429:
142:
386:
the (higher) altitude to which it was displaced. This usually creates vertically developed clouds from convection, due to the rising motion, which can eventually lead to thunderstorms. It could also be created in other phenomenon, such as a cold front. Even if the air is cooler on the surface, there is still warmer air in the mid-levels, that can rise into the upper-levels. However, if there is not enough water vapor present, there is no ability for condensation, thus storms, clouds, and rain will not form.
20:
502:
347:
416:
then the lower portion of the atmosphere is unstable, with thunderstorms expected when the value is below −3. The application of the
Showalter index is especially helpful when there is a cool, shallow air mass below 850 hPa that conceals the potential convective lifting. However, the index will underestimate the potential convective lifting if there are cool layers that extend above 850 hPa and it does not consider
212:
the dry adiabatic lapse rate. In a completely moist troposphere, a temperature decrease with height less than 6 °C (11 °F) per kilometer ascent indicates stability, while greater changes indicate instability. In the range between 6 °C (11 °F) and 9.8 °C (17.6 °F) temperature decrease per kilometer ascent, the term conditionally unstable is used.
488:, and are propelled by the transfer of energy from an oncoming storm and are shaped by gravity. The ripple-like appearance of this wave is described as the disturbance in the water when a pebble is dropped into a pond or when a moving boat creates waves in the surrounding water. The object displaces the water or
211:
Whether or not the atmosphere has stability depends partially on the moisture content. In a very dry troposphere, a temperature decrease with height less than 9.8 °C (17.6 °F) per kilometer ascent indicates stability, while greater changes indicate instability. This lapse rate is known as
385:
It is a form of fluid instability found in thermally stratified atmospheres in which a colder fluid overlies a warmer one. When an air mass is unstable, the element of the air mass that is displaced upwards is accelerated by the pressure differential between the displaced air and the ambient air at
415:
The
Showalter index is a dimensionless number computed by taking the temperature at the 850 hPa level which is then taken dry adiabatically up to saturation, then up to the 500 hPa level, which is then subtracted by the observed 500 hPa level temperature. If the value is negative,
394:
The Bulk
Richardson Number (BRN) is a dimensionless number relating vertical stability and vertical wind shear (generally, stability divided by shear). It represents the ratio of thermally-produced turbulence and turbulence generated by vertical shear. Practically, its value determines whether
509:
Within an unstable layer in the troposphere, the lifting of air parcels will occur, and continue for as long as the nearby atmosphere remains unstable. Once overturning through the depth of the troposphere occurs (with convection being capped by the relatively warmer, more stable layer of the
529:
When winds are light, dust devils can develop on dry days within a region of instability at ground level. Small-scale, tornado-like circulations can occur over or near any intense surface heat source, which would have significant instability in its vicinity. Those that occur near intense
463:
Stable conditions, such as during a clear and calm night, will cause pollutants to become trapped near ground level. Drizzle occurs within a moist air mass when it is stable. Air within a stable layer is not turbulent. Conditions associated with a
758:
Advances in tropical meteorology: meteorology and national development: proceedings of the
National Symposium TROPMET-93 organised by the Indian Meteorological Society at New Delhi from March 17–19, 1993 with the theme "meteorology and national
50:
is highly variable through distance and time. Atmospheric instability encourages vertical motion, which is directly correlated to different types of weather systems and their severity. For example, under unstable conditions, a lifted
492:
the wave is travelling through and the medium moves in an upward motion. However, because of gravity, the water or medium is pulled back down and the repetition of this cycle creates the transverse wave motion.
331:
The temperature difference between 850 hPa (5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level) and 500 hPa (18,000 feet (5,500 m) above sea level) is used to parameterize the vertical temperature lapse rate.
259:). When the value is positive, the atmosphere (at the respective height) is stable and when the value is negative, the atmosphere is unstable. Thunderstorms are expected with values below −2, and
374:, which is expressed as B+ or simply B. As with CAPE, CIN is usually expressed in J/kg but may also be expressed as m/s, as the values are equivalent. In fact, CIN is sometimes referred to as
514:), deep convective currents lead to thunderstorm development when enough moisture is present. Over warm ocean waters and within a region of the troposphere with light vertical
403:; low values indicate weak instability and/or strong vertical shear. Generally, values in the range of around 10 to 45 suggest environmental conditions favorable for
337:
The vertical extent of the moist layer is represented by the difference of the 700 hPa temperature (10,000 feet (3,000 m) above sea level) and 700 hPa dew point.
931:
1109:
480:
approaches a layer of cold, stable air. The approaching boundary will create a disturbance in the atmosphere producing a wave-like motion, known as a
522:. Over hot surfaces during warm days, unstable dry air can lead to significant refraction of the light within the air layer, which causes inferior
873:
600:
618:
888:
710:
560:
and warm lakes are also suitable locations for a steam devil to form, when cold arctic air passes over the relatively warm water.
1102:
1251:
1056:
1013:
835:
808:
767:
673:
645:
371:
362:
of an air parcel and is an indicator of atmospheric instability, which makes it valuable in predicting severe weather. CIN,
358:
a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere. CAPE is effectively the positive
225:
181:
75:
692:
468:, a stable atmosphere common on the west side of continents near cold water currents, leads to overnight and morning fog.
1553:
923:
579:
887:
Martin Setvak; Jochen
Kerkmann; Alexander Jacob; HansPeter Roesli; Stefano Gallino & Daniel Lindsey (2007-03-19).
1271:
1095:
55:
will find cooler and denser surrounding air, making the parcel prone to further ascent, in a positive feedback loop.
354:
Convective available potential energy (CAPE), sometimes, simply, available potential energy (APE), is the amount of
1419:
518:
and significant low level spin (or vorticity), such thunderstorm activity can grow in coverage and develop into a
1466:
1548:
1298:
1266:
1213:
78:, the Showalter, and the Vertical totals. These indices, as well as atmospheric instability itself, involve
247:, is the temperature difference between the temperature of the environment Te(p) and an air parcel lifted
185:
is produced through the horizontal movement of air and the physical forces it is subjected to such as the
1527:
172:
1461:
1218:
569:
323:
The K index is derived arithmetically: K-index = (850 hPa temperature – 500 hPa temperature) + 850 hPa
194:
1441:
1375:
1203:
1078:
1308:
1160:
783:
597:
428:
1509:
1431:
825:
798:
738:
190:
534:
are called fire whirls, which can spread a fire beyond its previous bounds. A steam devil is a
1363:
1323:
1276:
1261:
1243:
396:
221:
164:
159:
150:
63:
1003:
756:
635:
615:
1410:
1303:
1293:
1256:
1030:
956:
Michael
Vollmer (March 2009). "Mirrors in the air: mirages in nature and in the laboratory".
363:
229:
98:
71:
39:
1489:
1456:
1358:
1353:
1318:
1036:
965:
895:
886:
722:
334:
The 850 hPa dew point provides information on the moisture content of the lower atmosphere.
193:; resulting dynamic lifting and mixing produces cloud, precipitation and storms often on a
141:
8:
1451:
1436:
489:
400:
1040:
969:
889:"Outflow from convective storm, Mauritania and adjacent Atlantic Ocean (13 August 2006)"
852:
726:
1223:
1066:
981:
1048:
1504:
1400:
1288:
1130:
1052:
1009:
985:
977:
867:
831:
804:
763:
669:
641:
484:. Although the undular bore waves appear as bands of clouds across the sky, they are
248:
176:
1087:
1044:
973:
850:
730:
519:
485:
477:
1028:
1155:
696:
622:
604:
689:
1446:
260:
186:
935:
699:
National
Weather Service Central Region Headquarters. Retrieved on 2011-02-24
1542:
1228:
919:
417:
252:
126:
16:
Condition where the Earth's atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable
1405:
1380:
1313:
1190:
734:
511:
481:
469:
465:
453:
449:
433:
233:
146:
130:
94:
67:
1029:
Stephen J. Pyne; Patricia L. Andrews & Richard D. Laven (1996-04-26).
894:. Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure. Archived from
688:
National
Weather Service Forecast Office, Detroit, Michigan (2010-01-25).
505:
Mirage over a hot road, with the appearance of "fake water" on its surface
1494:
1333:
1233:
557:
550:
83:
79:
59:
1499:
1471:
1385:
1180:
1165:
1145:
711:"The dynamics and simulation of tropical cumulonimbus and squall lines"
616:
Explanation of
Atmospheric Stability/Instability - by Steve W. Woodruff
553:
515:
473:
441:
399:
is free or forced. High values indicate unstable and/or weakly sheared
256:
206:
114:
110:
102:
87:
52:
928:
Frequently Asked
Questions: Hurricanes, Typhoons and Tropical Cyclones
1341:
1170:
1150:
1135:
404:
324:
1519:
1481:
1395:
1140:
574:
535:
531:
359:
43:
19:
501:
1390:
538:
251:
Tp(p) at a given pressure height in the troposphere, usually 500
118:
47:
346:
93:
Effects of atmospheric instability in moist atmospheres include
523:
445:
355:
244:
168:
106:
24:
1005:
National Audubon Society field guide to North American weather
157:
There are two primary forms of atmospheric instability. Under
62:, instability can be described by various indices such as the
1198:
546:
542:
851:
National Weather Service Office, Oxnard, California (2012).
1175:
167:
in the form of rising warm air leads to the development of
28:
708:
663:
1208:
350:
Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes
122:
1001:
855:. National Weather Service Western Region Headquarters
1117:
215:
117:
can form. Stable atmospheres can be associated with
932:
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
1035:. Vol. 86. John Wiley and Sons. p. 77.
1540:
97:development, which over warm oceans can lead to
1008:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 520–523.
955:
754:
803:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 28/8–28/10.
796:
633:
366:, is effectively negative buoyancy, expressed
1103:
823:
472:can form when a low level boundary such as a
420:radiative changes or moisture below 850 hPa.
1252:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
872:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
784:"NOAA's National Weather Service - Glossary"
372:convective available potential energy (CAPE)
243:The lifted index (LI), usually expressed in
76:convective available potential energy (CAPE)
762:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 347.
668:. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 416–418.
549:. They can form from smoke issuing from a
1110:
1096:
880:
664:Edward Aguado & James E. Burt (2007).
918:
389:
500:
427:
345:
140:
18:
200:
1541:
1002:David McWilliams Ludlum (1991-10-15).
997:
995:
659:
657:
496:
1091:
709:M. W. Moncrieff; M.J. Miller (1976).
263:is anticipated with values below −6.
226:Convective available potential energy
458:
1214:Convective condensation level (CCL)
992:
912:
654:
13:
1420:Equivalent potential temperature (
580:Stable and unstable stratification
410:
216:Indices used for its determination
14:
1565:
1272:Conditional symmetric instability
1118:Meteorological data and variables
666:Understanding weather and climate
637:Encyclopedia of world climatology
1219:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
924:"How do tropical cyclones form?"
105:. In dry atmospheres, inferior
1204:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
1022:
949:
844:
817:
800:Plant Engineer's Reference Book
341:
327:– 700 hPa dew point depression
301:Widely scattered thunderstorms
238:
1467:Wet-bulb potential temperature
1309:Level of free convection (LFC)
827:Jar professional pilot studies
790:
776:
748:
702:
682:
627:
609:
591:
1:
1510:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
1432:Sea surface temperature (SST)
1267:Convective momentum transport
1049:10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00032-4
1032:Introduction to wildland fire
797:Dennis A. Snow (2003-01-01).
585:
1324:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
824:Phil Croucher (2004-03-01).
129:, a lack of turbulence, and
7:
1528:Maximum potential intensity
1294:Free convective layer (FCL)
1257:Convective inhibition (CIN)
830:. Lulu.com. pp. 8–29.
563:
10:
1570:
1554:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1462:Wet-bulb globe temperature
1319:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
978:10.1088/0031-9120/44/2/008
570:Atmospheric thermodynamics
439:
423:
266:
219:
204:
1518:
1480:
1442:Thermodynamic temperature
1376:Forest fire weather index
1332:
1242:
1189:
1123:
640:. Springer. p. 449.
603:February 9, 2008, at the
277:Thunderstorm probability
163:, thermal mixing through
149:in the mature stage over
38:is a condition where the
1364:Equivalent temperature (
1277:Convective temperature (
1161:Surface weather analysis
853:"Climate of Los Angeles"
755:Rattan K. Datta (1996).
309:Scattered thunderstorms
136:
1411:Potential temperature (
1156:Surface solar radiation
634:John E. Oliver (2005).
376:negative buoyant energy
317:Numerous thunderstorms
293:Isolated thunderstorms
191:pressure gradient force
36:Atmospheric instability
1401:Relative humidity (RH)
1289:Equilibrium level (EL)
1262:Convective instability
735:10.1002/qj.49710243208
715:Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc
621:June 12, 2008, at the
506:
437:
390:Bulk Richardson Number
351:
222:Bulk Richardson Number
160:convective instability
154:
151:Swifts Creek, Victoria
64:Bulk Richardson Number
46:and as a result local
32:
504:
431:
364:convective inhibition
349:
230:K-index (meteorology)
144:
99:tropical cyclogenesis
22:
1549:Atmospheric dynamics
1490:Atmospheric pressure
1457:Wet-bulb temperature
1359:Dry-bulb temperature
1354:Dew point depression
201:Cause of instability
113:, steam devils, and
82:changes through the
42:is considered to be
1452:Virtual temperature
1437:Temperature anomaly
1131:Adiabatic processes
1041:1997AgFM...86..140U
970:2009PhyEd..44..165V
727:1976QJRMS.102..373M
497:Unstable atmosphere
182:Dynamic instability
1224:Precipitable water
695:2012-11-30 at the
507:
438:
370:; the opposite of
352:
155:
40:Earth's atmosphere
33:
1536:
1535:
1505:Pressure gradient
1314:Lifted index (LI)
1058:978-0-471-54913-0
1015:978-0-679-40851-2
958:Physics Education
837:978-0-9681928-2-5
810:978-0-7506-4452-5
769:978-81-7022-532-4
675:978-0-13-149696-5
647:978-1-4020-3264-6
459:Stable atmosphere
321:
320:
177:convective storms
1561:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
990:
989:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
934:. Archived from
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
900:
893:
884:
878:
877:
871:
863:
861:
860:
848:
842:
841:
821:
815:
814:
794:
788:
787:
780:
774:
773:
752:
746:
745:
743:
737:. Archived from
706:
700:
686:
680:
679:
661:
652:
651:
631:
625:
613:
607:
598:Stability of Air
595:
520:tropical cyclone
486:transverse waves
478:outflow boundary
271:
270:
86:with height, or
23:A dust devil in
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1514:
1476:
1426:
1370:
1348:
1328:
1283:
1238:
1185:
1119:
1116:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
993:
954:
950:
941:
939:
917:
913:
904:
902:
901:on 25 July 2011
898:
891:
885:
881:
865:
864:
858:
856:
849:
845:
838:
822:
818:
811:
795:
791:
782:
781:
777:
770:
753:
749:
741:
721:(432): 373–94.
707:
703:
697:Wayback Machine
687:
683:
676:
662:
655:
648:
632:
628:
623:Wayback Machine
614:
610:
605:Wayback Machine
596:
592:
588:
566:
499:
461:
456:
426:
413:
411:Showalter index
392:
344:
269:
241:
236:
218:
209:
203:
139:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Vapor pressure
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1075:|journal=
1057:
1021:
1014:
991:
948:
911:
879:
843:
836:
816:
809:
789:
775:
768:
747:
744:on 2012-12-16.
701:
681:
674:
653:
646:
626:
608:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
565:
562:
541:that involves
498:
495:
460:
457:
425:
422:
412:
409:
391:
388:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
332:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
268:
265:
261:severe weather
240:
237:
217:
214:
202:
199:
195:synoptic scale
187:Coriolis force
138:
135:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Barotropicity
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Precipitation
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
996:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
938:on 2009-08-27
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Chris Landsea
915:
897:
890:
883:
875:
869:
854:
847:
839:
833:
829:
828:
820:
812:
806:
802:
801:
793:
785:
779:
771:
765:
761:
760:
751:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
698:
694:
691:
690:Gloassary: K.
685:
677:
671:
667:
660:
658:
649:
643:
639:
638:
630:
624:
620:
617:
612:
606:
602:
599:
594:
590:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
561:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Undular bores
467:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
430:
421:
419:
408:
407:development.
406:
402:
398:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
348:
336:
333:
330:
329:
328:
326:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
296:
292:
289:
288:
284:
282:Less than 20
281:
280:
276:
274:K-index value
273:
272:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:adiabatically
246:
235:
231:
227:
223:
213:
208:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:precipitation
171:and possibly
170:
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:
145:Anvil shaped
143:
134:
132:
128:
127:air pollution
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
53:parcel of air
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1421:
1412:
1406:Mixing ratio
1381:Haines Index
1365:
1343:
1278:
1191:Condensation
1031:
1024:
1004:
961:
957:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
927:
914:
903:. Retrieved
896:the original
882:
857:. Retrieved
846:
826:
819:
799:
792:
778:
759:development"
757:
750:
739:the original
718:
714:
704:
684:
665:
636:
629:
611:
593:
528:
512:stratosphere
508:
482:gravity wave
466:marine layer
462:
454:Undular bore
450:Thunderstorm
434:undular bore
432:Image of an
414:
401:environments
393:
384:
379:
375:
367:
353:
342:CAPE and CIN
322:
242:
239:Lifted Index
234:Lifted index
210:
180:
158:
156:
147:thundercloud
131:undular bore
125:, increased
95:thunderstorm
92:
68:lifted index
57:
35:
34:
1495:Baroclinity
1342:Dew point (
1334:Temperature
1234:Water vapor
558:Hot springs
551:power plant
153:, Australia
133:formation.
115:fire whirls
111:dust devils
84:troposphere
80:temperature
60:meteorology
1543:Categories
1472:Wind chill
1386:Heat index
1244:Convection
1181:Wind shear
1166:Visibility
1146:Lapse rate
964:(2): 167.
942:2006-07-25
905:2009-07-03
859:2012-02-16
742:(abstract)
586:References
554:smokestack
516:wind shear
474:cold front
442:Dust devil
440:See also:
397:convection
220:See also:
207:Lapse rate
205:See also:
165:convection
103:turbulence
88:lapse rate
1171:Vorticity
1151:Lightning
1136:Advection
1077:ignored (
1067:cite book
986:121672201
532:wildfires
405:supercell
325:dew point
314:Above 35
306:31 to 35
298:26 to 30
290:20 to 25
1520:Velocity
1482:Pressure
1396:Humidity
1299:Helicity
1141:Buoyancy
868:cite web
693:Archived
619:Archived
601:Archived
575:Buoyancy
564:See also
536:rotating
360:buoyancy
44:unstable
1391:Humidex
1304:K Index
1124:General
1037:Bibcode
966:Bibcode
786:. NOAA.
723:Bibcode
539:updraft
524:mirages
424:Effects
418:diurnal
267:K Index
245:kelvins
119:drizzle
107:mirages
72:K-index
48:weather
1055:
1012:
984:
834:
807:
766:
672:
644:
490:medium
452:, and
446:Mirage
356:energy
232:, and
169:clouds
101:, and
25:Ramadi
1199:Cloud
982:S2CID
899:(PDF)
892:(PDF)
547:smoke
543:steam
285:None
137:Forms
1176:Wind
1079:help
1053:ISBN
1010:ISBN
874:link
832:ISBN
805:ISBN
764:ISBN
670:ISBN
642:ISBN
436:wave
189:and
90:.
29:Iraq
1209:Fog
1045:doi
974:doi
731:doi
719:120
545:or
476:or
382:).
380:NBE
253:hPa
179:.
175:or
123:fog
58:In
1545::
1071::
1069:}}
1065:{{
1051:.
1043:.
994:^
980:.
972:.
962:44
960:.
930:.
926:.
922:.
870:}}
866:{{
729:.
717:.
713:.
656:^
556:.
526:.
448:,
444:,
368:B-
257:mb
228:,
224:,
197:.
121:,
109:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
27:,
1427:)
1425:e
1422:θ
1415:)
1413:θ
1371:)
1369:e
1366:T
1349:)
1347:d
1344:T
1284:)
1282:c
1279:T
1111:e
1104:t
1097:v
1081:)
1061:.
1047::
1039::
1018:.
988:.
976::
968::
945:.
908:.
876:)
862:.
840:.
813:.
772:.
733::
725::
678:.
650:.
378:(
255:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
