1387:
3704:
3582:
1379:
415:
2024:
1759:
1695:
3283:
2070:
2660:
technologies – such as boats, harpoons, and fish hooks – because many caves found in the
Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland.
2815:
2954:
3791:
2877:
11008:
11619:
3749:
3678:(AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. In 2024, the research highlighted a significant weakening of the AMOC by approximately 12% over the past two decades. If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity. Therefore, these changes in SST must be caused by human activities.
3371:
3242:
1809:
3413:
3501:
3069:
9078:
11630:
9458:
9066:
3735:
1033:
2374:
2363:
2352:
2640:
3763:
1669:(NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean – classical and upper Labrador sea water – and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sill – Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow water. Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses, especially
3805:
2173:
2720:
1909:
1921:
242:
3777:
2699:, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries: the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America; sites in northeast Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast. Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA,
752:
covers 81,760,000 km (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km (73,368,200 cu mi). The North
Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%). The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the
2389:
reconstructions in 1965. This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates.
2057:
the
Florida Peninsula. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and northwestern Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter, like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the
2708:
Pacific to South
America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path, through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast. Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories, ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed, including the
61:
3322:. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and the number of exploited species. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as
2162:
589:, or ironic understatement. It is used mostly when referring to events or circumstances "on this side of the pond" or "on the other side of the pond" or "across the pond", rather than to discuss the ocean itself. The term dates to 1640, first appearing in print in a pamphlet released during the reign of
1650:
since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to
Mediterranean water. North Atlantic central water flows into South Atlantic central water at
2471:
The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the
Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of seafloor spreading in this segment and consequent opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) to the period
2392:
Geologically, the South
Atlantic can be divided into four segments: equatorial segment, from 10°N to the Romanche fracture zone (RFZ); central segment, from RFZ to Florianopolis fracture zone (FFZ, north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise); southern segment, from FFZ to the Agulhas-Falkland fracture
2187:
The break-up of
Pangaea began in the central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging
3057:
of the North Sea, and the
Falkland Banks. Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the eastern-central and southwest Atlantic oscillate around a globally
2860:
large territories in the New World and forced the
Amerindian population into slavery in order to exploit the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of
2558:
were exposed above sea level, extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers. A small population of modern humans – probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals – survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by
2452:
in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and
2044:
The oceans are the major source of atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by
1213:
An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and
751:
Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km (41,100,000 sq mi) or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) or 23.3% of the total volume of the Earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic
2928:
trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500â1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer
2769:
harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century. Iceland was initially settled 865â930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 °C (36 °F) which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at
2135:
In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. For instance, on the North American side of the ocean, large carbonate deposits formed in warm shallow waters such as Florida and the Bahamas, while coarse river outwash sands and silt are common in
1673:
and Mediterranean overflow water. The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since human-made substances were
1657:
There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporation. Arctic intermediate water flows from the north to become the source for North Atlantic deep water, south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. These two intermediate
1315:
used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straightforward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. The deep ocean floor is thought to
2936:
Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic, urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% in 1300, 11.4% in 1500, to 17% in 1850. Likewise, GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but
2631:
on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12â11 kya-old Late Stone Age (LSA)
2388:
West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic
2318:
erupted at this time period are found on Baffin Island, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland, with ash falls in Western Europe acting as a stratigraphic marker. The opening of the North Atlantic caused a significant uplift of continental crust along the coast. For instance, despite 7 km
2056:
is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on
2010:
and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and northern Africa. Recent but disputed research suggests
1398:
Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below â2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the
3685:
plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the
1649:
with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic subarctic upper water in the northernmost North Atlantic is the source for subarctic intermediate water and North Atlantic intermediate water. North Atlantic central water can be divided into the eastern and western North Atlantic central water
2929:
than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Colonialism evolved as part of the trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, and more limited in
2861:
Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with
2707:
data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. A proposed route across the
1986:
region, that were similar to the Sargasso Sea. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the
2307:
around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. One from 62 to 58 million years ago predates the separation of Greenland from northern Europe while the second from 56 to 52 million years ago happened as the separation occurred.
2456:
In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than
1805:, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transports warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically.
2690:
migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice-free corridor in the ice sheet and "spread southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey." Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the
1108:
The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) along most of its length, but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the
1445:
melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about
1308:(8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic. There are numerous submarine canyons off northeastern North America, western Europe, and northwestern Africa. Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels.
3083:
Northeast Atlantic is schematically limited to the 40°00' west longitude (except around Greenland), south to the 36°00' north latitude, and to the 68°30' east longitude, with both the west and east longitude limits reaching to the north pole. The Atlantic's subareas include:
247:
246:
243:
2506:
in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin. Meanwhile, the
2036:
The climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates.
2782:) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement – "men ate foxes and ravens" and "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs" – and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short-season crops such as
2659:
middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new
248:
2250:, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct.
3694:
rise five times greater than today, whilst melting of glaciers, including that of the Greenland ice sheet, expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century, will likely result in a sea-level rise of 3â6 metres (9.8â19.7 ft) over a millennium.
2988:, and precious stones. Gold deposits are a mile or two underwater on the ocean floor, however, the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit.
2319:
thick basalt, Gunnbjorn Field in East Greenland is the highest point on the island, elevated enough that it exposes older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at its base, similar to old lava fields above sedimentary rocks in the uplifted Hebrides of western Scotland.
2131:
continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and is situated off the west coast of Africa and the east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic.
1820:
plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global
2479:
resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates. First, small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34â30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an
3716:
3708:
6043:
245:
1833:
which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the northeastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense
3365:
the notable exception. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in
2655:(23â13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. In contrast, 8â7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The
2600:(LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by
2295:
Seafloor spreading led to the extension of the crust and the formation of troughs and sedimentary basins. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although the rift failed along with one leading into the
2945:
The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the
3863:
3720:
2515:
in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic
2572:
meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish, fur seal, fish and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources. The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from
550:, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the
2908:
became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. The slave trade was officially abolished in the
639:(IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953, but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not recognized by various authorities, institutions, and countries, for example the
4676:
2563:
and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged. Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic
2031:
in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of
3058:
stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific.
375:, both increased in degree during the early 20th century, and while no major military conflicts took place in the Atlantic in the present day, the ocean remains a core component of trade around the world.
2588:(mtDNA) studies indicate that 80â60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid
3253:
In the Northwest Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013. During the 21st century, some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including
5986:
2045:
sea ice. Ocean currents influence the climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.
748:, and other tributary water bodies. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific.
327:
Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the
4956:
Giorgioni, Martino; Weissert, Helmut; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Hochuli, Peter A.; Keller, Christina E.; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Lukeneder, Alexander; Garcia, Therese I. (March 2015).
3310:. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new fisheries started to exploit
2219:, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5
378:
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected
1812:
In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre.
5605:"ALGUNAS CONSECUENCIAS JURĂDICAS DE LA INVOCACIĂN POR PARTE DE CHILE DE LA "TEORĂA DE LA DELIMITACIĂN NATURAL DE LOS OCĂANOS" EN EL DIFERENDO SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AUSTRAL"
244:
6761:
1850:(MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the
3823:
3467:
2696:
1862:
1817:
124:
8191:
9116:
3137:
3361:
constitute about 50% of landings with sardine reaching 0.6â1.0 million tons per year. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of
1658:
waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical
1469:, which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic, and the "Atmospheric Bridge", which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific.
6694:
6254:
3165:
3609:
Other pollution concerns include agricultural and municipal waste. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina;
2904:
had to be introduced to replace them – a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when
2468:(also known as the Cretaceous quiet period), a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals, which makes it difficult to date sea-floor spreading in this segment.
6120:
5476:
2127:
and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness
3184:
reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species.
3566:
is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture
1662:
and a large number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water.
1441:
in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3â3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and
1355:
is 3,730 m (12,240 ft), or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft).
6459:
4014:
3828:
2937:
rose by only 30% in the rest of Europe. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade.
6187:
7906:
2246:
at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the
1382:
As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
1344:. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.
1237:
Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a
6713:
Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (2002).
3458:
In the southwest Atlantic, a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the
3157:
2765:
resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies; a colder climate resulted in starvation, and the colony got economically marginalized as the
2268:
Geologically, the northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic
6980:
3598:, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of
3384:
In the western central-Atlantic, catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area,
3648:
over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. For their own safety, the crew jettisoned two nuclear bombs, which were never recovered.
9109:
7249:
6277:
5748:
3703:
2873:. They could explore the convoys leaving the Americas because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable.
3466:, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels:
2453:
onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147â49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90â60 Ma.
2288:âNorth America, EurasiaâGreenland, EurasiaâNorth America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the
7465:
6625:
Greenberg, J.H.; Turner, C.G.; Zegura, S.L. (1986). "The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence".
5364:
3161:
3129:
1802:
224:
128:
6854:
4886:
Gubbay S. 2003. Seamounts of the northeast Atlantic. OASIS (Oceanic Seamounts: an Integrated Study). Hamburg & WWF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3278:, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stocks are overfished in the northwest Atlantic.
4287:
2805:
2652:
340:
6421:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands"
4668:
3462:, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the
9493:
5887:
5767:
Als, T.D.; Hansen, M.M.; Maes, G.E.; Castonguay, M.; Riemann, L.; Aarestrup, K.I.M.; Munk, P.; Sparholt, H.; Hanel, R.; Bernatchez, L. (2011).
3343:
1285:
5956:
Bjerck, H.B. (2009). "Colonizing seascapes: comparative perspectives on the development of maritime relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia".
2761:. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, while conflicts with the local
1874:
1873:
and the Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast, the small cyclonic
1246:
7943:
6797:
1276:
Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and northeastern Europe. In the western Atlantic
9102:
5506:
2713:
3715:
Scientific researchers have proposed delimiting the boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by two different natural boundaries,
2330:
database (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) mentions 104 seamounts: 74 within national
8154:
6781:
5499:
5445:
5311:
1987:
Carpathians in the mid-20th century often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", finally showed that this assemblage originated in the
10772:
10631:
6714:
5014:"Late Aptian (Cretaceous) paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean inferred from dinocyst communities of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil"
3113:
1241:
for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Value" based on their cultural and natural criteria:
1191:. A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the
7795:
Seton, M.; MĂźller, R.D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, C.; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012).
3858:
3838:
1674:
introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from
1399:
polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7â8 °C (13â14 °F).
1121:. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other.
11669:
10958:
7044:
5985:
Blackburn, T.J.; Olsen, P.E.; Bowring, S.A.; McLean, N.M.; Kent, D.V.; Puffer, J.; McHone, G.; Rasbury, T.; Et-Touhami, M. (2013).
7345:
Marean, C.W.; Cawthra, H.C.; Cowling, R.M.; Esler, K.J.; Fisher, E.; Milewski, A.; Potts, A.J.; Singels, E.; De Vynck, J. (2014).
86:
6554:
5768:
3977:
636:
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into Asia, Europe, and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions. During the
11674:
11664:
10765:
10651:
8225:
7419:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years"
4958:"Paleoceanographic changes during the AlbianâCenomanian in the Tethys and North Atlantic and the onset of the Cretaceous chalk"
3225:
fishing catches in 2020. Main fishing EU countries are Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain. Most common species include
2593:
2592: 5â4 environmental changes. This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa, but also started to disperse
2529:
2204:
1417:
circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south
1091:
6609:
4111:
367:
while occasionally hosting naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like the
10760:
10694:
8175:
7932:
The Voyage of the 'Challenger.' The Atlantic: A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S.
7729:
7584:
7358:
7320:
7172:
7038:
6954:
6881:
6663:
6584:
6207:
5663:
5018:
4424:
4095:
3912:
2481:
196:
6960:
3581:
3180:
In the Northeast Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013.
2737:, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited.
2669:
10755:
10719:
10658:
4698:
3657:
2848:, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama,
1172:
1087:
7326:
5680:
5342:
3342:, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the
2472:
120â96 Ma. This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa.
414:
10748:
10743:
10689:
8048:
5827:
2742:
2259:
6105:
4721:
2757:
was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early
10617:
9486:
7997:
TrĂŠguier, A.M.; Theetten, S.; Chassignet, E.P.; Penduff, T.; Smith, R.; Talley, L.; Beismann, J.O.; BĂśning, C. (2005).
5484:
3675:
3426:
In the southeast Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013.
2897:
2196:
1847:
526:, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in medieval maps and also lent his name to modern
332:
328:
4774:
10699:
3667:
2623:
This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified
191:
7095:
6420:
693:
defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the
10714:
10704:
10646:
10624:
10607:
10602:
10521:
6140:
4022:
3388:, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished.
2917:
in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the
2095:
are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. Due to a consistently strong
1999:
17:
646:
The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the
11052:
10724:
10553:
10419:
10328:
10278:
7910:
2933:, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies.
2837:
2140:. Coarse sand, boulders, and rocks were transported into some areas, such as off the coast of Nova Scotia or the
2104:
2002:. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the
43:
39:
35:
3434:
are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia
1694:
585:
is a term often used by British and American speakers in reference to the northern Atlantic Ocean, as a form of
10668:
2991:
Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills,
2100:
1421:
in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur every 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above
1250:
6590:
1963:. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former
1877:
lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced
1270:
11452:
10978:
10963:
9479:
6386:
Duarte, J.C.; Rosas, F.M.; Terrinha, P.; Schellart, W.P.; Boutelier, D.; Gutscher, M.A.; Ribeiro, A. (2013).
1378:
7003:
6215:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
4269:
3208:
and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Stocks of
622:
11592:
11011:
10663:
10288:
10015:
9720:
6949:(Report). Vol. 569. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). p. 334.
5717:
5604:
3848:
3843:
3671:
3633:; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.
3603:
3408:
are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels.
2914:
2910:
2862:
2857:
1866:
1466:
1192:
606:
6981:"The great American schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of the Central American Isthmus"
6300:
4957:
2554:(GCFR) along the coast of South Africa. During the latest glacial stages, the now-submerged plains of the
2401:
1982:. Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean, in what is now the
11597:
11582:
10145:
7418:
5987:"Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province"
5857:"Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology"
5555:
4962:
3026:
2086:
2058:
2038:
1798:
257:
6838:
6064:"Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning"
3981:
2314:
began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. Large quantities of
1242:
1226:
using echo-sounding equipment. The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of
280:, with an area of about 85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 17% of
11587:
11381:
11285:
10323:
10308:
9606:
9591:
9294:
8444:
8218:
7033:. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 111â178.
2620:. The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9â8.5 thousand years ago.
2465:
2247:
1851:
1426:
586:
10709:
10641:
10612:
10597:
10333:
10258:
7964:"A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin"
6014:
5856:
3512:
3443:
3282:
3275:
3012:
2636:
in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa.
2543:
2061:
area) and Africa's northwestern coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas.
2012:
1882:
1843:
1666:
31:
7486:"Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province"
7231:
7201:
2542:
in Africa; around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as
11604:
11431:
11416:
11411:
11325:
11315:
11254:
11244:
11224:
10293:
10210:
9793:
9506:
3447:
2239:
1960:
1822:
1462:
1391:
1219:
1075:
629:
9471:
7930:
5556:"Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds"
3709:
Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone
3570:
chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to
11654:
11552:
11376:
11371:
11330:
11280:
11103:
10945:
10636:
10543:
10215:
9925:
9920:
8396:
7926:
7306:"Coastal South Africa and the Coevolution of the Modern Human Lineage and the Coastal Adaptation"
5441:
4487:
4193:
3663:
3571:
3442:
have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of
3302:
to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of
2604:
culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the
2331:
2243:
1968:
1160:
on the ocean floor. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500
514:" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. In these uses, the name refers to
6522:
6319:
3997:
Mangas, Julio; PlĂĄcido, Domingo; ElĂcegui, Elvira Gangutia; RodrĂguez Somolinos, Helena (1998).
3008:
2849:
11391:
11295:
11290:
11275:
11249:
11239:
11214:
11164:
11088:
10922:
10729:
10318:
10121:
8717:
7603:
7226:
6335:
6106:"Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade"
6009:
3853:
2823:
2809:
2200:
2053:
1937:
The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of
1830:
1794:
1785:
In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the
1766:
1670:
1184:
881:
700:
The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the
352:
8148:
7144:
3998:
2089:. The ice season is longer in the polar regions, but there is little shipping in those areas.
11421:
11134:
11015:
10879:
10799:
10442:
10338:
9947:
8242:
8238:
8211:
7777:
7761:
6999:
6861:
5510:
5305:
4085:
3953:
3471:
3401:
2925:
2551:
2281:
1826:
1305:
1203:
1068:
472:
277:
261:
210:
8033:"Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench, the Deepest Part of the Atlantic, is Nearing Completion"
7083:
2272:. The opening of the northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the
2191:
The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent
11219:
11169:
10889:
9860:
9578:
9258:
8564:
8143:
8081:
8010:
7975:
7883:
7848:
7808:
7693:
7632:
7548:
7497:
7433:
7392:
7264:
7218:
7152:
7079:
6911:
6812:
6729:
6678:
6491:
6399:
6364:
6222:
6155:
6075:
6001:
5919:
5871:
5783:
4971:
4000:
La PenĂnsula IbĂŠrica en los autores griegos: de Homero a PlatĂłn â SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)
3818:
3698:
3641:
3637:
3463:
3435:
3339:
3097:
2985:
2901:
2881:
2870:
2834:
2709:
2675:
2597:
2589:
2547:
2041:
can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.
1983:
1956:
1141:
1133:
590:
360:
7484:
Marzoli, A.; Renne, P.R.; Piccirillo, E.M.; Ernesto, M.; Bellieni, G.; De Min, A. (1999).
3216:
are in good condition. In the Northeast Atlantic, 21% of stocks are considered overfished.
2656:
2644:
1394:. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
618:
8:
11496:
11491:
11093:
11045:
10538:
10198:
10135:
10111:
9942:
9803:
9749:
9690:
9661:
9601:
9596:
9424:
8865:
8659:
8288:
7534:"Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model"
7414:
7023:
3589:
3575:
3439:
3346:. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including
3259:
2853:
2726:
2683:
2546:
around 200 kya. The earliest evidence for the complex behavior associated with this
2485:
1779:
1775:
1675:
1651:
1451:
1447:
1422:
1352:
1348:
1254:
1238:
1196:
1188:
1118:
1114:
1083:
1064:
965:
694:
663:
594:
555:
511:
402:. The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, the northern and southern Atlantic, by the
8085:
8014:
7979:
7887:
7852:
7812:
7697:
7636:
7552:
7501:
7437:
7396:
7268:
7222:
7209:
Mann, M.E.; Emanuel, K.A. (2006). "Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change".
7156:
6915:
6866:
Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition
6816:
6733:
6682:
6495:
6403:
6368:
6226:
6159:
6079:
6005:
5923:
5875:
5832:"The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging"
5787:
4975:
1153:
11623:
11506:
11501:
11356:
11310:
11305:
10826:
10447:
10410:
10283:
9729:
9651:
9611:
9586:
8860:
8757:
8401:
8263:
8107:
7716:
7658:
7571:
7457:
7189:
7131:
6830:
6753:
6650:
6642:
6539:
6509:
6451:
6388:"Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic? Evidence from the southwest Iberia margin"
6296:
6246:
6179:
6035:
5973:
5937:
5807:
3754:
3662:
North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased
2918:
2692:
2092:
1855:
1679:
1301:
1277:
1227:
1129:
1103:
1052:
757:
682:
640:
364:
206:
162:
9094:
8070:"Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment"
6690:
5623:
5602:
4645:, Abstract; Biogeographic Significance of the "Quasi-Sargasso" Assemblage, pp. 303â304
2814:
2770:
1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). The
1124:
The MAR rises 2â3 km (1.2â1.9 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and its
11486:
11396:
11229:
11204:
11159:
11154:
11098:
10907:
10526:
10348:
10313:
10174:
10169:
10150:
9959:
9786:
9546:
9384:
9263:
8619:
8569:
8361:
8303:
8171:
8099:
8032:
7988:
7963:
7796:
7749:
7721:
7650:
7576:
7513:
7449:
7354:
7346:
7316:
7168:
7135:
7034:
6950:
6923:
6877:
6745:
6654:
6580:
6579:(Report). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA). 2016.
6504:
6479:
6443:
6387:
6377:
6352:
6273:
6238:
6171:
6063:
6027:
5977:
5941:
5907:
5831:
5799:
5795:
5686:
5659:
5631:
5358:
4987:
4752:
4420:
4281:
4091:
3691:
3626:
3331:
3327:
3255:
3213:
3189:
3018:
2953:
2930:
2905:
2845:
2585:
2335:
2277:
2085:
are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the
2069:
989:
785:
733:
667:
602:
527:
519:
515:
463:
344:
335:
in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an
232:
8111:
7820:
7662:
7620:
7485:
7461:
6834:
6757:
6513:
6455:
6250:
6039:
5883:
4983:
3864:
Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc
3338:
in the area was recognized as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on
1861:
The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre. The
11557:
11406:
11401:
11386:
11366:
11361:
11351:
11234:
11199:
11194:
11174:
11139:
11124:
10988:
10983:
10973:
10902:
10579:
10533:
10476:
10405:
10263:
10157:
10106:
10084:
9937:
9884:
9823:
8880:
8732:
8283:
8203:
8163:
8089:
8018:
7983:
7891:
7856:
7816:
7757:
7711:
7701:
7678:
7640:
7566:
7556:
7533:
7505:
7441:
7400:
7282:
7272:
7250:"On the Movements of the North Atlantic Subpolar Front in the Preinstrumental Past"
7236:
7160:
7123:
7087:
6995:
6919:
6869:
6820:
6737:
6715:"Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa"
6686:
6634:
6499:
6435:
6407:
6372:
6292:
6230:
6183:
6163:
6083:
6019:
5965:
5927:
5879:
5791:
5740:
5732:
5027:
4979:
4119:
3782:
3563:
3459:
3389:
3295:
3263:
2947:
2866:
2799:
2773:
2633:
2565:
2327:
2208:
1988:
1367:
1337:
572:
571:, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. During the
563:
419:
336:
285:
6939:
4302:"World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World Including Geography Facts and Flags"
4243:
4116:
Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Synonyms, and Spanish to English Translator
3904:
3790:
3666:(SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural
3602:
and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. The
1995:
to the central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea.
11659:
11567:
11426:
11300:
11270:
11179:
10874:
10375:
10363:
10343:
10298:
10248:
10188:
10130:
10091:
10079:
10072:
9981:
9798:
9781:
9756:
9299:
9228:
9223:
9207:
9166:
9000:
8970:
8950:
8870:
8534:
8529:
8514:
8484:
8449:
8371:
8268:
7679:"Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies"
7509:
7445:
4768:"Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States - Geologic Background"
3479:
3347:
3209:
3149:
2569:
2539:
2512:
2497:
2405:
2311:
2289:
1414:
1363:
1333:
1231:
1110:
1048:
1019:
995:
941:
917:
551:
523:
214:
9409:
8644:
7305:
4706:
3555:), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.
3068:
2876:
2502:
An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The
2464:
around 118 Ma. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the
398:
in the south. Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to
11562:
11457:
11346:
11320:
11184:
11149:
11144:
11129:
11119:
11038:
11019:
10968:
10867:
10831:
10794:
10734:
10498:
10390:
10368:
10358:
10353:
10205:
10183:
10067:
10062:
10047:
10042:
9969:
9915:
9867:
9838:
9744:
9734:
9439:
9429:
9248:
9233:
8940:
8920:
8885:
8875:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8674:
8664:
8554:
8539:
8273:
8250:
8197:
7313:
Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement
7091:
5679:
SantibaĂąez, Rafael (1969). "El Canal Beagle y la delimitaciĂłn de los ocĂŠanos".
5334:
5012:
De A. Carvalho, Marcelo; Bengtson, Peter; Lana, CecĂlia C. (23 November 2015).
3796:
3768:
3687:
3622:
3618:
3475:
3427:
3405:
3222:
3145:
3022:
2981:
2795:
2758:
2733:
2687:
2560:
2285:
2269:
2212:
1975:
1407:
1321:
1297:
1289:
1258:
1180:
1137:
1007:
875:
797:
791:
753:
725:
717:
647:
531:
395:
356:
348:
118:
8052:
7645:
7315:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer. pp. 421â440.
7164:
7127:
6899:
6873:
5718:"The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth"
4183:
4087:
The English Atlantic, 1675â1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community
2460:
In the central segment, rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the
11648:
11634:
11618:
11577:
11572:
11522:
11073:
11061:
10993:
10862:
10854:
10821:
10558:
10508:
10400:
10395:
10385:
10230:
10193:
10101:
10096:
9998:
9903:
9462:
9399:
9369:
9339:
9329:
9304:
9253:
9243:
9161:
9082:
9070:
8890:
8782:
8752:
8737:
8727:
8707:
8634:
8604:
8559:
8549:
8524:
8504:
8474:
8454:
8366:
8341:
7301:
7277:
7114:
Lovejoy, P.E. (1982). "The volume of the Atlantic slave trade: A synthesis".
5736:
5333:
Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.
4991:
4729:
3748:
3740:
3645:
3614:
3610:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3385:
3370:
3271:
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3153:
3089:
3030:
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2965:
2957:
2841:
2746:
2503:
2476:
2297:
2273:
2141:
2078:
2023:
1870:
1808:
1790:
1329:
1317:
1311:
In 1922, a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred. The USS
1293:
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815:
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387:
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359:. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both
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88:
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7347:"Stone age people in a changing South African greater Cape Floristic Region"
6741:
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5403:
4767:
3954:"An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic"
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8599:
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8544:
8499:
8489:
8479:
8464:
8429:
8351:
8333:
8258:
8198:"Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida"
8103:
7725:
7654:
7580:
7517:
7453:
6749:
6447:
6242:
6234:
6175:
6031:
5803:
5690:
5624:"El Arco de Scotia, separaciĂłn natural de los ocĂŠanos PacĂfico y AtlĂĄntico"
3810:
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2007:
2003:
1964:
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1403:
1359:
1304:(8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and
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911:
905:
827:
821:
773:
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1978:, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the
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8649:
8624:
8439:
8391:
8386:
8356:
8346:
8323:
8293:
7896:
7871:
7861:
7837:"Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons"
7836:
7405:
7376:
7351:
Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region, 164
7240:
6088:
5032:
5013:
3682:
3335:
3204:
which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of
3093:
3085:
3054:
2605:
2601:
2396:
In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133â130 Ma) intensive
2145:
2049:
2028:
1952:
1951:) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the
1886:
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1455:
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1157:
1125:
1036:
977:
659:
430:
379:
265:
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4169:
Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I
3996:
3699:
Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
3500:
3392:
was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished.
3350:, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier.
2844:
reached India under the Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the
1402:
From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the
1168:) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep.
599:
Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in The Reign of Charles I
11471:
11065:
10483:
10452:
10273:
10268:
9932:
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9773:
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9531:
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8609:
8579:
8574:
8519:
8509:
8469:
8459:
8434:
8406:
8381:
8313:
8298:
7754:
Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
6646:
6062:
BĂśning, C.W.; Scheinert, M.; Dengg, J.; Biastoch, A.; Funk, A. (2006).
5969:
4728:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
4141:
3833:
3829:
List of rivers of the Americas by coastline § Atlantic Ocean coast
3567:
3397:
3291:
3185:
3117:
2617:
2609:
2559:
these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the
2508:
2449:
2096:
1646:
1056:
1044:
1013:
899:
893:
869:
857:
851:
833:
745:
701:
690:
399:
11629:
9457:
9065:
8023:
7998:
7872:"On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean"
6608:
5769:"All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea"
4403:
3734:
1604:
Deep and abyssal waters (1,500 mâbottom or 4,900 ftâbottom)
1032:
60:
11527:
10930:
10589:
10563:
10493:
10471:
10464:
10243:
10020:
9954:
9850:
9673:
9656:
9541:
9536:
9510:
9394:
9354:
9319:
9186:
8945:
8915:
8840:
8820:
8815:
8800:
8772:
8629:
8594:
8584:
8494:
8411:
8318:
8278:
8147:
8118:
7286:
6825:
6411:
5228:, Introduction, pp. 12â13; The Norse in The North Atlantic, pp. 13â14
4341:
3630:
3544:
3540:
3173:
3141:
3121:
3101:
3046:
2754:
2613:
2397:
2235:
10 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.
2172:
2161:
1939:
1778:
occupies the northern Atlantic, and the counter-clockwise warm-water
1209:
discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or:
1067:. Expeditions to explore the bathymertry of the Atlantic include the
971:
947:
845:
839:
737:
705:
675:
617:
For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see
568:
481:
477:
434:
305:
289:
281:
70:
7677:
Patterson, W.P.; Dietrich, K.A.; Holmden, C.; Andrews, J.T. (2010).
6573:
6141:"Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N"
5932:
4722:"Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience tropical cyclones?"
4669:"Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream?"
2639:
1437:
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water
10457:
10057:
9993:
9964:
9874:
9833:
9641:
9621:
9501:
9018:
9008:
8975:
8930:
8900:
8895:
8795:
8376:
8308:
7779:
The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge
6638:
5444:. Michigan State University, Animal Legal & Historical Center.
3536:
3323:
3315:
3230:
3197:
3188:
reached its lowest levels in the 1960sâ1980s but is now recovered.
3105:
3038:
2969:
2889:
2679:
2632:
middens found on every inhabited continent, the 50â45 kya-old
2373:
2362:
2351:
2323:
1869:
originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region, near the
1835:
1438:
1325:
1055:(MAR). It runs from 87°N or 300 km (190 mi) south of the
601:, where "great Pond" is used in reference to the Atlantic Ocean by
293:
7247:
6712:
5094:
4955:
4567:
2457:
130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis RidgeâRio Grande Rise.
662:. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the
643:. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas vary.
10429:
10162:
10052:
10010:
9898:
9710:
9705:
9634:
8767:
7999:"The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high-resolution models"
7996:
5685:(in Spanish). Santiago: Editorial AndrĂŠs Bello. pp. 95â109.
5603:
Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor; Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (2021).
4579:
4417:
The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger
4189:
3804:
3532:
3393:
3319:
3311:
3299:
3267:
3226:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3133:
3125:
2893:
2750:
2682:
connected Siberia to Alaska. In 1973, late American geoscientist
2192:
2082:
1461:
The high surface salinity in the Atlantic, on which the Atlantic
1442:
681:
In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The
547:
542:
534:
sailors and in ancient Greek mythological literature such as the
403:
7962:
Torsvik, T.H.; Rousse, S.; Labails, C.; Smethurst, M.A. (2009).
7797:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma"
5466:
Sebastian A. Gerlach "Marine Pollution", Springer, Berlin (1975)
4454:, Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26â27
1842:. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the
1758:
144:
North Atlantic: 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi),
10935:
10034:
9988:
9695:
9682:
8068:
Webster, P.J.; Holland, G.J.; Curry, J.A.; Chang, H.R. (2005).
7676:
7621:"The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier"
5656:
El delirio armado: Argentina-Chile, la guerra que evitĂł el Papa
5237:
3548:
3169:
2977:
2783:
2315:
2128:
2124:
2120:
1992:
1478:
Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses
1161:
423:
372:
321:
313:
66:
7377:"Stability of the thermohaline circulation under millennial CO
7062:
6318:
5046:
4301:
3889:
3824:
List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean
2719:
2686:
proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization of the Americas by which
1551:
Intermediate waters (500â1,500 m or 1,600â4,900 ft)
1218:
The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the
575:, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the
331:
were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the
146:
South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi)
10786:
10681:
10220:
9518:
9502:
9039:
8234:
7961:
7483:
7063:
Livermore, R.; Nankivell, A.; Eagles, G.; Morris, P. (2005).
6334:
5906:
Bigg, G.R.; Jickells, T.D.; Liss, P.S.; Osborn, T.J. (2003).
5826:
Avery, G.; Halkett, D.; Orton, J.; Steele, T.; Tusenius, M.;
4943:
4868:
4814:
4220:
3899:
3897:
3234:
3109:
2762:
2704:
2695:. These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the
2116:
1797:, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the
1341:
536:
8031:
7149:
Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology
6385:
6061:
5058:
4591:
4231:
2440:
10 sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8
2015:
to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults.
1838:) current which flows around the continental margins of the
9815:
7835:
Smethie, W.M.; Fine, R.A.; Putzka, A.; Jones, E.P. (2000).
7248:
Marchal, O.; Waelbroeck, C.; Colin de Verdière, A. (2016).
6864:. In Bianchetti, S.; Cataudella, M.; Gehrke, H.-J. (eds.).
5984:
5554:
Marine, Rosenstiel School of; Atmospheric; Science, Earth.
5005:
4802:
3707:
Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "
3431:
2973:
2856:. Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly
2819:
2700:
2263:
1908:
1659:
1418:
317:
7381:
forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity"
7375:
Marsh, R.; Hazeleger, W.; Yool, A.; Rohling, E.J. (2007).
6900:"The beginnings of the Sargasso assemblage in the Tethys?"
5011:
4856:
4844:
3894:
3606:
is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.
2326:, most of them situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The
9044:
7794:
7374:
7344:
7151:. Vol. 36. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 222â225.
6945:. Review of the state of world marine fishery resources.
6138:
5541:
5070:
4928:
4838:
4790:
4504:
4319:
3690:. 21st-century global warming will probably result in an
3552:
3274:, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod,
3062:
2840:
in 1492, sailing under the Spanish flag. Six years later
2753:
began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on
1920:
429:
The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from
8067:
7936:
During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876
7349:. In Allsopp, N.; Colville, J.F.; Verboom, G.A. (eds.).
6139:
Bryden, H.L.; Longworth, H.R.; Cunningham, S.A. (2005).
5579:
1881:. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4â8.5 years.
1789:
which flows north-east from the North American coast at
1171:
The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the
182:
111,866 km (69,510 mi) including marginal seas
9124:
6671:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
5825:
5766:
5715:
5291:
5142:
5085:, Environmental Context on the South Coast, pp. 423â425
4654:
3221:
This zone makes almost three-quarters (72.8 %) of
2826:
and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("
260:. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of
7834:
5905:
5590:
4555:
4543:
2276:, and spread from the central Atlantic in six stages:
2195:, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the
1998:
The location of the spawning ground for European eels
1974:
Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the
264:
over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over
6624:
6418:
5225:
5178:
2964:
The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish,
8233:
7752:. In Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (eds.).
6988:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
6897:
6525:. Boulder, CO: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
5553:
5303:
5157:, The Long-Term History of Marine Resources, pp. 4â5
4939:
4937:
4753:"The geological history of the North Atlantic Ocean"
4726:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
4642:
3730:
1187:, on either side of the Azores microplate, near the
284:
and about 24% of its water surface area. During the
7904:
7775:
6205:
4910:
4394:, Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113â114
4072:
4049:
3065:partitioned the Atlantic into major fishing areas:
546:, this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as
7311:. In Bicho, N.F.; Haws, J.A.; Davis, L.G. (eds.).
6419:Dugmore, A.J.; Keller, C.; McGovern, T.H. (2007).
5658:(in Spanish). Editorial Sudamericana. p. 48.
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
2393:zone (AFFZ); and Falkland segment, south of AFFZ.
2334:. Of these seamounts, 46 are located close to the
1465:is dependent, is maintained by two processes: the
1269:For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see
1253:, United Kingdom; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands:
678:, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa.
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
6904:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6350:
5442:"Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet"
4949:
4934:
4527:
4525:
4486:
4451:
4439:
3286:Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons
3021:of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest
2830:"), which would be developed in subsequent years.
2199:(CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous
1645:The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper
763:
433:around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211):
11646:
8158:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855â857.
7618:
6206:Bullard, E.; Everett, J.E.; Smith, A.G. (1965).
5716:Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; Robinson, J. (2005).
5213:
5201:
5189:
4751:Fitton, Godfrey; Larsen, Lotte Melchior (1999).
4568:Marchal, Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016
3990:
2115:The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense
1458:regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.
174:310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi)
125:List of bordering countries (not drainage basin)
79:
7686:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7541:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6208:"The fit of the continents around the Atlantic"
5621:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
4915:
4894:
4892:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4181:
3723:the former being more current than the latter.
2806:List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean
2771:
2724:
2651:The same development can be seen in Europe. In
2052:and its northern extension towards Europe, the
1971:, floating in the ocean for millions of years.
1816:North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic
1494:Upper waters (0â500 m or 0â1,600 ft)
1148:plates in the South Atlantic. The MAR produces
510:) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the
341:colonization of the Americas by European powers
142:85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi)
7869:
6664:"Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic"
6351:DeMets, C.; Gordon, R.G.; Argus, D.F. (2010).
5854:
5154:
4946:, General setting and magmatism, pp. 1316â1318
4603:
4522:
4414:
3588:strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic
3344:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
2888:In the colonies of the Americas, depredation,
2424:10 cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2
2110:
27:Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
11046:
9487:
9110:
8219:
7604:"History of NOAA Ocean Exploration: Timeline"
6947:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper
6520:
5304:Kubesh, K.; McNeil, N.; Bellotto, K. (2008).
5279:, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, pp. 213â215
4045:
4043:
3940:
2852:reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the
2678:covered most of northern North America while
1247:Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture
11060:
7211:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
6661:
6574:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture
6537:
5507:Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute
5371:
5363:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5287:
5285:
5248:
5246:
4889:
4874:
4862:
4850:
4773:(Report). US Geological Survey. p. 16.
4750:
4615:
4531:
4516:
4480:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4066:
3674:. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic
2714:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
2322:The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810
1271:List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean
8168:Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories
7208:
7021:
6523:"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1"
6113:Boston University International Law Journal
5529:
4755:. pp. 10, 15 – via ResearchGate.
4626:
4624:
4391:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4286:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4205:
4203:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
623:Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean
11053:
11039:
9494:
9480:
9117:
9103:
8226:
8212:
8162:
7602:
5678:
5653:
5477:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too"
5332:
4475:
4404:The Geological Society: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4337:
4335:
4333:
4166:
4077:
4040:
4015:"áźĎΝινĎÎŻĎ, DGE Diccionario Griego-EspaĂąol"
2491:
2181:Opening of the central Atlantic 200-170 Ma
1757:
1721:
1370:is found off the eastern coast of Canada.
628:For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see
276:is the second-largest of the world's five
8122:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2007â2008
8093:
8047:
8022:
7987:
7895:
7860:
7715:
7705:
7644:
7570:
7560:
7404:
7276:
7230:
6824:
6503:
6376:
6272:
6087:
6013:
5931:
5282:
5252:
5243:
5031:
4375:
4342:World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4268:June 2010, Remy Melina 04 (4 June 2010).
4267:
3859:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
1425:some eastâwest oscillation, known as the
630:Southern Ocean § Definitions and use
7000:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815
6782:"Perseus Under Philologic: Hdt. 1.202.4"
6779:
6540:"Global water masses-summary and review"
5497:
5439:
4621:
4346:
4200:
4035:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3876:
3702:
3580:
3411:
3369:
3281:
3240:
3067:
3025:. The most productive areas include the
2952:
2884:1525â1863 (first and last slave voyages)
2875:
2813:
2718:
2638:
2073:Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean
2068:
2022:
1807:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1039:map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin
1031:
413:
240:
8142:
7925:
7841:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
7531:
7113:
6978:
6898:JerzmaĹska, A.; Kotlarczyk, J. (1976).
5542:Bryden, Longworth & Cunningham 2005
5525:
5523:
5264:
5106:
4826:
4719:
4463:
4330:
4167:Wellington, Nehemiah (1 January 1869).
4090:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
4003:. Editorial Complutense. pp. 283â.
3978:International Hydrographic Organization
3486:
3176:. There are also two defunct subareas.
2880:Embarked and disembarked slaves in the
2482:EoceneâOligocene climatic deterioration
2203:in Earth's history associated with the
1769:World map of the five major ocean gyres
1280:dominate large areas, for example, the
637:International Hydrographic Organization
14:
11647:
7776:Ripley, G.; Anderson Dana, C. (1873).
7762:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.059
7413:
7300:
7142:
6480:"New angles on South Atlantic opening"
6477:
5955:
5166:
5130:
5082:
4898:
4699:"About International Ice Patrol (IIP)"
4630:
4196:from the original on 22 November 2021.
4083:
3558:
3531:Endangered marine species include the
3450:have improved to fully fished in 2013.
3357:In the eastern central-Atlantic small
2408:resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5
2402:ParanĂĄâEtendeka Large Igneous Province
1914:Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea
1748:
1739:
1730:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1316:be fairly flat with occasional deeps,
1092:United States Navy Hydrographic Office
454:
382:, it is connected in the north to the
11034:
9475:
9098:
8207:
8200:from 1639 via the Library of Congress
7909:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
7750:"The resettlement of northern Europe"
7747:
7147:. In Yarish, C.; Kirkman, H. (eds.).
6859:
6103:
5855:Bailey, G N.; Flemming, N.C. (2008).
5448:from the original on 25 November 2011
5314:from the original on 21 December 2016
5292:Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson 2005
5276:
5118:
5019:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
4765:
4666:
4270:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas"
4060:
3927:
3915:from the original on 15 February 2017
3491:
3470:has not yet reached fully fished but
3009:Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean
2898:indigenous population of the Americas
2608:volcanic eruption, the inundation of
1967:and has, if so, maintained itself by
1846:(NADW). The NADW, in turn, feeds the
1366:form barriers to ocean currents. The
1140:plates in the North Atlantic and the
1097:
7065:"Paleogene opening of Drake passage"
6553:(4): 383â391 (PDF pages scrambled).
6521:Eakins, B.W.; Sharman, G.F. (2010).
6353:"Geologically current plate motions"
5912:International Journal of Climatology
5520:
4780:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4546:, Formation of NADW, pp. 14299â14300
3951:
3658:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
3495:
2475:About 50 Ma the opening of the
760:, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft).
674: – and, in turn, the
252:This video was taken by the crew of
7949:from the original on 9 October 2022
7756:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7735:from the original on 9 October 2022
7619:O'Rourke, D.H.; Raff, J.A. (2010).
7590:from the original on 9 October 2022
7471:from the original on 9 October 2022
7332:from the original on 9 October 2022
7101:from the original on 9 October 2022
7072:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
7050:from the original on 9 October 2022
6966:from the original on 9 October 2022
6937:
6796:
6767:from the original on 9 October 2022
6700:from the original on 9 October 2022
6662:Gordon, A.L.; Bosley, K.T. (1991).
6596:from the original on 9 October 2022
6572:
6560:from the original on 9 October 2022
6465:from the original on 9 October 2022
6260:from the original on 9 October 2022
6193:from the original on 9 October 2022
6126:from the original on 9 October 2022
6049:from the original on 9 October 2022
5908:"The role of the oceans in climate"
5893:from the original on 9 October 2022
5754:from the original on 9 October 2022
5622:Barros GonzĂĄlez, Guillermo (1987).
5427:
5390:
5226:Dugmore, Keller & McGovern 2007
5179:Greenberg, Turner & Zegura 1986
4703:U. S. Coast Guard Navigation Center
4209:
2260:Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean
2151:
24:
8136:
7022:Levin, L.A.; Gooday, A.J. (2003).
6862:"The Sea of the Greeks and Romans"
6322:. CIA World Factbook. 27 June 2016
6297:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x
5682:Los derechos de Chile en el Beagle
5345:from the original on 31 March 2016
5216:, Beringian Scenarios, pp. 205â206
4679:from the original on 19 April 2017
4594:, Introduction, p. 1; Fig. 2, p. 2
4442:, The Azores microplate, pp. 24â25
3890:CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean
3676:meridional overturning circulation
3539:, sea lions, turtles, and whales.
2205:TriassicâJurassic extinction event
2197:Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
2064:
1848:meridional overturning circulation
1782:appears in the southern Atlantic.
1047:of the Atlantic is dominated by a
812: – 1.205 million km
806: – 1.383 million km
800: – 1.550 million km
788: – 2.510 million km
782: – 2.754 million km
619:List of seas § Atlantic Ocean
612:
333:expedition of Christopher Columbus
288:, it was known for separating the
25:
11686:
8185:
7968:Geophysical Journal International
7870:Stramma, L.; England, M. (1999).
6538:Emery, W.J.; Meincke, J. (1986).
6484:Geophysical Journal International
6357:Geophysical Journal International
6338:. CIA World Factbook. 1 June 2016
5593:, Sea-level change, pp. 1128â1129
5404:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture"
5204:, Conclusions and Outlook, p. 206
4911:Bullard, Everett & Smith 1965
4221:CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean
3668:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
3651:
3045:, the waters around Iceland, the
2789:
2382:The opening of the South Atlantic
2341:
2253:
920: – 116,300 km
914: – 138,000 km
908: – 150,000 km
902: – 169,000 km
896: – 214,000 km
890: – 223,000 km
884: – 226,000 km
878: – 275,000 km
872: – 300,000 km
866: – 320,000 km
860: – 350,000 km
854: – 377,000 km
848: – 436,000 km
842: – 575,000 km
836: – 689,000 km
830: – 780,000 km
824: – 841,000 km
794: – 2.35 million km
422:depicted in a 1710 French map of
65:The Atlantic Ocean excluding its
11628:
11617:
11007:
11006:
10334:West South Central United States
9456:
9077:
9076:
9064:
8003:Journal of Physical Oceanography
7989:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04137.x
7907:"How the oceans got their names"
6505:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03206.x
6378:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x
5796:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x
5672:
5647:
5615:
5596:
5584:
5573:
4793:, Central Atlantic, pp. 218, 220
4643:JerzmaĹska & Kotlarczyk 1976
4232:USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench
4182:Brown, Laurence (8 April 2018).
3839:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
3803:
3789:
3775:
3761:
3747:
3733:
3499:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2227:10 sq mi) of which 2.5
2171:
2160:
2105:South Atlantic tropical cyclones
1919:
1907:
1752: gyre
1693:
1292:except at a few locations where
1288:. The Atlantic is surrounded by
1173:AzoresâGibraltar Transform Fault
1088:LamontâDoherty Earth Observatory
1016: – 10,000 km
1010: – 11,350 km
1004: – 15,000 km
998: – 16,000 km
992: – 17,840 km
986: – 36,800 km
980: – 39,000 km
974: – 46,000 km
968: – 47,000 km
962: – 57,000 km
956: – 66,000 km
950: – 68,300 km
944: – 75,000 km
938: – 80,000 km
932: – 93,000 km
926: – 95,000 km
776: – 3.5 million km
59:
11670:Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean
10554:Latin America and the Caribbean
10420:Latin America and the Caribbean
7876:Journal of Geophysical Research
7821:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002
5884:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.012
5547:
5535:
5491:
5469:
5460:
5433:
5421:
5396:
5326:
5297:
5270:
5258:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5073:, pp. 164â166, fig. 8.2, p. 166
5064:
5061:, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 842
5052:
5040:
4984:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.005
4904:
4880:
4832:
4829:, Abstract, Introduction, p. 64
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4759:
4744:
4720:Landsea, Chris (13 July 2005).
4713:
4691:
4667:Marks, Andrea (17 April 2017).
4660:
4648:
4636:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4510:
4498:
4469:
4457:
4452:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010
4445:
4440:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010
4433:
4408:
4397:
4312:
4294:
4261:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4175:
4160:
4134:
4104:
4073:Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873
4054:
3952:Dean, Josh (21 December 2018).
3717:by the Shackleton Fracture Zone
3245:Banks of the northwest Atlantic
3072:Banks of the northeast Atlantic
2534:
2448:10 sq mi) in Africa.
1892:
1865:originates in this gyre, while
1858:, the upper layers of the MOC.
1854:, are especially pronounced in
1825:. Its eastern portion includes
1593:Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW)
1472:
1094:conduct research on the ocean.
1022: – 8,300 km
554:in Morocco and the sea off the
44:Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)
40:South Atlantic (disambiguation)
36:North Atlantic (disambiguation)
7116:The Journal of African History
5483:. 2 March 2010. Archived from
4419:. Princeton University Press.
4029:
4007:
3971:
3945:
3644:, Delaware was carrying three
2550:has been found in the Greater
2101:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1264:
1251:Gough and Inaccessible Islands
818: – 1 million km
764:Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean
530:. On the other hand, to early
480:around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4):
13:
1:
11675:Oceans surrounding Antarctica
11665:History of the Atlantic Ocean
6691:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80015-X
5335:"Is there gold in the ocean?"
4931:, South Atlantic, pp. 217â218
4570:, Introduction, pp. 1545â1547
4534:, Atlantic Ocean, pp. 384â386
3869:
3474:is overfished. The sea snail
3196:are considered fully fished;
2530:History of the Atlantic Ocean
2136:shallow shelf areas like the
1622:Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
1027:
670: – one of its
166:8,376 m (27,480 ft)
154:3,646 m (11,962 ft)
10016:Middle East and North Africa
9721:Middle East and North Africa
7510:10.1126/science.284.5414.616
7446:10.1126/science.179.4077.969
7385:Geophysical Research Letters
6924:10.1016/0031-0182(76)90009-2
6068:Geophysical Research Letters
5725:The American Economic Review
4084:Steele, Ian Kenneth (1986).
3849:Piracy in the Atlantic World
3686:oceans which contributes to
3672:anthropogenic climate change
3604:North Atlantic garbage patch
3002:
2950:of the continental shelves.
2663:
2616:), and the formation of the
2580:
2466:Cretaceous Normal Superchron
2303:Spreading began opening the
2000:remained unknown for decades
1991:from where it migrated over
1867:Antarctic Intermediate Water
1863:South Atlantic Central Water
1818:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre
1193:Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone
1183:, intersects the MAR at the
666:(where it connects with the
593:, and reproduced in 1869 in
558:and the West African coast.
482:
435:
7:
8194:. Cartage.org.lb (archived)
8051:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
7353:. Oxford University Press.
6798:"Limits of Oceans and Seas"
5310:. In the Hands of a Child.
5133:, Introduction, pp. 118â119
4963:Global and Planetary Change
4841:, Northern Atlantic, p. 220
4146:Online Etymology Dictionary
3726:
3543:fishing can kill dolphins,
3138:Northwest Coast of Scotland
3027:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
2111:Geology and plate tectonics
2087:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
2059:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
1432:
1175:, the boundary between the
409:
10:
11691:
10309:Northeastern United States
9295:American Mediterranean Sea
8445:American Mediterranean Sea
7905:Thomas, S. (8 June 2015).
7092:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.027
5864:Quaternary Science Reviews
5708:
5654:Passarelli, Bruno (1998).
5155:Bailey & Flemming 2008
4604:Stramma & England 1999
4171:. London: Richard Bentley.
3655:
3148:, and eastern and western
3006:
2940:
2803:
2793:
2697:settlement of the Americas
2667:
2527:
2523:
2495:
2257:
2248:Great American Interchange
2081:produces frequent storms.
2018:
1896:
1885:flows southward below the
1852:North Atlantic oscillation
1632:
1621:
1608:
1592:
1581:
1571:Intermediate Water (EASIW)
1569:Eastern Atlantic Subarctic
1568:
1558:Intermediate Water (WASIW)
1556:Western Atlantic Subarctic
1555:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1427:North Atlantic oscillation
1358:In the South Atlantic the
1268:
1101:
627:
616:
487:
440:
394:in the southeast, and the
233:not a well-defined measure
29:
11613:
11545:
11515:
11479:
11470:
11445:
11339:
11263:
11112:
11081:
11072:
11002:
10944:
10921:
10888:
10852:
10785:
10679:
10587:
10578:
10507:
10428:
10229:
10033:
9814:
9772:
9681:
9672:
9620:
9577:
9517:
9453:
9272:
9216:
9200:
9149:
9133:
9058:
9032:
8999:
8781:
8688:
8420:
8332:
8249:
7646:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051
7165:10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.1066
7128:10.1017/S0021853700021319
7024:"The Deep Atlantic Ocean"
6874:10.1163/9789004284715_003
6868:. Brill. pp. 21â42.
3983:Limits of Oceans and Seas
3941:Eakins & Sharman 2010
3468:Whitehead's round herring
3444:southern African pilchard
3013:Fishing down the food web
2188:from 200 to 170 Ma.
2119:oceanic crust made up of
1889:of the subtropical gyre.
1883:North Atlantic Deep Water
1844:North Atlantic Deep Water
1774:The clockwise warm-water
1667:North Atlantic deep water
1633:Arctic Bottom Water (ABW)
1603:
1550:
1493:
1113:near the Equator and the
230:
220:
202:
190:
186:
178:
170:
158:
150:
138:
134:
117:
78:
58:
53:
32:Atlantic (disambiguation)
11605:Thermohaline circulation
10795:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
9794:Transantarctic Mountains
8251:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8120:"The Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
7782:. Appleton. pp. 69â
7278:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0509.1
7029:. In Tyler, P.A. (ed.).
6940:"B1. Northwest Atlantic"
6612:. The Geological Society
5737:10.1257/0002828054201305
5214:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
5202:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
5190:O'Rourke & Raff 2010
4875:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4863:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4851:Fitton & Larsen 1999
4616:Gordon & Bosley 1991
4558:, Introduction, p. 14297
4532:Emery & Meincke 1986
4517:Emery & Meincke 1986
4488:Hamilton-Paterson, James
4050:Oxford Dictionaries 2015
3460:Argentine shortfin squid
3381:Western central-Atlantic
3354:Eastern central-Atlantic
3166:Northeast Atlantic South
2999:of toxic wastes at sea.
2892:and other diseases, and
2332:exclusive economic zones
2240:Central American Isthmus
1961:North Equatorial Current
1823:thermohaline circulation
1685:
1582:Mediterranean Water (MW)
1463:thermohaline circulation
1392:thermohaline circulation
1049:submarine mountain range
361:an eponymous slave trade
11553:Atmospheric circulation
11104:Transpolar Drift Stream
10544:Caribbean South America
8397:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
8155:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
8095:10.1126/science.1116448
7707:10.1073/pnas.0902522107
7562:10.1073/pnas.0510792103
7084:2005E&PSL.236..459L
7031:Ecosystems of the World
6784:. University of Chicago
6742:10.1126/science.1067575
6278:"State-organized crime"
6024:10.1126/science.1234204
5530:Mann & Emanuel 2006
5498:HR Lease (March 1986).
5294:, Abstract; pp. 546â551
5095:Henshilwood et al. 2002
4415:Kenneth J. HsĂź (1987).
4392:Levin & Gooday 2003
3909:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3664:sea surface temperature
3482:and remains overfished.
3440:shallow-water Cape hake
2900:to the extent that the
2858:conquered and colonized
2492:Closure of the Atlantic
2244:Central American Seaway
2207:, one of Earth's major
2201:large igneous provinces
2011:that eels possibly use
1347:The mean depth between
697:by the Southern Ocean.
11624:Environment portal
11578:Marine garbage patches
11392:Indonesian Throughflow
11296:Indonesian Throughflow
10319:Southern United States
10122:Scandinavian Peninsula
8718:Great Australian Bight
8149:"Atlantic Ocean"
8049:"Atlantic Ocean Facts"
6979:Lessios, H.A. (2008).
6235:10.1098/rsta.1965.0020
5192:, Introduction, p. 202
4901:, Introduction, p. 353
4582:, Introduction, p. 757
3854:Transatlantic crossing
3712:
3592:
3574:and the creation of a
3419:
3406:American cupped oyster
3377:
3330:, witch flounder, and
3287:
3246:
3073:
2961:
2885:
2831:
2824:Portuguese discoveries
2810:Battle of the Atlantic
2772:
2738:
2725:
2723:Based on the medieval
2648:
2484:and the growth of the
2074:
2033:
2013:Earth's magnetic field
1831:North Atlantic Current
1813:
1795:North Atlantic Current
1671:Antarctic bottom water
1525:Eastern North Atlantic
1512:Western North Atlantic
1395:
1383:
1216:
1185:Azores Triple Junction
1040:
882:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
426:
390:in the southwest, the
269:
11453:Antarctic Circumpolar
10800:Antarctic Convergence
10339:Western United States
9125:Marginal seas of the
8144:Dickson, Henry Newton
7942:. London: Macmillan.
7801:Earth-Science Reviews
6440:10.1353/arc.2011.0038
5440:Eisenbud, R. (1985).
5339:oceanservice.noaa.gov
5255:, Piracy, pp. 184â188
5238:Patterson et al. 2010
5145:, Introduction, p. 66
5047:Livermore et al. 2005
4803:Blackburn et al. 2013
4766:Emery, K. O. (1962).
4248:Five Deeps Expedition
3706:
3692:equilibrium sea-level
3584:
3472:Cunene horse mackerel
3415:
3402:northern brown shrimp
3373:
3285:
3244:
3200:is overfished as was
3140:, and North Ireland;
3071:
2956:
2931:absolutist monarchies
2926:Industrial Revolution
2924:From Columbus to the
2879:
2817:
2731:sagas, including the
2722:
2642:
2568:and the Indian Ocean
2552:Cape Floristic Region
2238:The formation of the
2072:
2026:
1811:
1527:Central Water (ENACW)
1514:Central Water (WNACW)
1467:Agulhas Leakage/Rings
1389:
1381:
1374:Water characteristics
1306:South Sandwich Trench
1211:
1035:
685:, running south from
417:
251:
9861:Greater Central Asia
9259:Gulf of St. Lawrence
8565:Gulf of St. Lawrence
8170:. HarperCollins UK.
8035:. USGS. October 2003
7897:10.1029/1999JC900139
7862:10.1029/1999JC900274
7532:Mellars, P. (2006).
7406:10.1029/2006GL027815
7241:10.1029/2006eo240001
6627:Current Anthropology
6610:"Mid-Atlantic Ridge"
6104:Bravo, K.E. (2007).
6089:10.1029/2006GL026906
5516:on 18 December 2008.
5240:, pp. 5308â5309
5033:10.1002/2014PA002772
4580:TrĂŠguier et al. 2005
4507:, Introduction, p. 1
3819:Atlantic Revolutions
3642:Dover Air Force Base
3547:and other seabirds (
3487:Environmental issues
3464:Brazilian sardinella
3340:international waters
2986:polymetallic nodules
2902:Atlantic slave trade
2896:quickly reduced the
2882:Atlantic slave trade
2871:Alexandre Exquemelin
2850:Pedro Ălvares Cabral
2838:reached the Americas
2835:Christopher Columbus
2710:Solutrean hypothesis
2676:Laurentide Ice Sheet
2598:Last Glacial Maximum
2548:behavioral modernity
2054:North Atlantic Drift
1957:North Atlantic Drift
1676:nuclear weapon tests
1636:â1.8 to â0.5 °C
1540:Central Water (SACW)
1059:to the subantarctic
744:, almost all of the
11497:South Atlantic Gyre
11492:North Atlantic Gyre
11012:Continents of Earth
10539:Brazilian Highlands
9943:Indian subcontinent
9804:Antarctic Peninsula
9602:Southern Hemisphere
9597:Northern Hemisphere
9425:Sea of the Hebrides
8866:Gulf of Carpentaria
8660:Sea of the Hebrides
8289:King Haakon VII Sea
8086:2005Sci...309.1844W
8080:(5742): 1844â1846.
8015:2005JPO....35..757T
7980:2009GeoJI.177.1315T
7888:1999JGR...10420863S
7882:(C9): 20863â20883.
7853:2000JGR...10514297S
7847:(C6): 14297â14323.
7813:2012ESRv..113..212S
7698:2010PNAS..107.5306P
7637:2010CBio...20.R202O
7553:2006PNAS..103.9381M
7502:1999Sci...284..616M
7438:1973Sci...179..969M
7397:2007GeoRL..34.3605M
7269:2016JCli...29.1545M
7223:2006EOSTr..87..233M
7157:1991LimOc..36.1066M
7143:LĂźning, K. (1990).
6916:1976PPP....20..297J
6817:1953Natur.172R.484.
6811:(4376): 484. 1953.
6805:Special Publication
6734:2002Sci...295.1278H
6728:(5558): 1278â1280.
6683:1991DSRA...38S.323G
6496:2007GeoJI.168..353E
6478:Eagles, G. (2007).
6428:Arctic Anthropology
6404:2013Geo....41..839D
6369:2010GeoJI.181....1D
6306:on 12 November 2016
6227:1965RSPTA.258...41B
6168:10.1038/nature04385
6160:2005Natur.438..655B
6080:2006GeoRL..3321S01B
6006:2013Sci...340..941B
5958:Arctic Anthropology
5924:2003IJCli..23.1127B
5876:2008QSRv...27.2153B
5788:2011MolEc..20.1333A
5580:Webster et al. 2005
5481:National Geographic
4976:2015GPC...126...46G
4944:Torsvik et al. 2009
4815:Marzoli et al. 1999
4709:on 5 December 2021.
4673:Scientific American
4556:Smethie et al. 2000
4544:Smethie et al. 2000
3844:Atlantic hurricanes
3590:Inaccessible Island
3559:Waste and pollution
3400:are overfished and
3260:yellowtail flounder
3144:, West of Ireland,
2854:South Atlantic Gyre
2674:During the LGM the
2670:Brendan of Clonfert
2486:Antarctic ice sheet
1780:South Atlantic Gyre
1776:North Atlantic Gyre
1479:
1278:carbonate platforms
1255:Fernando de Noronha
1239:World Heritage Site
1195:, approximately at
1115:Gibbs Fracture Zone
1084:Columbia University
966:Sea of the Hebrides
664:Strait of Gibraltar
595:Nehemiah Wallington
577:Great Western Ocean
556:Strait of Gibraltar
512:pillars of Heracles
98: /
11507:South Pacific Gyre
11502:North Pacific Gyre
11382:Equatorial Counter
11286:Equatorial Counter
10827:Great Barrier Reef
10448:Mainland Australia
9612:Western Hemisphere
9587:Eastern Hemisphere
8861:Gulf of California
8758:Mozambique Channel
8402:Queen Victoria Sea
8264:Bellingshausen Sea
7940:(PDF, 384 MB)
7748:Riede, F. (2014).
7257:Journal of Climate
6938:Kulka, D. (2011).
6860:Janni, P. (2015).
6844:on 20 October 2016
5970:10.1353/arc.0.0019
5532:, pp. 233â241
5487:on 28 August 2019.
5071:Marean et al. 2014
5059:Duarte et al. 2013
4633:, pp. 223â225
4592:BĂśning et al. 2006
4025:on 1 January 2018.
3755:Environment portal
3713:
3593:
3511:. You can help by
3492:Endangered species
3455:Southwest Atlantic
3423:Southeast Atlantic
3420:
3378:
3288:
3250:Northwest Atlantic
3247:
3077:Northeast Atlantic
3074:
2962:
2886:
2832:
2780:Book of Settlement
2739:
2693:Bering Land Bridge
2649:
2643:Excavation of the
2566:Benguela Upwelling
2077:Every winter, the
2075:
2034:
1856:Labrador Sea Water
1814:
1716:North Atlantic
1709:North Atlantic
1702:North Atlantic
1501:Upper Water (ASUW)
1499:Atlantic Subarctic
1477:
1410:, and Baltic Sea.
1396:
1384:
1302:Puerto Rico Trench
1261:Reserves, Brazil.
1228:seafloor spreading
1202:In the 1870s, the
1150:basaltic volcanoes
1130:divergent boundary
1104:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1098:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1053:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1041:
758:Puerto Rico Trench
641:CIA World Factbook
607:Secretary of State
436:AtlantikĂ´i pelĂĄgei
427:
365:Columbian exchange
337:age of exploration
270:
163:Puerto Rico Trench
42:, and
11642:
11641:
11635:Oceans portal
11541:
11540:
11487:Indian Ocean Gyre
11466:
11465:
11028:
11027:
10908:Mediterranean Rim
10781:
10780:
10720:Mediterranean Sea
10574:
10573:
10527:Amazon Rainforest
10349:Canadian Prairies
10314:Pacific Northwest
10175:Iberian Peninsula
10151:Italian Peninsula
9960:Arabian Peninsula
9787:Antarctic Plateau
9547:Three/Four Worlds
9469:
9468:
9463:Oceans portal
9385:Mediterranean Sea
9264:Gulf of Venezuela
9092:
9091:
9071:Oceans portal
8620:Mediterranean Sea
8570:Gulf of Venezuela
8362:East Siberian Sea
8304:Riiser-Larsen Sea
8177:978-0-00-734137-5
8164:Winchester, Simon
8024:10.1175/JPO2720.1
7692:(12): 5306â5310.
7547:(25): 9381â9386.
7496:(5414): 616â618.
7432:(4077): 969â974.
7360:978-0-19-967958-4
7322:978-1-4419-8219-3
7174:978-0-471-62434-9
7040:978-0-444-82619-0
6956:978-92-5-107023-9
6883:978-90-04-28471-5
6586:978-92-5-109185-2
6547:Oceanologica Acta
6154:(7068): 655â657.
6000:(6135): 941â945.
5918:(10): 1127â1159.
5870:(23): 2153â2165.
5776:Molecular Ecology
5665:978-9-5007-1469-3
5632:Revista de Marina
5143:Avery et al. 2008
4929:Seton et al. 2012
4877:, pp. 23â24.
4839:Seton et al. 2012
4791:Seton et al. 2012
4505:Marsh et al. 2007
4426:978-0-691-02406-6
4188:(Digital video).
4097:978-0-19-503968-9
3987:, pages 4 and 13.
3721:by the Scotia Arc
3627:Mediterranean Sea
3529:
3528:
3476:perlemoen abalone
3328:Greenland halibut
3294:became the first
3256:Greenland halibut
3214:Norwegian lobster
3158:Portuguese Waters
3023:fishing resources
2948:sedimentary rocks
2846:Cape of Good Hope
2828:Carreira da Ăndia
2734:GrĹnlendinga saga
2586:Mitochondrial DNA
2336:Iberian Peninsula
2209:extinction events
1969:vegetative growth
1678:in the 1960s and
1643:
1642:
1611:Deep Water (NADW)
990:Gulf of Venezuela
786:Mediterranean Sea
734:Mediterranean Sea
683:20° East meridian
668:Mediterranean Sea
603:Francis Windebank
483:Atlantis thalassa
441:áźĎΝινĎΚκῡ ĎξΝΏγξΚ
278:oceanic divisions
249:
239:
238:
16:(Redirected from
11682:
11633:
11632:
11622:
11621:
11558:Boundary current
11477:
11476:
11432:South Equatorial
11417:North Korea Cold
11412:North Equatorial
11326:South Equatorial
11316:North Madagascar
11255:West Spitsbergen
11245:South Equatorial
11225:North Equatorial
11079:
11078:
11055:
11048:
11041:
11032:
11031:
11010:
11009:
10989:Global Southwest
10984:Global Southeast
10974:Global Northwest
10969:Global Northeast
10959:Global Heartland
10903:Indian Ocean Rim
10585:
10584:
10477:Island Melanesia
10163:Balkan Peninsula
9938:Himalayan states
9885:Russian Far East
9679:
9678:
9607:Water Hemisphere
9496:
9489:
9482:
9473:
9472:
9461:
9460:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9096:
9095:
9080:
9079:
9069:
9068:
9001:Endorheic basins
8881:Gulf of Thailand
8733:Gulf of Khambhat
8228:
8221:
8214:
8205:
8204:
8181:
8159:
8151:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8115:
8097:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8044:
8042:
8040:
8028:
8026:
7993:
7991:
7974:(3): 1315â1333.
7958:
7956:
7954:
7948:
7941:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7901:
7899:
7866:
7864:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7734:
7719:
7709:
7683:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7648:
7631:(4): R202âR207.
7615:
7613:
7611:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7574:
7564:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7470:
7423:
7410:
7408:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7331:
7310:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7280:
7263:(4): 1545â1571.
7254:
7244:
7234:
7205:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7139:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7069:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7049:
7028:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7002:. Archived from
6985:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6965:
6944:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6837:. Archived from
6828:
6826:10.1038/172484b0
6802:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6766:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6668:
6658:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6595:
6578:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6559:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6517:
6507:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6425:
6415:
6412:10.1130/G34100.1
6382:
6380:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6320:"Atlantic Ocean"
6315:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6299:. Archived from
6282:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6091:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6017:
6015:10.1.1.1019.4042
5991:
5981:
5964:(1â2): 118â131.
5952:
5950:
5948:
5935:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5892:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5813:on 9 August 2017
5812:
5806:. Archived from
5782:(7): 1333â1346.
5773:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5722:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5594:
5591:Bigg et al. 2003
5588:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5509:. Archived from
5504:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5437:
5431:
5430:, pp. 22â23
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5400:
5394:
5393:, pp. 39â41
5388:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4932:
4926:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4705:. Archived from
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4484:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4378:
4373:
4344:
4339:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4244:"Atlantic Ocean"
4240:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4185:Lost in The Pond
4179:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4148:. Douglas Harper
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4118:. Archived from
4108:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:. Archived from
4019:dge.cchs.csic.es
4011:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3988:
3985:, 3rd ed. (1953)
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3905:"Atlantic Ocean"
3901:
3892:
3887:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3783:Geography portal
3780:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3564:Marine pollution
3524:
3521:
3503:
3496:
3390:Round sardinella
3296:Western European
3264:Atlantic halibut
2867:Henry Mainwaring
2800:Atlantic history
2777:
2743:Norse settlement
2730:
2712:and some of the
2634:Enkapune Ya Muto
2577:, South Africa.
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:produced by the
2376:
2365:
2354:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2175:
2164:
2152:Central Atlantic
1989:Carpathian Basin
1926:Sargassum fish (
1923:
1911:
1829:branches of the
1761:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1625:â0.9â1.7 °C
1596:â1.5â3.0 °C
1585:2.6â11.0 °C
1543:5.0â18.0 °C
1530:8.0â18.0 °C
1480:
1476:
1368:Laurentian Abyss
1154:EyjafjallajĂśkull
768:Top large seas:
573:Age of Discovery
569:Ancient Ethiopia
567:", derived from
564:Aethiopian Ocean
509:
506:
505:the Atlantic sea
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:áźĎΝινĎá˝śĎ Î¸ÎŹÎťÎąĎĎÎą
486:(Ancient Greek:
485:
469:
466:
460:
456:
452:
449:
448:the Atlantic sea
446:
442:
439:(Ancient Greek:
438:
420:Aethiopian Ocean
286:Age of Discovery
250:
231:Shore length is
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
81:
63:
51:
50:
21:
18:Atlantic (ocean)
11690:
11689:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11679:
11645:
11644:
11643:
11638:
11627:
11616:
11609:
11568:Ekman transport
11537:
11511:
11462:
11441:
11377:East Korea Warm
11372:East Australian
11335:
11331:West Australian
11281:East Madagascar
11259:
11108:
11094:North Icelandic
11068:
11059:
11029:
11024:
10998:
10940:
10917:
10884:
10848:
10777:
10766:South China Sea
10675:
10618:Central America
10570:
10503:
10424:
10376:Northern Mexico
10364:Northern Canada
10344:Atlantic Canada
10299:Mountain states
10225:
10080:European Russia
10073:Southern Russia
10029:
9982:Iranian Plateau
9810:
9799:West Antarctica
9782:East Antarctica
9768:
9668:
9616:
9592:Land Hemisphere
9573:
9513:
9500:
9470:
9465:
9455:
9449:
9300:Archipelago Sea
9268:
9229:Gulf of Finland
9224:Gulf of Bothnia
9212:
9208:English Channel
9196:
9167:Bay of Campeche
9145:
9129:
9123:
9093:
9088:
9063:
9054:
9028:
8995:
8971:South China Sea
8951:Seto Inland Sea
8871:Gulf of Fonseca
8777:
8684:
8535:Gulf of Finland
8530:Gulf of Bothnia
8515:English Channel
8485:Bay of Campeche
8450:Archipelago Sea
8416:
8372:Gulf of Boothia
8328:
8269:Cooperation Sea
8245:
8232:
8188:
8178:
8139:
8137:Further reading
8134:
8125:
8123:
8058:
8056:
8055:on 2 March 2001
8038:
8036:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7916:
7914:
7825:
7823:
7785:
7783:
7766:
7764:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7681:
7667:
7665:
7625:Current Biology
7609:
7607:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7536:
7522:
7520:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7421:
7380:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7308:
7291:
7289:
7252:
7232:10.1.1.174.4349
7217:(24): 233â241.
7197:
7196:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7067:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7026:
7012:
7010:
7006:
6983:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6942:
6928:
6926:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6800:
6787:
6785:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6717:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6666:
6615:
6613:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6576:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6542:
6528:
6526:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6423:
6341:
6339:
6336:"Pacific Ocean"
6325:
6323:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6280:
6274:Chambliss, W.J.
6263:
6261:
6257:
6221:(1088): 41â51.
6210:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6143:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6108:
6094:
6092:
6052:
6050:
6046:
5989:
5946:
5944:
5933:10.1002/joc.926
5896:
5894:
5890:
5859:
5845:
5843:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5771:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5720:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5601:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5552:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5492:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5372:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4732:on 12 June 2018
4718:
4714:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4665:
4661:
4655:Als et al. 2011
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4519:, Table, p. 385
4515:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4381:
4374:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4180:
4176:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3995:
3991:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3958:Popular Science
3950:
3946:
3939:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3877:
3872:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3701:
3660:
3654:
3561:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3509:needs expansion
3494:
3489:
3480:illegal fishing
3478:is targeted by
3436:deep-water hake
3348:American plaice
3210:northern shrimp
3150:English Channel
3015:
3005:
2982:placer deposits
2943:
2822:influenced the
2812:
2802:
2794:Main articles:
2792:
2727:ĂslendingasĂśgur
2672:
2666:
2647:middens in 1880
2583:
2570:Agulhas Current
2537:
2532:
2528:Main category:
2526:
2513:Caribbean Plate
2500:
2498:Pangaea Proxima
2494:
2445:
2444:10 km (3.1
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:10 km (4.6
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:10 km (3.6
2413:
2409:
2406:Tristan hotspot
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2344:
2290:Iceland hotspot
2266:
2256:
2232:
2231:10 km (9.7
2228:
2224:
2223:10 km (1.7
2220:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2113:
2067:
2065:Natural hazards
2021:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:Histrio histrio
1924:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1688:
1614:1.5â4.0 °C
1610:
1574:3.0â9.0 °C
1570:
1561:3.0â9.0 °C
1557:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1504:0.0â4.0 °C
1500:
1475:
1435:
1415:Coriolis effect
1376:
1364:Rio Grande Rise
1290:passive margins
1274:
1267:
1232:plate tectonics
1214:the New Worlds.
1181:Eurasian plates
1156:, Iceland, and
1111:Romanche Trench
1106:
1100:
1030:
1025:
1020:Archipelago Sea
996:Bay of Campeche
942:English Channel
918:Gulf of Bothnia
766:
633:
626:
615:
613:Extent and data
552:Atlas Mountains
524:Greek mythology
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
467:
461:
458:
450:
447:
444:
412:
343:, most notably
282:Earth's surface
241:
197:List of islands
165:
145:
143:
121: countries
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
74:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11688:
11678:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11655:Atlantic Ocean
11640:
11639:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11607:
11602:
11601:
11600:
11595:
11593:North Atlantic
11590:
11585:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11563:Coriolis force
11560:
11555:
11549:
11547:
11543:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11519:
11517:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11483:
11481:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11460:
11458:Tasman Outflow
11455:
11449:
11447:
11446:Southern Ocean
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11343:
11341:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11291:Indian Monsoon
11288:
11283:
11278:
11276:Agulhas Return
11273:
11267:
11265:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11250:West Greenland
11247:
11242:
11240:South Atlantic
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11215:North Atlantic
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11165:East Greenland
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11116:
11114:
11113:Atlantic Ocean
11110:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11089:East Greenland
11085:
11083:
11076:
11070:
11069:
11062:Ocean currents
11058:
11057:
11050:
11043:
11035:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11020:Physical Earth
11003:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10950:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10938:
10933:
10927:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10894:
10892:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10871:
10870:
10859:
10857:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10834:
10832:Mariana Trench
10829:
10819:
10814:
10812:Atlantic Ocean
10809:
10804:
10803:
10802:
10791:
10789:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10773:Southern Ocean
10770:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10761:East China Sea
10753:
10752:
10751:
10741:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10695:Atlantic Ocean
10692:
10686:
10684:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10600:
10594:
10592:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10524:
10513:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10499:Remote Oceania
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10461:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10434:
10432:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10369:Western Canada
10366:
10361:
10359:Eastern Canada
10356:
10354:Central Canada
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10178:
10177:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10155:
10154:
10153:
10143:
10138:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10070:
10068:South Caucasus
10065:
10063:North Caucasus
10055:
10045:
10039:
10037:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9986:
9985:
9984:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9970:South Caucasus
9962:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9913:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9839:Aralkum Desert
9836:
9826:
9820:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9796:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9778:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9737:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9693:
9687:
9685:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9630:Africa-Eurasia
9626:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9583:
9581:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9515:
9514:
9499:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9467:
9466:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9440:Tyrrhenian Sea
9437:
9432:
9430:Sea of Marmara
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9276:
9274:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9249:Gulf of Mexico
9246:
9241:
9236:
9234:Gulf of Guinea
9231:
9226:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9127:Atlantic Ocean
9122:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9099:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9074:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9005:
9003:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8941:Sea of Okhotsk
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8921:Philippine Sea
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8886:Gulf of Tonkin
8883:
8878:
8876:Gulf of Panama
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8856:Gulf of Anadyr
8853:
8851:Gulf of Alaska
8848:
8846:East China Sea
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8675:Tyrrhenian Sea
8672:
8667:
8665:Sea of Marmara
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8555:Gulf of Mexico
8552:
8547:
8542:
8540:Gulf of Guinea
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8480:Bay of Bothnia
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8422:Atlantic Ocean
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8338:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8274:Cosmonauts Sea
8271:
8266:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8231:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8195:
8192:Atlantic Ocean
8187:
8186:External links
8184:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8160:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8116:
8065:
8045:
8029:
8009:(5): 757â774.
7994:
7959:
7923:
7913:on 9 June 2015
7902:
7867:
7832:
7807:(3): 212â270.
7792:
7773:
7745:
7674:
7616:
7600:
7529:
7481:
7411:
7378:
7372:
7359:
7342:
7321:
7298:
7245:
7206:
7198:|journal=
7173:
7145:"Sargasso Sea"
7140:
7122:(4): 473â501.
7111:
7078:(1): 459â470.
7060:
7039:
7019:
7009:on 10 May 2017
6976:
6955:
6935:
6910:(4): 297â306.
6895:
6882:
6857:
6794:
6777:
6710:
6659:
6639:10.1086/203472
6633:(5): 477â497.
6622:
6606:
6585:
6570:
6535:
6518:
6490:(1): 353â361.
6475:
6416:
6398:(8): 839â842.
6383:
6348:
6332:
6316:
6291:(2): 183â208.
6270:
6203:
6136:
6101:
6074:(21): L21S01.
6059:
5982:
5953:
5903:
5852:
5836:Goodwin Series
5823:
5764:
5731:(3): 546â579.
5712:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5671:
5664:
5646:
5614:
5595:
5583:
5572:
5546:
5534:
5519:
5490:
5468:
5459:
5432:
5420:
5395:
5370:
5325:
5307:Ocean Habitats
5296:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5253:Chambliss 1989
5242:
5230:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5182:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5121:, pp. 1â2
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5004:
4948:
4933:
4914:
4903:
4888:
4879:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4758:
4743:
4712:
4690:
4659:
4657:, p. 1334
4647:
4635:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4492:The Great Deep
4479:
4476:NOAA: Timeline
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4425:
4407:
4396:
4379:
4376:U.S. Navy 2001
4345:
4329:
4324:listofseas.com
4320:"List of seas"
4311:
4293:
4260:
4235:
4224:
4213:
4199:
4174:
4159:
4133:
4122:on 14 May 2021
4103:
4096:
4076:
4065:
4053:
4039:
4028:
4006:
3989:
3970:
3944:
3926:
3893:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3800:
3797:Weather portal
3786:
3772:
3769:Ecology portal
3758:
3744:
3728:
3725:
3700:
3697:
3688:sea level rise
3653:
3652:Climate change
3650:
3640:aircraft from
3623:Lake Maracaibo
3619:Gulf of Mexico
3560:
3557:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3428:Horse mackerel
3424:
3410:
3409:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3359:pelagic fishes
3355:
3280:
3279:
3276:witch flounder
3251:
3239:
3238:
3223:European Union
3218:
3217:
3162:Azores Grounds
3146:Porcupine Bank
3130:Faroes Grounds
3081:
3080:
3078:
3004:
3001:
2966:marine mammals
2942:
2939:
2911:British Empire
2796:Atlantic world
2791:
2790:Atlantic World
2788:
2759:Little Ice Age
2688:Clovis hunters
2684:Paul S. Martin
2665:
2662:
2582:
2579:
2561:Cape Fold Belt
2540:Humans evolved
2536:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2493:
2490:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:South Atlantic
2340:
2270:Eurasian Basin
2255:
2254:North Atlantic
2252:
2180:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2112:
2109:
2066:
2063:
2020:
2017:
1976:sargassum fish
1925:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1803:Subpolar Front
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:South Atlantic
1699:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:North Atlantic
1606:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:South Atlantic
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:7.0â20 °C
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1434:
1431:
1408:Denmark Strait
1375:
1372:
1318:abyssal plains
1294:active margins
1266:
1263:
1259:Atol das Rocas
1142:South American
1134:North American
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1082:; as of 2001,
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1008:Sea of Marmara
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
876:Tyrrhenian Sea
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
798:Gulf of Mexico
795:
792:Gulf of Guinea
789:
783:
777:
770:
765:
762:
754:Milwaukee Deep
726:Gulf of Mexico
720:, part of the
718:Denmark Strait
648:Denmark Strait
614:
611:
605:, Charles I's
411:
408:
396:Southern Ocean
357:United Kingdom
274:Atlantic Ocean
237:
236:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
211:South Sandwich
204:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
122:
115:
114:
82:
76:
75:
64:
56:
55:
54:Atlantic Ocean
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11687:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11652:
11650:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11625:
11620:
11612:
11606:
11603:
11599:
11598:South Pacific
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11583:Great Pacific
11581:
11580:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11573:Marine debris
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11544:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11523:Beaufort Gyre
11521:
11520:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11469:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11422:North Pacific
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:Pacific Ocean
11338:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11135:Baffin Island
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11115:
11111:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11056:
11051:
11049:
11044:
11042:
11037:
11036:
11033:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11005:
11004:
11001:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10920:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10851:
10845:
10842:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10822:Pacific Ocean
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10796:
10793:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10774:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10756:Pacific Ocean
10754:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10742:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10710:Caribbean Sea
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10678:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10653:
10652:by population
10650:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10626:
10625:South America
10623:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10608:North America
10606:
10605:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10559:Southern Cone
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10534:Andean States
10532:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10509:South America
10506:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10470:
10466:
10463:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10427:
10421:
10418:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10231:North America
10228:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10194:Low Countries
10192:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10171:
10170:South-western
10168:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10159:
10158:South-eastern
10156:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10136:Mediterranean
10134:
10133:
10132:
10129:
10123:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10102:British Isles
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10036:
10032:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9999:Levantine Sea
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9990:
9987:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9892:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9873:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9771:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9691:Mediterranean
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9576:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9497:
9492:
9490:
9485:
9483:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9464:
9459:
9452:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9400:Norwegian Sea
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9370:Levantine Sea
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9340:Greenland Sea
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9330:Caribbean Sea
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9305:Argentine Sea
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9254:Gulf of Sidra
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9244:Gulf of Maine
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9162:Bay of Biscay
9160:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9120:
9115:
9113:
9108:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8891:Halmahera Sea
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8783:Pacific Ocean
8780:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8753:Laccadive Sea
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8738:Gulf of Kutch
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8728:Gulf of Aqaba
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8708:Bay of Bengal
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8635:Norwegian Sea
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8605:Levantine Sea
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8560:Gulf of Sidra
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8550:Gulf of Maine
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8525:Greenland Sea
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8505:Caribbean Sea
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8475:Bay of Biscay
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8455:Argentine Sea
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:Greenland Sea
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Amundsen Gulf
8340:
8339:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8284:D'Urville Sea
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8217:
8215:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8034:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7960:
7945:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7924:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7781:
7780:
7774:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7605:
7601:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7535:
7530:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7391:(3): L03605.
7390:
7386:
7382:
7373:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7251:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7203:
7191:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6982:
6977:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6936:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6885:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6856:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6795:
6783:
6778:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6711:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6677:: S323âS343.
6676:
6672:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6611:
6607:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6337:
6333:
6321:
6317:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6090:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5904:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5765:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5634:
5633:
5625:
5618:
5611:(in Spanish).
5610:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5576:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5500:"DoD Mishaps"
5494:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5463:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5366:
5360:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5008:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4912:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4865:, p. 10.
4864:
4859:
4853:, p. 15.
4852:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4817:, p. 616
4816:
4811:
4805:, p. 941
4804:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4747:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4472:
4466:, p. 290
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4163:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3773:
3770:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3741:Oceans portal
3736:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3646:nuclear bombs
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Caribbean Sea
3612:
3611:oil pollution
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:Marine debris
3591:
3587:
3586:Marine debris
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3523:
3520:December 2020
3514:
3510:
3507:This section
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:Gulf menhaden
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3272:spiny dogfish
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:Arctic saithe
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:Bay of Biscay
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:Norwegian Sea
3087:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:Scotian Shelf
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:marine debris
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:and whales),
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:United States
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:Vasco da Gama
2839:
2836:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:The Atlantic
2816:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:Faroe Islands
2744:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:La Riera Cave
2646:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2625:shell middens
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:out of Africa
2591:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:modern humans
2541:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2504:Gibraltar Arc
2499:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2477:Drake Passage
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2375:
2364:
2353:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2298:Bay of Biscay
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Iapetus Ocean
2271:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2218:
2214:
2211:. Theoliitic
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2174:
2163:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:Gulf of Maine
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Icelandic Low
2071:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:Precipitation
2030:
2027:Waves in the
2025:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1922:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:Drake Passage
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Cape Hatteras
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1696:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:Blake Plateau
1279:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:; 8,900
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:Bouvet Island
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:Gulf of Sidra
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:Gulf of Maine
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:Bay of Biscay
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:Levantine Sea
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:Argentine Sea
814:
811:
810:Greenland Sea
808:
805:
804:Norwegian Sea
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:Caribbean Sea
778:
775:
772:
771:
769:
761:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:Norwegian Sea
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Drake Passage
719:
715:
711:
710:Caribbean Sea
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:marginal seas
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Norwegian Sea
653:
652:Greenland Sea
649:
644:
642:
638:
631:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
484:
479:
475:
474:
473:The Histories
465:
437:
432:
425:
421:
416:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Pacific Ocean
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:United States
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:South America
299:
298:North America
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
256:on board the
255:
254:Expedition 29
234:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
151:Average depth
149:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
111:
83:
77:
72:
68:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11626:
11615:
11588:Indian Ocean
11533:Weddell Gyre
11437:Tasman Front
11264:Indian Ocean
11220:North Brazil
11170:East Iceland
11082:Arctic Ocean
11018: /
11016:List of seas
11014: /
10979:Global South
10964:Global North
10898:Atlantic Rim
10837:Ring of Fire
10817:Indian Ocean
10811:
10807:Arctic Ocean
10749:Persian Gulf
10744:Indian Ocean
10725:Adriatic Sea
10690:Arctic Ocean
10522:Amazon Basin
10517:Amazon Plain
10489:Near Oceania
10289:Mid-Atlantic
10239:Aridoamerica
10199:Northwestern
10112:Northwestern
10085:Southeastern
9977:Greater Iran
9916:Southeastern
9911:Pacific Asia
9880:Pacific Asia
9868:Northeastern
9824:AsiaâPacific
9567:Fourth World
9557:Second World
9435:Thracian Sea
9420:Sea of Crete
9410:Sea of Ă
land
9405:Sargasso Sea
9380:Ligurian Sea
9365:Labrador Sea
9360:Irminger Sea
9325:Bothnian Sea
9310:Balearic Sea
9280:Adriatic Sea
9239:Gulf of Lion
9177:Bothnian Bay
9172:Bay of Fundy
9126:
9081:
9062:
8936:Sea of Japan
8811:Bismarck Sea
8763:Persian Gulf
8748:Gulf of Suez
8743:Gulf of Oman
8723:Gulf of Aden
8690:Indian Ocean
8670:Thracian Sea
8655:Sea of Crete
8645:Sea of Ă
land
8640:Sargasso Sea
8615:Ligurian Sea
8600:Labrador Sea
8590:Irminger Sea
8545:Gulf of Lion
8500:Bothnian Sea
8490:Bay of Fundy
8465:Balearic Sea
8430:Adriatic Sea
8421:
8352:Beaufort Sea
8334:Arctic Ocean
8259:Amundsen Sea
8167:
8153:
8124:. Retrieved
8077:
8073:
8057:. Retrieved
8053:the original
8037:. Retrieved
8006:
8002:
7971:
7967:
7951:. Retrieved
7935:
7931:
7915:. Retrieved
7911:the original
7879:
7875:
7844:
7840:
7824:. Retrieved
7804:
7800:
7784:. Retrieved
7778:
7765:. Retrieved
7753:
7737:. Retrieved
7689:
7685:
7666:. Retrieved
7628:
7624:
7608:. Retrieved
7606:. NOAA. 2013
7592:. Retrieved
7544:
7540:
7521:. Retrieved
7493:
7489:
7473:. Retrieved
7429:
7425:
7415:Martin, P.S.
7388:
7384:
7364:. Retrieved
7350:
7334:. Retrieved
7312:
7302:Marean, C.W.
7290:. Retrieved
7260:
7256:
7214:
7210:
7178:. Retrieved
7148:
7119:
7115:
7103:. Retrieved
7075:
7071:
7052:. Retrieved
7030:
7011:. Retrieved
7004:the original
6991:
6987:
6968:. Retrieved
6946:
6927:. Retrieved
6907:
6903:
6887:. Retrieved
6865:
6846:. Retrieved
6839:the original
6808:
6804:
6786:. Retrieved
6769:. Retrieved
6725:
6721:
6702:. Retrieved
6674:
6670:
6630:
6626:
6614:. Retrieved
6598:. Retrieved
6562:. Retrieved
6550:
6546:
6527:. Retrieved
6487:
6483:
6467:. Retrieved
6434:(1): 12â36.
6431:
6427:
6395:
6391:
6360:
6356:
6340:. Retrieved
6324:. Retrieved
6308:. Retrieved
6301:the original
6288:
6284:
6262:. Retrieved
6218:
6214:
6195:. Retrieved
6151:
6147:
6128:. Retrieved
6116:
6112:
6093:. Retrieved
6071:
6067:
6051:. Retrieved
5997:
5993:
5961:
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5915:
5911:
5895:. Retrieved
5867:
5863:
5844:. Retrieved
5839:
5835:
5815:. Retrieved
5808:the original
5779:
5775:
5756:. Retrieved
5745:1721.1/64034
5728:
5724:
5694:. Retrieved
5681:
5674:
5655:
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5635:(in Spanish)
5630:
5617:
5608:
5598:
5586:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5559:
5549:
5537:
5511:the original
5493:
5485:the original
5480:
5471:
5462:
5450:. Retrieved
5435:
5423:
5411:. Retrieved
5407:
5398:
5347:. Retrieved
5338:
5328:
5316:. Retrieved
5306:
5299:
5272:
5265:Lovejoy 1982
5260:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5138:
5126:
5114:
5107:Mellars 2006
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5023:
5017:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4967:
4961:
4951:
4906:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4827:Lessios 2008
4822:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4761:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4730:the original
4725:
4715:
4707:the original
4702:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4672:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4611:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4512:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4471:
4464:Thomson 1877
4459:
4447:
4435:
4416:
4410:
4399:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4274:Live Science
4273:
4263:
4251:. Retrieved
4247:
4238:
4227:
4216:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4162:
4150:. Retrieved
4145:
4136:
4126:28 September
4124:. Retrieved
4120:the original
4115:
4106:
4086:
4079:
4068:
4063:, p. 27
4056:
4036:Hdt. 1.202.4
4031:
4023:the original
4018:
4009:
3999:
3992:
3982:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3957:
3947:
3917:. Retrieved
3908:
3811:Water portal
3714:
3680:
3670:(AMO) or to
3661:
3635:
3608:
3594:
3562:
3530:
3517:
3513:adding to it
3508:
3417:Agulhas Bank
3375:Bahama Banks
3363:Cape Bojador
3308:Newfoundland
3304:Atlantic cod
3289:
3182:Blue whiting
3082:
3060:
3051:Bay of Fundy
3043:Bahama Banks
3035:Georges Bank
3016:
2997:incineration
2990:
2980:aggregates,
2963:
2944:
2935:
2923:
2887:
2833:
2827:
2779:
2767:Great Plague
2740:
2732:
2673:
2650:
2629:Ysterfontein
2622:
2584:
2575:Blombos Cave
2556:Agulhas Bank
2538:
2535:Human origin
2518:Wilson cycle
2501:
2474:
2470:
2462:Benue Trough
2459:
2455:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2321:
2310:
2305:Labrador Sea
2302:
2294:
2282:Newfoundland
2267:
2237:
2190:
2186:
2138:Georges Bank
2134:
2114:
2091:
2076:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2008:American eel
1997:
1979:
1973:
1965:Tethys Ocean
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1899:Sargasso Sea
1893:Sargasso Sea
1860:
1840:Labrador Sea
1834:(40â50
1815:
1784:
1773:
1664:
1656:
1647:water masses
1644:
1473:Water masses
1460:
1436:
1412:
1404:Labrador Sea
1401:
1397:
1390:Path of the
1360:Walvis Ridge
1357:
1346:
1312:
1310:
1286:Bermuda Rise
1275:
1249:, Portugal;
1236:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1170:
1132:between the
1123:
1107:
1077:
1069:
1042:
1002:Gulf of Lion
984:Bothnian Bay
954:Bothnian Sea
936:Ligurian Sea
924:Sea of Crete
912:Adriatic Sea
906:Balearic Sea
828:Irminger Sea
822:Labrador Sea
774:Sargasso Sea
767:
750:
730:Labrador Sea
714:Davis Strait
699:
695:60° parallel
687:Cape Agulhas
680:
645:
634:
598:
582:
581:
576:
562:
560:
541:
535:
495:Sea of Atlas
471:
428:
392:Indian Ocean
384:Arctic Ocean
377:
326:
310:Afro-Eurasia
273:
271:
262:Newfoundland
179:Shore length
171:Water volume
139:Surface area
48:
11516:Other gyres
11480:Major gyres
11190:Gulf Stream
10994:Global West
10954:Global East
10913:Pacific Rim
10855:waterbodies
10844:World Ocean
10669:New Zealand
10549:The Guianas
10438:Australasia
10381:West Indies
10304:New England
10284:Great Lakes
10254:Mesoamerica
10141:Middle East
10117:Scandinavia
10006:Middle East
9844:Caspian Sea
9750:Great Lakes
9730:Sub-Saharan
9716:Middle East
9579:Hemispheres
9562:Third World
9552:First World
9505:'s primary
9415:Sea of Azov
9390:Myrtoan Sea
9345:Icarian Sea
9290:Alboran Sea
9192:Pottles Bay
9014:Caspian Sea
8986:Visayan Sea
8966:Solomon Sea
8961:Sibuyan Sea
8956:Shantar Sea
8911:Molucca Sea
8906:Mar de Grau
8836:Chilean Sea
8831:Celebes Sea
8826:Camotes Sea
8791:Arafura Sea
8703:Arabian Sea
8698:Andaman Sea
8650:Sea of Azov
8625:Myrtoan Sea
8440:Alboran Sea
8392:Pechora Sea
8387:Lincoln Sea
8357:Chukchi Sea
8347:Barents Sea
8324:Weddell Sea
8294:Lazarev Sea
8059:12 November
7927:Thomson, W.
7739:12 November
7105:20 November
7013:20 November
6970:27 November
6848:28 December
6780:Herodotus.
6363:(1): 1â80.
6310:12 November
6285:Criminology
6197:13 November
6130:13 November
5947:20 November
5897:26 November
5846:26 November
5758:13 November
5408:www.fao.org
5167:Martin 1973
5131:Bjerck 2009
5083:Marean 2011
5026:(1): 2â26.
4899:Eagles 2007
4631:LĂźning 1990
3963:22 December
3919:20 December
3683:mixed layer
3545:albatrosses
3336:Overfishing
3172:; and East
3168:; North of
3098:Bear Island
3094:Spitzbergen
3086:Barents Sea
3055:Dogger Bank
2958:Cod fishery
2774:LandnĂĄmabĂłk
2606:Laacher See
2602:Magdalenian
2450:Dyke swarms
2242:closed the
2146:Pleistocene
2144:during the
2099:and a weak
2050:Gulf Stream
2032:hurricanes.
2029:trade winds
1953:Gulf Stream
1945:S. fluitans
1887:thermocline
1879:Ekman layer
1875:Angola Gyre
1799:Grand Banks
1787:Gulf Stream
1486:Temperature
1456:subtropical
1340:, and some
1265:Ocean floor
1245:, Iceland;
1158:pillow lava
1126:rift valley
1051:called the
1037:False color
978:Sea of Azov
660:Barents Sea
431:Stesichorus
380:World Ocean
304:) from the
266:South Sudan
221:Settlements
207:Puerto Rico
105: /
80:Coordinates
11649:Categories
11357:California
11311:Mozambique
11306:Madagascar
10735:Ionian Sea
10730:Aegean Sea
10700:Baltic Sea
10632:Antarctica
10484:Micronesia
10453:New Guinea
10411:Portuguese
10329:West Coast
10279:East Coast
10274:Bible Belt
10269:Appalachia
9948:Subregions
9856:Inner Asia
9774:Antarctica
9674:Continents
9647:Antarctica
9622:Landmasses
9532:Down Under
9527:Arab World
9511:subregions
9445:Wadden Sea
9375:Libyan Sea
9350:Ionian Sea
9335:Celtic Sea
9315:Baltic Sea
9285:Aegean Sea
9182:Hudson Bay
9157:Baffin Bay
9141:Foxe Basin
9050:Superocean
9024:Salton Sea
8991:Yellow Sea
8981:Tasman Sea
8926:Salish Sea
8806:Bering Sea
8713:Flores Sea
8680:Wadden Sea
8610:Libyan Sea
8580:Ionian Sea
8575:Hudson Bay
8520:Foxe Basin
8510:Celtic Sea
8470:Baltic Sea
8460:Baffin Bay
8435:Aegean Sea
8407:Wandel Sea
8382:Laptev Sea
8314:Scotia Sea
8299:Mawson Sea
7953:21 October
7934:Challenger
7826:23 October
7767:30 October
7668:30 October
7610:21 October
7594:6 November
7523:23 October
7475:6 November
7366:5 November
7336:5 November
7292:15 October
6771:6 November
6704:15 October
6600:3 December
6564:16 October
6469:7 November
6264:23 October
6095:15 October
6053:23 October
5544:, Abstract
5452:27 October
5318:5 December
5277:Bravo 2007
5267:, Abstract
5169:, Abstract
5119:Riede 2014
5109:, Abstract
5097:, Abstract
5049:, Abstract
4997:2 December
4618:, Abstract
4606:, Abstract
4306:WorldAtlas
4253:24 January
4152:1 February
4061:Janni 2015
3870:References
3834:Seven Seas
3681:The ocean
3656:See also:
3568:fertilizer
3332:grenadiers
3298:since the
3292:John Cabot
3186:Arctic cod
3118:Baltic Sea
3007:See also:
2995:, and the
2804:See also:
2668:See also:
2618:Baltic Sea
2610:Doggerland
2509:Scotia Arc
2496:See also:
2258:See also:
2148:ice ages.
2107:are rare.
2097:wind shear
2093:Hurricanes
1984:Carpathian
1801:; and the
1639:34.9â34.9
1628:34.6â34.7
1617:34.8â35.0
1599:34.7â34.9
1588:35.0â36.2
1577:34.4â35.3
1564:34.0â35.1
1546:34.3â35.8
1533:35.2â36.7
1520:35.0â36.7
1507:34.0â35.0
1483:Water mass
1429:, occurs.
1296:form deep
1243:Ăingvellir
1224:expedition
1207:expedition
1205:Challenger
1080:expedition
1072:expedition
1070:Challenger
1057:North Pole
1045:bathymetry
1028:Bathymetry
1014:Wadden Sea
900:Ionian Sea
894:Aegean Sea
870:Celtic Sea
858:Libyan Sea
852:Baltic Sea
834:Baffin Bay
746:Scotia Sea
702:Baltic Sea
691:Antarctica
561:The term "
400:Antarctica
355:, and the
159:Max. depth
11528:Ross Gyre
11397:Kamchatka
11230:Norwegian
11205:Lomonosov
11160:Caribbean
11155:Cape Horn
11099:Norwegian
10931:Antarctic
10715:Irish Sea
10705:Black Sea
10664:Australia
10613:Caribbean
10590:continent
10564:Patagonia
10494:Polynesia
10472:Melanesia
10465:Zealandia
10443:Australia
10324:Southwest
10244:Caribbean
10021:Near East
9662:submerged
9657:Zealandia
9652:Australia
9542:Old World
9537:New World
9395:North Sea
9355:Irish Sea
9320:Black Sea
9187:James Bay
8946:Seram Sea
8916:Moro Gulf
8841:Coral Sea
8821:Bohol Sea
8816:Bohai Sea
8801:Banda Sea
8773:Timor Sea
8630:North Sea
8595:James Bay
8585:Irish Sea
8495:Black Sea
8412:White Sea
8319:Somov Sea
8279:Davis Sea
8126:2 October
8039:1 October
7917:1 October
7287:1912/7903
7227:CiteSeerX
7200:ignored (
7190:cite book
7180:9 October
7136:155078187
7054:8 October
6994:: 63â91.
6929:9 October
6889:1 October
6788:1 October
6655:144209907
6616:2 October
6529:1 October
6342:2 October
6326:2 October
6010:CiteSeerX
5978:128404669
5942:128837630
5828:Klein, R.
5817:8 October
4992:0921-8181
4970:: 46â61.
3631:North Sea
3576:dead zone
3541:Drift net
3290:In 1497,
3206:redfishes
3174:Greenland
3142:Irish Sea
3122:North Sea
3102:Skagerrak
3047:Irish Sea
3003:Fisheries
2960:in Norway
2919:Civil War
2755:Greenland
2664:New World
2657:Ertebølle
2645:Ertebølle
2627:found in
2614:North Sea
2612:(now the
2581:Old World
2436:10 to 6.2
2428:10 to 1.6
2420:10 to 4.8
2412:10 to 2.0
2398:magmatism
2324:seamounts
2286:Porcupine
1980:Sargassum
1940:Sargassum
1489:Salinity
1448:25° north
1423:40° North
1326:seamounts
972:Irish Sea
948:James Bay
846:Black Sea
840:North Sea
738:North Sea
706:Black Sea
676:Black Sea
591:Charles I
478:Herodotus
470:) and in
386:, to the
306:Old World
290:New World
71:Antarctic
11407:Mindanao
11402:Kuroshio
11387:Humboldt
11367:Davidson
11362:Cromwell
11352:Aleutian
11235:Portugal
11200:Labrador
11195:Irminger
11175:Falkland
11140:Benguela
11125:Antilles
11074:Currents
10458:Tasmania
10406:Hispanic
10264:Northern
10211:Germanic
10189:Atlantic
10131:Southern
10092:Northern
10058:Caucasus
9994:Dead Sea
9965:Caucasus
9933:Southern
9926:Maritime
9921:Mainland
9894:Northern
9875:Far East
9834:Aral Sea
9757:Southern
9701:Northern
9201:Channels
9083:Category
9019:Dead Sea
9009:Aral Sea
8976:Sulu Sea
8931:Savu Sea
8901:Koro Sea
8896:Java Sea
8796:Bali Sea
8377:Kara Sea
8309:Ross Sea
8166:(2010).
8146:(1911).
8112:35666312
8104:16166514
7944:Archived
7929:(1877).
7786:15 April
7730:Archived
7726:20212157
7663:14479088
7655:20178768
7585:Archived
7581:16772383
7518:10213679
7466:Archived
7462:10395314
7454:17842155
7417:(1973).
7327:Archived
7304:(2011).
7096:Archived
7045:Archived
6961:Archived
6835:36029611
6762:Archived
6758:31169551
6750:11786608
6695:Archived
6591:Archived
6555:Archived
6514:29158845
6460:Archived
6456:10030083
6448:21847839
6276:(1989).
6255:Archived
6251:27169876
6243:17801943
6188:Archived
6176:16319889
6121:Archived
6044:Archived
6040:15895416
6032:23519213
5888:Archived
5830:(2008).
5804:21299662
5749:Archived
5696:22 March
5639:22 March
5565:19 April
5560:phys.org
5446:Archived
5428:FAO 2011
5413:7 August
5391:FOA 2016
5359:cite web
5349:30 March
5343:Archived
5312:Archived
4775:Archived
4683:18 April
4677:Archived
4490:(1992).
4282:cite web
4210:IHO 1953
4194:Archived
3913:Archived
3727:See also
3398:snappers
3394:Groupers
3316:mackerel
3231:mackerel
3198:Sand eel
3114:Belt Sea
3106:Kattegat
3039:Cape Cod
2913:and the
2890:smallpox
2865:such as
2680:Beringia
2083:Icebergs
2004:European
1439:salinity
1433:Salinity
1334:plateaus
1322:trenches
1298:trenches
1138:Eurasian
1090:and the
1074:and the
583:The pond
540:and the
410:Toponymy
363:and the
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