2754:
1057:
2393:
4393:
655:
1690:
813:
The new unit was named the "unified atomic mass unit" and given a new symbol "u", to replace the old "amu" that had been used for the oxygen-based units. However, the old symbol "amu" has sometimes been used, after 1961, to refer to the new unit, particularly in lay and preparatory contexts.
445:. It follows that the molar mass of a compound (grams per mole) is numerically close to the average number of nucleons contained in each molecule. By definition, the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is 12 daltons, which corresponds with the number of nucleons that it has (6
1458:
869:
In 1993, the IUPAC proposed the shorter name "dalton" (with symbol "Da") for the unified atomic mass unit. As with other unit names such as watt and newton, "dalton" is not capitalized in
English, but its symbol, "Da", is capitalized. The name was endorsed by the
952:
remains close to but no longer exactly 1 g/mol, meaning that the mass in grams of one mole of any substance remains nearly but no longer exactly numerically equal to its average molecular mass in daltons, although the relative standard uncertainty of
2611:
proportional composition of the sample used must be measured and taken into account. Silicon occurs in three stable isotopes (Si, Si, Si), and the natural variation in their proportions is greater than other uncertainties in the measurements. The
1528:
789:
in relative terms) was large enough to affect high-precision measurements. Moreover, it was discovered that the isotopes of oxygen had different natural abundances in water and in air. For these and other reasons, in 1961 the
2710:
3025:
2506:
706:(ICAW) in 1903. That was approximately the mass of one hydrogen atom, but oxygen was more amenable to experimental determination. This suggestion was made before the discovery of isotopes in 1912. Physicist
1522:
1320:
670:
implied that the masses of atoms of various elements had definite ratios that depended on the elements. While the actual masses were unknown, the relative masses could be deduced from that law. In 1803
933:
of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, a quantity that must be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. However, the definition of a mole was changed to be the amount of substance consisting of exactly
1240:
758:
of the average mass of an oxygen atom as found in nature; that is, the average of the masses of the known isotopes, weighted by their natural abundance. Physicists, on the other hand, defined it as
897:
in 2009. It is now recommended by several scientific publishers, and some of them consider "atomic mass unit" and "amu" deprecated. In 2019, the BIPM retained the dalton in its 9th edition of the
810:
of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This new value was intermediate between the two earlier definitions, but closer to the one used by chemists (who would be affected the most by the change).
2418:
single crystals may be produced today in commercial facilities with extremely high purity and with few lattice defects. This method defined the
Avogadro constant as the ratio of the
1732:
As may be observed from the old values (2014 CODATA) in the table below, the main limiting factor in the precision of the
Avogadro constant was the uncertainty in the value of the
461:. Therefore, this equality holds only for the carbon-12 atom in the stated conditions, and will vary for other substances. For example, the mass of an unbound atom of the common
742:
The discovery of isotopes of oxygen in 1929 required a more precise definition of the unit. Two distinct definitions came into use. Chemists choose to define the AMU as
3022:
2554:
The unit cell of silicon has a cubic packing arrangement of 8 atoms, and the unit cell volume may be measured by determining a single unit cell parameter, the length
973:) for ions: hence, the measured values must be corrected for the mass of the electrons that were removed to form the ions, and also for the mass equivalent of the
714:. This definition remained unchanged until 1961. Perrin also defined the "mole" as an amount of a compound that contained as many molecules as 32 grams of oxygen (
3870:
3819:
3700:
1685:{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}{m_{\rm {e}}}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}{2R_{\infty }h}},}
703:
2647:
2439:
3648:
3426:
3342:
3110:
Meng Wang, G. Audi, F.G. Kondev, W.J. Huang, S. Naimi, and Xing Xu (2017): "The Ame2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references".
2854:
791:
3763:
905:, but secondarily notes that the dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) are alternative names (and symbols) for the same unit.
340:. However, there are no acetylsalicylic acid molecules with this mass. The two most common masses of individual acetylsalicylic acid molecules are
4039:
3878:
3827:
871:
4007:
3978:
3477:"Consultative Committee for Units (CCU); Report of the 15th meeting (17â18 April 2003) to the International Committee for Weights and Measures"
3168:
3139:
3090:
3061:
894:
675:
proposed to use the (still unknown) atomic mass of the lightest atom, hydrogen, as the natural unit of atomic mass. This was the basis of the
3574:
3523:
854:
3500:
2075:
1749:
4368:
3376:
418:
of a chemical compound is meant to be numerically equal to its average molecular mass. For example, the average mass of one molecule of
3627:
1453:{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {m_{\rm {e}}}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})}}={\frac {2R_{\infty }h}{A_{\rm {r}}({\rm {e}})c\alpha ^{2}}},}
794:(IUPAC), which had absorbed the ICAW, adopted a new definition of the atomic mass unit for use in both physics and chemistry; namely,
1464:
1311:(e) (that is, the mass of electron divided by the atomic mass constant). The relative atomic mass of the electron can be measured in
902:
890:
3036:
858:
3402:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; Physical Chemistry Division
422:
is about 18.0153 daltons, and one mole of water is about 18.0153 grams. A protein whose molecule has an average mass of
4427:
4047:
1180:
3411:
3327:
3300:
2943:
3620:
Proceedings of the 106th meeting of the
International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), 16-17 and 20 October 2017
1244:
The NIST scientists devised a method to compensate for silver lost from the anode by mechanical causes, and conducted an
4084:
1076:
Perrin estimated the
Avogadro number by a variety of methods, at the turn of the 20th century. He was awarded the 1926
885:, as it "is shorter and works better with prefixes". In 2006, the BIPM included the dalton in its 8th edition of the
3517:
1115:
4274:
3406:(2nd ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and published for them by Blackwell Science Ltd.
3266:
878:
228:
17:
2753:
302:. This is an intrinsic property of the isotope and all helium-4 atoms have the same mass. Acetylsalicylic acid (
4378:
2103:
1777:
4093:
1302:
853:
The IUPAC 1961 definition of the unified atomic mass unit, with that name and symbol "u", was adopted by the
430:. However, while this equality can be assumed for practical purposes, it is only approximate, because of the
3645:
2837:
1248:
of the silver used to determine its atomic weight. Their value for the conventional
Faraday constant was
663:
575:
3780:
4422:
379:, one of the largest known proteins, has a molecular mass of between 3 and 3.7 megadaltons. The DNA of
710:
had adopted the same definition in 1909 during his experiments to determine the atomic masses and the
3708:
3561:
International
Standard ISO 80000-10:2009 â Quantities and units â Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
4332:
2767:
3582:
3504:
4373:
2307:
1973:
1715:
974:
914:
667:
641:, and these values are also important for the practical determination of relative atomic masses.
431:
3239:
2885:
782:
The existence of two distinct units with the same name was confusing, and the difference (about
4432:
4077:
3750:
2623:
1315:
experiments, while the rest mass of the electron can be derived from other physical constants.
1077:
1065:
818:
676:
294:, both for discrete instances and multiple types of ensemble averages. For example, an atom of
3456:
2935:
3373:
3317:
437:
In general, the mass in daltons of an atom is numerically close but not exactly equal to the
3903:
3852:
3733:
3290:
2927:
3920:
3887:
3836:
3717:
3624:
3261:
3207:
2976:
2804:
2784:
2396:
1736:, as all the other constants that contribute to the calculation were known more precisely.
707:
3795:
414:
as numerically equal to the average mass of one of its particles in daltons. That is, the
8:
4358:
3619:
3476:
2153:
1829:
1056:
1044:
Before the 2019 revision of the SI, experiments were aimed to determine the value of the
949:
552:
407:
291:
3891:
3840:
3721:
3211:
3119:
3033:
2980:
833:. These values, generally used in chemistry, are based on averages of many samples from
4417:
3775:
3400:
2905:
2059:
1292:
948:
entities and the definition of the kilogram was changed as well. As a consequence, the
556:
438:
2999:
2964:
2392:
4396:
4282:
4070:
4031:
3999:
3513:
3407:
3323:
3296:
3160:
3004:
2939:
2928:
2909:
2901:
2777:
2347:
2013:
1099:
1064:
A reasonably accurate value of the atomic mass unit was first obtained indirectly by
1045:
970:
842:
711:
3436:
3398:
Mills, Ian; CvitaĆĄ, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993).
3352:
2864:
2842:
457:
of the nucleons in its atomic nuclei, as well as the mass and binding energy of its
410:
used in chemistry and physics, which defines the mass of one mole of a substance in
4055:
3945:
3895:
3844:
3725:
3679:
3440:
3431:
3356:
3347:
3215:
3115:
2994:
2984:
2897:
2868:
2859:
2195:
1856:
1726:
1245:
1154:
1103:
969:
Though relative atomic masses are defined for neutral atoms, they are measured (by
834:
638:
3970:
893:. The name was also listed as an alternative to "unified atomic mass unit" by the
4149:
3921:"Constants bibliography, source of the CODATA internationally recommended values"
3652:
3631:
3380:
3082:
3053:
3040:
3029:
2238:
1899:
1733:
1707:
1119:
1111:
731:
727:
683:
3547:
International
Standard ISO 80000-1:2009 â Quantities and Units â Part 1: General
3131:
2719:
is the molar mass constant. The CODATA value for the molar volume of silicon is
4302:
4234:
2759:
2274:
2062:
as is presently the case can be understood from the table below (2018 CODATA).
1940:
1699:
454:
442:
352:
224:
3276:
4411:
4363:
4224:
4214:
3435:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3351:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2965:"Damped elastic recoil of the titin spring in myofibrils of human myocardium"
2960:
2863:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
2772:
2613:
961:
at the time of the redefinition is insignificant for all practical purposes.
3729:
3499:
3444:
3360:
2989:
2872:
4307:
4264:
4249:
4204:
4184:
4101:
3008:
2588:
2419:
1150:
384:
380:
360:
220:
31:
3684:
3671:
4179:
4134:
1095:
1068:
in 1865, by estimating the number of particles in a given volume of gas.
672:
533:
403:
212:
68:
901:
brochure, while dropping the unified atomic mass unit from its table of
3871:"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998"
3820:"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998"
3701:"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2002"
1089:
994:. The total binding energy of the six electrons in a carbon-12 atom is
838:
515:
469:
415:
3219:
702:
the mass of an oxygen atom. That proposal was formally adopted by the
4244:
4159:
3899:
3848:
3657:
2963:, Leake MC, Neagoe C, Hinssen H, Hajjar RJ, Linke WA (October 2003).
2400:
1312:
545:
541:
388:
279:
216:
3240:"Atomic Weights and the International CommitteeâA Historical Review"
3195:
2705:{\displaystyle V_{\rm {m}}={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}}{\rho }},}
1175:
the atomic weight of silver, then the
Faraday constant is given by:
4124:
3670:
Lehmann, H. P.; Fuentes-Arderiu, X.; Bertello, L. F. (2016-02-29).
3646:
Resolutions Adopted - 26th Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures
654:
637:
The mass-equivalent is commonly used in place of a unit of mass in
537:
462:
458:
295:
287:
3755:
Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien
3161:"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV"
2501:{\displaystyle N_{\rm {A}}={\frac {V_{\rm {m}}}{V_{\rm {atom}}}},}
453:). However, the mass of an atomic-scale object is affected by the
4312:
4297:
4239:
4169:
4164:
4114:
2631:
2627:
2608:
2580:
In practice, measurements are carried out on a distance known as
2415:
2404:
536:) is less than 0.1%; exceptions include hydrogen-1 (about 0.8%),
465:
450:
364:
356:
303:
275:
2926:
Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2007). "2".
2630:
are known with great accuracy. This, together with the measured
1041:, or about one part in 10 million of the mass of the atom.
4327:
4229:
4139:
4119:
4109:
3676:
Glossary of Terms in Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry
2411:, which is used to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant.
1517:{\displaystyle m_{\rm {u}}={\frac {M_{\rm {u}}}{N_{\rm {A}}}},}
1142:
822:
446:
3669:
2587:(Si), which is the distance between the planes denoted by the
1122:
obtained the first measurement of the charge on an electron, â
4342:
4337:
4322:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4174:
4129:
1291:
In practice, the atomic mass constant is determined from the
1146:
419:
376:
372:
368:
1263:, which corresponds to a value for the Avogadro constant of
4317:
4259:
4254:
4062:
3804:
3316:
Kelter, Paul B.; Mosher, Michael D.; Scott, Andrew (2008).
3132:"2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent"
2841:, 9th edition, English version, page 146. Available at the
1138:
882:
686:
and others proposed to redefine the unit of atomic mass as
411:
283:
192:
50:
3581:. Oxford journals; Oxford University Press. Archived from
4292:
4219:
4209:
1110:, whose value had been essentially known since 1834 when
3385:
2803:
The digits in parentheses indicate the uncertainty; see
1235:{\displaystyle F={\frac {A_{\rm {r}}M_{\rm {u}}It}{m}}.}
4004:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3975:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3925:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3796:
Introduction to the constants for nonexperts, 1900â1920
3781:
Presentation Speech for the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics
3549:. International Organization for Standardization. 2009.
3397:
3165:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3136:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3087:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3058:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
1048:
for finding the value of the unified atomic mass unit.
898:
886:
27:
Standard unit of mass for atomic-scale chemical species
3643:
International Bureau for Weights and Measures (2018):
3617:
International Bureau for Weights and Measures (2017):
3563:, International Organization for Standardization, 2009
1275:: both values have a relative standard uncertainty of
574:
The atomic mass constant can also be expressed as its
3264:(1909). "Mouvement brownien et réalité moléculaire".
2958:
2650:
2558:
of one of the sides of the cube. The CODATA value of
2442:
1531:
1467:
1323:
1183:
1137:
The classic experiment is that of Bower and Davis at
913:
The definition of the dalton was not affected by the
774:
of the mass of an atom of the isotope oxygen-16 (O).
282:
to express the mass of atomic-scale objects, such as
2749:
877:
In 2003 the name was recommended to the BIPM by the
3114:, volume 41, issue 3, article 030003, pages 1-441.
3399:
3371:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (1971):
3277:Extract in English, translation by Frederick Soddy
2925:
2835:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019):
2704:
2500:
1684:
1516:
1452:
1234:
3971:"2022 CODATA Value: lattice parameter of silicon"
3315:
3153:
2886:"Molar mass and related quantities in the new SI"
2622:for the sample crystal can be calculated, as the
2407:. X-ray diffraction measures the cell parameter,
792:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4409:
2387:
551:The dalton differs from the unit of mass in the
4040:National Institute for Standards and Technology
3879:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
3828:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
2544:is the number of atoms per unit cell of volume
1134:provided an estimate of the Avogadro constant.
872:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
3992:
3963:
3322:. Vol. 10. Cengage Learning. p. 60.
3124:
1168:is the mass of silver lost from the anode and
895:International Organization for Standardization
4078:
3374:14th Conference Générale des Poids et Mesures
3336:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3075:
3046:
2921:
2919:
855:International Bureau for Weights and Measures
4000:"2022 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon"
3501:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
3034:IDT website, Support & Education section
1286:
4369:Historical definitions of the SI base units
3233:
3231:
3229:
4085:
4071:
4032:"Atomic weights and isotopic compositions"
3868:
3817:
3698:
3469:
3254:
3182:
3104:
2916:
2848:
2734:, with a relative standard uncertainty of
908:
3869:Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (1999).
3818:Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (1999).
3787:
3769:
3749:
3743:
3699:Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N. (2005).
3683:
3605:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
3449:
3391:
3282:
2998:
2988:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
903:non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
704:International Committee on Atomic Weights
3663:
3365:
3309:
3226:
2952:
2391:
1055:
917:, that is, 1 Da in the SI is still
891:non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI
859:non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI
682:For technical reasons, in 1898, chemist
653:
649:
532:. In general, the difference (absolute
3816:This account is based on the review in
3753:(1865). "Zur Grösse der LuftmolekĂŒle".
3611:
3493:
3420:
3295:. University Science Books. p. 5.
2637:of the sample, allows the molar volume
344:, having the most common isotopes, and
14:
4410:
3637:
3596:
3506:The International System of Units (SI)
3292:Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences
3260:
3237:
3193:
3083:"2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u"
2883:
2838:The International System of Units (SI)
2820:
2058:The power of having defined values of
777:
4066:
3567:
3553:
3288:
3054:"2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u"
3021:Integrated DNA Technologies (2011): "
3015:
737:
588:. The CODATA recommended values are:
569:
391:, each with an average mass of about
3539:
889:brochure of formal definitions as a
348:, in which one carbon is carbon-13.
229:non-SI unit accepted for use with SI
2934:(6th ed.). Macmillan. p.
848:
367:are often expressed with the units
24:
3432:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
3348:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2860:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2687:
2675:
2657:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2466:
2449:
1668:
1637:
1626:
1614:
1594:
1579:
1568:
1556:
1538:
1503:
1491:
1474:
1423:
1412:
1396:
1371:
1360:
1347:
1330:
1211:
1199:
1051:
25:
4444:
4024:
3512:(8th ed.), pp. 114â15,
242:, is defined identically, giving
4392:
4391:
3319:Chemistry: The Practical Science
3267:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2752:
879:Consultative Committee for Units
500:, the mass of a free neutron is
3938:
3913:
3862:
3810:
3692:
3529:from the original on 2021-06-04
1153:cell, while passing a constant
336:, has an average mass of about
4379:System of units of measurement
3803:, 15th edition; reproduced by
2877:
2797:
1642:
1632:
1584:
1574:
1428:
1418:
1376:
1366:
1071:
964:
829:, and that of oxygen is about
817:With this new definition, the
274:This unit is commonly used in
219:in its nuclear and electronic
13:
1:
4428:Units of chemical measurement
3120:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003
2814:
2388:X-ray crystal density methods
1303:electron relative atomic mass
1083:
726:). He called that number the
432:2019 redefinition of the mole
4092:
3623:, page 23. Available at the
2969:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2374:
2351:
2332:
2311:
2295:
2278:
2262:
2242:
2223:
2199:
2180:
2157:
2138:
2107:
2041:
2017:
1998:
1977:
1961:
1944:
1924:
1903:
1884:
1860:
1844:
1833:
1812:
1781:
864:
7:
4038:. Physical Reference Data.
3023:Molecular Facts and Figures
2745:
1141:, and relies on dissolving
664:law of definite proportions
426:would have a molar mass of
10:
4449:
3672:"Unified Atomic Mass Unit"
3238:Holden, Norman E. (2004).
2902:10.1088/0026-1394/46/3/L01
2104:Protonâelectron mass ratio
1778:Protonâelectron mass ratio
1087:
662:The interpretation of the
644:
486:, the mass of a proton is
42:(unified atomic mass unit)
29:
4387:
4351:
4273:
4148:
4100:
3807:. Accessed on 2019-07-03.
3709:Reviews of Modern Physics
3575:"Instructions to Authors"
3200:IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas
3043:, accessed on 2019-07-08.
2884:Taylor, Barry N. (2009).
1287:Electron mass measurement
1116:his works on electrolysis
1102:is a constant called the
1080:, largely for this work.
147:
126:
96:
92:
74:
64:
56:
46:
39:
4333:minute and second of arc
3801:Encyclopaedia Britannica
3607:. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010.
3457:"IUPAP: C2: Report 2005"
3353:unified atomic mass unit
2790:
2768:Mass (mass spectrometry)
1094:The electric charge per
181:unified atomic mass unit
30:Not to be confused with
4374:2019 revision of the SI
3730:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1
3445:10.1351/goldbook.D01514
3361:10.1351/goldbook.U06554
3289:Chang, Raymond (2005).
3244:Chemistry International
2990:10.1073/pnas.2133733100
2873:10.1351/goldbook.A00497
2624:standard atomic weights
2591:{220}, and is equal to
2429:, to the atomic volume
2308:Fine structure constant
1974:Fine structure constant
1716:fine-structure constant
975:electron binding energy
915:2019 revision of the SI
909:2019 revision of the SI
668:atomic theory of matter
3196:"The atomic mass unit"
3194:Petley, B. W. (1989).
2706:
2502:
2412:
1686:
1518:
1454:
1236:
1078:Nobel Prize in Physics
1061:
819:standard atomic weight
730:in honor of physicist
659:
387:has about 249 million
3778:(December 10, 1926).
3685:10.1515/iupac.68.2930
3603:"Author guidelines".
2707:
2503:
2395:
1687:
1519:
1455:
1237:
1059:
657:
650:Origin of the concept
4275:Other accepted units
2865:atomic mass constant
2805:Uncertainty notation
2785:Mass-to-charge ratio
2648:
2440:
2397:Ball-and-stick model
1529:
1465:
1321:
1181:
1145:metal away from the
857:(BIPM) in 1971 as a
553:atomic units systems
518:(deuterium) atom is
514:, and the mass of a
292:elementary particles
233:atomic mass constant
4359:Conversion of units
3950:Mineralogy Database
3946:"Unit Cell Formula"
3892:1999JPCRD..28.1713M
3841:1999JPCRD..28.1713M
3764:English translation
3722:2005RvMP...77....1M
3656:. Available at the
3212:1989ITIM...38..175P
2981:2003PNAS..10012688O
2154:Molar mass constant
2060:universal constants
1830:Molar mass constant
950:molar mass constant
778:Definition by IUPAC
677:atomic weight scale
658:Jean Perrin in 1926
408:amount of substance
87:... is equal to ...
4152:with special names
4048:"Atomic mass unit"
3651:2018-11-19 at the
3630:2021-02-21 at the
3379:2020-09-23 at the
3039:2021-01-19 at the
3032:". Article on the
3028:2020-04-18 at the
2702:
2644:to be determined:
2498:
2413:
1682:
1514:
1450:
1293:electron rest mass
1261:.39(13) C/mol
1232:
1100:elementary charges
1062:
738:Isotopic variation
660:
570:Energy equivalents
557:electron rest mass
439:number of nucleons
363:, and other large
211:of the mass of an
158:
149:
139:
128:
104:
98:
4423:Nuclear chemistry
4405:
4404:
4283:astronomical unit
4042:. 23 August 2009.
3413:978-0-632-03583-0
3384:Available at the
3329:978-0-547-05393-6
3302:978-1-891389-33-7
3220:10.1109/19.192268
3112:Chinese Physics C
2945:978-0-7167-8724-2
2778:Monoisotopic mass
2697:
2493:
2385:
2384:
2348:Avogadro constant
2259:10 J⋅s
2056:
2055:
2014:Avogadro constant
1921:10 J⋅s
1677:
1600:
1509:
1445:
1380:
1227:
1160:for a known time
1046:Avogadro constant
971:mass spectrometry
874:(IUPAP) in 2005.
843:organic materials
712:Avogadro constant
600: =
576:energy-equivalent
371:dalton (kDa) and
173:
172:
75:Conversions
16:(Redirected from
4440:
4395:
4394:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:. Archived from
4043:
4036:physics.nist.gov
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3902:. Archived from
3900:10.1063/1.556049
3886:(6): 1713â1852.
3875:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3851:. Archived from
3849:10.1063/1.556049
3835:(6): 1713â1852.
3824:
3814:
3808:
3791:
3785:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3732:. Archived from
3705:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3641:
3635:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3511:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3395:
3389:
3369:
3363:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2975:(22): 12688â93.
2956:
2950:
2949:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2852:
2846:
2833:
2808:
2801:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2196:Rydberg constant
2187:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2065:
2064:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1857:Rydberg constant
1824:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1739:
1738:
1727:Rydberg constant
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1246:isotope analysis
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1191:
1155:electric current
1126:. The quotient
1104:Faraday constant
1040:
1038:
1035:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1001:
999:
960:
958:
947:
945:
942:
939:
932:
930:
929:
926:
923:
849:Adoption by BIPM
832:
828:
809:
807:
806:
803:
800:
788:
787:
773:
771:
770:
767:
764:
757:
755:
754:
751:
748:
725:
724:
723:
701:
699:
698:
695:
692:
666:in terms of the
639:particle physics
634:
631:
629:
626:
620:
617:
615:
611:
608:
605:
531:
529:
526:
523:
513:
511:
508:
505:
499:
497:
494:
491:
485:
483:
480:
477:
429:
425:
398:
394:
353:molecular masses
347:
346:181.0456 Da
343:
342:180.0423 Da
339:
335:
334:
333:
325:
324:
316:
315:
301:
270:
265:
263:
262:
259:
256:
215:neutral atom of
210:
208:
207:
204:
201:
169:
167:
164:
159:
150:
143:
140:
129:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
105:
99:
37:
36:
21:
18:Atomic mass unit
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4383:
4364:Metric prefixes
4347:
4269:
4151:
4144:
4096:
4091:
4046:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4013:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3792:
3788:
3774:
3770:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3668:
3664:
3653:Wayback Machine
3642:
3638:
3632:Wayback Machine
3616:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3396:
3392:
3381:Wayback Machine
3370:
3366:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3259:
3255:
3236:
3227:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3041:Wayback Machine
3030:Wayback Machine
3020:
3016:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2924:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2853:
2849:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2621:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:for silicon is
2550:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2390:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2239:Planck constant
2226:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2183:
2181:
2177:(30) g/mol
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1900:Planck constant
1887:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1839:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1734:Planck constant
1724:
1708:Planck constant
1692:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1438:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1289:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1242:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1120:Robert Millikan
1112:Michael Faraday
1092:
1086:
1074:
1066:Josef Loschmidt
1060:Josef Loschmidt
1054:
1052:Josef Loschmidt
1036:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1003:
997:
995:
990:
983:
967:
956:
954:
943:
940:
937:
935:
927:
924:
921:
920:
918:
911:
867:
851:
830:
826:
804:
801:
798:
797:
795:
785:
783:
780:
768:
765:
762:
761:
759:
752:
749:
746:
745:
743:
740:
732:Amedeo Avogadro
728:Avogadro number
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:
696:
693:
690:
689:
687:
684:Wilhelm Ostwald
652:
647:
635:
632:
627:
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
606:
603:
601:
596:
584:
572:
565:
555:, which is the
527:
524:
521:
519:
509:
506:
503:
501:
495:
492:
489:
487:
481:
478:
475:
473:
427:
423:
396:
392:
345:
341:
338:180.157 Da
337:
332:
329:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
307:
299:
260:
257:
254:
253:
251:
249:
243:
241:
205:
202:
199:
198:
196:
191:) is a unit of
165:
162:
160:
157:
148:
141:
138:
135:
127:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
103:
97:
80:1 Da or u
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:degree Celsius
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:Derived units
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:on 2008-01-15.
4044:
4026:
4025:External links
4023:
4021:
4020:
3991:
3962:
3937:
3912:
3909:on 2017-10-01.
3861:
3858:on 2017-10-01.
3809:
3786:
3768:
3742:
3739:on 2017-10-01.
3691:
3662:
3636:
3610:
3595:
3566:
3552:
3538:
3518:
3492:
3468:
3448:
3419:
3412:
3390:
3364:
3335:
3328:
3308:
3301:
3281:
3253:
3225:
3206:(2): 175â179.
3181:
3152:
3123:
3103:
3074:
3045:
3014:
2951:
2944:
2915:
2896:(3): L16âL19.
2876:
2847:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2760:Physics portal
2747:
2744:
2716:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2654:
2641:
2619:
2589:Miller indices
2584:
2548:
2524:
2513:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2433:
2426:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2331:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2277:
2275:Speed of light
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2222:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1948:
1943:
1941:Speed of light
1937:
1936:
1933:
1923:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1883:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1722:
1700:speed of light
1681:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1252:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1024:
1017:
988:
981:
966:
963:
910:
907:
881:, part of the
866:
863:
850:
847:
831:15.999 Da
827:12.011 Da
779:
776:
739:
736:
720:
651:
648:
646:
643:
594:
590:
582:
571:
568:
563:
472:, protium) is
455:binding energy
428:64 kg/mol
375:dalton (MDa).
330:
321:
312:
300:4.0026 Da
298:has a mass of
247:
239:
171:
170:
155:
145:
144:
136:
133:
124:
123:
101:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4445:
4434:
4433:Units of mass
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:degree of arc
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3761:(2): 395â413.
3760:
3756:
3752:
3751:Loschmidt, J.
3746:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3695:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3599:
3585:on 2011-11-03
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3525:
3521:
3519:92-822-2213-6
3515:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3478:
3472:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Kendrick mass
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2732:10 mâ
mol
2715:
2699:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2663:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:of the three
2625:
2618:
2615:
2614:atomic weight
2610:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2523:
2512:
2495:
2473:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2380:
2377:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1589:
1563:
1551:
1544:
1533:
1511:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1000:.1089 eV
993:
987:
980:
976:
972:
962:
951:
916:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
862:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:Earth's crust
824:
820:
815:
811:
793:
775:
735:
733:
729:
713:
709:
705:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
665:
656:
642:
640:
630:(29) MeV
599:
593:
589:
587:
581:
577:
567:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:(122) Da
517:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:is a unit of
405:
400:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:nucleic acids
358:
354:
349:
305:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
246:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
156:
154:
146:
137:
132:
125:
102:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
38:
33:
19:
4308:electronvolt
4287:
4056:the original
4051:
4035:
4012:. Retrieved
4003:
3994:
3983:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3954:. Retrieved
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3904:the original
3883:
3877:
3864:
3853:the original
3832:
3826:
3812:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3771:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3734:the original
3716:(1): 1â107.
3713:
3707:
3694:
3675:
3665:
3658:BIPM website
3644:
3639:
3625:BIPM website
3618:
3613:
3604:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:the original
3578:
3569:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3541:
3531:, retrieved
3505:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3471:
3460:. Retrieved
3451:
3430:
3422:
3401:
3393:
3386:BIPM website
3372:
3367:
3346:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3291:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3262:Perrin, Jean
3256:
3247:
3243:
3203:
3199:
3173:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3111:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3086:
3077:
3066:. Retrieved
3057:
3048:
3017:
2972:
2968:
2954:
2930:Biochemistry
2929:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2858:
2850:
2843:BIPM website
2836:
2799:
2713:
2638:
2634:
2616:
2606:
2593:
2581:
2579:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2521:
2510:
2430:
2423:
2420:molar volume
2414:
2408:
2375:
2352:
2312:
2296:
2279:
2263:
2243:
2200:
2158:
2115:
2108:
2093:
2085:uncertainty
2057:
2018:
1978:
1962:
1945:
1904:
1861:
1845:
1834:
1789:
1782:
1767:
1759:uncertainty
1731:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1305:
1295:
1290:
1249:
1243:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:electrolysis
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1107:
1093:
1075:
1063:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1014:
991:
985:
978:
968:
912:
876:
868:
852:
816:
812:
781:
741:
681:
661:
636:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
560:
550:
544:(0.25%) and
512:(40) Da
498:(83) Da
484:(94) Da
436:
401:
397:156 GDa
385:human genome
381:chromosome 1
350:
273:
266:
244:
236:
232:
221:ground state
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
152:
130:
86:
81:
47:Unit of
32:atomic units
3952:. 2000â2005
3776:Oseen, C.W.
3270:. 8 SĂ©rie.
2371:10 mol
2220:(21) m
2090:coefficient
2088:Correlation
2038:10 mol
1881:(65) m
1764:coefficient
1762:Correlation
1273:10 mol
1118:. In 1910,
1072:Jean Perrin
965:Measurement
708:Jean Perrin
673:John Dalton
534:mass excess
449:and 6
424:64 kDa
393:650 Da
195:defined as
69:John Dalton
65:Named after
4412:Categories
4102:Base units
4014:2024-05-18
4010:. May 2024
3985:2024-05-18
3981:. May 2024
3956:2007-12-09
3589:2010-08-22
3579:AoB Plants
3533:2021-12-16
3462:2018-07-15
3175:2024-05-18
3171:. May 2024
3146:2024-05-18
3142:. May 2024
3097:2024-05-18
3093:. May 2024
3068:2024-05-18
3064:. May 2024
2959:Opitz CA,
2890:Metrologia
2815:References
2378:(defined)
2299:(defined)
2266:(defined)
1965:(defined)
1848:(defined)
1114:published
1090:Coulometry
1084:Coulometry
839:atmosphere
516:hydrogen-2
470:hydrogen-1
416:molar mass
389:base pairs
269:(C) = 1 Da
235:, denoted
227:. It is a
183:(symbols:
4418:Metrology
4245:steradian
4160:becquerel
4052:sizes.com
3799:From the
3250:(1): 4â7.
2910:115540416
2695:ρ
2575:10 m
2401:unit cell
2292: m/s
2068:Constant
1958: m/s
1742:Constant
1669:∞
1650:α
1436:α
1397:∞
1313:cyclotron
1011:10 J
865:Unit name
825:is about
616:10 J
548:(0.14%).
546:beryllium
542:lithium-6
459:electrons
288:molecules
280:chemistry
217:carbon-12
4397:Category
4352:See also
4125:kilogram
4094:SI units
3930:4 August
3793:(1974):
3649:Archived
3628:Archived
3524:archived
3503:(2006),
3377:Archived
3274:: 1â114.
3037:Archived
3026:Archived
3009:14563922
2746:See also
2628:nuclides
2381: â
2342: â
2302: â
2269: â
2233: â
2190: â
2148: â
2083:standard
2081:Relative
2049:
1968: â
1935:â0.9993
1932:
1894:â0.0002
1851: â
1842:1 g/mol
1757:standard
1755:Relative
1301:and the
1255: =
1030: =
1002: =
540:(0.5%),
538:helium-3
463:hydrogen
451:neutrons
365:polymers
357:proteins
296:helium-4
4313:hectare
4298:decibel
4240:sievert
4235:siemens
4165:coulomb
4115:candela
3888:Bibcode
3837:Bibcode
3718:Bibcode
3208:Bibcode
2977:Bibcode
2961:Kulke M
2632:density
2609:isotope
2598:√
2537:
2518:
2416:Silicon
2405:silicon
2399:of the
2078:values
2071:Symbol
2008:0.0193
1823:â0.0003
1752:values
1745:Symbol
1725:is the
1714:is the
1706:is the
1698:is the
931:
919:
808:
796:
772:
760:
756:
744:
700:
688:
645:History
633:
623:931.494
619:
466:isotope
447:protons
443:nucleus
441:in its
399:total.
383:in the
304:aspirin
276:physics
264:
252:
225:at rest
213:unbound
209:
197:
161:931.494
60:Da or u
4328:minute
4288:dalton
4230:radian
4225:pascal
4215:newton
4140:second
4120:kelvin
4110:ampere
3516:
3485:14 Aug
3437:dalton
3410:
3326:
3299:
3007:
3000:240679
2997:
2942:
2908:
2712:where
2508:where
2076:CODATA
1750:CODATA
1718:, and
1694:where
1149:of an
1143:silver
841:, and
837:, its
823:carbon
290:, and
231:. The
177:dalton
82:in ...
57:Symbol
40:dalton
4343:tonne
4338:neper
4323:litre
4265:weber
4250:tesla
4205:lumen
4200:katal
4195:joule
4190:hertz
4185:henry
4175:farad
4130:metre
3907:(PDF)
3874:(PDF)
3856:(PDF)
3823:(PDF)
3737:(PDF)
3704:(PDF)
3527:(PDF)
3510:(PDF)
3480:(PDF)
3427:IUPAC
3343:IUPAC
2906:S2CID
2855:IUPAC
2791:Notes
2721:1.205
2564:5.431
2361:6.022
2318:7.297
2249:6.626
2167:0.999
2092:with
2074:2018
2027:6.022
1984:7.297
1910:6.626
1766:with
1748:2014
1265:6.022
1164:. If
1147:anode
1032:1.105
1004:1.650
936:6.022
784:1.000
602:1.492
520:2.014
502:1.008
488:1.007
474:1.007
420:water
412:grams
395:, or
377:Titin
284:atoms
107:1.660
4318:hour
4260:watt
4255:volt
4180:gray
4135:mole
4008:NIST
3979:NIST
3932:2021
3805:NIST
3514:ISBN
3487:2010
3408:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3169:NIST
3140:NIST
3091:NIST
3062:NIST
3005:PMID
2940:ISBN
2728:(60)
2607:The
2571:(89)
2549:cell
2540:and
2525:cell
2514:atom
2434:atom
2325:(11)
2323:5693
2216:.568
2135:(11)
2128:.152
2034:(74)
1991:(17)
1989:5664
1917:(81)
1877:.568
1809:(17)
1802:.152
1269:(78)
1267:1449
1139:NIST
1096:mole
1034:8674
1006:4163
883:CIPM
612:(46)
496:5789
404:mole
402:The
373:mega
369:kilo
351:The
278:and
223:and
193:mass
175:The
168:(29)
151:MeV/
117:(52)
51:mass
4293:day
4220:ohm
4210:lux
3896:doi
3845:doi
3726:doi
3680:doi
3441:doi
3439:".
3357:doi
3355:".
3216:doi
3116:doi
2995:PMC
2985:doi
2973:100
2898:doi
2869:doi
2867:".
2736:4.9
2726:199
2723:883
2585:220
2569:511
2566:020
2403:of
2363:140
2334:1.5
2320:352
2290:458
2287:792
2285:299
2251:070
2225:1.9
2218:160
2214:731
2211:973
2182:3.0
2172:999
2169:999
2140:6.0
2130:673
2126:836
2043:1.2
2032:857
2029:140
2000:2.3
1986:352
1956:458
1953:792
1951:299
1926:1.2
1915:040
1912:070
1886:5.9
1879:508
1875:731
1872:973
1814:9.5
1804:673
1800:836
1277:1.3
1259:485
1098:of
998:030
955:4.5
938:140
821:of
786:282
625:103
607:087
604:418
566:).
528:114
525:778
522:101
507:916
504:664
493:466
490:276
482:241
479:032
476:825
355:of
306:),
187:or
179:or
163:103
112:068
109:539
4414::
4050:.
4034:.
4006:.
4002:.
3977:.
3973:.
3948:.
3923:.
3894:.
3884:28
3882:.
3876:.
3843:.
3833:28
3831:.
3825:.
3759:52
3757:.
3724:.
3714:77
3712:.
3706:.
3678:.
3674:.
3577:.
3522:,
3429:,
3345:,
3272:18
3248:26
3246:.
3242:.
3228:^
3214:.
3204:38
3202:.
3198:.
3184:^
3167:.
3163:.
3138:.
3134:.
3089:.
3085:.
3060:.
3056:.
3003:.
2993:.
2983:.
2971:.
2967:.
2938:.
2936:35
2918:^
2904:.
2894:46
2892:.
2888:.
2857:,
2822:^
2742:.
2740:10
2604:.
2577:.
2551:.
2516:=
2436::
2422:,
2366:76
2338:10
2329:10
2254:15
2229:10
2209:10
2186:10
2175:65
2144:10
2133:43
2052:1
2047:10
2004:10
1995:10
1930:10
1890:10
1870:10
1818:10
1807:89
1729:.
1710:,
1702:,
1283:.
1281:10
1257:96
1253:90
1106:,
1039:10
1013::
977:,
959:10
946:10
941:76
928:12
899:SI
887:SI
861:.
845:.
805:12
769:16
753:16
734:.
697:16
679:.
628:72
621:=
610:68
578:,
510:06
434:.
359:,
286:,
271:.
261:12
250:=
206:12
185:Da
166:72
121:10
115:92
100:kg
4086:e
4079:t
4072:v
4017:.
3988:.
3959:.
3934:.
3898::
3890::
3847::
3839::
3784:.
3766:.
3728::
3720::
3688:.
3682::
3660:.
3634:.
3592:.
3489:.
3465:.
3443::
3416:.
3388:.
3359::
3332:.
3305:.
3279:.
3222:.
3218::
3210::
3178:.
3149:.
3118::
3100:.
3071:.
3011:.
2987::
2979::
2948:.
2912:.
2900::
2871::
2845:.
2807:.
2738:Ă
2730:Ă
2717:u
2714:M
2700:,
2688:u
2683:M
2676:r
2671:A
2664:=
2658:m
2653:V
2642:m
2639:V
2635:Ï
2620:r
2617:A
2600:8
2596:/
2594:a
2582:d
2573:Ă
2560:a
2556:a
2546:V
2542:n
2533:n
2529:/
2522:V
2511:V
2496:,
2488:m
2485:o
2482:t
2479:a
2474:V
2467:m
2462:V
2456:=
2450:A
2445:N
2431:V
2427:m
2424:V
2409:a
2376:0
2369:Ă
2356:A
2353:N
2336:Ă
2327:Ă
2313:α
2297:0
2280:c
2264:0
2257:Ă
2244:h
2227:Ă
2204:â
2201:R
2184:Ă
2162:u
2159:M
2142:Ă
2124:1
2119:e
2116:m
2114:/
2112:p
2109:m
2097:A
2094:N
2045:Ă
2036:Ă
2022:A
2019:N
2002:Ă
1993:Ă
1979:α
1963:0
1946:c
1928:Ă
1919:Ă
1905:h
1888:Ă
1865:â
1862:R
1846:0
1838:u
1835:M
1816:Ă
1798:1
1793:e
1790:m
1788:/
1786:p
1783:m
1771:A
1768:N
1723:â
1720:R
1712:α
1704:h
1696:c
1680:,
1674:h
1665:R
1661:2
1654:2
1646:c
1643:)
1638:e
1633:(
1627:r
1622:A
1615:u
1610:M
1603:=
1595:e
1590:m
1585:)
1580:e
1575:(
1569:r
1564:A
1557:u
1552:M
1545:=
1539:A
1534:N
1512:,
1504:A
1499:N
1492:u
1487:M
1481:=
1475:u
1470:m
1448:,
1440:2
1432:c
1429:)
1424:e
1419:(
1413:r
1408:A
1402:h
1393:R
1389:2
1383:=
1377:)
1372:e
1367:(
1361:r
1356:A
1348:e
1343:m
1337:=
1331:u
1326:m
1309:r
1306:A
1299:e
1296:m
1279:Ă
1271:Ă
1250:F
1230:.
1225:m
1221:t
1218:I
1212:u
1207:M
1200:r
1195:A
1188:=
1185:F
1173:r
1170:A
1166:m
1162:t
1158:I
1132:e
1130:/
1128:F
1124:e
1108:F
1037:Ă
1028:c
1025:u
1022:m
1020:/
1018:b
1015:E
1009:Ă
996:1
992:c
989:u
986:m
984:/
982:b
979:E
957:Ă
944:Ă
925:/
922:1
802:/
799:1
766:/
763:1
750:/
747:1
721:2
716:O
694:/
691:1
614:Ă
598:c
595:u
592:m
586:c
583:u
580:m
564:e
561:m
559:(
468:(
331:4
326:O
322:8
317:H
313:9
308:C
267:m
258:/
255:1
248:u
245:m
240:u
237:m
203:/
200:1
189:u
153:c
142:1
134:u
131:m
119:Ă
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.