516:
491:
32:
149:
319:
506:
may be necessary if the cause of atelectasis is not clinically apparent. Direct signs of atelectasis include displacement of interlobar fissures and mobile structures within the thorax, overinflation of the unaffected ipsilateral lobe or contralateral lung, and opacification of the collapsed lobe. In
683:
are given for an infection. Chronic atelectasis is often treated with antibiotics because infection is almost inevitable. In certain cases, the affected part of the lung may be surgically removed when recurring or chronic infections become disabling or bleeding is significant. If a tumor is blocking
556:
and traces of other gases). Since oxygen is exchanged at the alveoli-capillary membrane, nitrogen is a major component for the alveoli's state of inflation. If a large volume of nitrogen in the lungs is replaced with oxygen, the oxygen may subsequently be absorbed into the blood, reducing the volume
658:
Treatment is directed at correcting the underlying cause. In atelectasis manifestations that result from the mucus plugging of the airways as seen in patients with cystic fibrosis and pneumonia, mucolytic agents such as acetylcysteine (NAC) is used. This nebulized treatment works by reducing mucous
645:
In rounded atelectasis (folded lung or
Blesovsky syndrome), an outer portion of the lung slowly collapses as a result of scarring and shrinkage of the membrane layers covering the lungs (pleura), which would show as visceral pleural thickening and entrapment of lung tissue. This produces a rounded
371:
It is a common misconception and pure speculation that atelectasis causes fever. A study of 100 post-op patients followed with serial chest X-rays and temperature measurements showed that the incidence of fever decreased as the incidence of atelectasis increased. A recent review article
436:, air is withdrawn from the lungs. There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. Relaxation atelectasis (also called passive atelectasis) is when a
523:
Atelectasis may be an acute or chronic condition. In acute atelectasis, the lung has recently collapsed and is primarily notable only for airlessness. In chronic atelectasis, the affected area is often characterized by a complex mixture of airlessness, infection, widening of the bronchi
507:
addition to clinically significant findings on chest X-rays, patients may present with indirect signs and symptoms such as elevation of the diaphragm, shifting of the trachea, heart and mediastinum; displacement of the hilus and shifting granulomas.
380:
The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. Atelectasis develops in 75–90% of people undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure.
451:
Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.
1201:
1186:
678:
The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause. A blockage that cannot be removed by coughing or by suctioning the airways often can be removed by bronchoscopy.
498:
Clinically significant atelectasis is generally visible on chest X-ray; findings can include lung opacification and/or loss of lung volume. Post-surgical atelectasis will be bibasal in pattern. Chest
275:, atelectasis is not synonymous with a pneumothorax, which is a more specific condition that can cause atelectasis. Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of
684:
the airway, relieving the obstruction by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or laser therapy may prevent atelectasis from progressing and recurrent obstructive pneumonia from developing.
240:
is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung. It is a condition where the
372:
summarizing the available published evidence on the association between atelectasis and post-op fever concluded that there is no clinical evidence supporting this speculation.
659:
viscosity and elasticity by breaking disulfide bonds in mucoproteins within the mucus complex, thus facilitating mucus clearance. Post-surgical atelectasis is treated by
1701:
256:, although more accurately it usually involves only a partial collapse, and that ambiguous term is also informally used for a fully collapsed lung caused by a
947:
589:
hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration. Causes include granulomatous disease, necrotising pneumonia and radiation fibrosis.
1320:
2165:
474:, the condition acceleration atelectasis was given the name "Hunter lung" due to its prevalence in pilots of the transonic fighter jet, the
1293:
993:
Woodring, John H., and James C. Reed. "Types and mechanisms of pulmonary atelectasis." Journal of thoracic imaging 11.2 (1996): 92-108.
637:
Is due to lack of surfactant, as occurs in hyaline membrane disease of newborn or acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
605:
In right middle lobe syndrome, the middle lobe of the right lung contracts, usually because of pressure on the bronchus from enlarged
1920:
1944:
1716:
1691:
1286:
1040:
1012:
855:
Mavros, Michael N.; Velmahos, George C.; Falagas, Matthew E. (August 2011). "Atelectasis as a Cause of
Postoperative Fever".
456:
284:
675:
conditions that cause shallow breathing for long periods may benefit from mechanical devices that assist their breathing.
650:-induced disease of the pleura, but it may also result from other types of chronic scarring and thickening of the pleura.
96:
2377:
2160:
1915:
1313:
795:
68:
2170:
1966:
432:
to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. Atelectasis may also occur during suction, as along with
2367:
2147:
1647:
1342:
1337:
899:
779:
754:
115:
569:, which mechanically collapses the lung. This is a frequent occurrence with pleural effusion, caused by congestive
75:
2111:
2382:
1848:
1306:
392:
and the elderly are also at an increased risk. Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a
53:
2403:
1956:
82:
2408:
2155:
2106:
1939:
1877:
705:
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693:
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appearance on X-ray that doctors may mistake for a tumor. Rounded atelectasis is usually a complication of
49:
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64:
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249:
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1951:
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1570:
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1506:
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1216:
977:
479:
1930:
2079:
1721:
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1512:
405:
245:
42:
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2058:
2019:
1934:
1887:
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1429:
1256:
948:"The RAF institute of aviation medicine 1945-1994 contributions to aviation and flight safety"
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20:
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Chronic atelectasis may take one of two forms—middle lobe syndrome or rounded atelectasis.
421:
342:
276:
19:
This article is about atelectasis of the lung. For atelectasis of the maxillary sinus, see
1696:
557:
of the alveoli, resulting in a form of alveolar collapse known as absorption atelectasis.
8:
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2014:
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89:
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is also highly encouraged to improve lung inflation. People with chest deformities or
529:
241:
1210:
1117:
1092:
455:
Factors also associated with the development of atelectasis include: age, presence of
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1576:
1405:
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864:
829:
820:
Engoren, Milo (January 1995). "Lack of
Association Between Atelectasis and Fever".
437:
355:
169:
1267:
490:
2297:
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2137:
2088:
2009:
1925:
1733:
1221:
719:
429:
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2235:
1897:
1808:
1728:
1538:
1533:
1232:
626:
566:
525:
301:
1195:
1093:"Lung folding simulating peripheral pulmonary neoplasm (Blesovsky's syndrome)"
565:
It is usually associated with accumulation of blood, fluid, or air within the
2397:
2327:
2041:
1752:
962:
943:
772:
Medical
Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach: A Body Systems Approach
660:
570:
475:
280:
2264:
2217:
1602:
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1423:
1153:
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833:
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It occurs when either local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lung or
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385:
257:
1126:
1108:
868:
841:
296:
2362:
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2240:
2046:
1994:
1961:
1833:
1562:
1494:
1457:
1412:
1347:
1294:
Atelectasis at Merck Manual of
Diagnosis and Therapy Professional Edition
1251:
680:
264:
229:
2282:
1882:
1868:
1843:
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1813:
1747:
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268:
1178:
2357:
1989:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1374:
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618:
271:
or by various medical conditions. Although frequently described as a
978:"Review of acceleration atelectasis: An old problem in new settings"
769:
31:
2372:
2257:
1657:
1390:
921:
709:
647:
545:
397:
361:
1610:
1486:
668:
389:
975:
248:, in which they are filled with liquid. It is often referred to
1707:
1520:
1449:
1190:
586:
549:
519:
Atelectasis of the middle lobe on a sagittal CT reconstruction.
460:
433:
148:
941:
318:
1528:
696:, a very rare type of diffuse congenital disorder of the lung
610:
606:
553:
409:
401:
330:
1005:
Basic
Clinical Lab Competencies for Respiratory Care, 4th ed
267:
and other radiological studies, and may be caused by normal
1477:
614:
244:
are deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from
199:
190:
663:, focusing on deep breathing and encouraging coughing. An
580:
1081:
Kaplan medical pathology lecture notes book (2019). p.118
205:
181:
175:
494:
Atelectasis of the right lower lobe seen on chest X-ray.
560:
444:
disrupts the contact between the parietal and visceral
16:
Partial collapse of a lung causing reduced gas exchange
1328:
535:
854:
208:
202:
193:
172:
1168:
326:
May have no signs and symptoms or they may include:
196:
187:
178:
1026:
1024:
667:is often used as part of the breathing exercises.
184:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1139:
749:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 62.
2395:
1021:
763:
738:
736:
400:, which can be within the airway (foreign body,
1090:
770:Wedding, Mary Ellen; Gylys, Barbara A. (2005).
746:Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family
573:(CHF). Leakage of air into the pleural cavity (
1140:Grott, K.; Chauhan, S.; Dunlap, J. D. (2021).
621:that fails to resolve completely and leads to
1314:
914:
733:
600:
1055:
1091:Payne, C. R; Jaques, P; Kerr, I. H (1980).
1321:
1307:
955:Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal
544:is mainly composed of 78 vol. %
147:
1921:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1116:
774:. Philadelphia, Pa: F. A. Davis Company.
742:
702:or FCKS: atelectasis in neo-natal kittens
577:) also leads to compression atelectasis.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1007:. Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 230.
514:
489:
317:
1945:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1030:
894:(8th ed.). Elsevier. p. 289.
819:
716:can also be referred to as atelectasis.
581:Cicatrization (contraction) atelectasis
310:, "incomplete" + ἔκτασις, "extension".
2396:
640:
592:
1302:
1287:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
1056:Sheikh, Zishan; Weerakkody, Yuranga.
1002:
892:Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology
632:
457:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
404:plug), from the wall (tumor, usually
313:
889:
561:Compression (relaxation) atelectasis
285:infant respiratory distress syndrome
156:Atelectasis of a person's right lung
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2378:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
915:Tarun Madappa (November 28, 2017).
536:Absorption (resorption) atelectasis
408:) or compressing from the outside (
13:
1967:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1330:Diseases of the respiratory system
384:Another common cause is pulmonary
14:
2420:
1164:
510:
290:The term uses combining forms of
168:
30:
1133:
1084:
1075:
1049:
996:
987:
263:It is a very common finding in
41:needs additional citations for
2383:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
969:
935:
908:
883:
848:
813:
788:
528:), destruction, and scarring (
1:
1957:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
726:
706:Tympanic membrane atelectasis
1940:Respiratory hypersensitivity
1878:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
976:Lt Col Rob "Mongo" Monberg.
743:Orenstein, David M. (2004).
700:Flat-chested kitten syndrome
694:Alveolar capillary dysplasia
653:
485:
7:
1849:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
687:
552:(+ 1 vol. %
10:
2425:
1702:Acute exacerbation of COPD
613:. The blocked, contracted
609:glands and occasionally a
601:Right middle lobe syndrome
470:In the early 1950s, in UK
18:
2345:
2318:
2248:
2234:
2188:
2146:
2125:
2099:
2002:
1988:
1979:
1908:
1793:
1773:
1656:
1636:
1476:
1356:
1336:
1242:
1172:
1035:. Elsevier. p. 460.
420:). Another cause is poor
375:
305:
223:
160:
155:
146:
138:
133:
1765:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
1758:Bronchiolitis obliterans
1624:Laryngotracheal stenosis
1571:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1549:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1507:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1435:Nasal septum perforation
548:and 21 vol. %
1513:Retropharyngeal abscess
1003:White, Gary C. (2002).
890:Lumb, Andrew B (2017).
722:, pioneer pulmonologist
406:squamous cell carcinoma
273:collapse of lung tissue
246:pulmonary consolidation
2206:Pulmonary hypertension
1935:Eosinophilic pneumonia
1587:Vocal cord dysfunction
1430:Nasal septum deviation
834:10.1378/chest.107.1.81
520:
495:
323:
2333:Mediastinal emphysema
2112:Healthcare-associated
2042:Legionnaires' disease
1468:Peritonsillar abscess
1440:Nasal septal hematoma
1109:10.1136/thx.35.12.936
869:10.1378/chest.11-0127
518:
493:
367:increased heart rate.
321:
21:silent sinus syndrome
2404:Respiratory diseases
2080:Mendelson's syndrome
1952:Hamman–Rich syndrome
708:: Retraction of the
665:incentive spirometer
623:chronic inflammation
478:, which used a 100%
343:breathing difficulty
333:, but not prominent;
50:improve this article
2409:Respiratory therapy
2353:Respiratory failure
2320:Mediastinal disease
1888:Bird fancier's lung
1463:Adenoid hypertrophy
641:Rounded atelectasis
593:Chronic atelectasis
345:(fast and shallow);
2258:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2211:Pulmonary embolism
2107:Community-acquired
2032:Atypical bacterial
1931:Löffler's syndrome
1712:Status asthmaticus
1697:Chronic bronchitis
1582:Vocal fold paresis
1396:Vasomotor rhinitis
1243:External resources
1058:"Lung atelectasis"
633:Patchy atelectasis
542:Earth's atmosphere
521:
496:
358:(transudate type);
324:
314:Signs and symptoms
2391:
2390:
2341:
2340:
2298:Empyema/pyothorax
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2184:
2183:
2117:Hospital-acquired
1975:
1974:
1839:Caplan's syndrome
1632:
1631:
1577:Vocal fold nodule
1401:Atrophic rhinitis
1277:
1276:
1042:978-1-4377-1781-5
1014:978-0-7668-2532-1
942:Air Vice-Marshal
472:aviation medicine
424:spreading during
350:oxygen saturation
235:
234:
128:Medical condition
126:
125:
118:
100:
2416:
2276:Pleural effusion
2269:Hemopneumothorax
2246:
2245:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1829:Bauxite fibrosis
1794:External agents/
1791:
1790:
1722:Exercise-induced
1678:Acute bronchitis
1654:
1653:
1354:
1353:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
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1120:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1031:Robbins (2013).
1028:
1019:
1018:
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991:
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792:
786:
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625:, scarring, and
438:pleural effusion
356:pleural effusion
309:
283:, this leads to
281:premature babies
279:deficiency. In
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2393:
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2387:
2337:
2314:
2250:Pleural disease
2239:
2222:
2180:
2142:
2126:By distribution
2121:
2100:By vector/route
2095:
1993:
1981:
1971:
1926:Pulmonary edema
1904:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1734:Cystic fibrosis
1661:
1645:
1641:
1628:
1472:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1238:
1237:
1181:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1138:
1134:
1103:(12): 936–940.
1089:
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1066:
1064:
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1043:
1033:Basic Pathology
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734:
729:
720:William Pasteur
690:
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583:
563:
538:
513:
488:
430:surface tension
378:
316:
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102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2243:
2236:Pleural cavity
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2215:
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2012:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1983:
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1928:
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1900:
1898:Lycoperdonosis
1895:
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1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1809:Pneumoconiosis
1805:
1803:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:Bronchiectasis
1726:
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1714:
1705:
1699:
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1574:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1539:Laryngeal cyst
1536:
1534:Laryngomalacia
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1482:
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1471:
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1403:
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1377:
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1303:
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1177:
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1173:Classification
1166:
1165:External links
1163:
1160:
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1148:. StatPearls.
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863:(2): 418–424.
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599:
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582:
579:
567:pleural cavity
562:
559:
537:
534:
526:bronchiectasis
512:
511:Classification
509:
487:
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463:, and type of
428:, causing the
377:
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254:collapsed lung
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142:Collapsed lung
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2346:Other/general
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2328:Mediastinitis
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2071:noninfectious
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1142:"Atelectasis"
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957:(43): 18–53.
956:
949:
945:
944:John Ernsting
938:
924:
923:
918:
917:"Atelectasis"
911:
903:
901:9780702062940
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796:"Atelectasis"
791:
783:
781:0-8036-1289-3
777:
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756:9780781741521
752:
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661:physiotherapy
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638:
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588:
578:
576:
572:
571:heart failure
568:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
517:
508:
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501:
492:
483:
481:
480:oxygen supply
477:
476:Hawker Hunter
473:
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341:
339:(not common);
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161:Pronunciation
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120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Atelectasis"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2265:Pneumothorax
2218:Lung abscess
2200:
2195:
2070:
2059:Pneumocystis
2020:Pneumococcal
1801:lung disease
1797:occupational
1775:Interstitial
1740:
1684:
1670:
1643:lung disease
1609:
1603:Epiglottitis
1593:
1561:
1555:Laryngospasm
1519:
1500:Strep throat
1485:
1448:
1424:nasal septum
1422:
1381:
1365:
1290:Home Edition
1285:
1261:
1250:
1226:
1215:
1200:
1185:
1145:
1135:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
1032:
1004:
998:
989:
971:
954:
937:
926:. Retrieved
920:
910:
891:
885:
860:
856:
850:
828:(1): 81–84.
825:
821:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
790:
771:
765:
745:
677:
657:
644:
636:
617:may develop
604:
596:
584:
575:pneumothorax
564:
539:
522:
504:bronchoscopy
497:
469:
454:
450:
442:pneumothorax
386:tuberculosis
383:
379:
370:
364:(late sign);
325:
322:Atelectasis.
295:
291:
289:
272:
265:chest X-rays
262:
258:pneumothorax
253:
237:
236:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2363:Common cold
2310:Fibrothorax
2293:Chylothorax
2288:Hydrothorax
2241:mediastinum
2201:circulatory
2196:Atelectasis
2003:By pathogen
1995:pneumonitis
1982:Restrictive
1962:Sarcoidosis
1834:Berylliosis
1780:restrictive
1741:unspecified
1663:obstructive
1646:(including
1563:vocal cords
1495:Pharyngitis
1458:Tonsillitis
1413:Nasal polyp
1348:common cold
1341:(including
1252:MedlinePlus
1067:20 February
1062:Radiopaedia
805:20 February
681:Antibiotics
426:inspiration
238:Atelectasis
230:Pulmonology
139:Other names
134:Atelectasis
106:August 2021
2398:Categories
2283:Hemothorax
2085:Aspiration
2047:Chlamydiae
2037:Mycoplasma
2025:Klebsiella
1883:Bagassosis
1869:Byssinosis
1844:Chalicosis
1819:Asbestosis
1814:Aluminosis
1748:Bronchitis
1619:Tracheitis
1595:epiglottis
1544:Laryngitis
1418:Rhinorrhea
1228:DiseasesDB
1146:StatPearls
928:2018-02-02
800:MayoClinic
727:References
714:middle ear
673:neurologic
465:anesthetic
422:surfactant
414:lymph node
394:bronchiole
337:chest pain
277:surfactant
269:exhalation
250:informally
76:newspapers
2358:Influenza
2303:Malignant
2066:Parasitic
2015:Bacterial
1990:Pneumonia
1859:Silicosis
1854:Siderosis
1824:Baritosis
1658:Bronchial
1406:Hay fever
1375:Sinusitis
1263:eMedicine
983:. IAMFSP.
963:1361-4231
712:into the
654:Treatment
619:pneumonia
486:Diagnosis
225:Specialty
2373:COVID-19
2166:BOOP-COP
2133:Broncho-
2076:Chemical
1864:Talcosis
1785:fibrosis
1638:Lower RT
1391:Rhinitis
1338:Upper RT
1282:04-048a.
1154:31424900
946:(2008).
922:Medscape
877:21527508
710:ear drum
688:See also
648:asbestos
546:nitrogen
530:fibrosis
418:tubercle
398:bronchus
362:cyanosis
1685:chronic
1611:trachea
1487:pharynx
1367:sinuses
1268:med/180
1222:D001261
1127:7268670
842:7813318
669:Walking
446:pleurae
390:Smokers
300:, from
297:ectasis
242:alveoli
90:scholar
2054:Fungal
1708:Asthma
1521:larynx
1450:tonsil
1257:000065
1152:
1125:
1118:471419
1115:
1097:Thorax
1039:
1011:
961:
898:
875:
840:
778:
753:
587:pleura
550:oxygen
461:asthma
434:sputum
376:Causes
307:ἀτελής
216:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2189:Other
2138:Lobar
2089:Lipid
2010:Viral
1909:Other
1671:acute
1648:LRTIs
1573:(LPR)
1551:(LPR)
1529:Croup
1509:(LPR)
1343:URTIs
1233:10940
1211:518.0
1196:J98.1
981:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
857:Chest
822:Chest
611:tumor
607:lymph
554:argon
440:or a
410:tumor
402:mucus
331:cough
302:Greek
292:atel-
252:as a
97:JSTOR
83:books
2368:SARS
2171:NSIP
1916:ARDS
1717:AERD
1692:COPD
1478:Neck
1383:nose
1358:Head
1217:MeSH
1206:9-CM
1150:PMID
1123:PMID
1069:2017
1037:ISBN
1009:ISBN
959:ISSN
896:ISBN
873:PMID
838:PMID
807:2017
776:ISBN
751:ISBN
615:lung
540:The
348:low
69:news
2161:DIP
2156:UIP
2148:IIP
1284:at
1202:ICD
1187:ICD
1113:PMC
1105:doi
865:doi
861:140
830:doi
826:107
532:).
502:or
459:or
396:or
52:by
2400::
2176:RB
1266::
1255::
1231::
1220::
1209::
1194::
1191:10
1144:.
1121:.
1111:.
1101:35
1099:.
1095:.
1060:.
1023:^
953:.
919:.
871:.
859:.
836:.
824:.
798:.
735:^
629:.
500:CT
482:.
467:.
448:.
416:,
412:,
388:.
304::
294:+
287:.
260:.
2267:/
2238:/
2087:/
2078:/
1992:/
1933:/
1787:)
1783:(
1777:/
1710:(
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1660:/
1650:)
1640:/
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1345:,
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
1204:-
1189:-
1179:D
1156:.
1129:.
1107::
1071:.
1045:.
1017:.
965:.
931:.
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879:.
867::
844:.
832::
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784:.
759:.
524:(
352:;
212:/
209:s
206:ɪ
203:s
200:ə
197:t
194:k
191:ɛ
188:l
185:ˈ
182:ɪ
179:t
176:æ
173:ˌ
170:/
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113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
