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can experience huge variations in temperature in very brief periods. Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual
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Although many regard astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject, engineers and scientists working in this area must be knowledgeable in many distinct fields.
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As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions: high-grade
433:– the study of orbital motion. Those specializing in this field examine topics such as spacecraft trajectories, ballistics and celestial mechanics.
407:, the French astronomical society, was the first prize on this subject. The international award, established by aviation and astronautical pioneer
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and André-Louis Hirsch, was given from 1929 to 1939 in recognition of the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics.
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also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In spite of this, astronautics did not become a
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The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by
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388:, which would in a few brief decades become a critical component in the designs of such famous rockets as the
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and other environmental issues constitute an increasingly important field of study for spacecraft designers.
471:– keeping a satellite or rocket in its desired orbit (as in spacecraft navigation) and orientation (as in
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439:– how spacecraft change orbits, and how they are launched. Most spacecraft have some variety of
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626:"ROBERT ESNAULT-PELTERIE, « l'Astronautique » - Encyclopædia Universalis"
88:. Because there is a degree of technical overlap between the two fields, the term
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that centers on combining all the necessary subsystems for a particular
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until the mid-20th century. On the other hand, the question of
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Theory and practice of navigation beyond the Earth's atmosphere
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443:, and thus most research efforts focus on some variety of
370:{\displaystyle \Delta v\ =v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{1}}}}
115:(Introduction to cosmonautics) (the book brought him the
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puzzled the literary imaginations of such figures as
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published the first book on the new research field.
702:, Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).
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119:, later known as the Prix d'Astronautique, of the
92:is often used to describe both at once. In 1930,
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251:), combined mass of propellant and spacecraft (
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178:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
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278:) and exhaust velocity of the propellant (
107:in French) was introduced in the 1930s by
485:rather than astronautics, the effects of
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447:, such as chemical, nuclear or electric.
205:. At the beginning of the 20th century,
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418:between the USSR and the US had begun.
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610:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
181:. Other mathematicians, such as Swiss
690:, Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)
150:must withstand titanic forces, while
481:– although more a sub-discipline of
403:(Astronautics Prize) awarded by the
57:is one of its main applications and
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721:From astronautics to cosmonautics
653:From Astronautics to Cosmonautics
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677:l'Astronomie, 1934, p. 325–326.
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593:from the original on 2017-08-11
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405:Société astronomique de France
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700:Fundamentals of Astrodynamics
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113:Initiation à la Cosmonautique
76:) was coined in the 1920s by
41:) is the practice of sending
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121:French Astronomical Society
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61:is its overarching field.
386:liquid-propellant rockets
453:– a specialized form of
650:Gruntman, Mike (2007).
499:Related fields of study
409:Robert Esnault-Pelterie
222:rocket-based propulsion
94:Robert Esnault-Pelterie
26:over Earth (during the
514:Mechanical engineering
414:By the mid-1950s, the
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210:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
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24:Hubble Space Telescope
437:Spacecraft propulsion
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298:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
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271:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
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244:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
187:Joseph Louis Lagrange
175:in his 1687 treatise
148:Space launch vehicles
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546:French space program
401:Prix d'Astronautique
380:By the early 1920s,
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191:practical discipline
136:interplanetary space
531:Atmospheric reentry
455:systems engineering
185:and Franco-Italian
80:, president of the
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84:, in analogy with
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561:Wernher von Braun
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451:Spacecraft design
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382:Robert H. Goddard
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214:rocket equation
207:Russian cosmist
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144:low Earth orbit
134:bombardment of
117:Prix REP-Hirsch
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656:. p. 21.
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183:Leonhard Euler
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140:magnetic belts
111:with his book
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634:. Retrieved
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595:. Retrieved
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541:Frank Malina
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212:derived the
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173:Isaac Newton
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103:(originally
101:cosmonautics
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68:(originally
66:astronautics
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39:cosmonautics
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35:Astronautics
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536:Spaceflight
505:Aeronautics
203:H. G. Wells
199:Jules Verne
195:spaceflight
86:aeronautics
78:J.-H. Rosny
55:Spaceflight
51:outer space
742:Categories
636:2017-02-02
597:2017-02-02
567:References
416:Space Race
152:satellites
123:in 1934.)
43:spacecraft
753:Aerospace
509:aerospace
463:satellite
341:
316:Δ
132:radiation
99:The term
90:aerospace
64:The term
719:(2007).
630:Archived
606:cite web
588:Archived
525:See also
469:Controls
394:Saturn V
218:equation
138:and the
30:mission)
519:Physics
483:physics
167:History
157:payload
45:beyond
28:STS-109
727:
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220:for a
130:, the
128:vacuum
74:French
591:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
161:orbit
49:into
725:ISBN
658:ISBN
612:link
507:and
399:The
392:and
201:and
37:(or
461:or
390:V-2
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142:of
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