes. For example, a study showed that zodiac signs are no more effective than random numbers in predicting subjective well-being and quality of life.
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thousand miles between Earth's location on any specific date in two successive years" and that thus they should not be under the same influence according to astrology. Over a 40 years period there would be a difference greater than 780,000 miles.
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noted that in terms of magnitude, the Sun is the only object with an electromagnetic field of note, but astrology isn't based just off the Sun alone. While astrologers could try to suggest a fifth force, this is inconsistent with the trends in
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and success in professions (such as doctors, scientists, athletes, actors, writers, painters, etc.), which astrology traditionally associates with those planets. The best-known of Gauquelin's findings is based on the positions of Mars in the
1031:, Sagan confirmed that he would have been willing to sign such a statement had it described and refuted the principal tenets of astrological belief. This, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less controversy.
379:. There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth in the way astrologers say they do that does not contradict well-understood, basic aspects of
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Rogers and Janice Soule (2009), which was consistent with previous research on the issue, it was found that those who believed in astrology are generally more susceptible to giving more credence to the Barnum profile than sceptics.
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Therefore, any test of a scientific theory must prohibit certain results that falsify the theory, and expect other specific results consistent with the theory. Using this criterion of falsifiability, astrology is a pseudoscience.
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believing that the foundations of astrology were well established despite the "many unsolved problems", and in the face of better alternative theories (Psychology). For these reasons Thagard viewed astrology as pseudoscience.
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Progress is defined here as explaining new phenomena and solving existing problems, yet astrology has failed to progress having only changed little in nearly 2000 years. To Thagard, astrologers are acting as though engaged in
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Astrology was Popper's most frequent example of pseudoscience. Popper regarded astrology as "pseudo-empirical" in that "it appeals to observation and experiment", but "nevertheless does not come up to scientific standards".
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with the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force. If the astrologer insisted on being inconsistent with the current understanding and evidential basis of physics, that would be an
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Testing the validity of astrology can be difficult because there is no consensus amongst astrologers as to what astrology is or what it can predict. Dean and Kelly documented 25 studies, which had found that the
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efficacy of explanation and so on? In that case, I think, we are perfectly justified in rejecting astrology as irrational. ... Astrology simply fails to meet the multifarious demands of legitimate reasoning.
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stated "The reason most scientists don't believe in astrology is because it is not consistent with our theories that have been tested by experiment." In 1975, amid increasing popular interest in astrology,
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Philosopher Karl Popper proposed falsifiability as ideas that distinguish science from non-science, using astrology as the example of an idea that has not dealt with falsification during experiment.
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progress and that the community of researchers should be attempting to compare the current theory to alternatives, and not be "selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations".
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While verification and falsifiability focused on the theory, Kuhn's work focused on the historical context, but the astrological community should also be considered. Whether or not they:
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web of knowledge, there is a dichotomy where one must either reject astrology or accept astrology but reject all established scientific disciplines that are incompatible with astrology.
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Shown in the image is Pluto and its satellites. Astrology was claimed to work before the discovery of Neptune, Uranus and Pluto and they have now been included in the discourse on an
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to extremes. The astrologers performed much worse than merely basing decisions off the individuals' ages, and much worse than 45 control subjects who did not use birth charts at all.
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Hartmann, P; Reuter, M.; Nyborga, H. (May 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study".
1075:. It would also be inconsistent with the other forces which drop off with distance. If distance is irrelevant, then, logically, all objects in space should be taken into account.
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Cary J. Nederman & James Wray Goulding (Winter 1981). "Popular Occultism and Critical Social Theory: Exploring Some Themes in Adorno's Critique of Astrology and the Occult".
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interpretation (usually three to five others). When the date and other obvious clues were removed, no significant results were found to suggest there was any preferred chart.
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In 10 studies, participants picked horoscopes that they felt were accurate descriptions, with one being the "correct" answer. Again the results were no better than chance.
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examined the census data for more than 20 million individuals in England and Wales to see if star signs corresponded to marriage arrangements. No effect was seen.
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and are very far apart. The appearance of them being close is illusory. The exact demarcation of what a constellation is is cultural and varied between civilisations.
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Wunder, Edgar (1 December 2003). "Self-attribution, sun-sign traits, and the alleged role of favourableness as a moderator variable: long-term effect or artefact?".
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Jung made the claims, despite being aware that there was no statistical significance in the results. Looking for coincidences post hoc is of very dubious value, see
551:; instead, scientific investigations are inherently attempts to falsify existing theories through novel tests. If a single test fails, then the theory is falsified.
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in 1985, the study found that predictions based on natal astrology were no better than chance, and that the testing "clearly refutes the astrological hypothesis".
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was driven to some extent by the desire, like all astrologers of the time, to easily calculate the planetary movements. Early Western astrology operated under the
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Rogers, P.; Soule, J. (5 March 2009). "Cross-Cultural Differences in the Acceptance of Barnum Profiles Supposedly Derived From Western Versus Chinese Astrology".
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Arjomand, Kamran (1997). "The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century".
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test, more than 40% gave it the top mark of 5 out of 5, and the average rating was 4.2. The results of this study have been replicated in numerous other studies.
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The experimental protocol used in Carlson's study was agreed to by a group of physicists and astrologers prior to the experiment. Astrologers, nominated by the
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Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science [held at Bedford college, Regent's Park, London, from July 11th to 17th 1965]
677:. Other comments by astrologers are based on severely erroneous interpretations of basic physics, such as the general belief by medieval astrologers that the
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The foundations of the theoretical structure used in astrology originate with the Babylonians, although widespread usage did not occur until the start of the
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The cult of personality testing : how personality tests are leading us to miseducate our children, mismanage our companies, and misunderstand ourselves
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second strategy was based on the (pseudo-scientific) concept of astrology (e.g. Sun Signs, The Elements, and astrological gender), as discussed in the book
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While an astronomer could correct for failure, an astrologer could not. An astrologer could only explain away failure but could not revise the astrological
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In this approach, true falsification rather than modifying a theory to avoid the falsification only really occurs when an alternative theory is proposed.
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astrology, and lack of any plausible mechanism. The underpinnings of astrology tend to disagree with numerous basic facts from scientific disciplines.
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Some astrologers make claims that the position of all the planets must be taken into account, but astrologers were unable to predict the existence of
888:. They pointed out that astrologers have only a small knowledge of astronomy and that they often do not take into account basic features such as the
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In a study of 2011 sets of people born within 5 minutes of each other ("time twins") to see if there was any discernible effect; no effect was seen.
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Scientist and former astrologer Geoffrey Dean and psychologist Ivan Kelly conducted a large-scale scientific test, involving more than one hundred
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Shawn Carlson's now renowned experiment was performed by 28 astrologers matching over 100 natal charts to psychological profiles generated by the
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continued up towards the start of the 20th century, in part motivated by a fear that this would undermine the widespread belief in astrology and
1189:, Cox further commented by saying: "in the interests of balance on the BBC, yes astrology is nonsense." In an editorial in the medical journal
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The tropical zodiac has no connection to the stars, and as long as no claims are made that the constellations themselves are in the associated
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Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome; Paul Kurtz (1982). "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists". In Patrick Grim (ed.).
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In 1955, astrologer and psychologist Michel Gauquelin stated that although he had failed to find evidence to support such indicators as the
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In contrast to scientific disciplines, astrology does not respond to falsification through experiment. According to Professor of neurology
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Gauquelin attributed this phenomenon to the increase in "artificial" birth hours due to the increased use of surgery to deliver babies (
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707:. When specific predictions from astrologers were tested in rigorous experimental procedures in the Carlson test, the predictions were
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in a meaningful way. As such, to Kuhn, even if the stars could influence the path of humans through life astrology is not scientific.
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Many astrologers claim that astrology is scientific. If one were to attempt to try to explain it scientifically, there are only
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Astrology provides the quintessential example of a pseudoscience since it has been tested repeatedly and failed all the tests.
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Modern scientific inquiry into astrology is primarily focused on drawing a correlation between astrological traditions and the
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1614:"Astrology as a culturally transmitted heuristic scheme for understanding seasonality effects: a response to Genovese(2014)"
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being very difficult (through subsuming, after the fact, a more general horoscope that leads to a different prediction).
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commenting on the movement, opined "Well then, which sign should I look up when I open my Sunday paper, I wonder?"
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that links the movements of celestial bodies to their purported effects on human behaviour. In a lecture in 2001,
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Thus there are two distinct forms of confirmation bias that are under study with respect to astrological belief.
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of Mars in the birth charts (N = 570) of "eminent athletes" (red solid line) compared to the expected results
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The skeptic's dictionary : a collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions
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was being used to discuss astrology. Individuals who were not familiar with astrology had no such tendency.
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Odent, M. (2005). "Seasonality of Birth: Is There a Link between Primal Health Research and Astrology?".
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has found no evidence to support the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.
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Nickerson, Raymond S. Nickerson (1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises".
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and included a committee of scientists and a committee of astrologers. It led to the conclusion that
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Theodor W. Adorno (Spring 1974). "The Stars Down to Earth: The Los Angeles Times Astrology Column".
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the attempts by astrologers to explain away the failure by claiming it was due to the creation of a
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The clear rejection of astrology in works of astronomy started in 1679, with the yearly publication
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The continued belief in astrology despite its lack of credibility is seen as a demonstration of low
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2866:"The sun's position at birth is unrelated to subjective well-being: Debunking astrological claims"
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and gives no definition of "same place" despite the planet's moving in the reference frame of the
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could be calculated to sufficient accuracy and precision. Those in positions of power, like the
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swept through Greece. It was not known to the Babylonians that the constellations are not on a
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Pseudoscience and extraordinary claims of the paranormal : a critical thinker's toolkit
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Allum, Nick (13 December 2010). "What Makes Some People Think Astrology Is Scientific?".
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3174:
3138:
3044:
2996:
2990:
2969:
2944:
2881:
2844:
2833:
2811:
2800:
2651:
2634:(5). Translated by Bart K Holland. Baltimore u.a.9: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press: 6, 7.
2599:
2474:
2446:
2416:
2387:
2308:
2270:
2251:
2187:
2147:
2116:
2096:
2068:
2026:
2014:
1937:
1912:
1878:
1734:
1666:
1639:
1562:
1535:
1442:
1431:
1295:
1152:
1101:
1035:
993:
971:
914:
907:
481:
461:
258:
253:
228:
219:
190:
159:
154:
129:
2199:
2062:
1826:
1558:
Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, vol. 1
1463:
586:
Rather, in Kuhn's eyes, astrology is not science because it was always more akin to
403:
basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary".
3321:
3166:
3126:
3071:
3032:
2925:
2913:
2873:
2643:
2589:
2509:
2497:
2359:
2239:
2179:
1969:
1814:
1689:
1625:
1504:
1398:
1054:
800:
704:
441:
210:
185:
149:
79:
2557:
Dean G.; Kelly, I. W. (2003). "Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?".
1315:
1185:
1034:
The use of poetic imagery based on the concepts of the macrocosm and microcosm, "
997:
918:
881:
795:
365:
248:
175:
139:
3369:
2963:
2183:
2018:
1989:
1508:
1109:
1108:
factor that contributes to belief in astrology. Confirmation bias is a form of
921:, which depends on when the vernal point enters the constellation of Aquarius.
754:
738:
708:
615:
537:
404:
301:
2917:
2364:
2347:
2170:
Wright, Peter (1975). "Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England".
1973:
1403:
1378:
3379:
3036:
2885:
2774:
2113:
Readings in the philosophy of science : from positivism to postmodernism
2058:
1818:
1221:
1196:
1131:
1123:
1079:
838:
821:
563:
508:
and described the attributes astrologers gave to the planets as implausible.
496:
453:
376:
361:
2232:
Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association
1991:
3333:
3206:
3178:
2603:
2191:
2054:
1091:
967:
784:
674:
606:
1693:
1429:
Bennett, Jeffrey; Donohue, Megan; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2007).
1005:
magazine presented a rebuttal of astrology in a statement put together by
3273:
1532:
Cosmic perspectives : essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu
1287:
1039:
1006:
817:
763:
734:
724:
575:
544:
533:
488:
within Islam, and most were torn down during or just after construction.
357:
3287:
2747:
2023:
Philosophy of pseudoscience : reconsidering the demarcation problem
1728:
472:, astronomy was funded so that the astronomical parameters, such as the
3130:
2877:
1577:"Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding"
1105:
1062:
1023:
1010:
852:
678:
594:
372:
360:
predictions, it has been falsified. The most famous test was headed by
3364:
3170:
2647:
1630:
1613:
1529:
2594:
2577:
2501:
2093:
Conjectures and refutations : the growth of scientific knowledge
1275:
The level of confidence was self rated by the astrologers themselves.
1161:
1050:
945:
based on mistakes in horoscopes. Instead Neptune was predicted using
884:
and Henri Broch dealt with claims from Western astrology in the book
813:
580:
449:
345:
24:
2227:
1437:(4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Addison-Wesley. pp.
3097:
1027:
itself convincing. In a letter published in a follow-up edition of
2964:
Jean-Paul Caverni; Jean-Marc Fabre; Michel Gonzalez, eds. (1990).
1911:(Printing 2003. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1067:
1058:
942:
445:
384:
380:
1715:"Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists"
729:
32:
2413:
The "Mars effect": a French test of over 1,000 sports champions
1530:
Vishveshwara, S.K.; Biswas, D.C.V.; Mallik, C.V., eds. (1989).
975:
959:
950:
484:
86:
1733:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 14–18.
516:
2333:
L'influence des astres : étude critique et expérimentale
1534:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
1494:
1206:
Some of the reported belief levels are due to a confusion of
1164:, by commenting, "Occultism is the metaphysic of the dopes."
954:
753:
in astrology, he had found positive correlations between the
2624:"Debunked! : ESP, telekinesis, and other pseudoscience"
2743:
1428:
3328:
1990:
Stephen Thornton; Edward N. Zalta (older edition) (2018).
1195:, editor Trevor Jackson cited this incident showing where
2706:"Astrologers and other inhabitants of parallel universes"
1191:
1175:
421:
3157:
Jackson, T. (20 December 2011). "When balance is bias".
1480:"Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List"
465:
celestial bodies ranked above astrological predictions.
375:
and has no scientific validity, and is thus regarded as
2686:"British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture"
2067:(Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1875:
Nonsense on stilts : how to tell science from bunk
1655:
Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health
992:
Astrology has been criticised for failing to provide a
1717:. The Humanist, September/October 1975. Archived from
3305:
600:
1877:(. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
371:
Astrology has not demonstrated its effectiveness in
2938:
2556:
2348:"Philosophy and Science of Music in Ancient Greece"
2115:. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub. pp. 33–39.
1680:Ball, Philip (4 April 2008). "Astrology's myopia".
1383:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
1285:
1116:demonstrate special ability and those that do not.
886:
Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and other Pseudoscience
3302:A skeptical examination of astrology for beginners
2525:"Astrologers fail to predict proof they are wrong"
2139:
1430:
978:, France wondered how astrologers should respond:
630:are focused on comparing their approach to others.
569:
3116:
2995:(1st pbk. ed.). New York, N.Y.: Free Press.
2326:
2324:
1985:
1983:
3377:
1554:
1455:
3022:
2797:
2013:
1934:The history & practice of ancient astronomy
1314:0.8 is generally seen as unreliable within the
737:finding, showing the relative frequency of the
636:try to falsify their theory through experiment.
2729:
2727:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2406:
2321:
2307:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
1980:
1605:
3236:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
3221:
3193:
2578:"Nature Obituary Georges Charpak (1924–2010)"
2516:
2303:James, Edward W. (1982). Patrick Grim (ed.).
1583:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
1235:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
495:. Unlike the West, in Iran, the rejection of
326:
2621:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2269:(9th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
2146:. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
957:into the astrology discourse was done on an
715:experiments have failed to show any effect.
536:are often distinguished by the criterion of
31:
3093:
3091:
3089:
2932:
2806:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p.
2724:
2692:
2569:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1523:
1341:Heuristics in judgement and decision making
924:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2793:
2791:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2575:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2377:
2375:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1909:The Cambridge concise history of astronomy
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1646:
966:On the demotion of Pluto to the status of
333:
319:
16:Relationship between astrology and science
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2941:Astrology : science or superstition?
2903:
2863:
2802:The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience
2593:
2429:
2363:
2330:
2165:
2163:
2110:
2109:The relevant piece is also published in,
2086:
2084:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1872:
1808:
1790:
1629:
1548:
1402:
900:
3086:
2957:
2543:
2522:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1959:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1700:
1611:
1461:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
928:
728:
515:
511:
3199:
3156:
2892:
2839:. London: Tavistock/Routledge. p.
2830:
2824:
2788:
2678:
2622:Charpak, Georges; Broch, Henri (2004).
2610:
2472:
2459:
2381:
2372:
2283:
2225:
2206:
2095:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge.
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1955:
1953:
1837:
1581:science and engineering indicators 2006
1488:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
792:National Council for Geocosmic Research
774:
574:In contrast to Popper, the philosopher
566:, this is a hallmark of pseudoscience.
3378:
3263:
3230:Science and Technology Indicators 2014
3152:
3150:
3148:
3110:
3064:Personality and Individual Differences
3061:
3055:
3009:
2400:
2264:
2258:
2244:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1978.1.192639
2169:
2160:
2090:
2081:
1994:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1906:
1891:
1497:Personality and Individual Differences
1482:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
867:
858:
547:. To Popper, science does not rely on
540:. The criterion was first proposed by
422:Historical relationship with astronomy
2762:
2703:
2440:
2302:
2142:Critical thinking : step by step
2137:
2131:
1998:
1931:
1925:
1794:
1767:
1725:The Humanist, volume 36, no.5 (1976).
1673:
1652:
1466:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1411:
1376:
947:Newton's law of universal gravitation
697:
476:of the sun's orbit, required for the
392:influence of seasonal birth in humans
3292:An archive of evidence-based studies
3025:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2988:
2982:
2939:Eysenck, H.J.; Nias, D.K.B. (1984).
2345:
2339:
2305:Philosophy of science and the occult
2052:
2039:
2025:. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.
1950:
1749:
1731:Philosophy of Science and the Occult
1679:
1462:Hansson, Sven Ove; Zalta, Edward N.
1355:
987:
703:astrology quantitatively is through
685:
3295:
3266:"Right Ascension & Declination"
3200:Robbins, Martin (24 January 2011).
3145:
1757:"Ariz. Astrology School Accredited"
1516:Astrology: Science or superstition?
1294:. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books.
892:. They commented on the example of
13:
3298:"An Astronomer Looks at Astrology"
2576:Giomataris, Ioannis (2010-10-27).
2475:"A double-blind test of astrology"
2228:"Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience"
781:California Psychological Inventory
601:Progress, practice and consistency
368:performed no better than chance.
14:
3402:
3257:
2768:
2742:. Swift, Online newspaper of the
2733:
2704:Chris, French (7 February 2012).
2415:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
827:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
807:
527:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3285:
2943:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
2864:Joshanloo, Mohsen (2024-05-27).
2559:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2523:Matthews, Robert (17 Aug 2003).
1936:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
1203:levels of scientific knowledge.
643:
2857:
2445:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
2267:A concise introduction to logic
1333:
1320:
1308:
1278:
1269:
1252:
767:delete names from their study.
397:
3202:"Astrologers angered by stars"
1561:. Dordrecht u.a.: Reidel u.a.
1555:Peter D. Asquith, ed. (1978).
832:
718:
666:appeals to ancient astrologers
92:Traditions, types, and systems
1:
3076:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00002-3
2798:Michael Shermer, ed. (2002).
2382:Carroll, Robert Todd (2003).
2335:. Paris: Éditions du Dauphin.
1907:Hoskin, Michael, ed. (2003).
1612:Hamilton, Mark (6 May 2015).
1349:
1085:
664:This poor reasoning includes
2968:. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
2906:Review of General Psychology
2111:Schick Jr, Theodore (2000).
1464:"Science and Pseudo-Science"
1146:
1100:It has also been shown that
7:
2989:Paul, Annie Murphy (2005).
2736:"UK MEDIA NONSENSE — AGAIN"
2441:Smith, Jonathan C. (2010).
1873:Pigliucci, Massimo (2010).
1518:by Eysenck and Nias (1982).
1260:C'est écrit dans les astres
1228:
1171:Wonders of the Solar System
1127:people are of the results.
1078:Carl Jung sought to invoke
890:precession of the equinoxes
798:to be tested. Published in
633:have a consistent approach.
10:
3407:
2835:Jung and the post-Jungians
2331:Gauquelin, Michel (1955).
2184:10.1177/030631277500500402
1509:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017
1089:
1009:, Lawrence E. Jerome, and
722:
425:
109:Astrological organizations
50:Worship of heavenly bodies
2918:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
2365:10.1007/s00004-004-0003-x
2226:Thagard, Paul R. (1978).
2172:Social Studies of Science
1974:10.1080/00210869708701857
1404:10.1017/S1743921311002602
1379:"Astronomy and astrology"
1292:Making sense of astrology
851:Quantitative sociologist
671:reference frame dependent
493:La Connoissance des temps
356:Where astrology has made
3278:University of Nottingham
3037:10.1177/0022022109332843
2831:Samuels, Andrew (1990).
2670:: CS1 maint: location (
2265:Hurley, Patrick (2005).
1819:10.1177/1075547010389819
1618:Comprehensive Psychology
1377:Zarka, Philippe (2011).
1245:
1174:, a TV programme by the
925:Lack of predictive power
3288:"Astrology and science"
2473:Carlson, Shawn (1985).
1047:four fundamental forces
458:Macrocosm and microcosm
428:Astrology and astronomy
60:Astrology and astronomy
2712:. London: The Guardian
2411:; et al. (1995).
2386:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
2138:Cogan, Robert (1998).
1433:The cosmic perspective
1264:Les Horloges cosmiques
1020:
985:
970:, Philip Zarka of the
938:
901:Lack of physical basis
742:
662:
542:philosopher of science
521:
36:
3264:Merrifield, Michael.
3100:Sociological Analysis
2352:Nexus Network Journal
2346:Pont, Graham (2004).
2091:Popper, Karl (2004).
2053:Kuhn, Thomas (1970).
1932:Evans, James (1998).
1797:Science Communication
1694:10.1038/news.2008.731
1151:In 1953, sociologist
1015:
980:
949:. The grafting on of
932:
732:
651:
570:"No puzzles to solve"
519:
512:Philosophy of science
97:Astrology and science
35:
3391:History of astronomy
2409:Nienhuys, Jan Willem
1240:Religion and science
775:Carlson's experiment
55:History of astrology
2688:. Associated Press.
2640:2005PhT....58e..67C
2494:1985Natur.318..419C
1761:The Washington Post
1395:2011IAUS..260..420Z
1158:opium of the people
1073:extraordinary claim
875:degree of agreement
868:Lack of consistency
859:Theoretic obstacles
438:Alexander the Great
416:scientific literacy
408:Neil deGrasse Tyson
3165:(dec19 2): d8006.
3131:10.3817/0374019013
2878:10.1111/kykl.12395
2015:Pigliucci, Massimo
1284:Also discussed in
994:physical mechanism
939:
894:Elizabeth Teissier
743:
698:Tests of astrology
522:
470:Islamic Golden Age
434:Hellenistic period
373:controlled studies
351:Scientific testing
220:Astrological signs
37:
3296:Fraknoi, Andrew.
3171:10.1136/bmj.d8006
3002:978-0-7432-8072-3
2975:978-0-444-88413-8
2950:978-0-14-022397-2
2850:978-0-203-35929-7
2817:978-1-57607-653-8
2657:978-0-8018-7867-1
2648:10.1063/1.1995751
2488:(6045): 419–425.
2452:978-1-4051-8123-5
2422:978-0-87975-988-9
2393:978-0-471-27242-7
2122:978-0-7674-0277-4
2102:978-0-415-28594-0
1763:. 27 August 2001.
1740:978-0-87395-572-0
1721:on 18 March 2009.
1631:10.2466/17.CP.4.7
1568:978-0-917586-05-7
1541:978-0-521-34354-1
1448:978-0-8053-9283-8
1389:(S260): 420–425.
1301:978-1-57392-218-0
1153:Theodor W. Adorno
1102:confirmation bias
1036:as above so below
988:Lack of mechanism
972:Paris Observatory
908:Massimo Pigliucci
783:(CPI) test using
755:diurnal positions
751:planetary aspects
686:Quinean dichotomy
588:medieval medicine
501:Islamic cosmology
482:Fatimid Caliphate
462:medical astrology
343:
342:
3398:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3286:Smit, Rudolf H.
3281:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3070:(8): 1783–1789.
3059:
3053:
3052:
3020:
3007:
3006:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2966:Cognitive biases
2961:
2955:
2954:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2746:. Archived from
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2595:10.1038/4671048a
2573:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2502:10.1038/318419a0
2479:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2407:Benski, Claude;
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2223:
2204:
2203:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2106:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2011:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1835:
1834:
1812:
1792:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1722:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1503:(7): 1349–1362.
1492:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1426:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1374:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1286:Martens, Ronny;
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1178:, the physicist
1055:electromagnetism
739:diurnal position
705:blind experiment
660:
456:concepts of the
442:celestial sphere
335:
328:
321:
21:
20:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3198:
3194:
3155:
3146:
3115:
3111:
3096:
3087:
3060:
3056:
3021:
3010:
3003:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2937:
2933:
2902:
2893:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2829:
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2796:
2789:
2779:
2777:
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2763:
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2750:on July 9, 2009
2732:
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2710:7 February 2012
2702:
2693:
2684:
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2679:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2620:
2611:
2574:
2570:
2565:(6–7): 175–198.
2555:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2477:
2471:
2460:
2453:
2439:
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2089:
2082:
2075:
2051:
2040:
2033:
2019:Boudry, Maarten
2012:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1962:Iranian Studies
1958:
1951:
1944:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1892:
1885:
1871:
1838:
1810:10.1.1.598.6954
1793:
1768:
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1754:
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1678:
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1325:
1321:
1316:social sciences
1313:
1309:
1302:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1262:, p. 240 &
1257:
1253:
1248:
1231:
1186:Stargazing Live
1149:
1094:
1088:
998:Stephen Hawking
990:
927:
919:Age of Aquarius
903:
882:Georges Charpak
870:
861:
835:
810:
796:natal astrology
777:
757:of some of the
727:
721:
700:
688:
661:
659:Edward W. James
658:
646:
603:
572:
530:
514:
478:Ptolemaic model
430:
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366:natal astrology
339:
17:
12:
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5:
3404:
3394:
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3258:External links
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2912:(2): 175–220.
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1087:
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860:
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806:
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747:zodiacal signs
723:Main article:
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3270:Sixty Symbols
3267:
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3243:on 2019-02-16
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3140:
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3132:
3128:
3125:(19): 13–90.
3124:
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2827:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2776:
2775:Bad Astronomy
2772:
2769:Plait, Phil.
2765:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2681:
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2637:
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2628:Physics Today
2625:
2618:
2616:
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2601:
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2587:
2583:
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2529:The Telegraph
2526:
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2108:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:Alan Musgrave
2056:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2032:9780226051796
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:"Karl Popper"
1986:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1968:(1–2): 5–24.
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1943:9780195095395
1939:
1935:
1928:
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1884:9780226667850
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1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1587:on 2013-02-01
1586:
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1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1328:Data dredging
1323:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1272:
1265:
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1255:
1251:
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1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:eurobarometer
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1199:could occur.
1198:
1197:false balance
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:Bertram Forer
1128:
1125:
1124:Barnum effect
1120:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:psychological
1103:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:synchronicity
1076:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:causal agents
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
984:
979:
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973:
969:
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952:
948:
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936:
931:
922:
920:
916:
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909:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
865:
856:
854:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:meta-analysis
830:
828:
823:
819:
815:
805:
803:
802:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
772:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
736:
731:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
695:
693:
683:
680:
676:
672:
667:
655:
650:
644:Irrationality
641:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
620:
617:
611:
608:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
567:
565:
564:Terence Hines
560:
556:
552:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
525:
518:
509:
507:
502:
498:
497:heliocentrism
494:
489:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
454:Ancient Greek
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
419:
417:
412:
409:
406:
395:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
377:pseudoscience
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:Shawn Carlson
359:
354:
352:
347:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
317:
316:
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308:
305:
303:
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298:
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285:
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275:
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262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
212:
209:
207:
206:Psychological
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
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161:
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156:
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148:
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143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
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122:
121:
120:
116:
115:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
3269:
3245:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3229:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:The Guardian
3205:
3195:
3162:
3158:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3028:
3024:
2991:
2984:
2965:
2959:
2940:
2934:
2909:
2905:
2869:
2859:
2834:
2826:
2801:
2778:. Retrieved
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2739:
2714:. Retrieved
2709:
2680:
2666:cite journal
2631:
2627:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2485:
2481:
2442:
2412:
2402:
2383:
2358:(1): 17–29.
2355:
2351:
2341:
2332:
2304:
2266:
2260:
2235:
2231:
2175:
2171:
2141:
2133:
2112:
2092:
2063:
2055:Imre Lakatos
2022:
1965:
1961:
1933:
1927:
1908:
1874:
1830:
1800:
1796:
1760:
1751:
1730:
1719:the original
1685:
1681:
1675:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1596:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1557:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1468:. Retrieved
1457:
1432:
1386:
1382:
1335:
1322:
1310:
1291:
1288:Trachet, Tim
1280:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1166:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1092:Forer effect
1077:
1044:
1033:
1029:The Humanist
1028:
1021:
1016:
1003:The Humanist
1002:
991:
981:
968:dwarf planet
965:
958:
940:
934:
912:
904:
885:
880:
871:
862:
850:
847:
844:
836:
811:
799:
789:
785:double blind
778:
769:
764:natal charts
744:
733:The initial
701:
689:
675:Solar System
663:
652:
647:
639:
625:
621:
612:
607:Paul Thagard
605:Philosopher
604:
592:
585:
573:
561:
557:
553:
532:Science and
531:
523:
490:
474:eccentricity
467:
431:
413:
401:
398:Introduction
389:
370:
355:
344:
96:
18:
3358:Mathematics
3346:Outer space
3274:Brady Haran
3213:7 September
2771:"Astrology"
2740:21 May 2004
2238:: 223–234.
1040:false cause
1022:Astronomer
1007:Bart J. Bok
833:Other tests
818:behavioural
735:Mars effect
725:Mars effect
719:Mars effect
576:Thomas Kuhn
545:Karl Popper
534:non-science
506:conjunction
468:During the
460:, and thus
448:'s work on
358:falsifiable
269:Sagittarius
135:Hellenistic
104:Astrologers
3380:Categories
3247:2018-04-06
1350:References
1090:See also:
1086:Psychology
1063:Phil Plait
1024:Carl Sagan
1011:Paul Kurtz
983:2003EL61)?
853:David Voas
713:controlled
679:geocentric
595:hypothesis
201:Locational
181:Electional
125:Babylonian
117:Traditions
42:Background
3386:Astrology
3322:Astronomy
3187:206894358
3139:143675240
3045:145505701
2886:0023-5962
2252:147050929
1805:CiteSeerX
1667:142143148
1640:148369358
1180:Brian Cox
1162:Karl Marx
1147:Sociology
1042:fallacy.
814:cognitive
787:methods.
709:falsified
690:From the
581:horoscope
549:induction
450:astronomy
346:Astrology
274:Capricorn
196:Financial
80:Classical
25:Astrology
3276:for the
3179:22187191
2780:13 March
2604:20981084
2531:. London
2200:32085403
2192:11610221
2061:(eds.).
2021:(2013).
1827:53334767
1688:(7187).
1290:(1998).
1266:p. 200).
1229:See also
1130:In 1949
1053:such as
1018:futures.
822:physical
657:—
279:Aquarius
168:Branches
75:Behenian
65:Glossary
3370:Science
3308:Portals
2926:8508954
2636:Bibcode
2535:13 July
2510:5135208
2490:Bibcode
1624:: 4–7.
1591:28 July
1391:Bibcode
1068:physics
1059:gravity
963:basis.
943:Neptune
759:planets
692:Quinean
446:Ptolemy
385:physics
381:biology
293:Symbols
264:Scorpio
191:Medical
160:Western
155:Tibetan
145:Islamic
130:Chinese
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