Athabasca oil sands

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risks associated with transporting harmful oil and gas products, and 2) failure by the federal government to properly consider and mitigate Indigenous groups' concerns regarding resource development on their lands. For instance, many Indigenous groups rely heavily on local wildlife and vegetation for their survival. Increased oil production in Canada requires greater oil transport through their traditional lands, which, to some, poses the perception of threats to the survival and traditional way of life of Indigenous groups, as well as the safety and preservation of the surrounding ecosystems. First Nations in Alberta have called particular attention to adverse health impacts related to oil sands emissions, asserting that the water quality testing for specific chemicals (heavy metals) has been insufficient.

306:—the only oil pipeline to the West Coast—will further facilitate this increase, with its capacity set to increase significantly, to 890,000 barrels per day from 300,000 bpd currently. Despite this growth, there are warnings that it might be short-lived, with production potentially plateauing after 2024. Canada's anticipated increase in oil output exceeds that of other major producers like the United States, and the country is poised to become a significant driver of global crude oil production growth in 2024. The exploitation of these resources has stirred debates regarding economic development, energy security, and environmental impacts, particularly emissions from the oilsands, prompting discussions around emissions regulations for the oil and gas sector. 3007:

Lookout represents only one percent of tailings ponds in 2011 but Pond One was the first effluent pond in the oil sands industry in 1967 and was used until 1997. By 2011 only 65 square kilometres were cleaned up and about one square kilometre was certified by Alberta as a self-sustaining natural environment. Wapisiw Lookout has not yet been certified. Closure operations of Pond One began in 2007. The jello-like mature fine tails (MFT) were pumped and dredged out of the pond and relocated to another tailings pond for long-term storage and treatment. The MFT was then replaced with 30 million tonnes clean sand and then topsoil that had been removed from the site in the 1960s. The 1.2 million cubic meters (42

3510:, Alberta, in 2009. While many companies argue that there are not enough chemicals and toxic material in the water due to the development of the oil sands, this report indicates that there is coincidentally a significantly higher rate of cancer within this community. There have been many speculations as to why there is a higher rate of cancer in this community; some of those speculations are contamination with the river and the oil sands as well as uranium mining that is currently in progress. The world's largest production of uranium is produced in this area as well as along the Athabasca River, allowing for easy contamination of the river. 3433:. If it is built, the pipeline will help export synthetic crude oil from the oil sands to China and elsewhere in the Pacific. However, in 2011, First Nations and environmental groups protested the proposed pipeline, stating that its construction and operation would be destructive to the environment. First Nations groups also claim that the development of the proposed pipeline is in violation of commitments that the Government of Canada has made through various Treaties and the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. A smaller pipeline will also be built alongside to import condensate to dilute the bitumen. 2837:

show that carbon dioxide emissions from the oil sands are 20% higher than average emissions from oil, explaining the discrepancy as the difference between upstream emissions and life cycle emissions. He goes on to say that a US government report in 2005 suggested with current technology conventional oil releases 40 kg of carbon dioxide per barrel while non-conventional oil releases 80–115 kg of carbon dioxide. Alberta energy suggests lower releases of carbon with improving technology, giving a value of 39% drop in emissions per barrel between 1990 and 2008, however only a 29% reduction between 1990 and 2009.

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project approval processes and environmental evaluation. Increased Indigenous participation has been encouraged by numerous collaboration agreements with industry, typically in the form of impact benefit agreements (IBAs), which provide not only employment and business ventures, but also job training and community benefits. Enhanced participation in the energy sector has empowered many Indigenous groups to push for wider involvement by negotiating ownership stakes in proposed pipelines and bitumen storage projects. Perhaps the best example of such partnering in Alberta is the agreement between

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government had a much more direct role in development; investing directly in numerous pilot projects, undertaking joint ventures with the industry and consistently making massive investments in research and development. Some people have claimed that Alberta features one of the lowest royalty rates in the world. Since Alberta, unlike US states, owns the vast majority of oil under its surface it can exercise more control over it, whereas US states are limited to severance taxes. This industry-centric royalty system has been criticised for "promoting a runaway pace of development".

2285:, Section 109 ensures the province full ownership of the lands and resources within its borders. The province acts as the landowner and the federal government oversees jurisdiction over trade, commerce and taxation. There is a clear overlap, as resource management influences trade, and trade management influences resources. As of the 1990s, both the federal and provincial government have been aligned, focusing on regulation, technology and the development of new export markets. The majority of "ground-level" governance is carried out by a number of provincial institutions. 2973:

tailing ponds continued to proliferate and volumes of fluid tailings increased, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board issued Directive 074 to force oil companies to manage tailings based on new aggressive criteria. The Government of Alberta reported in 2013 that tailings ponds in the Alberta oil sands covered an area of about 77 square kilometres (30 sq mi). The Tailings Management Framework for Mineable Oil Sands is part of Alberta's Progressive Reclamation Strategy for the oil sands to ensure that tailings are reclaimed as quickly as possible.

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would be minimal changes to 2008–2012 production, but by 2020 production could be 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m/d) less than its prior predictions. This would mean that Canadian oil sands production would grow from 1.2 million barrels per day (190,000 m/d) in 2008 to 3.3 million barrels per day (520,000 m/d) in 2020, and that total Canadian oil production would grow from 2.7 to 4.1 million barrels per day (430,000 to 650,000 m/d) in 2020. Even accounting for project cancellations, this would place Canada among the four or five largest

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of Alberta," 30-year-old Ned Gilbert wrote in September, 1951, in defiance of his immediate superiors, who opposed the idea of going any further than their first tentative steps in the area. Suncor has emerged as the elite player among Canadian-controlled oil companies, valued at almost $ 50-billion. (Sun Oil divested its stake in the company in the early 1990s.) Suncor's pre-eminence stems directly from Great Canadian Oil Sands, the first commercial oil sands project, which was launched by Sun Oil in 1967.

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how it's monitored and where it's monitored. This will include integrated and coordinated monitoring of land, air, water and biodiversity," said a press release from Diana McQueen's office, the Minister of Energy and Sustainable Development. The provincial government moved to develop the agency after widespread public criticism by environmentalists, aboriginal groups and scientists, who claimed the oil sands would have a devastating, long-term effect on the environment if left unchecked.

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Environmental Management Association (CEMA), the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA), the Canadian Oil Sands Network for Research and Development (CONRAD) and the Athabasca Regional Issues Working Group (RIWG). The role of the MSC is to consult and make recommendations on management principles. The recommendations contained in the MSC's first 2007 Final Report were lauded by several ministers and government representatives, but none have yet been effectively passed into law.

1427: 1661: 1483: 1439: 1349: 3282: m/d), the Athabasca oil sands reserves would last over 170 years. However those production levels require an influx of workers into an area that until recently was largely uninhabited. By 2007 this need in northern Alberta drove unemployment rates in Alberta and adjacent British Columbia to the lowest levels in history. As far away as the Atlantic Provinces, where workers were leaving to work in Alberta, unemployment rates fell to levels not seen for over one hundred years. 55: 403: 3306: 2167: 10722: 3389:, the economics of oil sands have improved dramatically. At a world price of US$ 50 per barrel, the NEB estimated an integrated mining operation would make a rate return of 16 to 23%, while a SAGD operation would return 16 to 27%. Prices since 2006 have risen, exceeding US$ 145 in mid-2008 but falling back to less than 40 US$ as a result of the worldwide financial crisis, the oil price recovered slowly and many of the planned projects (expected to exceed 523: 2678: 3576: 391: 1649: 2960:

as well as residual bitumen, salts and soluble organic compounds, fine silts and water. The concentrations of chemicals may be harmful to fish and oil on the surface harmful to birds. These settling basins were meant to be temporary. A major hindrance to the monitoring of oil sands produced waters has been the lack of identification of individual compounds present. By better understanding the nature of the highly

2093: 2300:, dominated the market until the 1990s. Currently there are 64 companies operating several hundred projects. The majority of production now comes from foreign-owned corporations, and the maintenance of a favourable climate for these corporations grants them strong influence; much stronger than that of non-productive stakeholders, such as citizens and environmental groups. 3694:'s subsidiary Deer Creek Energy was operating a SAGD project on its Joslyn lease, producing 10,000 bbl/d (1,600 m/d). It intended on constructing its mine by 2010 to expand its production by 100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d), however this had not occurred by May 2014 when the company shelved the project while it reviewed the economic viability of the project. 3003:

Syncrude had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance in 2011–2012 but exceeded expectations in 2010–2011. Shell used atmospheric fines drying (AFD) technology combined "fluid tailings and flocculants and deposits the mixture in a sloped area to allow the water to drain and the deposit to dry" and had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance.

3056:(PAHs) had increased as much as 23-fold since bitumen extraction began in the 1960s. Levels of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic PAHs were substantially higher than guidelines for lake sedimentation set by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment in 1999. The team discovered that the contamination spread farther than previously thought. 3492:

never entered into it. ... It does not appear likely that the conditions of the country on either side of the Athabasca and Slave Rivers or about Athabasca Lake will be so changed as to affect hunting or trapping, and it is safe to say that so long as the fur-bearing animals remain, the great bulk of the Indians will continue to hunt and to trap.

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food due to the pollution of the fields and waters. Despite the fact that most people in those areas are not well off, the money is still used to build new projects instead of spending it on improving the quality of life there. Furthermore, adding a new pipeline to the already existing oil pipelines would increase our dependence on fossil fuels.

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170,000 bbl/d (27,000 m/d) of bitumen directly to refined products. The joint venture would solve problems for both companies, since Husky was short of refining capacity, and BP had no presence in the oil sands. It was a change of strategy for BP, since the company historically has downplayed the importance of oil sands.

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for size reduction. Hot water at 50–80 °C (122–176 °F) is added to the ore and the formed slurry is transported using hydrotransport line to a primary separation vessel (PSV) where bitumen is recovered by flotation as bitumen froth. The recovered bitumen froth consists of 60% bitumen, 30% water and 10% solids by weight.

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Contrarily, oil sands development also presents many positive impacts and opportunities for Indigenous groups, particularly in Western Canada. In fact, over the past two decades, First Nations participation in the energy sector has increased dramatically, from employment and business opportunities to

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According to some environmental activists, pipeline development poses risks to the cultural, social, and economic way of life of Canada's Indigenous populations. Historically, some Indigenous groups have opposed pipeline development for two primary reasons: 1) the perception of inherent environmental

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extraction technologies cause less significant damage. Approximately 0.19% of the Alberta boreal forest has been disturbed by open pit mining. The Alberta government requires companies to restore the land to "equivalent land capability". This means that the ability of the land to support various land

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and its various departments. Critics noted a clear and systemic lack of public involvement at all key stages of the governance process. In answer to this, the province initiated the Oil Sands Consultations Multistakeholder Committee (MSC) in 2006. The MSC represents four organisations: the Cumulative

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As of 2023, Canada's oil sands industry, along with Western Canada and offshore petroleum facilities near Newfoundland and Labrador, continued to increase production and were projected to increase by an estimated 10% in 2024 representing a potential record high at the end of the year of approximately

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Support for resource development and desire for direct involvement is further illustrated by the First Nations' led $ 17-billion Eagle Spirit Energy Holding Ltd. pipeline and energy corridor between Alberta and the northern B.C. coast (with a back-up plan to site its terminal in Alaska to get around

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The Fort McKay First Nation has formed several companies to service the oil sands industry and will be developing a mine on their territory. Opposition remaining within the First Nation focuses on environmental stewardship, land rights, and health issues, like elevated cancer rates in Fort Chipewyan

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It does not appear likely that the conditions of the country on either side of the Athabasca and Slave Rivers or about Athabasca Lake will be so changed as to affect hunting or trapping, and it is safe to say that so long as the fur-bearing animals remain, the great bulk of the Indians will continue

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CEMA acknowledged that the "main concern is the potential for EPLs to develop a legacy of toxicity and thus reduce the land use value of the oil sands region in the future." Syncrude Canada was planning the first end pit lake in 2013 with the intention of "pumping fresh water over 40 vertical metres

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suggested that the huge investments by many companies in Canadian oil sands leading to increased production results in excess bitumen with no place to store it. It added that by 2022 a month's output of waste-water could result in a 11-foot-deep (3 m) toxic reservoir the size of New York City's

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In March 2012 an alliance of oil companies called Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA) was launched with a mandate to share research and technology to decrease the negative environmental impact of oil sands production focusing on tailings ponds, greenhouse gases, water and land. Almost all

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There has also been a large impact on the fish that live and spawn in the area. As toxins accumulate in the river due to the oil sands, bizarre mutations, tumors, and deformed fish species have begun to appear. A study commissioned by the region's health authority found that several known toxins and

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are particularly sensitive to human activities, and as such are pushed away from their preferred habitat during the time of year when their caloric needs are greatest and food is the most scarce. Humans' effect on the Caribou is compounded by road construction and habitat fragmentation that open the

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The processing of bitumen into synthetic crude requires energy generated by burning natural gas. In 2007, the oil sands used around 1 billion cubic feet (28,000,000 m) of natural gas per day, around 40% of Alberta's total usage. Based on gas purchases, natural gas requirements are given by

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The recovered bitumen froth needs to be cleaned to reject the contained solids and water to meet the requirement of downstream upgrading processes. Depending on the bitumen content in the ore, between 90 and 100% of the bitumen can be recovered using modern hot water extraction techniques. After oil

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announced its intention to increase its oil sands production from 60,000 barrels per day (9,500 m/d) to 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m/d) over the next 20 years, which would make it the largest private sector oil sands producer in the world. ConocoPhillips currently holds the largest

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refinery to the joint venture, while Husky would contribute its Sunrise oil sands project. Sunrise was planned to start producing 60,000 barrels per day (9,500 m/d) of bitumen in 2012 and may reach 200,000 bbl/d (32,000 m/d) by 2015–2020. BP would modify its Toledo refinery to process

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Sixty-one years ago, a lowly Calgary employee of U.S. multinational Sun Oil Co. wrote a subversive letter to the company brass in Philadelphia. The message spit in the eye of his local managers in Alberta: "I have long felt that our company should take a permit to explore for oil from the Tar Sands

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The Athabasca oil sands are in the northeastern portion of the Canadian province of Alberta, near the city of Fort McMurray. The area is only sparsely populated, and in the late 1950s, it was primarily a wilderness outpost of a few hundred people whose main economic activities included fur trapping

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By 2010 Suncor had transformed their first tailings pond, Pond One, into Wapisiw Lookout, the first reclaimed settling basin in the oil sands. In 2007 the area was a 220-hectare pond of toxic effluent but several years later there was firm land planted with black spruce and trembling aspen. Wapisiw

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Large volumes of tailings are a byproduct of bitumen extraction from the oil sands and managing these tailings is one of the most difficult environmental challenges facing the oil sands industry. Tailings ponds are engineered dam and dyke systems that contain solvents used in the separation process

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A 2009 study by CERA estimated that production from Canada's oil sands emits "about 5 percent to 15 percent more carbon dioxide, over the "well-to-wheels" lifetime analysis of the fuel, than average crude oil." Author and investigative journalist David Strahan that same year stated that IEA figures

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in the United States transformed the oil industry rapidly, reducing importation of foreign oil dramatically. As with the oil sands, production costs of shale oil are higher than those of conventional oil. A combination of factors, among them oversupply and geopolitical rivalries, drove the price of

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We had to solemnly assure them that only such laws as to hunting and fishing as were in the interest of the Indians and were found necessary in order to protect the fish and fur-bearing animals would be made, and that they would be as free to hunt and fish after the treaty as they would be if they

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Therefore, although high crude prices make the cost of production very attractive, sudden drops in price leaves producers unable to recover their capital costs—although the companies are well financed and can tolerate long periods of low prices since the capital has already been spent and they can

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Water licence allocations total about 1% of the Athabasca River average annual flow, though actual withdrawals for all uses, in 2006, amount to about 0.4%. In addition, the Alberta government sets strict limits on how much water oil sands companies can remove from the Athabasca River. According to

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in the 1920s. Today, all of the producers doing surface mining, such as Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy and Albian Sands Energy etc., use a variation of the Clark Hot Water Extraction (CHWE) process. In this process, the ores are mined using open-pit mining technology. The mined ore is then crushed

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The Energy Resource Conservation Board has approved over 100 mining and in-situ projects despite the negative environmental impacts. As of 2012, there were 9 active open mining projects, more than 50 approved in-situ projects as well as 190 primary recovery projects extracting bitumen that is free

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On October 17, 2012, the Alberta government announced it would follow the recommendations of a working group to develop an agency that would monitor the environmental impact of the oil sands. "The new science-based agency will begin work in the oil sands region and will focus on what is monitored,

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converted all of its Sunoco stations (which were all in Ontario) to Petro-Canada sites in order to unify all of its downstream retail operations under the Petro-Canada banner and discontinue paying licensing fees for the Sunoco brand. Nationwide, Petro-Canada's upstream product supplier and parent

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However, the development of commercial production is made easier by the fact that exploration costs are very low. Such costs are a major factor when assessing the economics of drilling in a traditional oil field. The location of the oil deposits in the oil sands are well known, and an estimate of

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Oil sands and especially the related projects, like the construction of a new pipeline, also have a social impact. Most of all, the local population groups would suffer from the effects of a new oil pipeline. In addition to the risk of general oil spills, there is now also the danger of gathering

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An engineered water body, located below grade in an oil sands post-mining pit. It may contain oil sands by-product material and will receive surface and groundwater from surrounding reclaimed and undisturbed landscapes. EPLs will be permanent features in the final reclaimed landscape, discharging

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continuously following 7 to 10 years behind the mining operations. For the reporting periods from 2010 to 2012, Suncor had a lower-than-expected fines capture performance from this technology. Syncrude used the older composite tailings (CT) technology to capture fines at its Mildred Lake project.

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and also to remove toxic components. Such identification of individual acids has for many years proved to be impossible but a breakthrough in 2011 in analysis began to reveal what is in the oil sands tailings ponds. Ninety percent of the tailings water can be reused for oil extraction. By 2009 as

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Two separate fraud lawsuits were filed against "ExxonMobil involving Alberta's oilsands" in October. One was in New York and the second was filed in Massachusetts on October 24. The Massachusetts lawsuit says that ExxonMobil misled investors by "falsely" justifying to them "its riskiest long-term

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Since the beginning of the oil sands development, there have been several leaks into the Athabasca River polluting it with oil and tailing pond water. The close proximity of the tailing ponds to the river drastically increases the likelihood of contamination due to ground water leakages. In 1997,

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report stated "To produce one cubic metre (m) of synthetic crude oil (SCO) (upgraded bitumen) in a mining operation requires about 2–4.5 m of water (net figures). Approved oil sands mining operations are currently licensed to divert 359 million m from the Athabasca River, or more than

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revised its 2008–2020 crude oil forecasts to account for project cancellations and cutbacks as a result of the price declines in the second half of 2008. The revised forecast predicted that Canadian oil sands production would continue to grow, but at a slower rate than previously predicted. There

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and its conventional oil and gas interests. In 1981, the Government of Ontario purchased a 25% stake in the company but divested it in 1993. In 1995, Sun Oil also divested its interest in the company, although Suncor maintained the Sunoco retail brand in Canada. Suncor took advantage of these two

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Count Alfred von Hammerstein (1870–1941), who arrived in the region in 1897, promoted the Athabasca oil sands for over forty years, taking photos with descriptive titles such as "Tar Sands and Flowing Asphaltum in the Athabasca District," that are now in the National Library and National Archives

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billion between 2006 and 2015) were stopped or scheduled. In 2012 and 2013 the oil price was high again, but the US production is increasing due to new technologies, while the gasoline demand is falling, so there is an overproduction of oil. But recovering economy can change this in a few years.

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Wildlife living near the Athabasca River have been greatly impacted due to pollutants entering the water system. An unknown number of birds die each year. Particularly visible and hard hit are migrating birds that stop to rest at tailing ponds. There have been numerous reports of large flocks of

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is piped to the extraction plant where it is agitated and the oil skimmed from the top. Provided that the water chemistry is appropriate to allow bitumen to separate from sand and clay, the combination of hot water and agitation releases bitumen from the oil sand, and allows small air bubbles to

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and the Alberta Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Resource Development into a one-stop shop" The Alberta Energy Regulator is now "responsible for all projects from application to reclamation." They will respond to project proponents, landowners and industry regarding energy regulations in

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Aside from environmental concerns, many Indigenous groups have pushed back against pipeline development due to inadequate consultation processes by the federal government. As per Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution Act Indigenous peoples in Canada are guaranteed the right to be meaningfully

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Ottawa has avoided direct investment, preferring to improve the investment climate. A prime example of this occurred in 1994, when the federal government rolled out tax breaks allowing 100% of oil sands capital investments to be written off as accelerated capital cost allowances. The provincial

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Despite the best efforts of companies to move as much of the construction work as possible out of the Fort McMurray area, and even out of Alberta, the shortage of skilled workers is spreading to the rest of the province. Even without the oil sands, the Alberta economy would be very strong, but

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At present the area around Fort McMurray has seen the most effect from the increased activity in the oil sands. Although jobs are plentiful, housing is in short supply and expensive. People seeking work often arrive in the area without arranging accommodation, driving up the price of temporary

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The oil sands industry may build a series of up to thirty lakes by pumping water into old mine pits when they have finished excavation leaving toxic effluent at their bottoms and letting biological processes restore it to health. It is less expensive to fill abandoned open pit mines with water

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is about 6,000 cubic feet (170 m) of gas, this represents a large gain in energy. That being the case, it is likely that Alberta regulators will reduce exports of natural gas to the United States in order to provide fuel to the oil sands plants. As gas reserves are exhausted, however, oil

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also scaled back operations and evacuated employees and their families. Approximately one million barrels of oil a day, equal to a quarter of Canada's oil production, was halted as a result of the fire in May. This continued into June at a rate of 700,000 barrels per day. The lost output was a

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automated safety systems had not detected the pipeline fault that caused the spill to cover an area of about 16,000 square metres prior to manual inspection. Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) revealed the number of pipeline "incidents" in Alberta increased 15% last year, despite the regulator's

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As of 2006, oil sands production had increased to 1,126,000 barrels per day (179,000 m/d). Oil sands were by then the source of 62% of Alberta's total oil production and 47% of all oil produced in Canada. As of 2010, oil sands production had increased to over 1.6 million barrels per day

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wrote: "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance. The bitumen is in a fluid state and when mixed with gum, the resinous substance collected from the

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the Water Management Framework for the Lower Athabasca River, during periods of low river flow water consumption from the Athabasca River is limited to 1.3% of annual average flow. The province of Alberta is also looking into cooperative withdrawal agreements between oil sands operators.

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which recounted her 10,000 mi (16,000 km) roundtrip to the Arctic Ocean. Her photographs were reproduced in 2011–2012 in an exhibit at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa, and included photos of Count Alfred Von Hammerstein's oil drill works along the Athabasca River.

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Despite the large reserves, the cost of extracting the oil from bituminous sands has historically made production of the oil sands unprofitable—the cost of selling the extracted crude would not cover the direct costs of recovery; labour to mine the sands and fuel to extract the crude.

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argued that no further end pit lakes should be approved until we "have some assurance that they will eventually support a healthy ecosystem." There is to date no "evidence to support their viability, or the 'modelled' results suggesting that outflow from the lakes will be non-toxic."

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mine is now the largest mine (by area) in the world, with mines potentially covering 140,000 km (54,000 sq mi). (Although there is oil underlying 142,200 km (54,900 sq mi), which may be disturbed by drilling and in situ extraction, only 4,800 km

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during the process of oil sands extraction would be stored. The proposal, which may take several years to gain regulatory approval, includes the construction of a pipeline to transport captured carbon from over twenty oil sands facilities to an underground storage facility near

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Suncor continued to grow and continued to produce more and more oil from its oil sands operations regardless of fluctuating market prices, and eventually became bigger than its former parent company. In 2009, Suncor acquired the formerly Canadian government owned oil company,

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site may contain more oil sands than Athabasca. However, while the Orinoco deposits are less viscous and more easily produced using conventional techniques (the Venezuelan government prefers to call them "extra-heavy oil"), they are too deep to access by surface mining.

2471:(SAGD). In-situ methods became increasingly important because only about 20% of the Athabasca oil sands were shallow enough to recover by surface mining, and the SAGD method in particular was very efficient at recovering large amounts of bitumen at a reasonable cost. 2923:

In Northern Alberta, oil development activities bring an enormous number of people into a fragile ecosystem. Historically, population figures have been very low for this region. Water is easily polluted because the water table reaches the surface in most areas of

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While there has been no link yet made between the oil sands and health issues, Matt Price of Environmental Defense says the connection makes common sense. Deformities in fish and high concentrations of toxic substances in animals have also been identified.

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and spread over a "beach" with a shallow grade where the tailings would dewater and dry under ambient conditions. The dried MFT can then be reclaimed in place or moved to another location for final reclamation. Suncor hoped this would reduce the time for

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Until 2014, industry groups believed oil sands production levels could reach 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m/d) by 2030. As of 2021, after a slowdown in investment, analyst are predicting it could reach 3.8 Mbbl/d (600,000 m/d) by that time.

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instead of restoring it to the original boreal forest and muskeg. Syncrude asserts they have reclaimed 22% of their disturbed land, a figure disputed by other sources, who assess Syncrude more accurately reclaimed only 0.2% of its disturbed land.

3136:, south of Fort McMurray The two maintenance workers involved were found near natural gas compression equipment used for a hydrocracker, which turns heavy oil into lighter crude, at the plant's main processing facility, known as an upgrader. 2623:

from 1955 to 1982, invented steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) in the 1970s. Butler "developed the concept of using horizontal pairs of wells and injected steam to develop certain deposits of bitumen considered too deep for mining."

519:, the director of the Geological Survey of Canada, reported to a Senate Committee that "The evidence ... points to the existence in the Athabasca and Mackenzie valleys of the most extensive petroleum field in America, if not the world." 7904: 860:(250,000 m/d) to exceed conventional oil production in Canada. 53% of this was produced by surface mining and 47% by in-situ techniques. In 2012, oil production from oil sands was 1.8 million barrels per day (290,000 m/d). 5100: 2642:

The standard extraction process requires huge amounts of natural gas. As of 2007, the oil sands industry used about 4% of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin natural gas production. By 2015, this may increase two-and-a-half-fold.

921:, burning approximately 590,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres) of forested areas and destroying approximately 2,400 homes and buildings. 88,000 people were forced from their homes in what became the largest wildfire evacuation in 3333:

per barrel. This compares to operating costs for conventional oil wells which can range from less than one dollar per barrel in Iraq and Saudi Arabia to over six in the United States and Canada's conventional oil reserves.

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240 million plant officially opened with a capacity of 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m/d), it marked the beginning of commercial development of the Athabasca oil sands. In 2013 McKenzie-Brown listed industrialist

5480: 3153:) grew to 79,810 people as of 2006, including a "shadow population" of 10,442 living in work camps. The community struggled to provide services and housing for migrant workers, many of them from Eastern Canada, especially 7663: 1074:

Industry observers went from believing there might be excess pipeline capacity to warning that it was insufficient to accommodate oil sands production growth, after several pipeline projects were abandoned or cancelled.

8996: 3558:. The two First Nations acquired a 49% ownership in Suncor's East Tank Farm Development with shares valued at about $ 500 million making it the largest business investment to date by a First Nation entity in Canada. 9072: 2856:) as a means of helping Canada to help meet climate change objectives while supporting economic growth. ICO2N members represent a group of industry participants, many oil sands producers, providing a framework for 2832:

projects, 0.55 GJ (0.52 thousand cu ft) per barrel for bitumen extraction in mining operations not including upgrading or 1.54 GJ (1.47 thousand cu ft) per barrel for extraction and upgrading in mining operations.

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of the University of Alberta received a patent for a hot water separation process which was the forerunner of today's thermal extraction processes. Several attempts to implement it had varying degrees of success.

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in northeastern Alberta. The average annual flow just downstream of Fort McMurray is 633 cubic metres per second (22,400 cu ft/s) with its highest daily average measuring 1,200 cubic metres per second.

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The capital cost of the equipment required to mine the sands and haul it to processing is a major consideration in starting production. The NEB estimates that capital costs raise the total cost of production to

3218: m) of crude bitumen were economically recoverable from the three Alberta oil sands areas based on then-current technology and price projections from the 2006 market prices of $ 62 per barrel for benchmark 3542:), among others, the courts have attempted to further define the Crown's consultation responsibilities and give legal recognition to Indigenous traditional territory and rights regarding resource development. 2997:

into the oil sands plant. Suncor claimed the mature fines tailings process would reduce the number of tailing ponds and shorten the time to reclaim a tailing pond from 40 years at present to 7–10 years, with

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Ranked as the world's eighth largest emitter of greenhouse gases, Canada is a relatively large emitter given its population and is missing its Kyoto targets. A major Canadian initiative called the Integrated

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and other pollutants. The Athabasca River is the largest freshwater delta in the world but with Suncor and Syncrude leaking tail ponds the amount of polluted water will exceed 1 billion cubic meters by 2020.

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Gu, G.; Xu, Z.; Nandakumar, K.; Masliyah, J. H. (2002). "Influence of water-soluble and water-insoluble natural surface active components on the stability of water-in-toluene-diluted bitumen emulsion".

2329: 3017: cu ft) of topsoil over the surface, to a depth of 50 cm (1 ft 8 in), was placed on top of the sand in the form of hummocks and swales. It was then planted with reclamation plants. 2336:, with regards to energy development." The Alberta Energy Regulator will enforce environmental laws and issue environmental and water permits, responsibilities formerly the mandate of Alberta Environment. 8458: 3260:

were doubted when they were first published but are now largely accepted by the international oil industry. This volume placed Canadian proven reserves second in the world behind those of Saudi Arabia.

766:. Three new large steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) projects were added – Foster Creek, Surmont, and MacKay River – by different companies, all of which have since been bought by larger companies. 2895:, which together are responsible for about 95% of Canada's oil sands production, announced that exploratory drilling would begin that winter to create underground reservoirs in northern Alberta, where 7352:

SK Wasser, JL Keim, ML Taper, SR Lele. 2011. The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the Alberta oil sands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

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Only 3% of the initial established crude bitumen reserves have been produced since commercial production started in 1967. At rate of production projected for 2015, about 3 million barrels per day (480

2440:. In the Athabasca sands there are very large amounts of bitumen covered by little overburden, making surface mining the most efficient method of extracting it. The overburden consists of water-laden 2980:, commonly used in water treatment plants to improve removal of total organic content (TOC), to speed their drying into more easily reclaimable matter. Mature tailings dredged from a pond bottom in 2543:. These allow the extraction plants to recover well over 90% of the bitumen in the sand. After oil extraction, the spent sand and other materials are then returned to the mine, which is eventually 2364:. Until 2009, the surface mineable area (SMA) was defined by the ERCB, an agency of the Alberta government, to cover 37 contiguous townships (about 3,400 km or 1,300 sq mi) north of 6503: 5699: 5381: 5062: 2864:

investments, including Canadian bitumen oilsands projects." The company did not warn investors "about what climate change measures could cost its operations — especially those in the oilsands."

2639:(CSS) have been developed to extract bitumen from deep deposits by injecting steam to heat the sands and reduce the bitumen viscosity so that it can be pumped out like conventional crude oil. 8536: 3370:

recovery costs can usually be made easily. There is not another region in the world with energy deposits of comparable magnitude where it would be less likely that the installations would be

1181:(to 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m/d)). If all these plans come to fruition, these five companies will be producing over 3.3 Mbbl/d (520,000 m/d) of oil from oil sands by 2028. 9067: 5110: 4429: 705: 346: 5779: 5730: 2941:

carcinogens were elevated. Aboriginal communities that live around the river are becoming increasingly worried about how the animals they eat and their drinking water are being affected.

588:. A patent was granted for the intended process in 1964. The nuclear heating option is considered a forerunner to some of the conventional heating methods used to extract tar sands oil. 3562:

the tanker ban in B.C.). The project has secured support from 35 First Nations along the proposed route; the bands are entitled to at least 35% ownership in exchange for the land use.

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oil down from more than 100 dollars a barrel in 2013 to less than 40 dollars three years later. Lingering low oil prices prompted companies to cancel new investments in the oil sands.

2319:(AER) was phased in with a mandate to regulate oil, gas and coal development in Alberta including the Athabasca oil sands. The AER brings together "the regulatory functions from the 9077: 8275: 5477: 754:

At the turn of the 21st century, oil sands development in Canada started to take off, with an expansion at the Suncor mine, a new mine and expansion at Syncrude, and a new mine by

5187: 5032:, B. G. Bray, C. F.Knutson, H. F. Coffer, "Process for Stimulating Petroliferous Subterranean Formations with Contained Nuclear Explosions", published 5 November 1968 2976:

Suncor invested $ 1.2 billion in their Tailings Reduction Operations (TROTM) method that treats mature fine tails (MFT) from tailings ponds with chemical flocculant, an anionic

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In some particular circumstances the government considers agricultural land to be equivalent to forest land. Oil sands companies have reclaimed mined land to use as pasture for

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Suncor admitted that their tailing ponds had been leaking 1,600 cubic metres (57,000 cu ft) of toxic water into the river a day. This water contains naphthenic acid,

2844:, Canada agreed to reduce, by 2012, its greenhouse gas emissions by 6% with respect to 1990. In 2002, Canada's total greenhouse gas emissions had increased by 24% since 1990. 949:

contributing factor to rises in global oil prices. The scaled back operations, along with a refinery outage in Edmonton, caused many gas stations to run out of gas throughout

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position in the Canadian oil sands with over 1 million acres (4,000 km) under lease. Other major oil sands producers planning to increase their production include

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Natural toxicants derived from bitumen in Northern Alberta pose potential ecological and human health risks to people living in the area. Oil sands development contributes

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oil sands is focused on economic development, and has historically been dominated by the interests of two primary actors; government (federal and provincial) and industry.

9042: 3658:'s Steepbank and Millennium mines currently produce 263,000 barrels per day (41,800 m/d) and its Firebag in-situ project produces 35,000 bbl/d (5,600 m/d). 1113:, reversed to feed refineries in Quebec. Between January 2019 and December 2020, the Alberta government imposed a quota to adjust production to pipeline export capacity. 8180: 2413:. For Albian, the upgrader is at Scotford, 439 km south. The bitumen, diluted with a solvent, is transferred there in a 610 mm (24 in) corridor pipeline. 8769: 4647: 2915:

in partnership with Entropy Inc., which is funding the project. Athabasca Oil said that it aims for a 30% reduction in emissions from the extraction process by 2025.

772:'s third mine began operating in 2003. However, as a result of oil price increases since 2003, the existing mines have been greatly expanded and new ones were built. 9082: 4794: 3402:, connecting it to the rest of the province, and there is pressure on the government of Alberta to improve road links as well as hospitals and other infrastructure. 1071:

Canada is the largest source of oil imported by the United States, supplying 3 million barrels per day (480,000 m/d) chiefly from oil sands sources as of 2019.

617:, 0 to 75 metres (0 to 246 ft) of clay and barren sand. As a result of the easy accessibility, the world's first oil-sands mine was in the Athabasca oil sands. 8455: 8025: 3111:

In July 2015, one of the largest leaks in Canada's history spilled 5,000 cubic metres of emulsion — about 5 million litres of bitumen, sand and wastewater — from a

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Since Great Canadian Oil Sands (now Suncor) started operation of its mine in 1967, bitumen has been extracted on a commercial scale from the Athabasca Oil Sands by

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As of 2024, oilsands account for 8% of the total of Canadian emissions. Emissions from the oilsands continue to increase, while most other sources are decreasing.

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Rowland SJ, Scarlett AG, Jones D, West CE, Frank RA (2011), "Diamonds in the Rough: Identification of Individual Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process Water",

6768: 3517:, founded by Indigenous women, was held annually as a demonstration against oil extraction and the damage it caused to local communities and the environment. 7232: 5529: 5493:

April 23, last updated Tuesday, October 5, 2010, accessed October 12, 2010. This article contains an informative map of existing and projected oil pipelines.

5356: 3535: 360: 7971:"Search for Clues After Deadly Blast at Nexen Oil-Sands Plant Unit of China's Cnooc shut facility after the accident Friday killed one and injured another " 7875: 2663:

to generate their own fuel. In much the same way as bitumen can be converted into synthetic crude oil, it can also be converted into synthetic natural gas.

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attach to the bitumen droplets. The bitumen froth floats to the top of separation vessels, and is further treated to remove residual water and fine solids.

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These early mines had a steep learning curve to deal with before their bitumen mining techniques became efficient. In the intervening years, more effective

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The Honourable Clifford Sifton, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, Report of Commissioners for Treaty No. 8, Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 22, 1899

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short ton; 110 kg) of oil. Originally, roughly 75% of the bitumen was recovered from the sand. However, recent enhancements to this method include

2325: 7333: 2928:. With the ever-increasing development and extraction of resources, wildlife are recipient to both direct and indirect effects of pollution. Woodland 2444:(peat bog) over top of clay and barren sand. The oil sands themselves are typically 40 to 60 metres (130 to 200 ft) deep, sitting on top of flat 10756: 7493: 6718: 7994: 4710: 725:

and one of the biggest Canadian companies. Suncor Energy is now a Canadian company completely unaffiliated with its former American parent company.

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per barrel for a SAGD operation. This does not include the cost of upgrading the crude bitumen to synthetic crude oil, which makes the final costs

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townships, or about 4,700 km or 1,800 sq mi. This expansion pushes the northern limit of the SMA to within 12 miles (19 km) of

7275: 6964: 6537: 2911:, Canada's 10th largest oil producer, announced that it would build a carbon capture and storage facility at its Leismer oil sands well site near 8546: 8342: 6230: 5776: 8519: 6320: 4848:

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1970). "The Journals and Letters of Alexander Mackenzie". Edited by W. Kaye Lamb. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, p. 129,

2619:, causing the heated oil to drain into the lower wellbore, where it is pumped out to a bitumen recovery facility. Dr. Roger Butler, engineer at 5835: 4537: 2937:

ducks landing in tailing ponds and perishing soon after. Data has been recorded since the 1970s on the number of birds found on tailing ponds.

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forms the functions and roles of each level of government, in that constitutional power is split so that neither is superior to the other. The

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Vlavianos, N. (August 2007). "The Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Oil Sands Development in Alberta: A Detailed Review and Analysis".

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Canada Ltd. was ordered in 2012 to pay a fine of $ 5000 and to allocate $ 185,000 for a training project (The verdict was handed down by the

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the water used to produce crude oil using steam methods of production ends up in tailings ponds. Recent enhancements to this method include

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By 2015, Venezuela accounted for 18%, Saudi Arabia for 16.1%, and Canada for 10.3% of the world's proven oil reserves, according to NRCAN.

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Commercial production of oil from the Athabasca oil sands began in 1967, with the opening of the Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS) plant in

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In mid-2006, the National Energy Board of Canada estimated the operating cost of a new mining operation in the Athabasca oil sands to be

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flowing. The ERCB has also approved 20 projects that are testing unproven technology as well as new versions of existing technologies.

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5.3 million barrels per day (bpd). The surge in production is attributed mainly to growth in Alberta's oilsands. The expansion of the

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Mikula, R. J.; Omotoso, O.; Friesen, W. I. (2007). "Interpretation of Bitumen Recovery Data from Batch Extraction Tests".

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technology extracts bitumen from oil sands through a dry retorting. During this process, oil sand is moved through a rotating drum,

93: 9407: 9376: 9371: 8969: 7711: 6793: 6291: 4950: 3539: 2474:

In recent years, companies such as Syncrude and Suncor have switched to much cheaper shovel-and-truck operations using the biggest

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According to the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, 2005 production of crude bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands was as follows:

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as one of the six visionaries who built the Athabasca oil sands. By the time of his death in 1971, the Pew family were ranked by

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which also serves the area, was cancelled in 2016. Similarly, after lengthy environmentalist and First Nation group opposition,

10024: 9848: 8184: 7528: 7309: 6068: 5357:"Continuing increase in oil production strengthens Canada's position as a preferred supplier to North American, global markets" 4424: 2840:

The forecast growth in synthetic oil production in Alberta also threatens Canada's international commitments. In ratifying the

8123: 5934:

Cairns, R. D. (1992). "Natural Resources and Canadian Federalism: Decentralization, Recurring Conflict, and Resolution".

3456:. The pipeline will be capable of carrying up to 450,000 barrels (72,000 m) of crude oil a day to refineries in the U.S. 10761: 9432: 7127: 6702: 6451: 6385: 3150: 643:

magazine as one of the half-dozen wealthiest families in America. The Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited (then a subsidiary of

8598: 6401: 5162: 10155: 9823: 9397: 8776: 7207: 5400: 4478: 3593: 3438: 3406:

development of the oil sands has resulted in the strongest period of economic growth ever recorded by a Canadian province.

613:, are relatively easy to access. They lie under 1 to 3 m (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) of waterlogged 35: 9005:

at NASA Earth Observatory. Includes a series of satellite photos from 1984 to 2011, showing how the project has developed.

8981: 8475:

Fort McKay and Mikisew Cree First Nations complete purchase of 49 per cent interest in Suncor's East Tank Farm Development

8072: 3222:(WTI), rising to a projected $ 69 per barrel. This was equivalent to about 10% of the estimated 1,700 billion barrels (270 9402: 9002: 6886: 5653: 3464: 3052:

published a report analyzing lake sediments in the Athabasca region over the past fifty years. They found that levels of

2702:

The oil sands have been described by first nations peoples, scientists, lawyers, journalists and environmental groups as

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the bitumen with heat and producing lighter hydrocarbons. Although tested, this technology is not in commercial use yet.

2320: 1134: 1079: 678:(1,900 sq mi) may potentially be surface mined, and 904 km (349 sq mi) has to date been mined.) 17: 8975: 7029:

Erin N. Kelly; David W. Schindler; Peter V. Hodson; Jeffrey W. Short; Roseanna Radmanovich; Charlene C. Nielsen (2010).

6689: 5101:"Alberta's oilsands almost saw nuclear detonation to free up trapped bitumen as part of Operation Cauldron in the 1950s" 10536: 10215: 9931: 8250:"Enbridge and PetroChina Sign Gateway Pipeline Cooperation Agreement | Business Wire | Find Articles at BNET" 4511: 2727:

uses after reclamation is similar to what existed, but that the individual land uses may not necessarily be identical.

1509: 733:, but later left the oil production and refining business, and has since become a retail gasoline distributor owned by 8741: 6662:

Jyotsna Sharma; Ian Gates (August 2011). "Convection at the edge of a steam-assisted-gravity-drainage steam chamber".

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twice the volume of water required to meet the annual municipal needs of the City of Calgary." It went on to say "...

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J. Couture (March 2008). "Health concerns rise over oil sands pollution: Aboriginal Multi-Media Society of Alberta".

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K.P. Timoney (September 2010). "Annual Bird Mortality in the Bitumen Tailing Ponds in northeastern Alberta, Canada".

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instead of dirt. In 2012 the Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA) described End Pit Lakes (EPL) as

3049: 584: 8401: 7947: 10572: 10225: 9720: 9417: 9412: 9223: 9051: 7436:"Two-mouth fish fuels oil-sands health fears; Cree suspect mutation linked to contamination of Alberta waterways". 7031:"Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries" 6772: 3053: 2324:

Alberta. The Responsible Energy Development Act gave the Alberta Energy Regulator "the authority to administer the

516: 8951: 7239: 5360: 4593: 624:. It was the first operational oil sands project in the world, owned and operated by the American parent company, 515:

tried separating the bitumen from oil sand with the use of water and reported that it separated readily. In 1888,

359:

which cuts through the heart of the deposit, and traces of the heavy oil are readily observed on the river banks.

10230: 9788: 9673: 9599: 9139: 5430: 3531: 3322: 3232: m) of bitumen-in-place. Alberta estimated that the Athabasca deposits alone contain 35 billion barrels (5.6 2829: 2632: 2582: 2468: 1262: 7903:, Fort McMurray, Alberta: Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA), 4 October 2012, archived from 5217: 3208:

The Alberta government's Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) estimated in 2007 that about 173 billion barrels (27.5

609:

The oil sands, which are typically 40 to 60 metres (130 to 200 ft) thick and sit on top of relatively flat

10698: 10469: 10135: 9688: 9606: 9533: 8803: 5822: 5578: 4419: 3597: 3386: 2825: 2636: 2600: 2159: 469: 8946: 7504: 1120:

increased from less than 50 thousand to 400 thousand barrels per day (64,000 m/d) between 2012 and 2020.

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extraction, the spent sand and other materials are then returned to the mine, which is eventually reclaimed.

2356:

The key characteristic of the Athabasca deposit is that it is the only one shallow enough to be suitable for

883: 504: 8775:. Imaginations. Edmonton, Alberta: Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta. pp. 68–102. Archived from 8249: 6015:

Submission to the Alberta Royalty Review Panel presented by Lyn Gorman on behalf of the Council of Canadians

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Network (ICO2N) promotes the development of large scale capture, transport and storage of carbon dioxide (CO

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which allowed access to the rich fur resources of the Athabasca River system from the Hudson Bay watershed.

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Project Oilsand was a 1958 proposal to exploit the Athabasca oil sands using the underground detonation of

500: 371: 8963: 8956: 3534:. Through a series of Supreme Court of Canada rulings and political protests from Indigenous peoples (see 3530:

consulted with and accommodated when the Crown is contemplating resource development on their lands - see

414: 10725: 10693: 9216: 8001: 6142:

Government of Alberta (December 2005). "Terms of Reference – Oil Sands Consultation Group – Background".

4868:"An integrated approach for sustainability assessment: the Wa-Pa-Su project sustainability rating system" 4407: 896: 512: 6162: 10280: 9881: 9866: 9828: 9589: 9466: 9177: 6968: 6533: 5076: 5004: 3820: 2961: 2896: 2872: 2857: 2387: 2383: 1387: 1178: 1102:

refineries, was cancelled in 2021. Other projects, using existing rights of way, are being built, like

136: 2650:, it requires about 1,200 cubic feet (34 m) of natural gas to produce one barrel of bitumen from 10652: 10185: 9926: 9730: 8513: 6324: 6000:

Thinking Like an Owner: Fact Sheet – Overhauling the royalty and tax treatment of Alberta's oil sands

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and other metal elements toxic at low concentrations to the tributaries and rivers of the Athabasca.

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company is Suncor Energy. Suncor Energy continues to operate just one Sunoco retail site in Ontario.

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did the first serious scientific assessment of the oil sands in 1848 on his way north to search for

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Fuelling Fortress America: A Report on the Athabasca Tar Sands and U.S. Demands for Canada's Energy

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Phillips, Jeffrey P. T. (August 2008). Multistakeholderism in Oil Sands Governance (Report). SSRN.

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Major producing or planned developments in the Athabasca Oil Sands include the following projects:

3445: 2954: 2655: 2565: 2316: 1110: 1091: 734: 604: 592: 330: 39: 6185:"Implementing a World Class Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting System for Alberta" 2303:

Governance (policy, administration, regulation) over the oil sands is held almost entirely by the

10751: 10703: 10577: 9634: 9626: 9577: 9528: 9448: 9333: 9328: 8693:"The era of the mega oilsands mine may be over after 'nail in the coffin' from Teck cancellation" 8409:. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Cancer Board, Division of Population Health and Information Surveillance. 6865: 5631: 4768:"Canada's Tar Sands: Destruction So Vast and Deep It Challenges the Existence of Land and People" 3586: 3468: 3219: 2715: 1457: 1106: 438: 379: 303: 8624:"Canadian Natural sees 'significant value' breathing new life into deferred Shell oilsands mine" 8421: 7638: 6629:"Guide to SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) Reservoir Characterization Using Geostatistics" 6481: 4926: 2611:, one a few metres above the other. High pressure steam is continuously injected into the upper 535:

Canada. Photos of the Athabasca oil sands were also featured in Canadian writer and adventurer,

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Process for stimulating petroliferous subterranean formations with contained nuclear explosions

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pipeline at a Long Lake oil sands facility, south of Fort McMurray. The subsidiary of China's

681:

Development was inhibited by declining world oil prices, and the second mine, operated by the

10557: 9999: 9982: 9916: 9678: 9545: 9498: 9471: 9313: 9265: 7925: 7468: 7443: 6635: 3289: 3158: 2647: 2588: 1914: 1679: 310: 6747: 6430: 6374: 3664:'s Mildred Lake and Aurora mines currently can produce 360,000 bbl/d (57,000 m/d). 570:; hypothetically, the heat and pressure created by an underground detonation would boil the 10454: 10124: 9886: 9768: 9594: 9567: 9550: 9476: 9308: 8999:

TV document by Guy Gendron and Jean-Luc Paquette describing the Athabasca oil sands issues.

8151: 7775: 7673: 7668: 7553: 7042: 4916:"Historical Overview of the Fort McMurray Area and Oil Sands Industry in Northeast Alberta" 2604: 2561: 2554: 2360:. About 10% of the Athabasca oil sands are covered by less than 75 metres (246 ft) of 548: 266: 190: 8209: 6940: 5140: 2672: 8: 10602: 10547: 10474: 10363: 10175: 10093: 9773: 9639: 9182: 7761:"Legacy of a half century of Athabasca oil sands development recorded by lake ecosystems" 7603:, Calgary, Alberta: Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB), June 2013, archived from 6915: 5454: 4825: 3628: 3453: 3045:. These allow the extraction plants to recover well over 90% of the bitumen in the sand. 2999: 2608: 2278: 2191: 1380: 704:

In 1979, Sun formed Suncor by merging its Canadian refining and retailing interests with

536: 314: 174: 8758: 7779: 7557: 7046: 6797: 6298: 5628:"Oil sands & western Canadian conventional production, December 2008 interim update" 5267: 4958: 4711:"Indigenous groups say Big Oil's pollution threatens their existence in Canadian forest" 3188:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2426: 10449: 9871: 9481: 9381: 9239: 8923: 8903: 8893: 8474: 7798: 7403: 7314: 7065: 7030: 6993: 6096: 5951: 5916: 5489: 5335: 3688:'s in-situ Long Lake SAGD project is now producing 70,000 bbl/d (11,000 m/d). 3399: 2994: 2901: 2824:

the Canadian Energy Resource Institute as 2.14 GJ (2.04 thousand cu ft) per barrel for

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extraction technologies (largely because of their depth). Open pit mining destroys the

2344: 922: 694: 664: 648: 527: 458: 295: 262: 9896: 7695: 7093:"'Not be tolerated': Alberta files formal response to proposed oilsands emissions cap" 6572: 5579:"Suncor calls end of Alberta oil quotas a 'positive signal' as it reports $ 302M loss" 5555:"Plans to sell Trans Mountain pipeline to Indigenous groups take another step forward" 5530:"Green light for Line 9 reversal: Supreme Court says Indigenous communities consulted" 4619:"Trans Mountain mulling how to remove 'obstruction' causing newest construction delay" 1059:

In 2018, oil sands production reached 3.1 million barrels per day (490,000 m/d).

10597: 9725: 9700: 9503: 9488: 9197: 9192: 9164: 8835: 8205: 7803: 7569: 7123: 7070: 6843: 6698: 6381: 6191: 6103: 6034: 5978: 5971: 5795: 5505:"More than 20 Republican-led states sue Biden for canceling the Keystone XL pipeline" 4887: 4849: 4655: 4482: 3679: 3675: 3449: 3128:

An explosion left one worker dead and another seriously injured at the Chinese-owned

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production may be as little as 0.2 m , depending on how much is recycled".

2744: 2690: 2536: 1501: 1373: 1166: 1095: 926: 759: 755: 567: 8491:"Canada's First Nations seek bigger stakes, profits from oil sector - BNN Bloomberg" 8450:

Coates, K. (2016). First Nations Engagement in the Energy Sector in Western Canada.

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Planned mining operation oil production by various companies. Data from table below.

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to produce and refine bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. BP would contribute its

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The New North: Being Some Account of a Woman's Journey through Canada to the Arctic

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The Alberta Cancer Board published research of the cancer rates of those living in

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The original process for extraction of bitumen from the sands was developed by Dr.

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About two short tons (1.8 t) of oil sands are required to produce one barrel (

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On August 20, 2009, the U.S. State Department issued a presidential permit for an

507:. The first government-sponsored survey of the oil sands was initiated in 1875 by 437:

in 1719 when Wa-pa-su, a Cree trader, brought a sample of bituminous sands to the

374:

to waterproof their canoes. The oil deposits are located within the boundaries of

317:

oil sand deposits lie under 141,000 square kilometres (54,000 sq mi) of

10657: 10647: 10389: 10140: 10029: 9955: 9758: 9753: 9683: 9651: 9562: 9278: 9103: 8922:. Documentary by Tom Radford about the impact on local communities, broadcast on 8913: 8831: 8523: 8462: 8050: 7363:"Oil sands death of hundreds of ducks in 2010 blamed on weather, no charges laid" 6990:"Enhancing Resilience in a Changing Climate, Water Supply for Canada's Oil Sands" 6405: 5783: 5484: 5139:, Canadian Association of Lifelong Learners and, Calgary, Alberta, archived from 4883: 4541: 4449: 3089: 2965: 2707: 2682: 2592: 2487: 2402: 2036: 945: 686: 660: 644: 561: 473: 356: 7472: 7447: 7211: 5777:

Opti sells 15 percent stake of oilsands joint venture to Nexen for $ 735 million

5408: 5048: 901: 673:

The true size of the Canadian oil sands deposits became known in the 1970s. The

489:

fir, it serves to gum the Indians' canoes." He was followed in 1799 by mapmaker

10494: 10414: 10404: 10394: 10335: 10310: 10019: 9960: 9891: 9778: 9763: 9572: 9510: 9255: 8076: 7768:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7338: 7283: 7035:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4867: 4739:"Trudeau Is Betting $ 9 Billion on a Plan to Clean Up the World's Dirtiest Oil" 4509: 3636:

There are currently three large oil sands mining operations in the area run by

3507: 3133: 2977: 2892: 2876: 2841: 2764: 2654:

projects and about 700 cubic feet (20 m) for integrated projects. Since a

2437: 2357: 1764: 1638: 1566: 1420: 1161: 950: 932:

The wildfire halted oil sands production at facilities north of Fort McMurray.

869: 710: 698: 462: 182: 8441:

The Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11

7310:"Oil sands coalition to start exploratory drilling for carbon-capture project" 7276:"Oilsands part of second U.S. fraud lawsuit against Exxon over carbon pricing" 6890: 3264: 2292:

Industry is the core force of oil sands development. The first major players,

461:, became the first European to see the Athabasca deposits after exploring the 298:

in the world, making Canada a significant player in the global energy market.

10740: 10562: 10519: 10484: 10113: 9994: 9967: 9901: 9293: 8873: 8861: 8794: 5811: 4891: 4659: 4041: 3655: 3641: 3547: 3116: 2888: 2686: 2457: 2410: 2365: 2293: 1666: 1631: 1488: 1444: 1354: 1292: 1222: 1174: 1149: 1103: 941: 914: 742: 634: 621: 494: 481: 413: with: First Nations history of the Athabasca oil sands. You can help by 318: 132: 108: 95: 7788: 7055: 6599: 4518: 10622: 10552: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10419: 10409: 10295: 10275: 10220: 10004: 9972: 9911: 9808: 9710: 9616: 9493: 9427: 9144: 8382: 7948:"Nexen's oil sands pipeline leak one of Canada's largest ever - MINING.com" 7807: 7631:

Planning, Construction and Operational Challenges of Suncor's 1st Sand Dump

7573: 7438: 7074: 5899:

Livingston, W. S. (March 1952). "A Note on the Nature of Federalism".

5271: 4355: 3964: 3724: 3671: 3667: 3645: 3371: 3257: 3088:

of mine effluent that it has deposited in what it calls 'base mine lake.'"

3065: 2985: 2880: 2660: 2620: 2494: 2475: 2394: 1729: 1465: 1394: 1299: 1153: 1145: 937: 933: 769: 718: 690: 651:) produced 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m/d) of synthetic crude oil. 477: 450: 442: 178: 156: 152: 148: 144: 8642:"French energy giant Total shelves the Joslyn oil sands mine indefinitely" 7759:

Kurek, J.; Kirk J.L.; Muir D.C.G.; Wang X.; Evans M.S.; Smol J.P. (2013).

7178: 5302:. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum. Archived from 3441:

have bought or are planning to buy shares in major oil sands development.

1185:

Operating and Approved Athabasca Oil Sands Projects (as of December 2016)

595:

approved Project Oilsand. However, it was subsequently cancelled in 1962.

54: 10592: 10514: 10464: 10285: 10255: 10200: 10190: 9876: 9555: 9538: 9456: 9318: 9288: 9283: 9187: 9124: 8883: 8667:"CNRL files application to integrate Joslyn North into Horizon mine plan" 7637:. Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste 2011. Vancouver, BC. Archived from 7463: 5105: 3503:

and deformed fish being found by commercial fishermen in Lake Athabasca.

3305: 2993:

from tailings to weeks rather than years, with the recovered water being

2777: 2172: 1694: 1432: 508: 7774:(5). National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: 1–6. 402: 10642: 10509: 10499: 10265: 10103: 10009: 5955: 5920: 4332: 3691: 3600: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3551: 3418: 3379: 3102: 3042: 2884: 2731: 2540: 2479: 2406: 2397:) opened in 2003. All three of these mines are associated with bitumen 2361: 1827: 1783: 1472: 1099: 454: 446: 140: 31: 7565: 6675: 6159:"News Release. Final oil sands reports set a framework for the future" 5029: 5028: 2677: 522: 10637: 10368: 10315: 10260: 10250: 10160: 10108: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10014: 9695: 9323: 9250: 9208: 9160: 8537:"Cost escalation leads Total to put Joslyn oil sands project on hold" 7597:

2012 Tailings Management Assessment Report: Oil Sands Mining Industry

7399: 4648:"Ecocide must be listed alongside genocide as an international crime" 4430:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

3286: 2616: 2445: 875: 610: 582:

techniques could be used. The plan was discussed in the October 1976

575: 434: 347:

History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)

8152:"Canada's Oil Sands Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update" 7983:"Cnooc Oil-Sands Operation in Canada to Remain Shut After Explosion" 6227: 6052:

Alberta Royalty Review Panel (18 September 2007). "Our Fair Share".

5947: 5912: 4872:

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology

3575: 1116:

To compensate for pipeline capacity limitations, shipment of oil by

390: 10632: 10612: 10607: 10587: 10582: 10358: 10348: 10270: 10205: 9977: 9705: 9661: 9656: 9520: 9150: 8379:"More deformed fish being pulled from Lake Athabasca, claims group" 8236:"The Geopolitics of Alberta's Tar Sands in an Age of Neoliberalism" 7992: 5221: 4202: 3661: 3637: 3472: 3426: 3425:

to build a 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m/d) pipeline from

3422: 3146: 3038: 3026: 3022: 2969: 2797: 2706:. Approximately 20% of Alberta's oil sands are recoverable through 2612: 2524: 2520: 2449: 2398: 2297: 1316: 1170: 1117: 1087: 910: 763: 682: 674: 668: 579: 375: 128: 7334:"Athabasca May Beat Pathways Alliance in Oil Sands Carbon Capture" 6723:

Canada's Oil Sands—Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An Update

4517:(Report). ST98. Alberta Energy and Utilities Board. Archived from 4512:

Alberta's Energy Reserves 2006 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2007–2016

10300: 10290: 10170: 10165: 10080: 6353:

or less for a corporation and $ 50,000 or less for an individual.

6216:

Alberta to establish arm's-length environmental monitoring agency

4795:"The terrible toll of tar sands mining on Canada's Native people" 4403: 3521:

Impact of oil sands and pipeline development on Indigenous groups

3434: 3253: 3242: m) of surface mineable bitumen and 98 billion barrels (15.6 3034: 3030: 2929: 2793: 2789: 2759:

The Athabasca River runs 1,231 kilometres (765 mi) from the

2703: 2596: 2532: 2528: 2464: 2274: 1306: 726: 625: 571: 291: 287: 160: 7758: 3471:. The oil sands themselves are located within the boundaries of 3398:

accommodation. The area is isolated, with only a two-lane road,

433:

The Athabasca oil sands first came to the attention of European

10617: 10504: 10489: 10479: 10439: 10353: 8599:"Canadian Natural Resources - Oil Sands Mining & Upgrading" 5431:"Even after COVID-19, outlook for Canada's oilsands looks grim" 2925: 2809: 2752:

the net water requirement to produce a cubic metre of oil with

2719: 2502: 2441: 2204: 2140: 2056: 2017: 1957: 1927: 1872: 1796: 1752: 1654: 1579: 1522: 1408: 1330: 1235: 738: 730: 639: 614: 486: 322: 4594:"Canada could lead the world in oil production growth in 2024" 4510:

Andy Burrowes; Rick Marsh; Nehru Ramdin; Curtis Evans (2007).

3161:

in 1995 and is now an urban service area within Wood Buffalo.

2681:

Mining operations in the Athabasca oil sands. Image shows the

10399: 10373: 10343: 10305: 10245: 10240: 10235: 7830:"Oil Sand Industry in Canada Tied to Higher Carcinogen Level" 7022: 6939:. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. Archived from 6937:"Environmental Aspects of Oil Sands Development-Backgrounder" 5757:"Cenovus has 4 industry leading oil sands producing projects" 5017:

October Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists October 1976, p. 23

4483:"Oil Sands Move from the 'Fringe to Center' of Energy Supply" 3685: 3129: 3112: 2237: 2110: 2098: 2075: 1987: 1884: 1840: 1808: 1710: 1687: 1342: 164: 6691:

Canada's Energy Future: Reference Case and Scenarios to 2030

6051: 10627: 10567: 10320: 9798: 7877:

Ambitious plans for oil sands would create lakes from waste

5731:"Cenovus snaps up ConocoPhillips assets for $ 17.7-billion" 5651: 5630:. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. 2008-12-11. 5293:"Comparing Venezuelan and Canadian Heavy Oil and Tar Sands" 2801: 749: 629: 368: 364: 329:) according to Government of Alberta's Ministry of Energy, 326: 294:, Canada. These reserves are one of the largest sources of 30:

This article is about the bitumen deposit. For the visible

8742:

Final clarification in water issue for Statoil Canada Ltd.

7900:

CEMA Delivers Oilsands Mine End Pit Lake Guidance Document

6297:. The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER). 2013. Archived from 3538:, Taku River Tlingit First Nation v British Columbia, and 3437:, the largest refining and chemical company in China, and 3149:

of Fort McMurray and the surrounding region (known as the

3145:

and salt mining. From a population of 37,222 in 1996, the

2482:(400 short tons; 360 t) in the world. This has held 685:

consortium, did not begin operating until 1978, after the

647:

but now incorporated into an independent company known as

394:

Athabasca oil sands on the banks of the river, around 1900

10459: 10325: 10098: 9008: 6626: 6246:. Edmonton, Alberta: Government of Alberta. 12 June 2013. 5077:"Petroleum History Society Archives Newsletter June 2005" 3375: 290:, a heavy and viscous form of petroleum, in northeastern 8869:

Petropolis: Aerial Perspectives on the Alberta Tar Sands

7543: 7120:

Canadian Oil Sands Supply Costs and Development Projects

6634:. Centre for Computational Geostatistics. Archived from 5973:

Developing Alberta's Oil Sands: From Karl Clark to Kyoto

5866: 5796:

Nexen Clinches Additional Long Lake Interest for $ 735MM

5601: 5005:

Petroleum History Society Archives Newsletter, June 2005

3414:

The Athabasca oil sands hold geopolitical significance.

3374:

by a hostile national government, or be endangered by a

10088: 8000:. Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. Archived from 7736:"Reclaimed Dump Sparks Oil Sands Sustainability Debate" 6661: 5654:"BP, Husky Energy agree to form oil-sands partnerships" 4859: 3674:

producing 155,000 bbl/d (24,600 m/d) and the

3648:

owned by Shell Canada, Chevron, and Marathon Oil Corp.

3120:

well-publicized efforts to reduce ruptures and spills.

2828:

projects, 1.08 GJ (1.03 thousand cu ft) per barrel for

1736: 1141: 701:

causing considerable retrenchment in the oil industry.

186: 7869: 7867: 7850:

Toxic Lakes From Tar-Sand Projects Planned for Alberta

7421:

L.T. Waller (2008). "We can no longer be sacrificed".

7014:

L.T. Waller (2008). "We can no longer be sacrificed".

6557: 5627: 4985: 8768:

Gismondi, Mike; Davidson, Debra J. (September 2012).

8717:"Statoil slapp billig unna i oljesand-saken i Canada" 8403:

Cancer incidence in Fort Chipewyan, Alberta 1995-2006

8356:"Fort Chip cancer rates higher than expected: report" 7327: 7325: 6262:"Critics want Alberta's new energy regulator removed" 6255: 6253: 6141: 6098:

Controlling Interest: The Canadian Gas and Oil Stakes

4554:

Turgeon, Andrew; Morse, Elizabeth (19 October 2023).

2673:

Environmental issues surrounding oil sands extraction

10689:

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

9050: 8070: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7482: 6585: 6012: 5069: 4866:

Poveda, Cesar A.; Lipsett, Michael G. (2014-01-02).

4811: 3025:

Oil Recovery (TOR) units which recover oil from the

2523:

Oil Recovery (TOR) units which recover oil from the

8570:"Statoil to buy North American Oil Sands for 2 bln" 8419: 8181:"The downside of boom: Alberta's manpower shortage" 7864: 7268: 5652:Franklin, Sonja; Gismatullin, Eduard (2007-12-05). 5124: 2467:production techniques were developed, particularly 905:

Satellite image of the fire at night (May 5, 2016).

709:divestitures to become an independent, widely held 697:caused oil prices to peak again, during the 1980s, 476:was later named, traveled along routes to both the 7322: 7118:McColl, David; Slagorsky, Martin (November 2008). 7086: 7084: 6376:Tar Sands: Dirty Oil and the Future of a Continent 6373: 6250: 6095: 5970: 4547: 2576: 8204: 7479: 6156: 5812:National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC Limited) 3459: 3325:operation (using dual horizontal wells) would be 3309:Oil prices 1996–2008 (not adjusted for inflation) 3123: 10738: 8770:"Imagining the Tar Sands: 1880 -1967 and Beyond" 8767: 8272:"First Nations group protests pipeline proposal" 6606: 6454:. Canadian Oil Sands Trust. 2007. Archived from 6315: 6313: 6311: 5133:"Six visionaries who built the modern oil sands" 4992: 3096: 457:, another fur trader and a founder of the rival 9009:Alberta Government Oil Sands Information Portal 8567: 8420:Droitsch, Danielle; Simieritsch, Terra (2010). 8124:"Why Venezuela is Alberta's biggest competitor" 8049:Canada, Natural Resources (February 11, 2016). 8042: 7117: 7081: 6697:. National Energy Board. 2007. pp. 45–48. 6284: 6231:Canada launches new oil sands monitoring policy 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 309:The Athabaska oil sands, along with the nearby 8488: 7716:, Wapisiw Lookout, Alberta: The Globe and Mail 6736: 6670:(3). Society of Petroleum Engineers: 503–512. 6323:. Alberta Energy. 12 June 2013. Archived from 6066: 6002:. Drayton Valley, Alta: The Pembina Institute. 5823:BP Enters Canadian Oil Sands with Husky Energy 5389:. Government of Alberta. 2016. pp. 10–14. 5284: 5130: 4402:For improper diversion of water in 2008–2009, 2315:On 17 June 2013 the newly formed corporation, 1177:(to 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m/d)) and 9224: 9036: 8422:"Canadian Aboriginal Concerns with Oil Sands" 8099:"Latest release from the labour force survey" 6725:. National Energy Board of Canada. 2007-06-30 6534:"Alberta Inventors and Inventions—Karl Clark" 6371: 6308: 5478:"Oil sands awash in excess pipeline capacity" 5188:"The man who saw gold in Alberta's oil sands" 4865: 4824:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from 4683:"Tar sands: tearing the flesh from the Earth" 3366:typically cover incremental operating costs. 2587:Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an 351:Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta 8691:Orland, Kevin; Tuttle, Robert (2020-02-25). 8690: 8529: 8298:"Permit for Alberta Clipper Pipeline Issued" 8183:. Canadian Business magazine. Archived from 7993:Planning and Development Department (2006). 7873: 7709: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7383: 7303: 7301: 7233:"Greenhouse gas emissions and the oil sands" 6965:"Athabasca River Water Management Framework" 6887:"Athabasca river water management framework" 6819:"Reclamation illusions in oil sands country" 6480:. Oil Sands Discovery Centre. Archived from 6244:"Strong team leads Alberta Energy Regulator" 4574: 4553: 2490:oil despite rising energy and labour costs. 2448:rock. Originally, the sands were mined with 2330:Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act 1169:(to 770,000 bbl/d (122,000 m/d)); 355:The Athabasca oil sands are named after the 8952:Alberta's Oil Sands: Key Issues and Impacts 8145: 8143: 8071:Department of Energy, Alberta (June 2006). 7420: 7013: 6102:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited. 6028: 6026: 6024: 5707:. Alberta Government. 2016. pp. 10–14. 5701:Alberta Oil Sands Industry Quarterly Update 5383:Alberta OIl Sands Industry Quarterly Update 5154: 4925:. Alberta Geological Survey. Archived from 3268:Syncrude's Mildred Lake mine site and plant 2968:, it may be possible to monitor rivers for 1173:(to 550,000 bbl/d (87,000 m/d)); 1130:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 598: 335:Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers 27:Oil and bitumen deposits in Alberta, Canada 9231: 9217: 9043: 9029: 8321:. Albertaclipper.state.gov. Archived from 7710:Vanderklippe, Nathan (23 September 2010), 7460: 6992:. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from 6821:. Parkland Institute. 2008. Archived from 6769:"Environmental Protection and Enhancement" 6236: 5898: 5407:. Alberta Government. 2008. Archived from 5334:. Alberta Government. 2008. Archived from 4611: 4397: 3409: 3346:per barrel for a new mining operation and 2501:) is added to the sand, and the resulting 53: 8936:. Govt. of Alberta Documentary Film, 2009 8489:Nickel, Rod; Williams, Nia (2018-03-02). 8178: 7797: 7787: 7664:"Suncor speeds tailings-pond reclamation" 7579: 7298: 7111: 7064: 7054: 6620: 6452:"Canadian Oil Sands provides 2008 Budget" 6122: 5887:S. Korea Buys Canadian Oil Sands Property 5718:Albian Sands Announces Operator Agreement 5290: 5131:McKenzie-Brown, Peter (22 January 2013), 5060: 4505: 4503: 4455:List of articles about Canadian oil sands 3616:Learn how and when to remove this message 3321:per barrel, while the cost of an in-situ 3164: 3132:facility in the Long Lake oil sands near 2478:(at least 100 short tons; 91 t) and 890: 511:, and in 1883, G. C. Hoffman of the 382:of the area are involved with the sands. 363:, the bitumen was used by the indigenous 10757:Proposed energy infrastructure in Canada 8890:People & Power – Alberta's Oil Sands 8799:"The Canadian Oil Boom: Scraping Bottom" 8452:Prepared for the Indian Resource Council 8269: 8210:"Study: The Alberta economic juggernaut" 8140: 7846: 6616:. Canadian Petroleum Hall of Fame. 2012. 6588:Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 6032: 6021: 5977:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. 4955:Unlocking the Potential of the Oil Sands 4765: 4562:. Education. National Geographic Society 4477: 4369: 4302: 4283: 4192: 4173: 4031: 4012: 3954: 3935: 3810: 3774: 3755: 3627: 3304: 3263: 2676: 2666: 2659:upgraders will probably turn to bitumen 2368:. In June 2009, the SMA was expanded to 2343: 900: 750:Oil sands production in the 21st century 689:sparked investor interest. However, the 521: 389: 10151:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 8990:-Canadian Centre for Energy Information 8756: 8621: 8399: 8345:— Aboriginal implication in the project 7926:"What are the latest oil sand projects" 7874:Vanderklippe, Nathan (3 October 2012), 7176: 7142: 6796:. Syncrude Canada. 2006. Archived from 5968: 5634:from the original on September 28, 2007 5602:Natural Resources Canada (2017-10-06). 5210: 5160: 4979: 4909: 4907: 4471: 3362:per barrel for a new mining operation. 2401:that convert the unusable bitumen into 721:, which turned Suncor into the largest 14: 10739: 10025:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir 9784:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war 9238: 8793: 8376: 8096: 8048: 7880:, Calgary, Alberta: The Globe and Mail 7827: 7752: 7546:Environmental Science & Technology 7331: 7307: 7122:. Canadian Energy Research Institute. 6744:"Alberta Energy: Facts and Statistics" 5997: 5933: 5816: 5723: 5527: 5243:"Suncor, Petro Canada complete merger" 5218:"Suncor, Petro-Canada announce merger" 4500: 4425:Canadian Centre for Energy Information 2456:and moved to the processing plants by 2348:Map of all pipelines regulated by the 699:oil prices declined to very low levels 9212: 9024: 8947:Pembina Institute: Oil Sands Analysis 8233: 7969:Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2016 7847:van Loon, Jeremy (22 November 2013), 7733: 7090: 6967:. Alberta Environment. Archived from 6771:. Alberta Environment. Archived from 6362:ERCB ST-98 (June 2009) pp. 2-2 to 2-7 6259: 6093: 5673: 5502: 5185: 5098: 4789: 4787: 4761: 4759: 4385:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 4343:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 4321:160,000 bbl/d (25,000 m/d) 4280:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 4263:184,000 bbl/d (29,300 m/d) 4246:116,300 bbl/d (18,490 m/d) 4229:225,000 bbl/d (35,800 m/d) 4212:150,000 bbl/d (24,000 m/d) 4189:250,000 bbl/d (40,000 m/d) 4153:165,000 bbl/d (26,200 m/d) 4136:225,000 bbl/d (35,800 m/d) 4102:294,000 bbl/d (46,700 m/d) 4085:150,000 bbl/d (24,000 m/d) 4051:130,000 bbl/d (21,000 m/d) 3992:120,000 bbl/d (19,000 m/d) 3975:120,000 bbl/d (19,000 m/d) 3951:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 3932:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 3831:135,000 bbl/d (21,500 m/d) 3807:115,000 bbl/d (18,300 m/d) 3790:175,000 bbl/d (27,800 m/d) 3771:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 3752:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 3735:100,000 bbl/d (16,000 m/d) 3565: 3540:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia 3429:, Alberta, to the west coast port of 3417:An agreement has been signed between 3256:methods. These estimates of Canada's 3151:Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo 2420: 1140:In early December 2007, London-based 1098:, a pipeline project from Alberta to 693:subsided afterwards and although the 493:and in 1819 by British Naval officer 10156:China National Petroleum Corporation 9073:Frontier exploration and development 8854:. Documentary by Leslie Iwerks, 2009 8216:from the original on 12 October 2006 8097:Canada, Statistics (April 5, 2007). 7530:Tailings Ponds: What they're made of 6914:. Environment Canada. Archived from 6864:. Environment Canada. Archived from 6627:C.V. Deutsch; J.A. McLennan (2005). 5825:– BP press release, December 5, 2007 5552: 5163:"How A Foundation Reinvented Itself" 4913: 4904: 4733: 4731: 4705: 4703: 4677: 4675: 4642: 4640: 4591: 4009:80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m/d) 3899:95,000 bbl/d (15,100 m/d) 3882:80,000 bbl/d (13,000 m/d) 3598:adding citations to reliable sources 3569: 3439:China National Petroleum Corporation 3168: 3077:water to the downstream environment. 1123: 397: 36:Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park 8157:. National Energy Board of Canada. 8149: 7628:Ali, Zulfiqar (6–9 November 2011). 7627: 7332:Tuttle, Robert (December 7, 2022). 6844:"Troubled Waters, Troubling Trends" 6496: 6125:Canadian Institute of Resources Law 5268:"Petro Canada: Legal & Privacy" 4366:50,000 bbl/d (7,900 m/d) 4299:10,000 bbl/d (1,600 m/d) 4170:20,000 bbl/d (3,200 m/d) 4119:23,000 bbl/d (3,700 m/d) 4028:45,000 bbl/d (7,200 m/d) 3865:45,000 bbl/d (7,200 m/d) 3848:12,000 bbl/d (1,900 m/d) 3252: m) of bitumen recoverable by 2427:Oil sands § Extraction process 2393:The Albian Sands mine (operated by 2321:Energy Resources Conservation Board 24: 10216:National Iranian South Oil Company 9932:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 8910:60 Minutes – The Alberta Oil Sands 8787: 7308:Graney, Emma (December 12, 2022). 6849:. The Pembina Institute. May 2006. 6347:Responsible Energy Development Act 5487:article by Nathan VanderKlippe in 5161:Fleeson, Lucinda (27 April 1992), 5099:Pratt, Michael (October 3, 2015). 4784: 4756: 4450:Project Oilsand / Project Cauldron 1510:Canadian Natural Resources Limited 555: 25: 10773: 10684:Intercontinental Exchange Futures 10573:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company 10226:Oil & Gas Development Company 8988:What are oil sands and heavy oil? 8940: 8845: 8278:from the original on 20 July 2011 8238:. University of British Columbia. 8031:. Province of Alberta. 1994-12-21 7981:Wall Street Journal, January 2016 7713:Suncor scores environmental first 7387:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 7189:from the original on 26 July 2011 6540:from the original on 5 March 2006 6478:"The oil sands story: extraction" 6069:"Oil Sands Company/Property Mine" 4728: 4700: 4672: 4637: 3536:Haida Nation v. British Columbia 3048:In January 2013, scientists from 2948: 2431: 1086:, which would have been built by 1066: 959:2015 production of crude bitumen 863: 781:2005 production of crude bitumen 585:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10721: 10720: 9052:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin 9011:Interactive Map and Data Library 8735: 8709: 8684: 8659: 8634: 8615: 8591: 8561: 8507: 8482: 8467: 8444: 8435: 8413: 8393: 8370: 8348: 8336: 8311: 8290: 8263: 8242: 8227: 8198: 8179:Nikiforuk, Andrew (2006-06-04). 8172: 8116: 8090: 8064: 8026:"Order in Council (O.C.) 817/94" 8018: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7940: 7918: 7891: 7840: 7821: 7727: 7703: 7688: 7656: 7621: 7537: 7521: 7503:, September 2013, archived from 7454: 7429: 7414: 7377: 7355: 7346: 7256: 7225: 7200: 7179:"Who's afraid of the tar sands?" 7170: 7136: 7007: 6982: 6957: 6929: 6904: 6879: 6746:. Alberta Energy. Archived from 6321:"Regulatory Enhancement Project" 5786:Yahoo Finance, December 17, 2008 5428: 5186:Pitts, Gordon (25 August 2012). 4957:. Syncrude. 2006. Archived from 4766:Weisbrod, Katelyn (2021-11-21). 4489:from the original on 21 May 2009 4068:4,000 bbl/d (640 m/d) 3574: 3475:, signed in 1899, which states: 3173: 3157:. Fort McMurray ceased to be an 3054:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 2871:, a consortium of six companies 2493:After excavation, hot water and 2230: 2197: 2165: 2133: 2103: 2091: 2049: 2010: 1980: 1950: 1920: 1877: 1865: 1833: 1801: 1789: 1757: 1745: 1703: 1659: 1647: 1572: 1515: 1481: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1401: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1228: 401: 385: 226:2,800,000 barrels per day (~1.4 10231:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 8723:(in Norwegian). 31 October 2011 8622:Jaremko, Deborah (2017-11-07). 8161:from the original on 2006-05-08 7734:Schor, Elana (16 August 2011), 7159:from the original on 2012-03-29 7143:Gardner, Timothy (2009-05-18). 6854: 6836: 6811: 6786: 6761: 6711: 6682: 6655: 6579: 6551: 6526: 6470: 6444: 6419: 6394: 6365: 6356: 6339: 6221: 6208: 6177: 6150: 6135: 6116: 6087: 6060: 6045: 6017:. Ottawa: Council of Canadians. 6006: 5991: 5962: 5927: 5892: 5880: 5859: 5828: 5801: 5789: 5770: 5749: 5720:News Release, November 18, 2008 5711: 5692: 5667: 5645: 5620: 5595: 5571: 5546: 5521: 5496: 5471: 5447: 5422: 5393: 5374: 5349: 5320: 5260: 5235: 5179: 5092: 5054: 5041: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4972: 4943: 4842: 3585:needs additional citations for 3037:from the froth, Inclined Plate 2633:steam-assisted gravity drainage 2615:to heat the oil and reduce its 2583:Steam-assisted gravity drainage 2577:Steam-assisted gravity drainage 2486:to around US$ 27 per barrel of 2469:steam-assisted gravity drainage 10699:Society of Petroleum Engineers 10470:Port Harcourt Refining Company 10136:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 9015:Report one Athabasca Oil Sands 8568:Wojciech Moskwa (2007-04-27). 8252:. Findarticles.com. 2005-04-14 7828:Austen, Ian (7 January 2013). 7282:. Kamloops, British Columbia. 7145:"Canada oil sands emit more CO 7091:Weber, Bob (5 February 2024). 6380:. Vancouver: Greystone Books. 6292:"The Alberta Energy Regulator" 6260:Pratt, Sheila (18 June 2013). 5836:"Project description May 2011" 4592:Bakx, Kyle (12 October 2023). 4420:Environmental impact of mining 3460:Indigenous peoples of the area 3387:oil price increases since 2003 3124:Occupational health and safety 2339: 2160:Korea National Oil Corporation 925:and the costliest disaster in 244:133,000 million barrels (~1.81 13: 1: 9645:Production sharing agreements 8984:—Alberta Department of Energy 8900:Riz Khan – Canada's dirty oil 8757:Cameron, Agnes Deans (1909). 7177:Strahan, David (2009-12-08). 6573:10.1016/s0016-2361(02)00113-8 6504:"AOSTRA-Taciuk Process (ATP)" 6013:Council of Canadians (2007). 5889:– redorbit.com, July 24, 2006 5807:Nexen is major subsidiary of 5291:Dusseault, M.B. (June 2001). 5137:The Petroleum History Society 5061:Les Adler (29 October 2013). 4923:Earth Sciences Report 2000–05 4465: 3139: 3097:Pipeline-processing pollution 2268: 654: 10762:Shell plc oil and gas fields 10679:Canadian petroleum companies 10674:American Petroleum Institute 10211:National Iranian Oil Company 10196:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation 9017:at Dartmouth College Library 8473:Suncor (2017, November 22). 8377:Landry, Frank (2010-09-19). 7263:"Carbon Capture and Storage" 6054:Alberta Royalty Review Panel 5503:Arvin, Jariel (2021-03-03). 4993:Gismondi & Davidson 2012 4884:10.1080/13504509.2013.876677 4440:Utah Oil Sands Joint Venture 3296: 2933:area up to deer and wolves. 2815: 2599:. It is an advanced form of 2352:that originate from Alberta. 2305:Ministry of Energy (Alberta) 7: 10694:International Energy Agency 9679:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 9108:Northwestern Alberta Plains 8880:Tar Sands – Canada for Sale 6794:"Syncrude Land Reclamation" 6427:"Syncrude buys Bucyrus 495" 5901:Political Science Quarterly 5798:– RigZone, January 27, 2008 5674:Dutta, Ashok (2007-12-12). 5455:"Monthly Energy Statistics" 4413: 4408:Provincial Court of Alberta 2763:in west-central Alberta to 1109:, nationalized in 2018, or 897:2016 Fort McMurray wildfire 874:The massive development of 723:petroleum company in Canada 578:to the point that standard 513:Geological Survey of Canada 38:. For the corporation, see 10: 10778: 10281:PTT Public Company Limited 9882:East Midlands Oil Province 9867:List of natural gas fields 9467:Integrated asset modelling 8976:Oil Sands Discovery Centre 8811:(3): 38–59. Archived from 8750: 8319:"U.S. Department of State" 6233:Retrieved 21 October 2012. 5676:"ConocoPhillips aims high" 5528:Rabson, Mia (2017-07-26). 4819:"Alberta's Oil Sands 2006" 3821:Canadian Natural Resources 3556:Mikisew Cree First Nations 3100: 3033:Recovery Units to recover 2984:were mixed with a polymer 2952: 2918: 2873:Canadian Natural Resources 2858:carbon capture and storage 2670: 2580: 2531:Recovery Units to recover 2424: 2388:UNESCO World Heritage Site 2384:Wood Buffalo National Park 1179:Canadian Natural Resources 894: 867: 758:associated with their new 658: 602: 559: 526:Athabasca oil sand of the 505:Franklin's lost expedition 453:was the manager. In 1778, 344: 340: 137:Canadian Natural Resources 29: 10716: 10666: 10653:Weatherford International 10532: 10382: 10334: 10186:Iraq National Oil Company 10122: 10079: 10064: 10055: 9940: 9857: 9739: 9625: 9519: 9447: 9390: 9349: 9342: 9264: 9246: 9159: 9091: 9058: 8997:Du sable dans l'engrenage 8959:—Guardian Newspaper, 2007 8744:Retrieved 1 November 2011 6429:. Bucyrus. Archived from 5936:The Journal of Federalism 5553:Bakx, Kyle (2021-02-19). 4914:Hein, Francis J. (2000). 4445:Melville Island oil sands 4435:Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 4353: 4201: 4040: 3963: 3819: 3723: 3431:Kitimat, British Columbia 3182:This section needs to be 2909:Athabasca Oil Corporation 2591:technology for producing 2350:Canadian Energy Regulator 2252: 1863: 1860:Athabasca Oil Corporation 1858: 1855: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1537: 1513: 1508: 1261: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1128:As of December 2008, the 1084:Kitimat, British Columbia 909:From May to July 2016, a 574:deposits, reducing their 258: 240: 223:Current production of oil 222: 217: 209: 201: 196: 170: 124: 87: 79: 69: 61: 52: 47: 9135:Northern Rocky Mountains 8966:(The Parkland Institute) 6345:Maximum fines under the 4460: 3467:of the area include the 3446:Alberta Clipper Pipeline 2964:of compounds, including 2955:Oil sands tailings ponds 2826:cyclic steam stimulation 2738: 2656:barrel of oil equivalent 2637:cyclic steam stimulation 2566:Alberta Research Council 2317:Alberta Energy Regulator 1535:Jackfish I and II, Pike 1107:Trans Mountain Expansion 1092:Enbridge Pipeline System 936:shut down output at its 735:Energy Transfer Partners 729:Company became known as 706:Great Canadian Oil Sands 605:Great Canadian Oil Sands 599:Great Canadian Oil Sands 593:Federal Mines Department 331:Alberta Energy Regulator 286:, are large deposits of 40:Athabasca Oil Sands Corp 10704:World Petroleum Council 10578:China Oilfield Services 9635:Petroleum fiscal regime 9334:Western Canadian Select 9329:West Texas Intermediate 9121:North-central foothills 9068:Oil sands and heavy oil 8300:. State.gov. 2009-08-20 8270:CBC News (2011-05-11). 8073:"Oil Sands Fact Sheets" 7995:"Municipal Census 2006" 7789:10.1073/pnas.1217675110 7056:10.1073/pnas.1008754107 6719:"Questions and Answers" 6600:10.1002/cjce.5450850522 6218:Retrieved (2012-10-21). 6157:Government of Alberta. 5007:, retrieved 2012-10-28. 4398:Court ordered sanctions 3699:Mining Projects (2021) 3670:currently operates its 3513:From 2010 to 2014, the 3469:Fort McKay First Nation 3410:Geopolitical importance 3220:West Texas Intermediate 2860:development in Canada. 2697: 2537:inclined plate settlers 2454:bucket-wheel excavators 1135:oil-producing countries 530:as seen in drill cores. 304:Trans Mountain pipeline 10181:Indian Oil Corporation 9667:Submersible pump (ESP) 9612:Underbalanced drilling 9433:of gasoline and diesel 8978:—Fort McMurray Tourism 8343:Financial Post Article 7697:Suncor.com (page 3727) 7208:"Facts and Statistics" 6372:Nikiforuk, A. (2008). 6214:Government of Alberta 5401:"Facts and Statistics" 4410:, Criminal Division). 3633: 3515:Tar Sands Healing Walk 3500: 3488: 3310: 3269: 3165:Estimated oil reserves 3103:Nexen § Long Lake 3085: 2867:In December 2022, the 2694: 2551:Alberta Taciuk Process 2353: 2283:Constitution Act, 1867 2273:The governance of the 1160:In mid December 2007, 1137:in the world by 2020. 906: 891:Fort McMurray wildfire 539:'s, best-selling book 531: 395: 241:Estimated oil in place 10558:Cameron International 10000:Petrodollar recycling 9983:fossil fuel phase-out 9546:Differential sticking 9499:Reflection seismology 9472:Petroleum engineering 9314:OPEC Reference Basket 8934:The Alberta Oil Sands 8763:. New York: Appleton. 8478:Suncor News Releases. 8212:. Statistics Canada. 7669:Oil & Gas Journal 7501:Government of Alberta 7494:"Fact Sheet Tailings" 7149:than average: report" 7107:– via CTV news. 6912:"Typical River Flows" 6614:"Dr. Roger M. Butler" 6508:Government of Alberta 6144:Government of Alberta 4633:– via CBC News. 3631: 3489: 3477: 3308: 3267: 3074: 2680: 2667:Environmental impacts 2648:National Energy Board 2607:are drilled into the 2589:enhanced oil recovery 2347: 2006:BlackPearl Resources 1915:Connacher Oil and Gas 1286:Mildred Lake, Aurora 1080:North Gateway project 904: 525: 393: 10455:Occidental Petroleum 9769:1990 oil price shock 9595:Shale oil extraction 9568:Drilling engineering 9551:Directional drilling 9477:Reservoir simulation 9092:Depositional regions 8957:Mud, Sweat and Tears 8834:(Wiley Canada 2010) 8815:on February 19, 2009 7674:PennWell Corporation 6327:on 25 September 2013 6067:Oil Sands InfoMine. 5969:Chastko, P. (2004). 5735:The Globe & Mail 5063:"America's Tar Baby" 3594:improve this article 3480:to hunt and to trap. 2710:, while 80% require 2685:about 600m from the 2405:oil for shipment to 741:, Texas. In Canada, 468:In 1788, fur trader 439:Hudson's Bay Company 282:, also known as the 259:Producing formations 191:Occidental Petroleum 10747:Athabasca oil sands 10603:Naftiran Intertrade 10548:Amec Foster Wheeler 10475:Reliance Industries 10364:Naftiran Intertrade 10176:Hindustan Petroleum 9774:2000s energy crisis 9078:Natural gas liquids 9060:Hydrocarbon history 9003:Athabasca Oil Sands 8982:Alberta's Oil Sands 8804:National Geographic 8514:Oil Sands Projects 8234:Longhurst, Andrew. 8007:on 27 February 2008 7853:, Bloomberg Markets 7780:2013PNAS..110.1761K 7558:2011EnST...45.3154R 7047:2010PNAS..10716178K 7041:(37): 16178–16183. 5338:on 21 February 2008 4951:"Oil Sands History" 4932:on 27 February 2008 4772:Inside Climate News 4560:National Geographic 3700: 3454:Superior, Wisconsin 3448:that will run from 3385:As a result of the 3000:land rehabilitation 2603:in which a pair of 2564:, working with the 2279:Canadian federalism 2129:Value Creation Inc 1209:Planned production 1186: 997:Shell Canada mines 960: 782: 591:In April 1959, the 537:Agnes Deans Cameron 470:Alexander Mackenzie 284:Athabasca tar sands 280:Athabasca oil sands 210:Start of production 175:Chevron Corporation 105: / 48:Athabasca oil sands 18:Athabasca Oil Sands 10450:Marathon Petroleum 9872:List of oil fields 9482:Reservoir modeling 9240:Petroleum industry 8924:Al Jazeera English 8916:, 22. January 2006 8904:Al Jazeera English 8894:Al Jazeera English 8671:Oil Sands Magazine 8646:Oil Sands Magazine 8522:2006-03-28 at the 8516:Oilsands Discovery 8461:2016-10-25 at the 8128:Oil Sands Magazine 7834:The New York Times 7442:. 20 August 2008. 7315:The Globe and Mail 7286:. October 27, 2019 6641:on 9 December 2008 5998:Taylor, A (2006). 5782:2009-01-02 at the 5490:The Globe and Mail 5483:2017-03-19 at the 5459:Oil Sands Magazine 5192:The Globe and Mail 4540:2013-05-28 at the 3719:Regulatory Status 3698: 3634: 3566:Oil sand companies 3465:Indigenous peoples 3400:Alberta Highway 63 3311: 3270: 3050:Queen's University 2695: 2421:Bitumen extraction 2409:in Canada and the 2354: 2226:Renergy Petroleum 1976:Sunshine Oilsands 1946:Grizzly Oil Sands 1184: 1148:announced a 50–50 1144:and Calgary-based 1090:, operator of the 1008:Imperial Oil mine 958: 940:mining operation. 907: 878:extraction in the 819:Shell Canada mine 780: 695:1979 energy crisis 665:1979 energy crisis 649:Suncor Energy Inc. 568:nuclear explosives 532: 528:McMurray Formation 459:North West Company 396: 372:Aboriginal peoples 315:Cold Lake deposits 296:unconventional oil 10734: 10733: 10712: 10711: 10598:Nabors Industries 10528: 10527: 9726:Well intervention 9701:Petroleum product 9600:Ljungström method 9504:Seismic inversion 9489:Petroleum geology 9443: 9442: 9206: 9205: 9118:North-east Plains 8970:Oil Sands History 8872:. Documentary by 8860:. Documentary by 8429:Pembina Institute 8206:Statistics Canada 8150:NEB (June 2006). 7676:. 23 October 2009 7566:10.1021/es103721b 7425:. Briarpatch Inc. 7423:Political Science 7129:978-1-896091-83-9 7018:. Briarpatch Inc. 7016:Political Science 6704:978-0-662-46855-4 6676:10.2118/142432-PA 6567:(14): 1859–1869. 6387:978-1-55365-407-0 6094:Crane, D (1982). 5604:"crude-oil-facts" 4625:. 1 February 2024 4395: 4394: 3680:Fort Saskatchewan 3676:Scotford Upgrader 3672:Muskeg River Mine 3626: 3625: 3618: 3450:Hardisty, Alberta 3290:Orinoco Oil Sands 3203: 3202: 3159:incorporated city 3061:Pembina Institute 2991:water reclamation 2869:Pathways Alliance 2761:Athabasca Glacier 2745:Pembina Institute 2691:Earth Observatory 2646:According to the 2601:steam stimulation 2266: 2265: 2123:Advanced TriStar 2087: 2080: 2045: 2041: 2030:Germain, Saleski 1741: 1734: 1699: 1692: 1643: 1636: 1477: 1470: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1367:Jackpine, Muskeg 1315: 1304: 1297: 1167:Royal Dutch Shell 1124:Future production 1111:Enbridge's Line 9 1055: 1054: 1030:In situ projects 923:Alberta's history 855: 854: 830:In situ projects 760:Scotford Upgrader 756:Royal Dutch Shell 472:, after whom the 431: 430: 276: 275: 271:Grand Rapids 16:(Redirected from 10769: 10724: 10723: 10425:Hess Corporation 10146:Bharat Petroleum 10077: 10076: 10062: 10061: 9749:1967 Oil Embargo 9585:Lost circulation 9423:Posted oil price 9347: 9346: 9304:Isthmus-34 Light 9233: 9226: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9113:Canadian Rockies 9099:Southern Alberta 9045: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9021: 8995: 8972:—Syncrude Canada 8920:To the Last Drop 8824: 8822: 8820: 8783: 8781: 8774: 8764: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8576:. Archived from 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8545:. Archived from 8542:Edmonton Journal 8533: 8527: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8465: 8448: 8442: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8426: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8385:. Archived from 8374: 8368: 8367: 8364:CBC/Radio-Canada 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8156: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8101:. Archived from 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8075:. Archived from 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7907:on 13 April 2014 7895: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7801: 7791: 7765: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7644:on 13 April 2014 7643: 7636: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7592: 7577: 7576: 7552:(7): 3154–3159, 7541: 7535: 7534: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7510:on 25 March 2014 7509: 7498: 7490: 7477: 7476: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7400:10.1676/09-181.1 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7238:. Archived from 7237: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7210:. Archived from 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7183:DavidStrahan.com 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7088: 7079: 7078: 7068: 7058: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6889:. Archived from 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6696: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6633: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6510:. Archived from 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6484:on 25 March 2009 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6404:. Archived from 6398: 6392: 6391: 6379: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6317: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6268:. Archived from 6266:Edmonton Journal 6257: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6196: 6190:. Archived from 6189: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6161:. Archived from 6154: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6101: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6071:. Archived from 6064: 6058: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6030: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5976: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5841:. Archived from 5840: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5737:. March 29, 2017 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5359:. Archived from 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5297: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5109:. Archived from 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4863: 4857: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689:. 18 August 2009 4687:theecologist.org 4679: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4481:(May 18, 2009). 4475: 4371: 4315:Northern Lights 4304: 4285: 4194: 4175: 4033: 4014: 3956: 3937: 3812: 3776: 3757: 3701: 3697: 3640:Canada Limited, 3621: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3578: 3570: 3498: 3486: 3392: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3278: 3277: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3083: 3013: 3012: 2966:naphthenic acids 2913:Conklin, Alberta 2907:The same month, 2751: 2605:horizontal wells 2535:from the froth, 2518: 2517: 2513: 2499:sodium hydroxide 2484:production costs 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2326:Public Lands Act 2236: 2234: 2233: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2016: 2014: 2013: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1732: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1634: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1475: 1468: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1204:2016 production 1187: 1183: 970:Barrels per day 961: 957: 927:Canadian history 919:northern Alberta 792:Barrels per day 783: 779: 426: 423: 405: 398: 250: 249: 232: 231: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 109:57.02°N 111.65°W 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 80:Offshore/onshore 74:Northern Alberta 57: 45: 44: 21: 10777: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10708: 10662: 10658:John Wood Group 10648:Valaris Limited 10541: 10538: 10535: 10524: 10390:APA Corporation 10378: 10330: 10129: 10126: 10118: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10057: 10051: 9952:Classification 9936: 9859: 9853: 9789:Nationalization 9759:1979 oil crisis 9754:1973 oil crisis 9735: 9721:Water injection 9689:Steam injection 9684:Gas reinjection 9652:Artificial lift 9621: 9563:Drill stem test 9515: 9439: 9386: 9338: 9260: 9242: 9237: 9207: 9202: 9155: 9104:Central Alberta 9087: 9054: 9049: 8993: 8962:Hugh McCullum, 8943: 8882:Documentary by 8848: 8832:Alastair Sweeny 8818: 8816: 8790: 8788:Further reading 8779: 8772: 8753: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8701: 8699: 8689: 8685: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8651: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8620: 8616: 8607: 8605: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8583: 8581: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8524:Wayback Machine 8512: 8508: 8499: 8497: 8487: 8483: 8472: 8468: 8463:Wayback Machine 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8375: 8371: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8328: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8303: 8301: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8243: 8232: 8228: 8219: 8217: 8203: 8199: 8190: 8188: 8177: 8173: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8148: 8141: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8108: 8106: 8105:on 6 April 2007 8095: 8091: 8082: 8080: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8051:"Oil Resources" 8047: 8043: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7910: 7908: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7883: 7881: 7872: 7865: 7856: 7854: 7845: 7841: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7744: 7742: 7732: 7728: 7719: 7717: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7580: 7542: 7538: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7480: 7459: 7455: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7419: 7415: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7330: 7323: 7306: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7192: 7190: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7160: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7089: 7082: 7027: 7023: 7012: 7008: 6999: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6974: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6896: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6828: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6584: 6580: 6556: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6514:on 4 March 2009 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6436: 6434: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6349:are limited to 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6258: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6228:Financial Post. 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6151: 6140: 6136: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6031: 6022: 6011: 6007: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5967: 5963: 5948:10.2307/3330233 5932: 5928: 5913:10.2307/2145299 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5784:Wayback Machine 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5608:www.nrcan.gc.ca 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5536: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5501: 5497: 5485:Wayback Machine 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5197: 5195: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5059: 5055: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4864: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4821: 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disc 2515: 2511: 2510: 2488:synthetic crude 2434: 2429: 2423: 2403:synthetic crude 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2342: 2271: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2198: 2196: 2192:Cavalier Energy 2166: 2164: 2134: 2132: 2104: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2050: 2048: 2037:Laricina Energy 2011: 2009: 1981: 1979: 1951: 1949: 1921: 1919: 1878: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1834: 1832: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784:MEG Energy Corp 1777:Christina Lake 1758: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1704: 1702: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1592:Christina Lake 1573: 1571: 1516: 1514: 1482: 1480: 1438: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1402: 1400: 1348: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1229: 1227: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1171:Syncrude Canada 1126: 1104:Kinder Morgan's 1069: 946:Syncrude Canada 899: 893: 872: 866: 752: 687:1973 oil crisis 671: 661:1973 oil crisis 659:Main articles: 657: 645:Sun Oil Company 626:Sun Oil Company 607: 601: 564: 562:Project Oilsand 558: 556:Project Oilsand 501:John Richardson 474:Mackenzie River 427: 421: 418: 411:needs expansion 388: 357:Athabasca River 353: 343: 247: 245: 229: 227: 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 83:Onshore, mining 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10775: 10765: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10752:Open-pit mines 10749: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10544: 10542: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10495:Surgutneftegas 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10415:Eneos Holdings 10412: 10407: 10405:ConocoPhillips 10402: 10397: 10395:Cenovus Energy 10392: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10340: 10338: 10336:Energy trading 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10074: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10022: 10020:Swing producer 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9950: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9892:Gulf of Mexico 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9779:2010s oil glut 9776: 9771: 9766: 9764:1980s oil glut 9761: 9756: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9631: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9573:Drilling fluid 9570: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9548: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9511:Seismic source 9508: 9507: 9506: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9453: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9435: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9309:Japan Cocktail 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9256:Primary energy 9253: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9178:Greater Sierra 9175: 9169: 9167: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9111:South-central 9109: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9075: 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7097:Canadian Press 7080: 7021: 7006: 6981: 6956: 6928: 6903: 6878: 6853: 6835: 6810: 6785: 6760: 6735: 6710: 6703: 6681: 6654: 6619: 6605: 6594:(5): 765–772. 6578: 6550: 6525: 6495: 6469: 6443: 6418: 6393: 6386: 6364: 6355: 6338: 6307: 6304:on 2014-04-21. 6283: 6272:on 22 May 2013 6249: 6235: 6220: 6207: 6176: 6149: 6134: 6115: 6108: 6086: 6059: 6044: 6020: 6005: 5990: 5983: 5961: 5926: 5891: 5879: 5858: 5827: 5815: 5800: 5788: 5769: 5748: 5722: 5710: 5691: 5680:Calgary Herald 5666: 5644: 5619: 5594: 5570: 5545: 5520: 5495: 5470: 5446: 5421: 5405:Alberta Energy 5392: 5373: 5348: 5332:Alberta Energy 5319: 5300:Alberta Energy 5283: 5259: 5234: 5209: 5178: 5153: 5123: 5091: 5068: 5053: 5040: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4984: 4971: 4942: 4903: 4858: 4841: 4810: 4783: 4755: 4727: 4699: 4671: 4654:. 2021-06-22. 4636: 4623:Canadian Press 4610: 4573: 4546: 4535:other versions 4499: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893:Horizon South 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3665: 3659: 3624: 3623: 3582: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3522: 3519: 3508:Fort Chipewyan 3494: 3482: 3461: 3458: 3411: 3408: 3298: 3295: 3201: 3200: 3181: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3141: 3138: 3125: 3122: 3098: 3095: 3079: 2978:Polyacrylamide 2950: 2949:Tailings ponds 2947: 2920: 2917: 2893:ConocoPhillips 2877:Cenovus Energy 2853: 2849: 2842:Kyoto Protocol 2817: 2814: 2765:Lake Athabasca 2740: 2737: 2699: 2696: 2668: 2665: 2581:Main article: 2578: 2575: 2458:conveyor belts 2438:surface mining 2433: 2432:Surface mining 2430: 2425:Main article: 2422: 2419: 2358:surface mining 2341: 2338: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2220:Steam & CO 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2088: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2046: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1742: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1700: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1644: 1639:ConocoPhillips 1629: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1569: 1567:Cenovus Energy 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1478: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1398: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1320: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 38,000 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1211:(barrels/day) 1207: 1202: 1197: 1196:Major partners 1194: 1191: 1162:ConocoPhillips 1125: 1122: 1068: 1067:Transportation 1065: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 986:Syncrude mine 983: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 951:Western Canada 895:Main article: 892: 889: 870:2010s oil glut 868:Main article: 865: 864:Shale oil boom 862: 857: 856: 853: 852: 847: 842: 838: 837: 834: 831: 827: 826: 823: 820: 816: 815: 812: 809: 808:Syncrude mine 805: 804: 801: 798: 794: 793: 790: 787: 751: 748: 711:public company 656: 653: 603:Main article: 600: 597: 560:Main article: 557: 554: 491:David Thompson 463:Methye Portage 429: 428: 408: 406: 387: 384: 378:, and several 342: 339: 333:(AER) and the 274: 273: 260: 256: 255: 242: 238: 237: 224: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 194: 193: 183:ConocoPhillips 172: 168: 167: 126: 122: 121: 114:57.02; -111.65 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10774: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10727: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10531: 10521: 10520:Valero Energy 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10485:Suncor Energy 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10121: 10115: 10114:TotalEnergies 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10063: 10060: 10058:organisations 10056:Companies and 10054: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Petrocurrency 9993: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9968:Oil shale gas 9966: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9948:Abbreviations 9946: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Permian Basin 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:United States 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9804:Seven Sisters 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9457:Core sampling 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9294:Indian Basket 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9229: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Fort St. John 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9039: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8874:Peter Mettler 8871: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8862:Shannon Walsh 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8841: 8840:0-470-16138-8 8837: 8833: 8829: 8828:Black Bonanza 8826: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8743: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8618: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8580:on 2008-06-02 8579: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456:Archived copy 8453: 8447: 8438: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8405: 8404: 8400:Chen, Yiqun. 8396: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8366:. 2009-02-06. 8365: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8325:on 2010-06-03 8324: 8320: 8314: 8299: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8251: 8245: 8237: 8230: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8187:on 2006-10-19 8186: 8182: 8175: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8144: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8079:on 2012-04-10 8078: 8074: 8067: 8052: 8045: 8027: 8021: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7949: 7943: 7928:. 26 May 2020 7927: 7921: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7879: 7878: 7870: 7868: 7852: 7851: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7715: 7714: 7706: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7640: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7610:on 2014-02-25 7606: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7531: 7524: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7380: 7364: 7358: 7349: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7302: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7265:October 2009. 7264: 7259: 7245:on 2012-04-03 7241: 7234: 7228: 7214:on 2017-05-28 7213: 7209: 7203: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7139: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7010: 6996:on 2008-06-02 6995: 6991: 6985: 6971:on 2007-05-14 6970: 6966: 6960: 6946:on 2008-12-11 6942: 6938: 6932: 6918:on 2006-09-24 6917: 6913: 6907: 6893:on 2008-06-02 6892: 6888: 6882: 6868:on 2006-09-24 6867: 6863: 6857: 6845: 6839: 6825:on 2011-10-28 6824: 6820: 6814: 6800:on 2011-07-06 6799: 6795: 6789: 6775:on 2007-04-16 6774: 6770: 6764: 6750:on 2017-05-28 6749: 6745: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6706: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6458:on 2008-02-16 6457: 6453: 6447: 6433:on 2012-04-25 6432: 6428: 6422: 6408:on 2013-01-27 6407: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6300: 6293: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6197:on 2013-03-25 6193: 6186: 6180: 6165:on 2011-10-06 6164: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6109:9780771023286 6105: 6100: 6099: 6090: 6075:on 2011-04-30 6074: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5984:9781552381243 5980: 5975: 5974: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5848:on 2011-12-08 5844: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5758: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5719: 5714: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5655: 5648: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5474: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411:on 2017-05-28 5410: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5363:on 2014-08-14 5362: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5309:on 2013-06-18 5305: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5143:on 2 May 2013 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5113:on 2016-01-27 5112: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5078: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5044: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4995:, p. 71) 4994: 4988: 4982:, p. 71) 4981: 4975: 4961:on 2007-09-27 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4854:0-521-01034-9 4851: 4845: 4831:on 2008-02-27 4827: 4820: 4814: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4760: 4744: 4743:Bloomberg.com 4740: 4734: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4524:on 2012-09-25 4520: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337:Joslyn North 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274:Aurora South 4273: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223:Aurora North 4222: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4207:Mildred Lake 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4167:Debottleneck 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4116:Debottleneck 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4065:Debottleneck 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042:Suncor Energy 4039: 4035: 4030: 4027: 4025:Debottleneck 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3926:Pierre River 3925: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3784:Muskeg River 3783: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656:Suncor Energy 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642:Suncor Energy 3639: 3630: 3620: 3617: 3609: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3583:This section 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3493: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3335: 3324: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3231: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3197: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Suncor Energy 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:boreal forest 2713: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2688: 2687:tailings pond 2684: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2631:methods like 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609:oil reservoir 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:power shovels 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2428: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2411:United States 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2367: 2366:Fort McMurray 2363: 2359: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294:Suncor Energy 2290: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 30,000 2179: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069:Hangingstone 2068: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2047: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908:Great Divide 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1897:Hangingstone 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1874: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1821:Mackay River 1820: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1798: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1754: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1656: 1645: 1640: 1633: 1632:TotalEnergies 1630: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1603:Grand Rapids 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1568: 1560:Foster Creek 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1344: 1332: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275:MacKay River 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1224: 1223:Suncor Energy 1215: 1214: 1208: 1206:(barrels/day) 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175:Suncor Energy 1172: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150:joint venture 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 985: 984: 980: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 963: 962: 956: 955: 954: 952: 947: 943: 942:Suncor Energy 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Fort McMurray 912: 903: 898: 888: 885: 884:Permian Basin 881: 877: 871: 861: 851: 848: 846: 843: 840: 839: 835: 832: 829: 828: 824: 821: 818: 817: 813: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 796: 795: 791: 788: 785: 784: 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 767: 765: 761: 757: 747: 744: 743:Suncor Energy 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 714: 712: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 676: 670: 666: 662: 652: 650: 646: 642: 641: 636: 635:J. Howard Pew 631: 627: 623: 622:Fort McMurray 618: 616: 612: 606: 596: 594: 589: 587: 586: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 553: 550: 545: 542: 541:The New North 538: 529: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 496: 495:John Franklin 492: 488: 483: 482:Pacific Ocean 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 425: 416: 412: 409:This section 407: 404: 400: 399: 392: 386:Early history 383: 381: 380:First Nations 377: 373: 370: 366: 362: 358: 352: 348: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:boreal forest 316: 312: 307: 305: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 272: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 243: 239: 235: 225: 221: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197:Field history 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:Suncor Energy 130: 127: 123: 118: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10623:Schlumberger 10553:Baker Hughes 10445:Marathon Oil 10435:Imperial Oil 10430:Husky Energy 10420:Galp Energia 10410:Devon Energy 10296:Saudi Aramco 10276:Petrovietnam 10221:NNPC Limited 10125:National oil 10005:Petrofiction 9973:Orphan wells 9941:Other topics 9912:Persian Gulf 9839:Saudi Arabia 9809:Standard Oil 9617:Well logging 9494:Petrophysics 9172: 9145:Saskatchewan 8933: 8927: 8919: 8909: 8899: 8889: 8879: 8867: 8857: 8851: 8817:. Retrieved 8813:the original 8808: 8802: 8777:the original 8759: 8737: 8725:. Retrieved 8720: 8711: 8700:. Retrieved 8696: 8686: 8675:. Retrieved 8673:. 2019-11-20 8670: 8661: 8650:. Retrieved 8648:. 2014-03-29 8645: 8636: 8627: 8617: 8606:. Retrieved 8603:www.cnrl.com 8602: 8593: 8582:. Retrieved 8578:the original 8573: 8563: 8551:. Retrieved 8547:the original 8540: 8531: 8515: 8509: 8498:. Retrieved 8494: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8451: 8446: 8437: 8428: 8415: 8402: 8395: 8387:the original 8383:Edmonton Sun 8372: 8359: 8350: 8338: 8327:. Retrieved 8323:the original 8313: 8302:. Retrieved 8292: 8280:. Retrieved 8265: 8254:. Retrieved 8244: 8229: 8218:. Retrieved 8200: 8189:. Retrieved 8185:the original 8174: 8163:. Retrieved 8131:. Retrieved 8127: 8118: 8107:. Retrieved 8103:the original 8092: 8081:. Retrieved 8077:the original 8066: 8054:. Retrieved 8044: 8033:. Retrieved 8020: 8009:. Retrieved 8002:the original 7988: 7976: 7964: 7952:. Retrieved 7942: 7930:. 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Retrieved 6073:the original 6062: 6053: 6047: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5972: 5964: 5942:(1): 55–70. 5939: 5935: 5929: 5907:(1): 81–95. 5904: 5900: 5894: 5882: 5870:. Retrieved 5861: 5850:. Retrieved 5843:the original 5830: 5818: 5803: 5791: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5734: 5725: 5713: 5700: 5694: 5683:. Retrieved 5679: 5669: 5658:. Retrieved 5647: 5636:. Retrieved 5622: 5611:. Retrieved 5607: 5597: 5586:. Retrieved 5582: 5573: 5562:. Retrieved 5558: 5548: 5537:. Retrieved 5533: 5523: 5512:. Retrieved 5508: 5498: 5488: 5473: 5462:. Retrieved 5458: 5449: 5438:. Retrieved 5434: 5429:Bakx, Kyle. 5424: 5413:. Retrieved 5409:the original 5404: 5395: 5382: 5376: 5365:. Retrieved 5361:the original 5351: 5340:. Retrieved 5336:the original 5331: 5322: 5311:. Retrieved 5304:the original 5299: 5286: 5275:. Retrieved 5272:Petro Canada 5262: 5251:. Retrieved 5249:. 2009-08-06 5246: 5237: 5226:. Retrieved 5224:. 2009-03-23 5212: 5203: 5196:. Retrieved 5191: 5181: 5170:, retrieved 5166: 5156: 5145:, retrieved 5141:the original 5136: 5126: 5115:. Retrieved 5111:the original 5104: 5094: 5083:. Retrieved 5071: 5056: 5043: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4987: 4980:Cameron 1909 4974: 4963:. Retrieved 4959:the original 4954: 4945: 4934:. Retrieved 4927:the original 4922: 4895:. Retrieved 4878:(1): 85–98. 4875: 4871: 4861: 4844: 4833:. Retrieved 4826:the original 4813: 4802:. Retrieved 4799:Mother Jones 4798: 4775:. Retrieved 4771: 4747:. Retrieved 4745:. 2023-06-05 4742: 4719:. Retrieved 4717:. 2021-11-22 4714: 4691:. Retrieved 4686: 4663:. Retrieved 4652:The Guardian 4651: 4627:. Retrieved 4622: 4613: 4601:. Retrieved 4597: 4564:. Retrieved 4559: 4549: 4526:. Retrieved 4519:the original 4491:. Retrieved 4473: 4401: 4356:Teck Cominco 3965:Imperial Oil 3725:Albian Sands 3668:Shell Canada 3650: 3646:Albian Sands 3635: 3612: 3603: 3592:Please help 3587:verification 3584: 3560: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3490: 3478: 3463: 3443: 3416: 3413: 3404: 3396: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3336: 3312: 3300: 3284: 3279: 3271: 3249: 3239: 3229: 3215: 3207: 3204: 3194:January 2013 3191: 3183: 3155:Newfoundland 3143: 3130:Nexen Energy 3127: 3113:Nexen Energy 3110: 3106: 3086: 3075: 3070: 3066:Central Park 3058: 3047: 3019: 3014: 3005: 2975: 2958: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2922: 2906: 2881:Imperial Oil 2866: 2862: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2822: 2819: 2787: 2778:trace metals 2774: 2770: 2758: 2753: 2742: 2729: 2723: 2711: 2701: 2693:photo, 2009. 2661:gasification 2651: 2645: 2641: 2628: 2626: 2621:Imperial Oil 2586: 2571: 2559: 2549: 2508: 2495:caustic soda 2492: 2473: 2462: 2435: 2415: 2395:Shell Canada 2392: 2355: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2291: 2287: 2272: 2260: 2255: 1828:Brion Energy 1730:Husky Energy 1614:Narrow Lake 1466:Imperial Oil 1395:Albian Sands 1300:Imperial Oil 1201:affiliation 1190:Project name 1159: 1154:Toledo, Ohio 1146:Husky Energy 1139: 1127: 1115: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1058: 1049: 1044: 975:Suncor mine 938:Albian Sands 934:Shell Canada 931: 913:spread from 908: 873: 858: 849: 844: 797:Suncor mine 774: 770:Shell Canada 768: 753: 719:Petro-Canada 715: 703: 691:price of oil 680: 672: 638: 619: 608: 590: 583: 565: 546: 540: 533: 499: 467: 451:Henry Kelsey 443:York Factory 432: 419: 415:adding to it 410: 361:Historically 354: 308: 300: 283: 279: 277: 251: 233: 179:Marathon Oil 157:Husky Energy 153:Devon Energy 149:Petro Canada 145:Imperial Oil 10593:Halliburton 10465:Phillips 66 10286:QatarEnergy 10256:Petrobangla 10191:KazMunayGas 10081:Supermajors 10030:heavy crude 9917:Prudhoe Bay 9897:Niger Delta 9877:Caspian Sea 9640:Concessions 9590:Measurement 9556:Geosteering 9539:Squeeze job 9449:Exploration 9398:Consumption 9357:Consumption 9350:Natural gas 9279:Bonny Light 9130:Fort Nelson 9125:Liard River 9083:Natural gas 8994:(in French) 8926:'s program 8884:Tom Radford 8727:31 December 7932:22 December 7672:. Houston: 7464:Windspeaker 7290:October 27, 6664:SPE Journal 6518:25 December 6402:"Oil Sands" 6351:CA$ 500,000 5741:January 29, 5656:. Bloomberg 5583:Global News 5328:"Oil Sands" 5247:bizjournals 5106:Calgary Sun 4556:"Petroleum" 4485:. RigZone. 4147:Fort Hills 4046:Base Plant 3372:confiscated 3043:centrifuges 2635:(SAGD) and 2541:centrifuges 2480:dump trucks 2340:Development 2173:South Korea 2153:Black Gold 1940:Algar Lake 1695:OPTI Canada 1433:Netherlands 1248:Fort Hills 1096:Keystone XL 628:. When the 517:Robert Bell 509:John Macoun 435:fur traders 311:Peace River 112: / 88:Coordinates 10741:Categories 10643:Transocean 10510:Tullow Oil 10500:TechnipFMC 10266:PetroChina 10104:ExxonMobil 10010:Shale band 9887:East Texas 9860:and fields 9674:Downstream 9627:Production 9534:Completion 9462:Geophysics 9403:Production 9362:Production 9299:Indonesian 9274:Argus Sour 9266:Benchmarks 9165:gas fields 8702:2021-03-24 8677:2021-03-24 8652:2021-03-24 8608:2021-03-24 8584:2007-12-09 8500:2022-12-31 8329:2010-06-02 8304:2010-06-02 8256:2010-06-02 8220:2006-10-30 8191:2006-10-30 8165:2006-10-30 8133:2018-02-09 8109:2007-04-11 8083:2007-04-11 8035:2012-01-17 8011:2008-02-06 7680:23 October 7280:CFJC Today 7249:2011-09-29 7218:2011-09-29 7193:2011-08-27 7163:2011-08-27 7103:6 February 7099:. Edmonton 7000:2008-04-16 6975:2007-04-04 6950:2008-12-13 6922:2008-12-13 6897:2008-04-16 6872:2008-04-16 6851:(advocacy) 6829:2011-08-13 6804:2009-08-07 6779:2007-04-04 6754:2014-04-19 6729:2007-08-23 6645:1 December 6544:2006-03-29 6437:2014-04-16 6412:2013-01-31 6201:2012-10-22 5852:2011-07-28 5685:2007-12-12 5660:2007-12-12 5638:2009-01-03 5613:2021-03-23 5588:2021-03-23 5564:2021-03-23 5539:2021-03-23 5514:2021-03-23 5464:2021-03-23 5440:2021-03-23 5415:2013-01-31 5367:2014-09-28 5342:2008-01-30 5313:2014-04-21 5277:2016-07-22 5253:2009-08-11 5228:2009-12-08 5172:29 January 5167:Philly.com 5147:29 January 5117:2016-07-24 5085:2016-07-21 5030:US 3409082 4965:2008-02-17 4936:2008-02-17 4897:2024-02-06 4835:2008-02-17 4804:2023-06-21 4777:2023-06-21 4749:2023-06-21 4721:2023-06-21 4693:2023-06-21 4665:2023-06-21 4629:6 February 4603:6 February 4566:6 February 4528:2008-04-12 4493:2009-05-19 4466:References 4391:Cancelled 4374:Announced 4349:Cancelled 4333:Total S.A. 4327:Cancelled 4307:Announced 4288:Announced 4252:Operating 4235:Operating 4218:Operating 4159:Operating 4142:Announced 4133:Expansion 4125:Operating 4108:Operating 4096:Millenium 4091:Operating 4082:Expansion 4074:Operating 3998:Operating 3981:Operating 3921:Announced 3910:North Pit 3896:Expansion 3888:Operating 3871:Operating 3854:Operating 3837:Operating 3804:Expansion 3796:Operating 3741:Operating 3692:Total S.A. 3682:, Alberta. 3606:April 2020 3552:Fort McKay 3419:PetroChina 3380:revolution 3287:Venezuelan 3140:Population 3117:CNOOC Ltd. 3101:See also: 2986:flocculant 2982:suspension 2953:See also: 2885:MEG Energy 2732:wood bison 2671:See also: 2562:Karl Clark 2407:refineries 2362:overburden 2269:Governance 1970:West Ells 1473:ExxonMobil 1216:Millenium 1100:Gulf coast 1019:CNRL mine 655:Oil crisis 549:Karl Clark 455:Peter Pond 447:Hudson Bay 345:See also: 267:Clearwater 236: t/a) 218:Production 141:Total S.A. 32:sand dunes 10638:TC Energy 10539:companies 10369:Trafigura 10316:Sonatrach 10261:Petrobras 10251:Pertamina 10161:Ecopetrol 10127:companies 10071:companies 10069:petroleum 10045:tight oil 10040:oil shale 10035:oil sands 10015:Shale gas 9956:sweet oil 9927:Venezuela 9902:North Sea 9858:Provinces 9849:Venezuela 9696:Midstream 9391:Petroleum 9251:Petroleum 9173:Athabasca 9115:foothills 8852:Dirty Oil 8721:Dagbladet 7813:9 January 7473:345063141 7448:439464236 5534:Kitchener 5198:27 August 5194:. 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