461:. For auditory information rehearsal can be taken in a literal sense: continually repeating the items. However, the term can be applied for any information that is attended to, such as when a visual image is intentionally held in mind. Finally, information in the short-term store does not have to be of the same modality as its sensory input. For example, written text which enters visually can be held as auditory information, and likewise auditory input can be visualized. On this model, rehearsal of information allows for it to be stored more permanently in the long-term store. Atkinson and Shiffrin discussed this at length for auditory and visual information but did not give much attention to the rehearsal/storage of other modalities due to the experimental difficulties of studying those modalities.
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way, varying amounts of attention result in varying amounts of time in short-term memory. Ostensibly, the longer an item is held in short-term memory, the stronger its memory trace will be in long-term memory. Atkinson and
Shiffrin cite evidence for this transfer mechanism in studies by Hebb (1961) and Melton (1963) which show that repeated rote repetition enhances long-term memory. One may also think to the original Ebbinghaus memory experiments showing that forgetting increases for items which are studied fewer times. Finally, the authors note that there are stronger encoding processes than simple rote rehearsal, namely relating the new information to information which has already made its way into the long-term store.
366:). Though this store is generally referred to as "the sensory register" or "sensory memory", it is actually composed of multiple registers, one for each sense. The sensory registers do not process the information carried by the stimulus, but rather detect and hold information for milliseconds to seconds in order to be used in short-term memory. For this reason Atkinson and Shiffrin also called the registers "buffers", as they prevent immense amounts of information from overwhelming higher-level cognitive processes. Information is only transferred to the short-term memory when attention is given to it, otherwise it decays rapidly and is forgotten.
814:
various features which allow the model to account for memory store for the effects of prior semantic knowledge and prior episodic knowledge. The extension proposes a store for preexisting semantic associations; a contextual drift mechanism allowing for decontextualisation of knowledge, e.g. if you first learned a banana was a fruit because you put it in the same class as apple, you do not always have to think of apples to know bananas are fruits; a memory search mechanism that uses both episodic and semantic associations, as opposed to a unitary mechanism; and a large lexicon including both words from prior lists and unpresented words.
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memory only holds information for visual stimuli such as shape, size, color and location (but not semantic meaning). As the higher-level processes are limited in their capacities, not all information from sensory memory can be conveyed. It has been argued that the momentary mental freezing of visual input allows for the selection of specific aspects which should be passed on for further memory processing. The biggest limitation of iconic memory is the rapid decay of the information stored there; items in iconic memory decay after only 0.5–1.0 seconds.
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distractor, usually arithmetic, is placed in between study and test trials. The recency effect occurs because items at the end of the test list are likely to still be present in short-term store and therefore retrieved first. However, when new information is processed, this item enters the short-term store and displaces other information from it. When a distracting task is given after the presentation of all items, information from this task displaces the last items from short-term store, resulting in a substantial reduction of recency.
31:
593:. In this framework, items which are encoded at a deeper, more semantic level are shown to have stronger traces in long-term memory. This criticism is somewhat unfounded as Atkinson and Shiffrin clearly state a difference between rehearsal and coding, where coding is akin to elaborative processes which levels-of-processing would call deep-processing. In this light, the levels-of-processing framework could be seen as more of an extension of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model rather than a refutation.
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intervals filled with distractors would be expected to displace the last few studied items from the short-term store, recency effects are still observed. According to the rules of the short-term store, recency and contiguity effects should be eliminated with these distractors as the most recently studied items would no longer be present in the short-term memory. Currently, the SAM model competes with single-store free recall models of memory, such as the
Temporal Context Model.
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amount of item-context information which is transferred to the long-term store is proportional to the amount of time that the item remains in the short-term store. On the other hand, the strength of the item-item associations is proportional to the amount of time that two items simultaneously existed in the short-term store.
621:(H.M.): learning a simple motor task (tracing a star pattern in a mirror), which involves implicit and procedural long-term storage, is unaffected by bilateral lesioning of the hippocampal regions while other forms of long-term memory, like vocabulary learning (semantic) and memories for events, are severely impaired.
418:, echoic memory only holds superficial aspects of sound (e.g. pitch, tempo, or rhythm) and it has a nearly limitless capacity. Echoic memory is generally cited as having a duration of between 1.5 and 5 seconds depending on context but has been shown to last up to 20 seconds in the absence of competing information.
477:, are defined as independent items of information. It is important to note that some chunks are perceived as one unit though they could be broken down into multiple items, for example "1066" can be either the series of four digits "1, 0, 6, 6" or the semantically grouped item "1066" which is the year the
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Additionally, the original model assumes that the only significant associations between items are those formed during the study portion of an experiment. In other words, it does not account for the effects of prior knowledge about to-be-studied items. A more recent extension of the model incorporates
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The long-term store is responsible for storing relationships between different items and of items to their contexts. Context information refers to the situational and temporal factors present at the time when an item is in the short-term store, such as emotional feelings or environmental details. The
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Due to the above and other criticism through the 1970s, the original model underwent many revisions to account for phenomena it could not explain. The "search of associative memory" (SAM) model is the culmination of that work. The SAM model uses a two-phase memory system: short- and long-term stores.
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notes the importance of encoding specificity in long-term memory. To clarify, there are definite differences in the way information is stored depending on whether it is episodic (memories of events), procedural (knowledge of how to do things), or semantic (general knowledge). A short (non-inclusive)
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Baddeley and Hitch have in turn called to question the specific structure of the short-term store, proposing that it is subdivided into multiple components. While the different components were not specifically addressed in the original
Atkinson-Shiffrin model, the authors do note that little research
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Information is postulated to enter the long-term store from the short-term store more or less automatically. As
Atkinson and Shiffrin model it, transfer from the short-term store to the long-term store is occurring for as long as the information is being attended to in the short-term store. In this
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In this model, as with most models of memory, long-term memory is assumed to be nearly limitless in its duration and capacity. It is most often the case that brain structures begin to deteriorate and fail before any limit of learning is reached. This is not to assume that any item which is stored in
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As with sensory memory, the information that enters short-term memory decays and is lost, but the information in the short-term store has a longer duration, approximately 18–20 seconds when the information is not being actively rehearsed, though it is possible that this depends on modality and could
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Following its first publication, multiple extensions of the model have been put forth such as a precategorical acoustic store, the search of associative memory model, the perturbation model, and permastore. Additionally, alternative frameworks have been proposed, such as procedural reinstatement, a
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Memories stored in long-term store are retrieved through a logical process involving the assembly of cues, sampling, recovery, and evaluation of recovery. According to the model, when an item needs to be recalled from memory the individual assembles the various cues for the item in the short-term
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is only limited to field of vision. That is, as long as a stimulus has entered the field of vision there is no limit to the amount of visual information iconic memory can hold at any one time. As noted above, sensory registers do not allow for further processing of information, and as such iconic
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Using these cues the individual determines which area of the long-term store to search and then samples any items with associations to the cues. This search is automatic and unconscious, which is how the authors would explain how an answer "pops" into one's head. The items which are eventually
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At the time of the original publication there was a schism in the field of memory on the issue of a single process or dual-process model of memory, the two processes referring to short-term and long-term memory. Atkinson and
Shiffrin cite hippocampal lesion studies as compelling evidence for a
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The SAM model faces serious problems in accounting for long-term recency data and long-range contiguity data. While both of these effects are observed, the short-term store cannot account for the effects. Since a distracting task after the presentation of word pairs or large interpresentation
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The usefulness of the SAM model and in particular its model of the short-term store is often demonstrated by its application to the recency effect in free recall. When serial-position curves are applied to SAM, a strong recency effect is observed, but this effect is strongly diminished when a
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One of the early and central criticisms to the
Atkinson-Shiffrin model was the inclusion of the sensory registers as part of memory. Specifically, the original model seemed to describe the sensory registers as both a structure and a control process. Parsimony would suggest that if the sensory
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separation of the two stores. These studies showed that patients with bilateral damage to the hippocampal region had nearly no ability to form new long-term memories though their short-term memory remained intact. One may also be familiar with similar evidence found through the study of
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The model has been further criticized as suggesting that rehearsal is the key process which initiates and facilitates transfer of information into LTM. There is very little evidence supporting this hypothesis, and long-term recall can in fact be better predicted by a
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Healy, Alice F.; Fendrich, David W.; Crutcher, Robert J.; Wittman, William T.; Gesi, Antoinette T.; Ericsson, K. Anders; Bourne, Lyle E. Jr. (1992). "The long-term retention of skills". In Healy, Alice F.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (eds.).
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The model of memories is an explanation of how memory processes work. The three-part, multi-store model was first described by
Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, though the vac idea of distinct memory stores was by no means a new idea at the time.
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described a distinction between primary and secondary memory in 1890, where primary memory consisted of thoughts held for a short time in consciousness and secondary memory consisted of a permanent, unconscious store. However, at the time the
547:, famously known as H.M., who underwent a severe bilateral medial temporal lobectomy which removed most of his hippocampal regions. These data suggest that there is indeed a clear separation between the short-term and long-term stores.
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Since its first publication, this model has come under much scrutiny and has been criticized for various reasons (described below). However, it is notable for the significant influence it had in stimulating subsequent memory research.
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It is best to show how items are recalled from the long-term store using an example. Assume a participant has just studied a list of word pairs and is now being tested on his memory of those pairs. If the prior list contained,
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has been done investigating the different ways sensory modalities may be represented in the short-term store. Thus the model of working memory given by
Baddeley and Hitch should be viewed as a refinement of the original model.
384:, is perhaps the most researched of the sensory registers. The original evidence suggesting sensory stores which are separate to short-term and long-term memory was experimentally demonstrated for the visual system using a
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In the case of long-term memory, it is unlikely that different types of information, such as the motor skills to ride a bike, memory for vocabulary, and memory for personal life events are stored in the same fashion.
792:. If there is a match, or if the participant believes there is a match, the recovered word is output. Otherwise the search starts from the beginning using different cues or weighting cues differently if possible.
330:. Additionally, Atkinson and Shiffrin included a sensory register alongside the previously theorized primary and secondary memory, as well as a variety of control processes which regulate the transfer of memory.
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registers are actually control processes, there is no need for a tri-partite system. Later revisions to the model addressed these claims and incorporated the sensory registers with the short-term store.
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allows for large amounts of information to be held in memory: 149283141066 is twelve individual items, well outside the limit of the short-term store, but it can be grouped semantically into the 4 chunks
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long-term memory is accessible at any point in the lifetime. Rather, it is noted that the connections, cues, or associations to the memory deteriorate; the memory remains intact but unreachable.
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Lee, Catherine L. (1992). "The perturbation model of short-term memory: a review and some further developments". In Healy, Alice F.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (eds.).
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Simplified diagram of the steps involved in retrieving an item from the long-term store under the SAM model. Simplification of the diagram found in
Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1981.
306:
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Shiffrin, Robert M.; Raaijmakers, Jeroen (1992). "The SAM retrieval model: a retrospective and prospective". In Healy, Alice F.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (eds.).
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determines which already existing item will be replaced from the buffer. In general, items that have been in the buffer for longer are more likely to be replaced by new items.
516:) is a more or less permanent store. Information that is stored here can be "copied" and transferred to the short-term store where it can be attended to and manipulated.
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Shiffrin, Richard M. (1975). "Short-term store: The basis for a memory system". In Restle, F.; Shiffrin, Richard M.; Castellan, N. J.; Lindman, H.; Pisoni, D. B. (eds.).
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While it is generally agreed that there is a sensory register for each sense, most of the research in the area has focused on the visual and auditory systems.
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Short-term store takes on the form of a buffer, which has a limited capacity. The model assumes a buffer rehearsal system in which the buffer has a size,
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of separate memory stores was a contested notion. A summary of the evidence given for the distinction between long-term and short-term stores is given
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be as long as 30 seconds. Fortunately, the information can be held in the short-term store for much longer through what
Atkinson and Shiffrin called
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While much of the information in sensory memory decays and is forgotten, some is attended to. The information that is attended is transferred to the
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Atkinson, R.C.; Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). "Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes". In Spence, K.W.; Spence, J.T. (eds.).
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494:". Because short-term memory is limited in capacity, it severely limits the amount of information that can be attended to at any one time.
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776:, like the words that preceded and followed it, what the participant was feeling at the time, how far into the list the words were, etc.
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312:: Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) original model of memory, consisting of the sensory register, short-term store, and long-term store.
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Shiffrin, Richard M. (1975). "Capacity limitations in information processing, attention and memory". In Estes, William K. (ed.).
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Miller, George A. (1956). "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information".
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Bahrick, Harry P. (March 1984). "Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school".
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When an environmental stimulus is detected by the senses, it is briefly available in what Atkinson and Shiffrin called the
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Phillips, James L.; Shiffrin, Richard J.; Atkinson, Richard C. (1967). "The effects of list length on short-term memory".
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Tulving, Endel; Thompson, Donald M. (September 1973). "Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory".
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Hebb, Donald O. (1961). "Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal". In Delafresnaye, Jean Francisque (ed.).
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Neath, Ian; Crowder, Robert G. (March 1990). "Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory".
448:; note that while these terms are often used interchangeably they were not originally intended to be used as such).
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Craik, Fergus I. M.; Lockhart, Robert S. (December 1972). "Levels of processing: A framework for memory research".
1731:(1966). "Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes". In Whitty, Charles W. M.; Zangwill, Oliver L. (eds.).
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718:. Items enter the short-term store and accompany other items that are already present in the buffer, until size
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Peterson, Lloyd; Peterson, Margaret Jean (September 1959). "Short-term retention of individual verbal items".
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1702:]. Translated by Henry A. Ruger; Clara E. Bussenius. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
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For more thorough and technical reviews of the main criticisms please refer to the following resources:
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Howard, Marc W.; Kahana, Michael J. (June 2002). "A distributed representation of temporal context".
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1864:"The story of the two-store model of memory: past criticisms, current status, and future directions"
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1330:"An auditory analogue of the sperling partial report procedure: Evidence for brief auditory storage"
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has been reached. Once the buffer is at full capacity, when new items enter, they replace an item,
646:"The story of the two-store model of memory: past criticisms, current status, and future directions"
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Atkinson, Richard C.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (August 1971). "The control of short-term memory".
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Glucksberg, Sam; Cowen, George N. Jr. (May 1970). "Memory for nonattended auditory material".
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There is a limit to the amount of information that can be held in the short-term store: 7 ± 2
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784:. Once an item has been recovered it is evaluated, here the participant would decide whether
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Baddeley, Alan (April 1994). "The magical number seven: still magic after all these years?".
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283:, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and
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1380:(December 1964). "Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention".
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Unlike the original Atkinson–Shiffrin model, there is no sensory store in the SAM model.
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Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (1981). "Search of associative memory".
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recovered, or recalled, are those with the strongest associations to the cue item, here
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From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes: Essays in Honor of William K. Estes
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Darwin, Christopher J.; Turvey, Michael T.; Crowder, Robert G. (1972).
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256:. The model asserts that human memory has three separate components:
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Sirotin, Yevgeniy B.; Kimball, Daniel R.; Kahana, Michael J. (2005).
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store. In this case, the cues would be any cues surrounding the pair
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2032:"Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall"
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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97:
1663:"Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory"
4467:
3426:
146:
132:
1988:"Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term free recall"
1808:. Vol. 4. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. pp. 177–236.
1793:. Vol. 1. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. pp. 193–218.
473:. These chunks, which were noted by Miller in his seminal paper
4383:
3162:
2395:
241:
151:
78:
1806:
Handbook of learning and cognitive processes: Memory processes
4330:
2162:
1949:
1081:
988:"An associative basis for coding and organization in memory"
2740:
583:
245:
1323:
1321:
1026:. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 119–141.
964:. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 119–141.
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
851:. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–195.
726:, which already exists in the buffer. A probability of 1/
2107:
1955:
1247:
1152:. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press. pp. 47–90.
1087:. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 87–118.
564:
1318:
555:
953:
913:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
700:
2113:
1739:
1484:
1253:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1888:
1457:
1327:
959:
932:
823:
986:
887:Crowder, Robert G.; Morton, John (November 1969).
410:, refers to information that is registered by the
1812:
1700:Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
1136:
742:
327:
4490:
2072:
2023:
1976:
1745:
1587:(2). American Psychological Association: 81–97.
1490:
1101:
880:
846:
1894:
1855:
1463:
1212:
1210:
1208:
606:
537:
1958:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
1821:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
1382:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
991:. In Melton, Arthur W.; Martin, Edwin (eds.).
4168:
3178:
2178:
2158:Simply Psychology webpage on multistore model
1818:
1653:
1651:
1219:Psychological Monographs: General and Applied
886:
804:
209:
2078:
2030:Howard, Marc W.; Kahana, Michael J. (1999).
2029:
1982:
1943:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
1797:
1782:
1421:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1370:
1256:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1205:
1107:
1075:
336:Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory
3309:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1861:
1706:
1282:
1049:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
643:
475:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
4175:
4161:
3185:
3171:
2185:
2171:
1923:
1721:
1691:
1685:
1648:
1572:
1529:
1408:
1197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1040:
266:, where sensory information enters memory,
216:
202:
2131:
2055:
2014:
1735:. London: Butterworths. pp. 109–133.
1592:
1504:
1432:
1230:
1162:
1147:
904:
849:The psychology of learning and motivation
1803:
1788:
1633:
1376:
1216:
978:
855:
746:
670:
584:Rehearsal as the sole transfer mechanism
528:
304:
1712:
1288:
1046:
889:"Precategorical acoustic storage (PAS)"
4491:
1929:
1727:
1657:
1578:
1535:
1414:
1015:
4156:
3166:
2166:
1296:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
984:
861:
709:
565:Division and nature of working memory
271:
262:
4182:
1644:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 37–46.
1639:
997:. Washington, DC: Winston. pp.
733:
556:Sensory register as a separate store
519:
288:
1021:
421:
341:
13:
2081:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
1862:Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. (1993).
1493:Journal of Experimental Psychology
795:
701:Search of associative memory (SAM)
644:Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. (1993).
634:
577:Baddeley's model of working memory
497:
14:
4515:
3590:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
2151:
1933:(1962). Passouant, Pierre (ed.).
1768:10.1038/scientificamerican0871-82
4135:
4123:
3192:
2394:
1169:(5E ed.). Boston, MA, USA.
994:Coding Processes in Human Memory
617:example comes from the study of
398:
372:
29:
2120:Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
1156:
380:, which is associated with the
3800:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3673:Memory and social interactions
2192:
1986:; Whitten, William B. (1974).
893:Perception & Psychophysics
760:, the test would be to recall
743:Retrieval from long-term store
628:Encoding specificity principle
591:levels-of-processing framework
1:
2490:Industrial and organizational
1970:10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80117-8
1939:Physiology of the hippocampus
1833:10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X
1692:Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1913) .
1642:Brain mechanisms and learning
1558:10.1126/science.152.3730.1712
1394:10.1016/S0022-5371(64)80015-3
817:
190:Parallel individuation system
4337:Perception as interpretation
3509:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2731:Human factors and ergonomics
2007:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90009-7
1715:Categories of human learning
1478:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90010-1
1349:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90007-2
1163:Goldstein, E. Bruce (2019).
865:The Principles of Psychology
607:Division of long-term memory
550:
538:Evidence for distinct stores
180:Numerosity adaptation effect
7:
1935:Physiologie de l'hippocampe
685:10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.353
600:Levels-of-processing effect
464:
451:
334:distinctiveness model, and
10:
4520:
3847:Levels of Processing model
3772:World Memory Championships
3605:Lost in the mall technique
3452:dissociative (psychogenic)
1941:] (in French). Paris:
1415:Norman, Donald A. (1969).
1122:10.1037/0278-7393.16.2.316
985:Estes, William K. (1972).
805:Problems for the SAM model
625:
597:
574:
501:
425:
345:
300:
4415:
4382:
4290:
4188:
4118:
4073:
4042:
3901:
3894:
3787:
3759:
3691:
3648:
3620:
3580:
3522:
3417:
3323:
3298:
3250:
3243:
3200:
3117:
3054:
2761:
2671:
2583:
2420:Applied behavior analysis
2403:
2392:
2228:
2200:
2048:10.1016/j.jml.2010.11.003
1868:Attention and performance
1434:10.1080/14640746908400200
1268:10.1080/14640747408400456
1061:10.1037/0096-3445.113.1.1
947:10.1037/0033-295X.88.2.93
650:Attention and performance
185:Approximate number system
3885:The Seven Sins of Memory
3830:Intermediate-term memory
3635:Indirect tests of memory
3612:Recovered-memory therapy
3562:Misattribution of memory
1417:"Memory while shadowing"
4458:Relational frame theory
4433:Higher nervous activity
3572:Source-monitoring error
2696:Behavioral neuroscience
2260:Behavioral neuroscience
862:James, William (1890).
230:Atkinson–Shiffrin model
4499:Psychological theories
4428:Experiential avoidance
3979:George Armitage Miller
3939:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2746:Psychology of religion
2686:Behavioral engineering
2623:Human subject research
2279:Cognitive neuroscience
2245:Affective neuroscience
2093:10.1006/jmps.2001.1388
868:. New York: Henry Holt
752:
313:
4443:Ironic process theory
4208:Cognitive flexibility
4142:Philosophy portal
4130:Psychology portal
3994:Henry L. Roediger III
3595:False memory syndrome
3567:Misinformation effect
3547:Imagination inflation
3122:Wiktionary definition
2658:Self-report inventory
2653:Quantitative research
750:
626:Further information:
598:Further information:
575:Further information:
529:Capacity and duration
308:
16:Model of human memory
3499:Motivated forgetting
2648:Qualitative research
2603:Behavior epigenetics
1995:Cognitive Psychology
1897:Psychological Review
1581:Psychological Review
1466:Cognitive Psychology
1337:Cognitive Psychology
1294:Cognitive psychology
935:Psychological Review
673:Psychological Review
23:Cognitive psychology
4473:Thought suppression
4009:Arthur P. Shimamura
3909:Richard C. Atkinson
3726:Effects of exercise
3600:Memory implantation
3484:Interference theory
3400:Selective retention
3380:Meaningful learning
3127:Wiktionary category
2691:Behavioral genetics
2663:Statistical surveys
2520:Occupational health
2255:Behavioral genetics
1945:. pp. 257–272.
1760:1971SciAm.225b..82A
1748:Scientific American
1717:. pp. 145–201.
1695:Über das Gedächtnis
1550:1966Sci...152.1712P
1544:(3730): 1712–1718.
764:when prompted with
232:(also known as the
171:Numerical cognition
63:Pattern recognition
4106:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3929:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3835:Involuntary memory
3736:Memory improvement
3721:Effects of alcohol
3683:Transactive memory
3661:Politics of memory
3630:Exceptional memory
3099:Schools of thought
3002:Richard E. Nisbett
2882:Donald T. Campbell
2560:Sport and exercise
2133:10.3758/BF03196773
906:10.3758/BF03210660
753:
492:Battle of Hastings
479:Battle of Hastings
314:
53:Object recognition
4486:
4485:
4245:Critical thinking
4213:Cognitive liberty
4150:
4149:
4114:
4113:
4101:Cosmos Rossellius
3949:Marcia K. Johnson
3820:Exosomatic memory
3805:Context-dependent
3795:Absent-mindedness
3678:Memory conformity
3656:Collective memory
3557:Memory conformity
3494:Memory inhibition
3413:
3412:
3405:Tip of the tongue
3160:
3159:
3137:Wikimedia Commons
3064:Counseling topics
3027:Ronald C. Kessler
3017:Shelley E. Taylor
2942:Lawrence Kohlberg
2917:Stanley Schachter
2716:Consumer behavior
2598:Archival research
2366:Psycholinguistics
2250:Affective science
1881:978-0-262-13284-8
1659:Melton, Arthur W.
1303:978-0-390-66509-6
1176:978-1-337-40827-1
1094:978-0-8058-0760-8
1033:978-0-8058-0760-8
1008:978-0-470-59335-6
971:978-0-8058-0760-8
663:978-0-262-13284-8
520:Transfer from STS
439:short-term memory
428:Short-term memory
354:sensory registers
310:Multi-store model
281:short-term memory
234:multi-store model
226:
225:
4511:
4183:Mental processes
4177:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4081:Jonathan Hancock
4034:Robert Stickgold
4004:Richard Shiffrin
3959:Elizabeth Loftus
3899:
3898:
3815:Childhood memory
3622:Research methods
3504:Repressed memory
3479:Forgetting curve
3467:transient global
3338:Autobiographical
3248:
3247:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3094:Research methods
3037:Richard Davidson
3032:Joseph E. LeDoux
2907:George A. Miller
2897:David McClelland
2892:Herbert A. Simon
2792:Edward Thorndike
2613:Content analysis
2398:
2371:Psychophysiology
2187:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
1992:
1984:Bjork, Robert A.
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:10.1037/h0020071
1892:
1886:
1885:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:Cognitive theory
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1669:. Archived from
1661:(October 1963).
1655:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1603:10.1037/h0043158
1596:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1515:10.1037/h0049234
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1351:. Archived from
1334:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:10.1037/h0093759
1234:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1019:
1013:
1012:
990:
982:
976:
975:
957:
951:
950:
930:
911:
910:
908:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
859:
853:
852:
844:
766:blanket – ?
710:Short-term store
696:
667:
514:long-term memory
504:Long-term memory
434:short-term store
422:Short-term store
342:Sensory register
338:, among others.
272:short-term store
263:sensory register
254:Richard Shiffrin
250:Richard Atkinson
240:) is a model of
218:
211:
204:
58:Face recognition
33:
19:
18:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4411:
4378:
4286:
4265:Problem solving
4250:Decision-making
4184:
4181:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4110:
4091:Dominic O'Brien
4069:
4038:
4019:Susumu Tonegawa
3999:Daniel Schacter
3974:Eleanor Maguire
3964:Geoffrey Loftus
3919:Stephen J. Ceci
3914:Robert A. Bjork
3890:
3809:state-dependent
3783:
3755:
3687:
3668:Cultural memory
3644:
3640:Memory disorder
3616:
3576:
3518:
3409:
3319:
3294:
3239:
3196:
3191:
3161:
3156:
3113:
3089:Psychotherapies
3050:
3007:Martin Seligman
2972:Daniel Kahneman
2912:Richard Lazarus
2862:Raymond Cattell
2766:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2667:
2579:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2351:Neuropsychology
2231:
2224:
2196:
2191:
2154:
2149:
2112:
2108:
2077:
2073:
2028:
2024:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1954:
1950:
1928:
1924:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1860:
1856:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1673:on 3 March 2016
1656:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1594:10.1.1.308.8071
1577:
1573:
1534:
1530:
1506:10.1.1.227.1807
1489:
1485:
1462:
1458:
1413:
1409:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1358:on 3 March 2016
1355:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1304:
1287:
1283:
1252:
1248:
1232:10.1.1.207.7272
1215:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1076:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1016:
1009:
983:
979:
972:
958:
954:
931:
914:
885:
881:
871:
869:
860:
856:
845:
824:
820:
807:
798:
796:Recency effects
790:blanket – ocean
774:blanket – ocean
758:blanket – ocean
745:
736:
734:Long-term store
712:
703:
664:
637:
635:Further reading
630:
609:
602:
586:
579:
567:
558:
553:
540:
531:
522:
510:long-term store
506:
500:
498:Long-term store
490:ate pie at the
467:
454:
430:
424:
412:auditory system
401:
375:
358:sensory buffers
350:
344:
303:
289:long-term store
222:
162:Problem solving
157:Decision making
17:
12:
11:
5:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Mental fatigue
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Paul R. McHugh
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:Ivan Izquierdo
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Hindsight bias
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Memory erasure
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3447:post-traumatic
3444:
3439:
3434:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Personal-event
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3315:Working memory
3312:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3285:Motor learning
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3201:Basic concepts
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:Roy Baumeister
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Michael Posner
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:Elliot Aronson
2964:
2962:Walter Mischel
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Albert Bandura
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Leon Festinger
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Neal E. Miller
2869:
2867:Abraham Maslow
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Ernest Hilgard
2849:
2847:Donald O. Hebb
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:J. P. Guilford
2824:
2822:Gordon Allport
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:John B. Watson
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Animal testing
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Cross-cultural
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2148:
2147:
2126:(5): 787–805.
2106:
2087:(3): 269–299.
2071:
2042:(4): 923–941.
2022:
2001:(2): 173–189.
1975:
1964:(3): 303–311.
1948:
1931:Milner, Brenda
1922:
1903:(5): 352–373.
1887:
1880:
1854:
1827:(6): 671–684.
1811:
1796:
1781:
1738:
1729:Milner, Brenda
1720:
1705:
1684:
1647:
1632:
1571:
1528:
1499:(3): 193–198.
1483:
1472:(2): 149–156.
1456:
1407:
1388:(6): 449–459.
1378:Treisman, Anne
1369:
1343:(2): 255–267.
1317:
1302:
1290:Neisser, Ulric
1281:
1262:(4): 633–641.
1246:
1204:
1175:
1155:
1135:
1116:(2): 316–327.
1100:
1093:
1074:
1039:
1032:
1014:
1007:
977:
970:
952:
912:
899:(6): 365–373.
879:
854:
821:
819:
816:
806:
803:
797:
794:
744:
741:
735:
732:
711:
708:
702:
699:
698:
697:
679:(2): 353–356.
668:
662:
636:
633:
632:
631:
619:Henry Molaison
608:
605:
604:
603:
585:
582:
581:
580:
566:
563:
557:
554:
552:
549:
545:Henry Molaison
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
502:Main article:
499:
496:
466:
463:
453:
450:
445:working memory
426:Main article:
423:
420:
400:
397:
374:
371:
363:sensory memory
348:Sensory memory
346:Main article:
343:
340:
302:
299:
294:
293:
284:
277:working memory
275:, also called
267:
224:
223:
221:
220:
213:
206:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
187:
182:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
136:
135:
129:
128:
122:
121:
115:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
82:
81:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4516:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Consolidation
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Consciousness
4238:
4236:
4235:Comprehension
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4065:Clive Wearing
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Endel Tulving
4027:
4025:
4024:Anne Treisman
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Brenda Milner
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:James McGaugh
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Sigmund Freud
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:retrospective
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Muscle memory
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:Art of memory
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Memory biases
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Confabulation
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:Memory errors
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:post-hypnotic
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Rote learning
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Hyperthymesia
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Active recall
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Consolidation
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Psychologists
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Organizations
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:John Anderson
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Ulric Neisser
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Endel Tulving
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Robert Zajonc
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Jerome Bruner
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:B. F. Skinner
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Clark L. Hull
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Sigmund Freud
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:William James
2775:
2773:
2772:Wilhelm Wundt
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:Psychologists
2760:
2752:
2751:Psychometrics
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Consciousness
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Psychophysics
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:Methodologies
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Psychotherapy
2543:
2541:
2540:Psychometrics
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Developmental
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2017:
2016:2027.42/22374
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1667:DTIC Document
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
981:
973:
967:
963:
956:
948:
944:
941:(2): 93–134.
940:
936:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
867:
866:
858:
850:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
822:
815:
811:
802:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
749:
740:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
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4014:Larry Squire
3924:Susan Clancy
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3767:Memory sport
3692:Other topics
3582:False memory
3537:Cryptomnesia
3514:Weapon focus
3474:Decay theory
3235:Neuroanatomy
3194:Human memory
2997:Larry Squire
2992:Bruce McEwen
2987:Amos Tversky
2957:Jerome Kagan
2947:Noam Chomsky
2887:Hans Eysenck
2857:Harry Harlow
2837:Erik Erikson
2736:Intelligence
2633:Neuroimaging
2376:Quantitative
2341:Mathematical
2336:Intelligence
2326:Experimental
2321:Evolutionary
2311:Differential
2220:Psychologist
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4282:Prospection
4255:Imagination
4218:Forecasting
4198:Association
3954:Eric Kandel
3902:Researchers
3874:Prospective
3825:Free recall
3779:Shas Pollak
3432:anterograde
3348:Declarative
3069:Disciplines
3042:Susan Fiske
2932:Roger Brown
2832:Carl Rogers
2817:Jean Piaget
2782:Ivan Pavlov
2638:Observation
2618:Experiments
2565:Suicidology
2460:Educational
2415:Anomalistic
2386:Theoretical
2361:Personality
2291:Comparative
2274:Cognitivism
2265:Behaviorism
1677:24 November
1362:24 November
1055:(1): 1–29.
872:23 November
238:modal model
4493:Categories
4463:Mental set
4342:Peripheral
4292:Perception
4275:strategies
3989:Lynn Nadel
3867:intertrial
3852:Metamemory
3840:flashbacks
3760:In society
3457:retrograde
3419:Forgetting
3390:Procedural
3300:Short-term
3270:Eyewitness
3132:Wikisource
2977:Paul Ekman
2812:Kurt Lewin
2706:Competence
2628:Interviews
2608:Case study
2485:Humanistic
2465:Ergonomics
2450:Counseling
2425:Assessment
2407:psychology
2356:Perception
2316:Ecological
2232:psychology
2210:Philosophy
2194:Psychology
1185:1055681278
818:References
786:blanket –
414:. As with
39:Perception
4438:Intention
4423:Attention
4357:Harmonics
4310:RGB model
4260:Intuition
4230:Foresight
4223:affective
4203:Awareness
4190:Cognition
3741:Nutrition
3649:In groups
3462:selective
3437:childhood
3365:Flashbulb
3325:Long-term
3225:Attention
3152:Wikibooks
3142:Wikiquote
3012:Ed Diener
2797:Carl Jung
2701:Cognition
2530:Political
2440:Community
2270:Cognitive
1841:0022-5371
1611:1939-1471
1589:CiteSeerX
1501:CiteSeerX
1402:0022-5371
1276:143392196
1227:CiteSeerX
1193:cite book
551:Criticism
459:rehearsal
324:parsimony
152:Reasoning
142:Cognition
103:Long-term
93:Emotional
72:Attention
4478:Volition
4468:Thinking
4448:Learning
4397:Encoding
4043:Patients
3714:mnemonic
3709:chunking
3375:Implicit
3358:Semantic
3353:Episodic
3343:Explicit
3208:Encoding
3147:Wikinews
3104:Timeline
2726:Feelings
2721:Emotions
2681:Behavior
2672:Concepts
2550:Religion
2535:Positive
2525:Pastoral
2510:Military
2475:Forensic
2470:Feminist
2455:Critical
2445:Consumer
2435:Coaching
2430:Clinical
2405:Applied
2301:Cultural
2240:Abnormal
2142:16523998
2066:21379369
1917:14879511
1849:14153362
1627:15654531
1619:13310704
1523:14432252
1451:21352464
1292:(1967).
788:matches
488:Columbus
483:Chunking
465:Capacity
452:Duration
133:Thinking
119:Language
98:Learning
4402:Storage
4270:methods
3862:Priming
3788:Related
3731:Emotion
3427:Amnesia
3265:Eidetic
3252:Sensory
3213:Storage
3079:Outline
2575:Traffic
2570:Systems
2505:Medical
2331:Gestalt
2205:History
2101:2942357
2057:3046415
1872:467–488
1776:5089457
1756:Bibcode
1733:Amnesia
1566:5328119
1546:Bibcode
1538:Science
1443:5777987
1130:2137870
1069:6242406
782:blanket
693:8022967
654:467–488
301:Summary
147:Concept
4504:Memory
4407:Recall
4384:Memory
4374:Visual
4367:Speech
4347:Social
4327:Haptic
4300:Amodal
3895:People
3880:memory
3811:memory
3751:Trauma
3290:Visual
3280:Iconic
3275:Haptic
3260:Echoic
3218:Recall
3109:Topics
2555:School
2480:Health
2381:Social
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4331:Touch
4317:Depth
4305:Color
4074:Other
3746:Sleep
3699:Aging
3244:Types
3056:Lists
2515:Music
2500:Media
2495:Legal
2346:Moral
2097:S2CID
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1447:S2CID
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1272:S2CID
762:ocean
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4322:Form
3876:and
3807:and
2741:Mind
2138:PMID
2062:PMID
1876:ISBN
1837:ISSN
1772:PMID
1679:2013
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1607:ISSN
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1519:PMID
1439:PMID
1398:ISSN
1364:2013
1308:OCLC
1298:ISBN
1199:link
1181:OCLC
1171:ISBN
1126:PMID
1089:ISBN
1065:PMID
1028:ISBN
1003:ISBN
966:ISBN
874:2013
689:PMID
658:ISBN
508:The
252:and
246:1968
228:The
2128:doi
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2052:PMC
2044:doi
2011:hdl
2003:doi
1966:doi
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