Nuclear warfare - Knowledge

4647: 103: 3535:" was used against the Japanese city of Nagasaki, with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT (84,000 gigajoules), destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, including 23,200–28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, partly owing to the inadvertent targeting of the industrial zone, leaving 68–80 percent of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. The U.S., despite not having a third device ready to be dropped, gave Japan one last warning that there would be another bombing if they did not surrender, and the target would be 4521:" capability (i.e., after absorbing a "first strike"). Before the advent of the SLBM, thinkers feared that a nation might be tempted to initiate a first strike if it felt confident that such a strike would incapacitate the nuclear arsenal of its enemy, making retaliation impossible. With the advent of SLBMs, no nation could be certain that a first strike would incapacitate its enemy's entire nuclear arsenal. To the contrary, it would have to fear a near-certain retaliatory second strike from SLBMs. Thus, a first strike was a much less feasible (or desirable) option, and a deliberately initiated nuclear war was thought to be less likely to start. 3887: 4813: 3172:, has described "sub-strategic use" as offering the Government "an extra option in the escalatory process before it goes for an all-out strategic strike which would deliver unacceptable damage". However, this sub-strategic capacity has been criticized as potentially increasing the "acceptability" of using nuclear weapons. Combined with the trend in the reduction in the worldwide nuclear arsenal as of 2007 is the warhead miniaturization and modernization of the remaining strategic weapons that is presently occurring in all the declared nuclear weapon states, into more "usable" configurations. The 3501: 3709: 2949:), refers to the controlled use of nuclear weapons, whereby the implicit threat exists that a nation can still escalate their use of nuclear weapons. For example, using a small number of nuclear weapons against strictly military targets could be escalated through increasing the number of weapons used, or escalated through the selection of different targets. Limited attacks are thought to be a more credible response against attacks that do not justify all-out retaliation, such as an enemy's limited use of nuclear weapons. 3218:(and their aircraft) deployed various such weapons as bombs, rockets (guided and unguided), torpedoes, and depth charges. Such tactical naval nuclear weapons were considered more acceptable to use early in a conflict because there would be few civilian casualties. It was feared by many planners that such use would probably quickly have escalated into a large-scale nuclear war. This situation was particularly exacerbated by the fact that such weapons at sea were not constrained by the safeguards provided by the 13057: 2112: 51: 4742:, the Soviet Union's formal successor state, both countries remained in a "nuclear stand-off" due to the continuing presence of a very large number of deliverable nuclear warheads on both sides. Additionally, the end of the Cold War led the United States to become increasingly concerned with the development of nuclear technology by other nations outside of the former Soviet Union. In 1995, a branch of the U.S. Strategic Command produced an outline of forward-thinking strategies in the document " 3634: 4149: 4040:(ICBM), which the Soviet Union first successfully tested in August 1957. In order to deliver a warhead to a target, a missile was much faster and more cost-effective than a bomber, and enjoyed a higher survivability due to the enormous difficulty of interception of the ICBMs (due to their high altitude and extreme speed). The Soviet Union could now afford to achieve nuclear parity with the United States in raw numbers, although for a time, they appeared to have chosen not to. 3415:. The bombing was meant to burn wooden buildings and indeed the bombing caused fire that created a 50 m/s wind, which is comparable to tornadoes. Each bomber carried 6 tons of bombs. A total of 381,300 bombs, which amount to 1,783 tons of bombs, were used in the bombing. Within a few hours of the raid, it had killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 41 km (16 sq mi) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night — the deadliest bombing raid in 4472: 3672: 3489: 3044:, in which the use of nuclear weapons is triggered unintentionally. Postulated triggers for this scenario have included malfunctioning early warning devices and/or targeting computers, deliberate malfeasance by rogue military commanders, consequences of an accidental straying of warplanes into enemy airspace, reactions to unannounced missile tests during tense diplomatic periods, reactions to military exercises, mistranslated or miscommunicated messages, and others. 5035: 13069: 11605: 11092: 2684: 3736:). Scientists in the United States from the Manhattan Project had warned that, in time, the Soviet Union would certainly develop nuclear capabilities of its own. Nevertheless, the effect upon military thinking and planning in the United States was dramatic, primarily because American military strategists had not anticipated the Soviets would "catch up" so soon. However, at this time, they had not discovered that the Soviets had conducted significant 4457: 3262:, but in each case, the fears have been addressed to some extent by statements and evidence provided by those nations, as well as cooperative programs between nations. Worry remains, however, in many circles that a relative decrease in the security of nuclear weapons has emerged in recent years, and that terrorists or others may attempt to exert control over (or use) nuclear weapons, militarily applicable technology, or nuclear materials and fuel. 5249:. On September 21, 2022, days before declaring the annexation of additional parts of Ukraine, Putin claimed in a national television address that high NATO officials had made statements about the possibility of "using nuclear weapons of mass destruction against Russia", and stated "if the territorial integrity of our country is threatened, we will certainly use all the means at our disposal to protect Russia and our people... It's not a bluff." 5237:

words for those who may be tempted to intervene in ongoing events. Whoever tries to hinder us, and even more so to create threats for our country, for our people, should know that Russia's response will be immediate and will lead you to such consequences that you have never experienced in your history." On February 27, 2022, Putin publicly put his nuclear forces on alert, stating that NATO powers had made "aggressive statements". On April 14,

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radiation environments. Respirators that protect against internal deposition are used to prevent the inhalation and ingestion of radioactive material and dermal protective equipment which is used to protect against the deposition of material on external structures like skin, hair, and clothing. While these protection strategies do slightly reduce the exposure, they provide almost no protection from externally penetrating

4161: 11595: 11080: 5598: 3341: 11104: 5023: 3964:. As long as the strategic American nuclear forces could overwhelm their Soviet counterparts, a Soviet pre-emptive strike could be averted. Moreover, the Soviet Union could not afford to build any reasonable counterforce, as the economic output of the United States was far larger than that of the Soviets, and they would be unable to achieve "nuclear parity". 2956:, could consist of large numbers of nuclear weapons used in an attack aimed at an entire country, including military, economic, and civilian targets. Such an attack would almost certainly destroy the entire economic, social, and military infrastructure of the target nation, and would likely have a devastating effect on Earth's biosphere. 4269:(EWS) were notoriously error-prone. For example, on 78 occasions in 1979 alone, a "missile display conference" was called to evaluate detections that were "potentially threatening to the North American continent". Some of these were trivial errors and were spotted quickly, but several went to more serious levels. On September 26, 1983, 4207:. After intense negotiations, the Soviets ended up removing the missiles from Cuba and decided to institute a massive weapons-building program of their own. In exchange, the United States dismantled its launch sites in Turkey, although this was done secretly and not publicly revealed for over two decades. First Secretary 3133:, which decommissioned its tactical warheads in 1998. However, the UK does possess scalable-yield strategic warheads, and this technology tends to blur the difference between "strategic", "sub-strategic", and "tactical" use or weapons. American, French and British nuclear submarines are believed to carry at least 3269:. The detonation of a "dirty bomb" would not cause a nuclear explosion, nor would it release enough radiation to kill or injure a large number of people. However, it could cause severe disruption and require potentially very costly decontamination procedures and increased spending on security measures. 3250:

by non-state organizations or actors (even individuals) is a largely unknown and understudied factor in nuclear deterrence thinking, as states possessing nuclear weapons are susceptible to retaliation in kind, while sub- or trans-state actors may be less so. The collapse of the Soviet Union has given

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Recent scientific studies have shown the feasibility of partial body shielding as a viable protection strategy against externally penetrating gamma radiation. The concept is based in providing sufficient attenuation to only the most radio-sensitive organs and tissues in efforts to defer the onset of

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for being overly optimistic. CRP-2B, for instance, infamously predicted that 80% of Americans would survive a nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union, a figure that neglected nuclear war's impacts on healthcare infrastructure, the food supply, and the ecosystem and assumed that all major cities could

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However, it was soon realized that submarines could approach enemy coastlines undetected and decrease the warning time (the time between detection of the missile launch and the impact of the missile) from as much as half an hour to possibly under three minutes. This effect was especially significant

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stated that Russia "is today one of the most powerful nuclear powers in the world... No one should have any doubts that a direct attack on our country will lead to defeat and dire consequences for any potential aggressor." Later in the same speech, Putin stated: "Now a few important, very important

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in 1999, Pakistan came close to using its nuclear weapons in case the conventional military situation underwent further deterioration. Pakistan's foreign minister had even warned that it would "use any weapon in our arsenal", hinting at a nuclear strike against India. The statement was condemned by

4425:" scenario) that NATO—in the face of quick conventional defeat—would soon have no other choice but to resort to tactical nuclear strikes against these forces. Most analysts agreed that once the first nuclear exchange had occurred, escalation to global nuclear war would likely become inevitable. The 4273:

received convincing indications of an American first strike launch against the Soviet Union, but positively identified the warning as a false alarm. Though it is unclear what role Petrov's actions played in preventing a nuclear war during this incident, he has been honored by the United Nations for

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were introduced, providing the ability to bomb the Soviet Union more easily. Before the development of a capable strategic missile force in the Soviet Union, much of the war-fighting doctrine held by western nations revolved around using a large number of smaller nuclear weapons in a tactical role.

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in slow motion", arguing that—once such a war took place—others would be sure to follow over a period of decades, effectively rendering the planet uninhabitable in the same way that a "full-scale nuclear war" between superpowers would, only taking a much longer (and arguably more agonizing) path to

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Let us imagine how many people would die if war breaks out. There are 2.7 billion people in the world, and a third could be lost. If it is a little higher it could be half ... I say that if the worst came to the worst and one-half dies, there will still be one-half left, but imperialism would be

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that would be able to attack any potential enemy from bomber bases in the United States. It deployed atomic bombs around the world for potential use in conflicts. Over a period of a few years, many in the American defense community became increasingly convinced of the invincibility of the United

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for medical and security personnel to safely assist in containment, evacuation, and many other necessary public safety objectives which ensue as a result of nuclear detonation. There are many basic shielding strategies used to protect against the deposition of radioactive material from external

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Even the most optimistic predictions of the effects of a major nuclear exchange foresee the death of many millions of victims within a very short period of time. Such predictions usually include the breakdown of institutions, government, professional and commercial, vital to the continuation of

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strikes — attacks directly on the enemy population, which would theoretically lead to a collapse of the enemy's will to fight. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invested in extensive protected civilian infrastructure, such as large "nuclear-proof" bunkers and non-perishable food stores. By

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has visualized how close the world is to a nuclear war. The Doomsday Clock reached high points in 1953, when the Clock was set to two minutes until midnight after the U.S. and the Soviet Union began testing hydrogen bombs, and in 2018, following the failure of world leaders to address tensions

2869:(2006) are also thought to have developed stocks of nuclear weapons, though it is not known how many. The Israeli government has never admitted nor denied having nuclear weapons, although it is known to have constructed the reactor and reprocessing plant necessary for building nuclear weapons. 5473:

found in bone marrow, it is only necessary to protect enough bone marrow to repopulate the exposed areas of the body with the shielded supply. Because 50% of the body's supply of bone marrow is stored in the pelvic region which is also in close proximity to other radio-sensitive organs in the

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Ehrlich, P. R.; Harte, J.; Harwell, M. A.; Raven, P. H.; Sagan, C.; Woodwell, G. M.; Berry, J.; Ayensu, E. S.; Ehrlich, A. H.; Eisner, T.; Gould, S. J.; Grover, H. D.; Herrera, R.; May, R. M.; Mayr, E.; McKay, C. P.; Mooney, H. A.; Myers, N.; Pimentel, D. & Teal, J. M. (1983). "Long-term

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this ultimatum, sending a message that they were not going to surrender. In response to the rejection, President Truman authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs. At the time of its use, there were only two atomic bombs available, and despite the fact that more were in production back in

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civilization. The resulting loss of vital affordances (food, water and electricity production and distribution, medical and information services, etc.) would account for millions more deaths. More pessimistic predictions argue that a full-scale nuclear war could potentially bring about the

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committee stated that there are more than 16,000 strategic and tactical nuclear weapons ready for deployment and another 14,000 in storage, with the U.S. having nearly 7,000 ready for use and 3,000 in storage, and Russia having about 8,500 ready for use and 11,000 in storage. In addition,

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By the late 1960s, the number of ICBMs and warheads was so high on both sides that it was believed that both the United States and the Soviet Union were capable of completely destroying the infrastructure and a large proportion of the population of the other country. Thus, by some western

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frequencies in the event of a Civil Defense (CD) emergency. These two frequencies, 640 and 1240 kHz, were marked with small CD triangles on the tuning dial of radios of the period, as can still be seen on 1950s-vintage radios on online auction sites and museums. A few backyard

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directed against the American program. The Soviets believed that the Americans, with their limited nuclear arsenal, were unlikely to engage in any new world wars, while the Americans were not confident they could prevent a Soviet takeover of Europe, despite their atomic advantage.

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with Israel. It had become apparent that if Israel had dropped nuclear weapons on Egypt or Syria, as it prepared to do, then the USSR would have retaliated against Israel, with the US then committed to providing Israeli assistance, possibly escalating to a general nuclear war.

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as "the launch of one or a limited number of missiles against an adversary as a means of conveying a political message, warning or demonstration of resolve". It is believed that all current nuclear weapons states possess tactical nuclear weapons, with the exception of the

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each used 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear weapons (c. 15 kiloton each) on major population centers, the researchers predicted fatalities ranging from 2.6 million to 16.7 million per country. The authors of the study estimated that as much as five million tons of

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It is debatable whether such use could be considered "limited" however because it was believed that the United States would use its own strategic weapons (mainly bombers at the time) should the Soviet Union deploy any kind of nuclear weapon against civilian targets.

3827:, the United States still had an advantage in terms of bombers and weapons. In any exchange of hostilities, the United States would have been capable of bombing the Soviet Union, whereas the Soviet Union would have more difficulty carrying out the reverse mission. 4945:

between Pakistan and India occurred after both acquired nuclear weapons. It is believed by some that nuclear weapons are the reason a big war has not broken out in the subcontinent. India and Pakistan still have a risk of nuclear conflict on the issue of war over

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suggests that this is creating a culture where use of these weapons is more acceptable and therefore is increasing the risk of war, as these modern weapons do not possess the same psychological deterrent value as the large Cold-War era, multi-megaton warheads.

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for the first time due to a non-exercise event. But unlike similar increases during the Cold War, Russia immediately decided to stand down a large military exercise in the Arctic region, in order to minimize the risk of incidents, rather than following suit.

9062:, vol. LXVII, no. 13 (20 August 2020), pp. 19–21. "owerful reasons to doubt that there could be a limited nuclear war those that emerge from any study of history, a knowledge of how humans act under pressure, or experience of government." (p. 20.) 9122:, Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: "The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It", "Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race", and "Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency". 4405:

allies. It was believed (until the 1970s) that a Soviet tank offensive into Western Europe would quickly overwhelm NATO conventional forces, leading to the necessity of the West escalating to the use of tactical nuclear weapons, one of which was the

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The most powerful atomic bomb ever made, the Tsar Bomba, was tested by the Soviets on October 30, 1961. It was 50 megatons, or equal to 50 million tons of regular explosives. A complex and worrisome situation developed in 1962, in what is called the

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carrying nuclear weapons were capable of destroying key cities and military targets in the Soviet Union, with an estimated 16 million deaths in the Soviet Union (half of whom were estimated to be killed on impact and the rest fatally injured)

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acute radiation syndrome, the most immediate threat to humans from high doses of gamma radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is a result of irreversible bone marrow damage from high-energy radiation exposure. Due to the regenerative property of

4929:. The 1971 war and India's nuclear program played a role in Pakistan's decision to go nuclear. India and Pakistan both decided not to participate in the NPT. Pakistan's nuclear policy became fixated on India because India refused to join the 4541:

was much more secure from this type of threat, due to its considerable distance from the sea. This greatly increased the credibility of a "surprise first strike" by one faction and (theoretically) made it possible to knock out or disrupt the

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control systems, but also in a dramatic increase in military spending. The submarines and their missile systems were very expensive, and one fully equipped nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed missile submarine could cost more than the entire

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relating to nuclear weapons and climate change issues. Since 2023, the Clock has been set at 90 seconds to midnight, the closest it has ever been. The most recent advance of the Clock's time setting was largely attributed to the risk of

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be successfully evacuated within 3–5 days. A number of Cold War publications advocated preparations that could purportedly enable a large proportion of civilians to survive even a total nuclear war. Among the most famous of these is

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the atomic bombings of Japan, the status of atomic weapons in international and military relations was unclear. Presumably, the United States hoped atomic weapons could offset the Soviet Union's larger conventional ground forces in

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again stoked fears of nuclear war between the two countries. Despite these very serious and relatively recent threats, relations between India and Pakistan have been improving somewhat over the last few years. However, with the

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and can be extremely lethal in high dosages. Naturally, shielding the entire body from high-energy gamma radiation is optimal, but the required mass to provide adequate attenuation makes functional movement nearly impossible.

4498:, the United States renewed its commitment to a more powerful military, which required a large increase in spending on U.S. military programs. These programs, which were originally part of the defense budget of U.S. President 9143:, vol. 44, no. 4 (24 February 2022), pp. 29–32. "Nuclear strategists systematically underestimate the chances of nuclear accident... here have been too many close calls for accidental use to be discounted." (p. 32.) 3936:

Several scares about the increasing ability of the Soviet Union's strategic bomber forces surfaced during the 1950s. The defensive response by the United States was to deploy a fairly strong "layered defense" consisting of

7141: 5424:, were constructed 110 metres (360 ft) below ground, and were designed to serve as nuclear shelters in the event of war, with each station entrance built with thick steel blast doors. An example of privately funded 3012:

highs, have not been without criticism. Such a horrific catastrophe as global nuclear warfare would almost certainly cause permanent damage to most complex life on the planet, its ecosystems, and the global climate.

3438:, American commanders estimated that between 50,000 and 500,000 U.S. troops would die and at least 600,000–1,000,000 others would be injured while invading the Japanese home islands. The U.S. manufacture of 500,000 4517:. It was hailed by many military theorists as a weapon that would make nuclear war less likely. SLBMs—which can move with "stealth" (greatly lessened detectability) virtually anywhere in the world—give a nation a " 4183:, a range of targeting options, and described launch procedures and target sets against which nuclear weapons would be launched, variants of which were in use from 1961 to 2003. That year also saw the start of the 4801:. The timing of the Kosvinsky facilities completion date is regarded as one explanation for U.S. interest in a new nuclear "bunker buster" Earth-penetrating warhead and the declaration of the deployment of the 3616:

is trying to persuade the prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multiarmed form and says, "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." I suppose we all thought that one way or

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before detonation. The United States expected a warning time of anywhere from half an hour (for land-based missiles) to less than three minutes (for submarine-based weapons). Many countries maintain plans for

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A number of other countries around the world have taken significant efforts to maximize their survival prospects in the event of large calamities, both natural and manmade. For example, metro stations in

4281:, misidentifications of large flights of geese, test programs, and bureaucratic failures to notify early warning military personnel of legitimate launches of test or weather missiles. For many years, the 4788:

alternate command post, a post for the general staff built to compensate for the vulnerability of older Soviet era command posts in the Moscow region. In spite of this, the primary command posts for the

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nuclear exchange include millions of city dweller deaths within a short period of time. Some 1980s predictions had gone further and argued that a full-scale nuclear war could eventually bring about the

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While the nuclear fallout shelters described above are the ideal long-term protection methods against dangerous radiation exposure in the event of a nuclear catastrophe, it is also necessary to have

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programs were instituted in the United States starting in the 1950s, where schools and other public buildings had basements stocked with non-perishable food supplies, canned water, first aid, and

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necessarily requiring that the other side see things in much the same way, rather than believing—as the Soviets did—that they could fight a large-scale, "combined nuclear and conventional" war.

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did not even reveal this part of the agreement when he came under fire by political opponents for mishandling the crisis. Communication delays during the crisis led to the establishment of the

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Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022).

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history other than the atomic raids on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By early August 1945, an estimated 450,000 people had died as the U.S. had intensely firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities.

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was to massively penetrate the Soviet Union. Because such a large area could not be defended against this overwhelming attack in any credible way, the Soviet Union would lose any exchange.

3531:) and killing approximately 70,000 people, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium-type nuclear weapon codenamed " 4643:, that is connected with the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to at least 70,000,000 Mt of energy, which is roughly 7000 times the maximum arsenal of the US and Soviet Union. 4394:

system was made operational in 1976. The extremely powerful radio transmissions needed for such a system led to much disruption of civilian shortwave broadcasts, earning it the nickname "

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effect, to ensure the individual weapons would go off all at once. Nonetheless, many people believe that a full-scale nuclear war would result, through the nuclear winter effect, in the

8902: 4950:. Nuclear capability deliverable by sea were claimed by Pakistan in 2012. The aim was to achieve a "minimum credible deterrence". Pakistan's nuclear program culminated in the tests at 9855: 8233: 4585: 8603: 5157:

between North Korea and the United States, including threats by both countries that they could use nuclear weapons against one another, prompted a heightened state of readiness in

5111:, stating that both countries were on the verge of nuclear war. On April 12, North Korea stated that a nuclear war was unavoidable. The country declared Japan as its first target. 4128:. The language used to describe targets is "designated ground zeros". The list was released after a request was made during 2006 by William Burr who belongs to a research group at 5532: 4981:

measured a 4.2 magnitude earthquake in the area where the North Korean test is said to have occurred. A further test was announced by the North Korean government on May 25, 2009.

7148: 3871:, China's communist leader, gave the impression that he would welcome a nuclear war with the capitalists because it would annihilate what he viewed as their imperialist system. 4693:

from the US. Petrov correctly assessed the situation as a false alarm, and hence did not report his finding to his superiors. It is quite possible that his actions prevented "

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fuzing height of nuclear weapons and the globally scattered location of these potential nuclear detonations all being in contrast to the singular and subterranean nature of a

4985:, meanwhile, has embarked on a nuclear program which, while officially for civilian purposes, has come under close scrutiny by the United Nations and many individual states. 4401:

The idea that any nuclear conflict would eventually escalate was a challenge for military strategists. This challenge was particularly severe for the United States and its

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Another dimension to the tactical use of nuclear weapons is that of such weapons deployed at sea for use against surface and submarine vessels. Until 1992, vessels of the

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10 short tons) of sulfur dioxide. The explosive energy of the eruption may have been as high as equivalent to 20,000,000 megatons (Mt) of TNT, while the asteroid created

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and David Wright, "Broken Shield: Missiles designed to destroy incoming nuclear warheads fail frequently in tests and could increase global risk of mass destruction",

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mode that was below 500 kilotons in yield and thus averting serious fallout, may be more decisive and less costly in human lives than a protracted conventional war.

11238: 7107: 8421: 3668:. This decision reflected an understanding that nuclear weapons had unique risks and benefits that were separate from other military technology known at the time. 3664:

Within the United States, the authority to produce and develop nuclear weapons was removed from military control and put instead under the civilian control of the

5150: 4187:, an American system of 12 early-warning satellites that provided limited notice of Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile launches between 1960 and 1966. The 4933:

and remained open to nuclear weapons. Impetus by Indian actions spurred Pakistan's nuclear research. After nuclear weapons construction was started by President

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This strategy had one major (and possibly critical) flaw, which was soon realized by military analysts but highly underplayed by the U.S. military: conventional

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were built across European countries in anticipation of local US and European forces falling back as the conventional NATO defense from the Soviet Union, named

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attached to U.S. Air Force and Army nuclear weapons. It is unknown if the navies of the other nuclear powers yet today deploy tactical nuclear weapons at sea.

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might have very little time to react to an invasion or other major threat. Such a situation could escalate to nuclear warfare very quickly in some scenarios.

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A number of other concerns have been expressed about the security of nuclear weapons in newer nuclear powers with relatively less stable governments, such as

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Nuclear warfare scenarios are usually divided into two groups, each with different effects and potentially fought with different types of nuclear armaments.

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was generally thought to have declined. Since then, concern over nuclear weapons has shifted to the prevention of localized nuclear conflicts resulting from

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was placed in command of the Strategic Air Command and instituted a program to update the bomber fleet to one that was all-jet. During the early 1950s the

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the international community, with Pakistan denying it later on. This conflict remains the only war (of any sort) between two declared nuclear powers. The

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developed a nuclear weapon capability during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was operational for a brief period before being dismantled in the early 1990s.

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Soviet nuclear doctrine, however, did not match American nuclear doctrine. Soviet military planners assumed they could win a nuclear war. Therefore, they

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Another possible nuclear terrorism threat are devices designed to disperse radioactive materials over a large area using conventional explosives, called

2905: 8627:"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection" 5274:

in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill 360 million people directly, with a further 5 billion people dying from

4235:) came into being. It was thought that no full-scale exchange between the powers would result in an outright winner, with at best one side emerging the 9865: 8547: 6298: 5587: 5253:

characterized Putin's statements as a "thinly veiled" threat that Putin was willing to risk nuclear conflict if necessary to win the war with Ukraine.

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sea- and land-based anti-submarine defenses and in improving and strengthening the "chain of command", and as a result, military spending skyrocketed.

4058:" existed between the Soviet Union and the United States. The US military gave missile development programs the highest national priority, and several 3303: 2244: 8508: 7556:

Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815".

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realized he could not afford such a horrendous casualty rate, especially since over 400,000 American combatants had already died fighting in both the

11243: 6529:"Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror", by James M. Acton; M. Brooke Rogers; Peter D. Zimmerman, DOI: 10.1080/00396330701564760, 5754:"Long-term worldwide effects of multiple nuclear-weapons detonations. Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council,1975" 4550:"). It strengthened the notion that a nuclear war could possibly be "won", resulting not only in greatly increased tensions and increasing calls for 9188:(1987) — assessment of the effects of a major Soviet attack on the United States produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (hosted by the 8382: 8348: 7802: 7313: 12902: 10746: 9026:, vol. 320, no. no. 6 (June 2019), pp. 62–67. "Nuclear-armed missiles are a political problem that technology cannot solve.... Current U.S. 5038:

Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (light blue).

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Publications on adapting to a changing diet and supplying nutritional food sources following a nuclear war, with particular focus on agricultural

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The concept of a "Fortress North America" emerged during the Second World War and persisted into the Cold War to refer to the option of defending

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States to a nuclear attack. Indeed, it became generally believed that the threat of nuclear war would deter any strike against the United States.

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to familiarize their soldiers with conducting operations and counter-measures around nuclear detonations, as the Korean War threatened to expand.

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stated that "Russia is the only country in the world that is really capable of turning the USA into radioactive ash." U.S. Secretary of Defense

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We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed, a few people cried, and most people were silent. I remembered the line from the

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was a ruse or "cover-up" to begin a nuclear first strike. The Soviets responded by raising readiness and preparing their nuclear arsenal for

3656:

into making concessions. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union pursued its own atomic capabilities through a combination of scientific research and

2619: 2250: 8935: 7025: 4344:-3 alert preparing American B-52 nuclear bombers for war. Intelligence reports indicated that the USSR was preparing to defend Egypt in its 11258: 11248: 11228: 9872: 9303: 8595: 6111: 5448:

and fallout shelter. The country has an overcapacity of such shelters and can accommodate slightly more than the nation's population size.

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from the anticipated high level of casualties during the U.S. invasion of Japan gave a demonstration of how deadly and costly it would be.

3344:

Mushroom cloud from the atomic explosion over Nagasaki rising 18,000 m (59,000 ft) into the air on the morning of August 9, 1945.

3037:(including most of the grain-growing regions). The cooling would last for years and could be "catastrophic", according to the researchers. 2874: 2666: 2574: 2569: 2311: 11853: 11320: 11265: 7820: 6709: 5940: 4611:

aerosols and ash expelled—it exploded with a force of roughly 33 billion tons of TNT or 33,000 megatons of TNT this is about 2.2 million

4224: 2594: 2579: 2539: 2529: 2524: 2300: 7704: 7398: 3953:, near larger cities. However, this was a small response compared to the construction of a huge fleet of nuclear bombers. The principal 3859:, partially because he persistently requested permission to use his own discretion in deciding whether to utilize atomic weapons on the 3360:, the first on August 6, 1945, and the second on August 9, 1945. These two events were the only times nuclear weapons have been used in 11956: 11608: 11282: 9638: 6791: 5042:

Another potential geopolitical issue that is considered particularly worrisome by military analysts is a possible conflict between the

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was looked upon as a means to give Western forces a qualitative advantage over the Soviet numerical supremacy in conventional weapons.

3914:

and the United States against their enemies if the rest of the world were lost to them. This option was rejected with the formation of

3165: 2624: 2321: 8780: 6347: 11488: 11465: 11385: 10141: 8288: 4003: 3335: 2785: 2706: 2439: 2434: 2352: 67: 11397: 10380: 12959: 12897: 11326: 5627:

7 Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War – The Medical Implications of Nuclear War 1985 – The National Academies Press

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Waterman, Gideon; Kase, Kenneth; Orion, Itzhak; Broisman, Andrey; Milstein, Oren (2017-09). "Selective Shielding of Bone Marrow".

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One drawback of the MAD doctrine was the possibility of a nuclear war occurring without either side intentionally striking first.

3024:

and disrupt the global climate for a decade or more. In a regional nuclear conflict scenario in which two opposing nations in the

11632: 11525: 11218: 11173: 10591: 10431: 10370: 9226: 8456: 6851: 6627: 4847:, American forces immediately increased their readiness to the highest level in 28 years, closing the blast doors of the NORAD's 3319: 2609: 2554: 2519: 2474: 2429: 2424: 1478: 10511: 9251: 6871:

First edition. Printed in association with the Imperial War Museum. Eyewitness Books series. New York, Doring Kindersley Limited

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that you can't control — it could rain over your own troops as well, so it might not be an advantage to do that in the field."

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For example, the United States adopted a policy in 1996 of allowing the targeting of its nuclear weapons at non-state actors ("

2604: 2589: 2559: 2544: 2514: 2494: 2469: 2454: 2444: 2265: 2255: 6136: 5096:) on numerous prior occasions, and its small geographic size and population could mean that, in the event of future wars, the 12038: 11120: 9565: 8886: 8861: 8363: 8052: 8026: 8000: 7961: 7934: 7896: 7869: 7196: 6941: 6820: 6542:"The Litvinenko File: The Life and Death of a Russian Spy", by Martin Sixsmith, True Crime, 2007 ISBN 0-312-37668-5, page 14. 5643: 5562: 4704:

The world came unusually close to nuclear war in November 1983 when the Soviet Union thought that the NATO military exercise

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forces, and it was assumed that in case of a major Soviet attack (commonly envisioned as the "Red tanks rolling towards the

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of Japan. It stated that if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government

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razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist. After a few years there would be 2.7 billion people again.

12531: 11971: 11870: 11108: 10304: 9850: 9815: 8734:. 84th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association. 8708:"World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds" 8569: 7114: 6962:"Address by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi at the Hiroshima Memorial Service for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony" 6057: 5542: 4475: 2234: 1834: 102: 6025: 5027:

A geopolitical example of nuclear strike plan of ROC Army in Kinmen history. Effective Radius: 10 km; Pop.: 1.06 million

12931: 11625: 11498: 11493: 11348: 11253: 11188: 11002: 10586: 5115: 4690: 4290: 4180: 4037: 3197: 3051: 2029: 1807: 417: 8482: 3426:(which cost the lives of 260,000 people, including 150,000 civilians), it was faced with the prospect of invading the 3229:

emphasised the need for the US to have sub-strategic nuclear weapons as additional layers for its nuclear deterrence.

11951: 11514: 11483: 11343: 11272: 9666: 9545: 9189: 9177: 9103: 9012: 8763: 8707: 8692: 7783: 7246: 7095: 7072: 6898: 6713: 6611: 6414: 6332: 6200: 5887: 5577: 5483: 5326: 5258: 5068:

is thought to possess somewhere between one hundred and four hundred nuclear warheads. It has been asserted that the

5002: 4993: 4938: 4095: 3465: 2917: 2563: 1483: 6216:

Grover, Herbert D.; Harwell, Mark A. (1985-10-01). "Biological Effects of Nuclear War II: Impact on the Biosphere".

4674:. Moreover, assuming the entire world stockpile of weapons were grouped together, it would be difficult, due to the 3020:

in December 2006 asserted that a small-scale regional nuclear war could produce as many direct fatalities as all of

12516: 12212: 11375: 10896: 10761: 9296: 6373:

Jones, Matthew (2008). "Targeting China: U.S. Nuclear Planning and 'Massive Retaliation' in East Asia, 1953–1955".

5229: 3697:

Many proposals were suggested to put all American nuclear weapons under international control (by the newly formed

3567: 3551: 3450: 1561: 9168: 8402: 7662:"Cooling of the South China Sea by the Toba Eruption and correlation with other climate proxies ~71,000 years ago" 4364:(MAD) for about a decade, and it became deeply ingrained into the psyche and popular culture of those countries. 3705:. However, no terms could be arrived at that would be agreed upon by both the United States and the Soviet Union. 3519:

with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63,000 gigajoules), destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the

12563: 12060: 12033: 11664: 11277: 10839: 10673: 10275: 10153: 9810: 9671: 7623: 6497: 6319: 6263: 5512: 5391:

The British government developed a public alert system for use during a nuclear attack with the expectation of a

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warned that it might launch mid-range ballistic missiles into waters within 18 to 24 miles (29 to 39 km) of

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system, which allows for retaliation even if all Soviet leadership were destroyed. Nuclear submarines are given

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To avoid injury and death from a nuclear weapon's heat flash and blast effects, the two most far-ranging prompt

11921: 11575: 10829: 10678: 10136: 9207: 9007:. The risks and consequences of nuclear war and nuclear terrorism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980. 8954: 6167: 5154: 5135: 4887:

is confirmed as having nuclear weapons, though it is not known how many, with most estimates between 1 and 10.

4294: 3741: 3563: 3443: 3295: 3273: 1670: 11413: 8164: 4136:

800-page document. The list is entitled "Atomic Weapons Requirements Study for 1959" and was produced by U.S.

12311: 12217: 11669: 11208: 10603: 10436: 9860: 9788: 9201: 8798: 5215: 5047: 4430: 4251: 4240: 4212: 3860: 3775: 3146: 2822:. Together, these two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 people and contributed to the 2640: 2345: 2163: 2087: 1534: 8536: 6472: 12964: 12361: 12261: 11369: 11183: 10946: 10683: 10392: 10146: 9643: 9108: 9058: 6915:

Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons (The Contemporary anthology series)

6847: 6778:"Potsdam Declaration: Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945" 5179:

In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States.

4954:. One of the aims of Pakistan's programs is fending off potential annexation and maintaining independence. 4503: 4228: 4184: 4129: 3980: 3575: 2024: 723: 483: 43: 4502:, included spending on conventional and nuclear weapons systems. Under Reagan, defensive systems like the 2777:-era stockpiles, or even with the current smaller stockpiles, may lead to various scenarios including the 13095: 12844: 12043: 11993: 11303: 11096: 11009: 10981: 10938: 10903: 10741: 10568: 10506: 10331: 10235: 10121: 9589: 9289: 7806: 7310: 5537: 5332: 5291: 5242: 4989: 4582:

General and Complete Disarmament: Comprehensive Study on Nuclear Weapons: Report of the Secretary-General

4243:

from risking the initiation of a direct confrontation, instead being forced to engage in lower-intensity

4015: 3971:

a large-scale nuclear exchange, followed by a "conventional war" which itself would involve heavy use of

3524: 3208: 3169: 3158: 3047: 2901: 2650: 2326: 2034: 1221: 1018: 889: 427: 7845: 7821:"Context of '(After 11:15 a.m.) September 11, 2001: Russian President Putin Speaks with President Bush'" 7731: 7210:"Candid Interviews with Former Soviet Officials Reveal U.S. Strategic Intelligence Failure Over Decades" 6961: 6656: 5412:: orders on what action to take in the event that an enemy nuclear strike has destroyed the government. 5313:

highs, received contemporary criticism. On the other hand, some 1980s governmental predictions, such as

4429:'s vision of an atomic war between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces was simulated in the top-secret exercise 3097: 2877:

and abandon further production (1990s). Nuclear weapons have been detonated on over 2,000 occasions for

12504: 12356: 12331: 11741: 11381: 11309: 10930: 10789: 10468: 9986: 9943: 9795: 9069: 9050:—by blocking further cuts in nuclear arsenals and potentially spurring new deployments." (p. 67.) 7055: 5340: 5104: 4926: 4892: 4380: 4361: 4094:

radio information systems were adopted, whereby the commercial radio sector (later supplemented by the

3960:

This logic became ingrained in American nuclear doctrine and persisted for much of the duration of the

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argued that a limited nuclear war could be possible between two heavily armed superpowers (such as the

2834: 2746: 2368: 2286: 2131: 1498: 17: 7422: 4133: 12974: 12907: 12750: 12482: 12477: 12351: 12181: 12023: 11810: 11599: 11535: 11444: 11178: 11084: 10766: 10375: 10158: 8726: 6567:

Hoey, Fintan (6 June 2016). "Japan and Extended Nuclear Deterrence: Security and Non-proliferation".

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Photos of Soviet missile sites set off a wave of panic in the U.S. military, something the launch of

3999: 3397: 1608: 1116: 460: 334: 168: 7001: 5278:. More than 2 billion people would die from a smaller-scale nuclear war between India and Pakistan. 2996:

extinction, with only a relatively small number of survivors (mainly in remote areas) and a reduced

13123: 13118: 13080: 12969: 12864: 12790: 12617: 12246: 11946: 11648: 11014: 10856: 10756: 10668: 9877: 9763: 9723: 9535: 9126: 7752: 7403: 7064: 5527: 5522: 5461: 5397: 5211: 4153: 4124:

A list of targets made by the United States was released sometime during December 2015 by the U.S.

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With the monopoly over nuclear technology broken, worldwide nuclear proliferation accelerated. The

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More than 100 US-built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were

3838:

upset this imbalance somewhat by reducing the effectiveness of the American bomber fleet. In 1949

13075: 12644: 12499: 11795: 11560: 11550: 10919: 10886: 10861: 10475: 10252: 10058: 9981: 9938: 9921: 9882: 9805: 9115: 8596:"Nuclear weapons expert says we should be 'extraordinarily concerned' about Putin nuking Ukraine" 7029: 6448: 6284: 5833:

The Nuclear Winter: The World After Nuclear War, Sagan, Carl et al., Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985

5470: 5405: 5246: 5219: 5069: 4790: 4785: 4282: 4255: 4059: 4051: 3972: 3886: 3725: 3473: 3435: 3385:. The most destructive air raid to occur during the process was not the nuclear attacks, but the 3372: 2878: 2180: 2146: 2012: 1994: 1750: 1309: 1231: 1176: 1056: 769: 432: 311: 10844: 7279: 4014:

immediately after the blast. The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under command of

3050:, though none resulted in the use of nuclear weapons. Many such scenarios have been depicted in 3033:

could be released, producing a cooling of several degrees over large areas of North America and

2849:(1964), which contributed to the state of conflict and extreme tension that became known as the 13090: 12924: 12871: 12765: 12588: 12433: 11791: 11555: 11356: 10751: 10038: 9582: 9176:(1979) — handbook produced by the United States Office of Technology Assessment (hosted by the 9139: 6753:"United States Dept. of the Army, Army Battle Casualties and Non-Battle Deaths in World War II" 5667: 5567: 5409: 4812: 4391: 3942: 3587: 3547: 3226: 3219: 1879: 1854: 1576: 1488: 1361: 1236: 832: 809: 235: 134: 11150: 8042: 7990: 7951: 7859: 7771: 7059: 6890: 6717: 4754: 4682:, though not all analysts agree on the assumptions that underpin these nuclear winter models. 4172: 2784:

To date, the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict occurred in 1945 with the American

12494: 12306: 11768: 11729: 11045: 10781: 10736: 10198: 10126: 10053: 10048: 10013: 9800: 9768: 9555: 9482: 8016: 7924: 7708: 7408: 7375:"The threats of nuclear warfare as depicted in the popular culture of the 1960s | Britannica" 7085: 6795: 5944: 5816: 5625: 5348: 5097: 4958: 4781: 4601: 4286: 4137: 3987: 3895: 3843: 3812: 3637: 3622: 3595: 3571: 3093: 2893: 2888:

in 1991 and the resultant end of the Cold War, the threat of a major nuclear war between the

2811: 2792: 2753:, nuclear warfare can produce destruction in a much shorter time and can have a long-lasting 2645: 2220: 2205: 2141: 1468: 1401: 1354: 1003: 966: 929: 847: 799: 683: 493: 286: 190: 8535: 8104: 6777: 5161:. The perceived ballistic missile threat broadcast all over Hawaii on 13 January 2018 was a 4624: 3790:'s nuclear reserves were nevertheless a significant factor in strategic planning during the 3500: 3276:

was described by medical professionals, as "an ominous landmark: the beginning of an era of

12859: 12656: 12558: 12423: 12385: 12135: 11939: 11833: 11545: 11407: 10956: 10731: 10716: 10033: 9991: 9827: 9733: 9661: 9237:

Annotated bibliography on nuclear warfare from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

8825: 8289:"North Korea's missile threat to Guam crafted for 'maximum drama,' says former CIA analyst" 8212:"North Korea states 'nuclear war is unavoidable' as it declares first target will be Japan" 7673: 7632: 7565: 7514: 6423: 5984: 5782: 5735: 4844: 4750: 4266: 4196: 4048: 4002:", involved the detonation of a nuclear bomb about twice as powerful as that which fell on 3938: 3929:

looked at how to defend Western Europe from a Soviet invasion. The emerging development of

3835: 3427: 3109:"Sub-strategic use" includes the use of either "low-yield" tactical nuclear weapons, or of 2754: 2750: 2406: 2168: 2156: 1859: 1761: 1618: 1613: 1431: 1396: 1131: 946: 804: 740: 594: 564: 141: 9241:

DeVolpi, Alexander, Vladimir E. Minkov, Vadim A. Simonenko, and George S. Stanford. 2004.

8509:"Putin puts nuclear deterrent forces on 'high alert' amid spiraling tensions over Ukraine" 8118: 7599: 5965: 4765:. The Russians thought it might be a nuclear missile launched from an American submarine. 4285:'s strategic bombers were kept airborne on a daily rotating basis "around the clock" (see 8: 13000: 12780: 12651: 12573: 12171: 12117: 12065: 12028: 12018: 11724: 11530: 11055: 10866: 10651: 10245: 10113: 10091: 9916: 9773: 9540: 9502: 9335: 9047: 9022: 7861:

Strategic Dynamics and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation in South Asia: A Historical Analysis

7803:"WINDOW ON HEARTLAND Geopolitical notes on Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia" 5499: 5437: 5401: 5392: 5309:. Such predictions, sometimes but not always based on total war with nuclear arsenals at 5262: 5123: 5059: 5007: 4934: 4859: 4547: 4441: 3786:

in 1964. While much smaller than the arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union,

3767: 3469: 3368: 3299: 3289: 3251:

rise to the possibility that former Soviet nuclear weapons might become available on the

3189: 3080: 2976: 2873:

also manufactured several complete nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but subsequently became

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device. In the same year the first US-Soviet nuclear war plan was penned in the US with

12703: 12698: 12676: 12661: 12553: 12341: 12321: 12271: 12234: 12224: 12075: 11912: 11438: 11401: 11338: 11035: 10771: 10608: 10535: 10346: 9996: 9966: 9950: 9933: 9577: 9467: 9415: 9365: 9312: 9053: 8853: 8668: 8542: 7581: 7538: 7471: 7463: 7264: 6836: 6555: 6390: 6241: 6006: 5860: 5517: 5404:, intended to ensure the survival of some form of government leadership, to the Soviet 5254: 5093: 4962: 4773: 4675: 4560: 4509:

Another major shift in nuclear doctrine was the development and the improvement of the

4433:

in 1979. The British government exercised their vision of a Soviet nuclear attack with

4395: 4278: 3756: 3543: 3493: 3431: 3382: 3215: 2923: 2861:, two countries that were openly hostile toward each other, developed nuclear weapons. 2823: 2044: 1899: 1819: 1740: 1685: 1660: 1581: 1527: 1493: 1424: 1341: 1251: 1156: 1101: 986: 951: 904: 779: 750: 703: 641: 616: 450: 244: 163: 9258:

An in depth history of American air weapons and nuclear bombs from the reference book

9223: 8403:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 7231: 6635: 12936: 12837: 12632: 12440: 12405: 12366: 12316: 12207: 12191: 11934: 11897: 11875: 11860: 11843: 11761: 11540: 11503: 10103: 9896: 9783: 9758: 9696: 9653: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9330: 9248: 9099: 9046:. Instead large-scale developments will create barriers to taking real steps toward 9008: 8882: 8857: 8759: 8672: 8660: 8048: 8022: 7996: 7957: 7930: 7892: 7865: 7779: 7585: 7530: 7505: 7503:

Stothers, Richard B. (1984). "The Great Tambora Eruption in 1815 and Its Aftermath".

7287: 7242: 7091: 7068: 6985: 6957: 6937: 6894: 6883: 6816: 6607: 6584: 6233: 6196: 6065: 6033: 6010: 5883: 5864: 5798: 5649: 5639: 5582: 5557: 5440:

have been constructed with an emphasis on post-war networking and reconstruction. In

5352: 5169: 4919:, and several other nations are thought to be in pursuit of an arsenal of their own. 4698: 4563:. It was also calculated, however, that the greatest cost came in the development of 4337: 4326: 4259: 4208: 3926: 3852: 3737: 3702: 3591: 3423: 3416: 3277: 3272:

Radioactive materials can also be used for targeted assassinations. For example, the

3247: 3242: 3238: 3193: 3181: 3150: 3121: 3062: 2980: 2897: 2770: 2215: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2126: 2080: 1989: 1936: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1794: 1777: 1772: 1745: 1690: 1391: 1381: 1376: 1366: 1286: 1276: 1271: 1246: 1216: 1106: 1076: 1071: 1061: 1051: 1041: 956: 909: 879: 718: 511: 488: 422: 9208:

Ground Zero: A Javascript simulation of the effects of a nuclear explosion in a city

9184: 7542: 7475: 6394: 2049: 36: 13085: 13020: 12849: 12827: 12671: 12639: 12627: 12603: 12229: 12176: 12166: 12125: 12055: 12050: 11779: 11687: 11426: 10951: 10006: 9971: 9728: 9718: 9606: 9594: 9435: 9430: 9420: 9410: 9405: 8980: 8650: 8640: 7736: 7681: 7640: 7573: 7522: 7455: 6576: 6435: 6431: 6382: 6225: 6112:"Doomsday Clock 2023 time says the world is closer than ever to global catastrophe" 5996: 5852: 5790: 5631: 5552: 5474:

abdomen, the lower torso is a logical choice as the primary target for protection.

5385: 5362: 5306: 5261:, stated that "if you start detonating nuclear weapons in the you potentially get 5073: 4802: 4686: 4679: 4640: 4593: 4543: 4526: 4490:

is indicated with the darkest considered as lethal to lesser fall-out yellow zones.

4270: 3954: 3899: 3404: 3386: 2989: 2778: 2757:. A major nuclear exchange would likely have long-term effects, primarily from the 2391: 2054: 2019: 1951: 1844: 1782: 1675: 1603: 1596: 1453: 1386: 1336: 1326: 1201: 1121: 1081: 1066: 1028: 1013: 884: 869: 822: 730: 688: 631: 626: 584: 407: 384: 276: 200: 129: 112: 9276: 8270:"Why North Korea threatened Guam, the tiny U.S. territory with big military power" 7526: 6580: 5856: 5245:, who said "potential desperation" could lead President Putin to order the use of 3823:

Although the Soviet Union had nuclear weapon capabilities at the beginning of the

3106:. However, nuclear powers have the ability to undertake more limited engagements. 12914: 12755: 12326: 12186: 12102: 12090: 12070: 11966: 11756: 11659: 10849: 10809: 10263: 10077: 10001: 9976: 9615: 9517: 9507: 9472: 9350: 9340: 9255: 9230: 9172: 9087: 9027: 8439:"Kremlin clarifies Putin never directly declared intention to aim missiles at US" 8349:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 7886: 7317: 6810: 6409: 6305: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5195: 5176:

is "not the work of a great mind" and that "a new arms race has been announced".

5085: 4957:

A key development in nuclear warfare throughout the 2000s and early 2010s is the

4896: 4721: 4712:. Soviet fears of an attack ceased once the exercise concluded without incident. 4494:

In the late 1970s and, particularly, during the early 1980s under U.S. President

4487: 4461: 4417:

forces in the European theatre of war were far outnumbered by similar Soviet and

4236: 4200: 4110: 4104: 4099: 4087: 4026: 3891: 3799: 3708: 3446: 3001: 2997: 2964: 2800: 2758: 2396: 1864: 1849: 1767: 1723: 1665: 1321: 1316: 1206: 1196: 1111: 1086: 1023: 864: 784: 636: 621: 544: 516: 306: 301: 281: 124: 13056: 10341: 8984: 4996:

as the one "flash point" most likely to escalate into a nuclear war. During the

4588:

at that time, with a potential combined explosive yield of approximately 13,000

4309:

attack on 6 October 1973 by assembling 13 nuclear weapons in a tunnel under the

4069:

Early ICBMs and bombers were relatively inaccurate, which led to the concept of

4036:

A revolution in nuclear strategic thought occurred with the introduction of the

2979:" into a full-scale nuclear war. Others have called limited nuclear war "global 12892: 12832: 12817: 12770: 12666: 12612: 12472: 12130: 12107: 12080: 11998: 11988: 11890: 11885: 11751: 11702: 11565: 11432: 11391: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10544: 10451: 10420: 10402: 9926: 9832: 9778: 9743: 9676: 9623: 9477: 9370: 9355: 9345: 9043: 8645: 8626: 8255: 7617:

Robock, A.; C.M. Ammann; L. Oman; D. Shindell; S. Levis; G. Stenchikov (2009).

7459: 7399:"Continental US Fallout Pattern for Prevailing Winds (FEMA-196/September 1990)" 7226: 7209: 6317:

UK Parliament, House of Commons, "Select Committee on Defence, Eighth Report",

5547: 5344: 5287: 5233: 5187: 5183: 4868: 4856: 4798: 4705: 4605: 4589: 4577: 4376: 4345: 4306: 4083: 4047:

would do for the American public a few months later. Politicians, notably then-

3950: 3787: 3763: 3698: 3649: 3461: 3130: 3110: 2912: 2875:

the first country to voluntarily destroy their domestically made weapons stocks

2838: 2766: 2762: 2742: 2584: 2401: 2225: 2173: 2103: 2039: 1787: 1211: 1171: 1149: 1136: 1126: 1096: 1008: 961: 764: 755: 646: 599: 579: 569: 539: 506: 394: 351: 316: 291: 158: 91: 55: 10824: 8846: 8688:"Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else" 7577: 6837:"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources" 6386: 5689: 3975:. American doctrine rather assumed that Soviet doctrine was similar, with the 2900:. However, the threat of nuclear war is considered to have resurged after the 50: 13112: 13035: 12919: 12876: 12822: 12810: 12795: 12785: 12708: 12622: 12598: 12593: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12373: 11961: 11902: 11865: 11817: 10989: 10280: 9686: 9527: 9158: 9133:, Simon and Schuster, 2021, 384 pp.; and Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press, 9083: 7291: 6588: 6516:"Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism", by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, 6237: 6069: 6037: 5445: 5370: 5358: 5295: 5228:

On February 24, 2022, in a televised address preceding the start of Russia's

5222: 5077: 5043: 4735: 4694: 4659: 4597: 4518: 4495: 4353: 4333: 4314: 4220: 4075: 4018: 3922: 3653: 3608: 2968: 1886: 1874: 1730: 1650: 1566: 1549: 1406: 1261: 1241: 919: 914: 894: 874: 789: 760: 735: 611: 589: 574: 549: 389: 296: 254: 249: 146: 11617: 6794:. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Archived from 5794: 5072:

which Israel received from Germany have been adapted to carry nuclear-armed

4448:, was believed to only be capable of stalling the Soviets for a short time. 4148: 3686:, the United States developed and maintained a strategic force based on the 3352:

in 1945, the United States conducted atomic raids on the Japanese cities of

3196:", which has been growing in importance in the US nuclear war fighting plan/ 13061: 12995: 12727: 12713: 12568: 12378: 12346: 12336: 12239: 12085: 11983: 11929: 11838: 11697: 11508: 11454: 11449: 10555: 9691: 9633: 9560: 9512: 9382: 9265: 8664: 8387: 7534: 5653: 5377: 5301: 5207: 5199: 5058:(China is rapidly increasing its naval capacity), and that any move toward 4671: 4570: 4499: 4479: 4357: 4310: 4164: 4070: 3946: 3856: 3839: 3717: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3559: 3520: 3439: 3375: 3349: 3252: 3154: 3138: 3021: 2972: 2870: 2830: 2073: 1999: 1979: 1974: 1869: 1814: 1448: 1443: 1266: 1181: 924: 658: 559: 356: 240: 11152:

Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

8570:"Here's how seriously the West should take Putin's latest nuclear threats" 7619:"Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?" 6001: 5843:

Tonn, Bruce & MacGregor, Donald (2009). "A singular chain of events".

5802: 4685:

On 26 September 1983, a Soviet early warning station under the command of

4546:

of a target nation before any counterstrike could be ordered (known as a "

4277:

Similar incidents happened many times in the United States, due to failed

3671: 3488: 13040: 12583: 12578: 12415: 12400: 12276: 12251: 11880: 11800: 11707: 11692: 11580: 10966: 10613: 10203: 9710: 9681: 9217: 9093: 9017: 8655: 8631: 7686: 7661: 7645: 7618: 7280:"When the Soviets Set Off the Biggest Nuclear Bomb, J.F.K. Didn't Flinch" 6933: 5441: 5421: 5270: 5142: 5108: 5081: 4974: 4904: 4884: 4651: 4551: 4426: 4418: 4322: 4215:

to allow reliable, direct communications between the two nuclear powers.

4055: 3995: 3795: 3783: 3745: 3555: 3454: 3379: 2866: 1984: 1735: 1700: 1539: 1226: 1191: 899: 842: 745: 529: 230: 225: 12722: 9165: 6187: 5718: 5034: 4471: 4360:, along with the rest of the world, had been living with the concept of 4329:

units, with the intent that they be used if Israel began to be overrun.

3633: 3102:

The above examples envisage nuclear warfare at a strategic level, i.e.,

12990: 12805: 12775: 12760: 12548: 12536: 12296: 12158: 11784: 11570: 10319: 9031: 8907: 8753: 8537:"C.I.A. Director Airs Concern That Putin Might Turn to Nuclear Weapons" 7953:

Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation

7616: 7467: 7446:

Liberman, Peter (2001). "The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb".

7353:

The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy

7324:, by Alan F. Phillips, M.D., January 1998, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 6449:"Declassified: Nuclear Weapons at Sea, Conclusions and Recommendations" 6245: 6188: 5275: 5203: 5131: 5080:

capability. Israel has been involved in wars with its neighbors in the

4997: 4942: 4628: 4612: 4434: 4387: 4318: 4244: 4011: 3903: 3868: 3864: 3831: 3729: 3644: 3512: 3504: 3266: 3204: 3185: 3141:

warheads for this purpose, potentially allowing a strike as low as one

3025: 2889: 2826:, which occurred before any further nuclear weapons could be deployed. 2796: 1941: 1911: 1633: 997: 63: 8383:"Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them" 8312:"Hawaii False Alarm Hints at Thin Line Between Mishap and Nuclear War" 6024:

Sanger, David E.; Troianovski, Anton; Barnes, Julian E. (2022-10-01).

4456: 3744:, the most significant of which was done by the theoretical physicist 3040:

Either a limited or full-scale nuclear exchange could occur during an

42:"Nuclear War" and "Nuclear strike" redirect here. For other uses, see 12732: 12521: 12450: 12395: 12390: 12256: 12097: 12003: 11746: 11362: 10961: 10324: 10314: 9442: 9395: 9360: 9281: 9270: 9131:

The Bomb: Presidents, Generals, and the Secret History of Nuclear War

9042:. Missile defenses will not allow us to escape our vulnerability to 7142:"Military Planning for European Theatre Conflict During the Cold War" 5457: 5369:, as pharmaceuticals useful in treating internal exposure to harmful 4667: 4632: 4510: 4422: 4118: 4079: 4007: 3752: 3657: 3516: 3477: 3408: 3353: 3184:

can be seen as the complete embracement of the switch from the 1950s

3103: 3005: 2808: 2804: 1931: 1755: 1705: 1655: 1645: 1640: 1505: 1296: 1291: 1256: 693: 379: 346: 215: 70:

remain the first and only wartime uses of nuclear weapons in history.

59: 10819: 9135:

The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution: Power Politics in the Atomic Age

8457:"Defiant Putin goes to war in Ukraine with a warning for U.S., NATO" 6285:"ScienceDaily – Regional Nuclear War Could Devastate Global Climate" 6229: 5400:

following a nuclear attack or similar disasters. These range from a

3496:'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer 3069:

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

13025: 13010: 12541: 12526: 12428: 12266: 11714: 11233: 11050: 10693: 10688: 10628: 10297: 10225: 10208: 10193: 10168: 9911: 9400: 9035: 8802: 8438: 8234:"Russia can turn US to radioactive ash - Kremlin-backed journalist" 5310: 5250: 5127: 4970: 4951: 4922: 4880: 4794: 4731: 4445: 4325:

to activate the 13 Israeli nuclear warheads and distribute them to

4091: 4022: 3961: 3824: 3803: 3791: 3603: 3485:, the third bomb wouldn't be available for combat until September. 3422:

In late June 1945, as the U.S. wrapped up the two-and-a-half-month

3357: 3259: 3074: 3009: 2960: 2858: 2850: 2819: 2774: 1946: 1921: 1554: 1186: 1161: 774: 329: 271: 183: 9213:

British RAF manual on the effects of nuclear explosions dated 1955

6739:

Ways of Forgetting, Ways of Remembering: Japan in the Modern World

5103:

On March 7, 2013, North Korea threatened the United States with a

3748:. The first Soviet bomb was more or less a deliberate copy of the 13005: 12854: 12691: 12681: 12489: 12301: 12013: 12008: 11019: 10971: 10834: 10814: 10213: 10188: 9628: 9459: 9447: 9425: 9390: 9243:

Nuclear Shadowboxing: Contemporary Threats from Cold War Weaponry

8422:"After Putin's warning, Russian TV lists nuclear targets in U.S." 5635: 5433: 5089: 4947: 4912: 4900: 4806: 4663: 4608: 4534: 4372: 4160: 4044: 3991: 3749: 3532: 3142: 3116:

in a very limited role, as compared to exchanges of larger-yield

3048:

A number of these scenarios actually occurred during the Cold War

3034: 2815: 2789: 1956: 1916: 1680: 1514: 1510: 852: 837: 713: 374: 369: 339: 258: 220: 32: 9273:– a 3D nuclear weapons effects simulator powered by Google Maps. 8135:"Pakistan May Use Any Weapon," The News, Islamabad, May 31, 1999 7002:"International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons" 6495: 5533:

International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe

4631:

produced 2,800 km (670 cu mi) of tephra, forming

3802:

and produced for the British Government in 1959, estimated that

3590:

July 16, 1945, which was the very first nuclear detonation, the

2975:). Some predict, however, that a limited war could potentially " 2376: 13015: 12941: 10623: 10618: 10598: 10578: 10563: 10446: 10183: 10163: 10131: 8758:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 6–11. 7088:: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. 6983:

Pontin, Jason (November–December 2007). "Oppenheimer's Ghost".

5923:"South Africa: Why Countries Acquire and Abandon Nuclear Bombs" 5318: 5158: 5065: 5051: 4977:

conducting an underground nuclear test on October 9, 2006. The

4916: 4888: 4872: 4758: 4739: 4734:

in 1991 and greatly reduced the political tensions between the

4616: 4538: 4530: 4341: 4204: 4113:'s view on tactical nuclear war in his controversial 1957 book 4086:

radiation-measuring devices. Many of the locations were given "

4030: 3911: 3771: 3690: 3613: 3400: 3361: 3340: 3157:" nuclear weapons policies. India and Pakistan maintain only a 2862: 2842: 2738: 1463: 859: 676: 412: 8843: 8165:"North Korea threatens nuclear strike, U.N. expands sanctions" 7846:

London Free Press – Disarmament expert warns of nuclear threat

7197:

Why the Soviet Union thinks it can fight and win a Nuclear War

7173:"Nuclear Strategy differences in Soviet and American thinking" 6917:. The Spirit That Moves Us Press. May 1, 1984. pp. 22–29. 5153:

between the governments of North Korea and the United States.

4615:, and ejected 175 km (42 cu mi) of mostly rock/ 3986:

In accordance with their doctrine, the Soviet Union conducted

3578:, which forbade the nation from developing nuclear armaments. 3511:

On August 6, 1945, the uranium-type nuclear weapon codenamed "

12686: 12445: 11040: 10997: 10660: 10516: 10309: 10173: 9077: 9072:

of India, USI, Discusses the possibility of a nuclear war in

8903:"Doomsday Preppers: It's Gonna Get Worse Tonight at 9P et/pt" 7199:, Richard Pipes, Professor of History Harvard University 1977 6137:"PRESS RELEASE: Doomsday Clock set at 90 seconds to midnight" 5055: 4966: 4908: 4876: 4864: 4805:

mod 11 in 1997; Kosvinsky is protected by about 1000 feet of

4797:

in Moscow and the secondary is the Kosvinsky Mountain in the

4620: 4368: 4297:

in particular, persuaded policymakers it was not worthwhile.

3779: 3721: 3542:

Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, Japan announced

3536: 3412: 3004:

for centuries afterward. However, such predictions, assuming

2854: 2846: 2761:

released, and could also lead to secondary effects, such as "

2111: 934: 470: 465: 9196: 8252:

US could potential deploy missiles in Europe to deter Russia

5842: 5268:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

5138:

in Europe that could pre-emptively destroy Russian weapons.

3701:, for example) as an effort to deter both their usage and a 3329: 13030: 11419: 10521: 10410: 10220: 10178: 9073: 9066:"Possibility of Nuclear War in Asia: An Indian Perspective" 9039: 8105:"BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – N Korea faces new UN resolution" 7603: 6026:"In Washington, Putin's Nuclear Threats Stir Growing Alarm" 5966:"The Nuclear Testing Tally | Arms Control Association" 5366: 5314: 5146: 4982: 4584:, it was estimated that there were a total of about 40,000 4525:

to the United States, Britain and China, whose capitals of

4483: 4464: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4168: 3915: 3030: 210: 205: 7108:"Project Vista, Caltech, and the dilemmas of Lee DuBridge" 6844:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162

6422:(6), Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 4, 6407: 6195:. Washington DC: Brookings Institution. pp. 123–125. 4635:, and produced an estimated 6,000 million tonnes (6.6 3918:

and the decision to permanently station troops in Europe.

3403:

took off to raid, with 279 of them dropping 1,665 tons of

2906:

Russian threats to use nuclear weapons during the invasion

10494: 10358: 9218:

20 Mishaps That Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War

8879:

Pyongyang: the hidden history of the North Korean capital

8624: 7322:

20 Mishaps that Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War

6299:

20 Mishaps That Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War

6163:

Why Russia calls a limited nuclear strike "de-escalation"

6095: 5361:, or "Radiogardase", is stockpiled in the US, along with 2734: 83: 7926:

Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence

6885:

The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past

5771: 5198:

listed the targets in the United States, which includes

4627:. A larger eruption, approximately 74,000 years ago, in 4537:

all lay within 100 miles (160 km) of their coasts.

8147:"Israel buys 2 nuclear-capable submarines from Germany" 7660:

Huang, C.Y.; Zhao, M.X.; Wang, C.C.; Wei, G.J. (2001).

6091:"'Doomsday clock' ticks closer to apocalyptic midnight" 6023: 4254:

began to build subterranean infrastructure such as the

4066:

were designed and deployed to observe Soviet progress.

3581: 8330:"False alert of missile attack sparks panic in Hawaii" 7260:

1950s U.S. Nuclear Target List Offers Chilling Insight

6792:"Milestones: 1937–1945 / The Potsdam Conference, 1945" 6322:, 20 June 2006. Fetched from URL on 23 December 2012. 5985:"Nuclear War in the Rivalry Phase of the World-System" 5730: 5728: 4662:

are more misleading than helpful due to the different

3990:

to explore the possibility of defensive and offensive

11849:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

8778: 8534:

Sanger, David E.; Barnes, Julian E. (14 April 2022).

5257:, director of the Nuclear Information Project at the 11775:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

9112:, vol. LXV, no. 1 (18 January 2018), pp. 13–15. 7949: 6628:"1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain" 5719:"Critique of Nuclear Extinction – Brian Martin 1982" 5107:. On April 9, North Korea urged foreigners to leave 4925:'s nuclear policy was significantly affected by the 3367:

For six months before the atomic bombings, the U.S.

8844:Robinson, Martin; Bartlett, Ray; Whyte Rob (2007). 8209: 8190:"North Korea urges foreigners to leave South Korea" 7136: 7134: 6657:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy" 6166:. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from 5725: 5498:Nuclear warfare and weapons are staple elements of 5351:. Such advice is once again being given in case of 4973:both publicly testing several nuclear devices, and 10044:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 8845: 8824: 8728:NUCLEAR WINTER: THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF HUMAN SURVIVAL 8483:"Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" 8364:"Trump stokes debate about new Cold War arms race" 7797: 7795: 7776:War scare: Russia and America on the nuclear brink 7732:"The Man Who Saved the World by Doing ... Nothing" 6882: 6533:, Volume 49, Issue 3 September 2007, pages 151–168 5588:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 5325:, have received criticism from groups such as the 4776:, which is believed to be a counterpart to the US 4592:. By comparison, the largest volcanic eruption in 3434:. Based on the U.S. casualties from the preceding 3304:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 3283: 9005:Apocalypse: Nuclear Catastrophe in World Politics 6191:; John Steinbruner; Charles Zraket, eds. (1987). 4867:is thought to possess about 400 nuclear weapons, 3652:, and possibly be used to pressure Soviet leader 2926:that arose from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. 13110: 12903:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 7750: 7659: 7131: 6930:Welcome To Planet Earth – 2050 – Population Zero 4513:-launched, nuclear-armed, ballistic missile, or 4006:and an army of approximately 45,000 soldiers on 3174:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 8144: 7857: 7792: 7549: 7364:Nuclear Weapons in the Cold War, Bernard Brodie 4179:In 1960, the United States developed its first 3712:American and Soviet/Russian nuclear stockpiles. 3098:Edward Teller § Decision to drop the bombs 3016:A study presented at the annual meeting of the 27:Military conflict that deploys nuclear weaponry 12801:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 11398:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll 8280: 8044:Democratic Transition and Security in Pakistan 7490:"Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was the Eruption?" 4780:, was completed. It was designed to resist US 4313:when Syrian tanks were sweeping in across the 3855:, an American general, was fired by President 3153:have declarative, unqualified, unconditional " 11806:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 11647: 11633: 11199:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll 11194:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 11136: 10747:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 9297: 8040: 7992:The Politics of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia 7699: 7697: 7236: 6770: 6604:A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz 6496:US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (May 2007). 6260:"Henry Kissinger: The Mike Wallace Interview" 6215: 5683: 5681: 5490:Nuclear weapons in fiction, film, and theater 5126:, the Russian state-owned television channel 4701:upon discovering inbound ballistic missiles. 3124:. This was described by the UK Parliamentary 2833:, nuclear weapons were also developed by the 2707: 2346: 2081: 8533: 8034: 7496: 6880: 6710:"Japan's Battle of Okinawa, March–June 1945" 6333:"House of Commons - Defence - Eighth Report" 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5444:, the majority of homes have an underground 4818:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 4654:missiles in Europe, Bonn, West Germany, 1981 4317:. On 8 October 1973, Israeli Prime Minister 4126:National Archives and Records Administration 3554:on September 2, 1945, officially ending the 3145:(or less) against a single target. Only the 11854:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 11321:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 11204:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country 8781:"The Unexpected Return of 'Duck and Cover'" 8685: 7956:. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. 7555: 6927: 6741:. New Press. February 4, 2014. p. 273. 5736:"The Effects of a Global Thermonuclear War" 3925:started, in which project analysts such as 3570:. The two atomic bombings led, in part, to 3168:, former Director of Nuclear Policy at the 2929: 2818:") was detonated over the Japanese city of 11957:Climate change and civilizational collapse 11640: 11626: 11143: 11129: 9304: 9290: 9260:American Combat Planes of the 20th Century 7943: 7922: 7878: 7851: 7769: 7694: 7610: 7358: 7044:Instant Wisdom: Beyond the Little Red Book 6861: 6159: 6153: 5690:"The global health effects of nuclear war" 5678: 5300:The predictions of the effects of a major 5168:In October 2018, the former Soviet leader 4375:test range. The name of the operation was 3515:" was detonated over the Japanese city of 2714: 2700: 2375: 2353: 2339: 2110: 2088: 2074: 11489:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 11466:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11386:Three Mile Island accident health effects 9266:Nuclear Emergency and Radiation Resources 8826:"Nutrition in the postattack environment" 8686:Diaz-Maurin, François (20 October 2022). 8654: 8644: 8380: 8145:Plushnick-Masti, Ramit (25 August 2006). 7995:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 213, 7950:Jacques E. C. Hymans (16 February 2012). 7685: 7644: 6964:. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 6000: 5933: 5773:biological consequences of nuclear war". 5767: 5765: 5763: 5704: 5225:denies the existence of the target list. 4697:", as the Soviet policy at that time was 3460:On July 26, 1945, the United States, the 3336:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3330:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3180:In many ways, this present change in the 2786:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 68:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 12960:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 12898:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 11484:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) 11327:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 10659: 9092:The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a 8876: 8823:Pogrund, Robert Seymour (January 1966). 8779:Glenn Harlan Reynolds (4 January 2011). 8724: 7916: 7705:"Lecture 18 — Notre Dame OpenCourseWare" 7600:"Supersized eruptions are all the rage!" 7502: 7445: 7061:Comrades!: A History of World Communism. 6829: 6134: 5982: 5905:"South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program" 5494:apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 5190:in Europe if the United States deployed 5174:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 5172:commented that U.S. withdrawal from the 5033: 4811: 4645: 4470: 4455: 4371:conducted its first nuclear test in the 4159: 4147: 4117:was that any nuclear weapon exploded in 3998:. The exercise, under the code name of " 3890:The U.S. and USSR conducted hundreds of 3885: 3707: 3670: 3632: 3499: 3487: 3339: 3294:Alternatives to nuclear warfare include 1047:List of military strategies and concepts 49: 11526:International Day against Nuclear Tests 11174:Crimes involving radioactive substances 9233:Interactive Timeline of the Nuclear Age 9125:Tom Stevenson, "A Tiny Sun" (review of 8952: 8822: 8361: 8346: 8286: 7778:. New York: Praeger. pp. 214–227. 7202: 6956: 6545: 5382:Nutrition in the postattack environment 5062:could potentially spin out of control. 5008:November 26, 2008 Mumbai terror attacks 3320:Timeline of nuclear weapons development 14: 13111: 11316:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 10674:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 9311: 8751: 8745: 8419: 8309: 8267: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8014: 7988: 7976: 7910: 7884: 6982: 6808: 6552:Radiological Terrorism: “Soft Killers” 6345: 6058:"Could the war in Ukraine go nuclear?" 5983:Denemark, Robert A. (14 August 2018). 5760: 5687: 4899:about 480 American nuclear weapons in 4784:, and is believed to host the Russian 4744:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 4600:erupted in 1815—turning 1816 into the 4467:and the paths of its reentry vehicles. 4352:By the late 1970s, people in both the 4189:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System 3666:United States Atomic Energy Commission 11621: 11124: 10916: 10679:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 10088: 10075: 9285: 8725:Bumstead, Pamela (December 6, 1985). 8231: 8015:Chakma, Bhumitra (17 December 2014), 7989:Chakma, Dr Bhumitra (28 April 2013), 7751:Forden, Geoffrey (November 6, 2001). 7277: 6606:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6601: 6408:Daniel Plesch; Stephen Young (1998), 6372: 6348:"Study: World powers risk atomic war" 6109: 6088: 5958: 5877: 5573:People's Liberation Army Rocket Force 5563:Nuclear weapons and the United States 2845:(1960), and the People's Republic of 11977:Tipping points in the climate system 11521:History of the anti-nuclear movement 11103: 10076: 8955:"Swiss still braced for nuclear war" 8936:"Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters" 8933: 8799:"Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)" 8119:"Pakistan 'prepared nuclear strike'" 7885:Chakma, Bhumitra (12 October 2012), 7729: 7592: 7036: 6867:Adams, S. & Crawford, A.. 2000. 6566: 6560: 5902: 4332:On 24 October 1973, as US President 4289:), until the number and severity of 3582:Immediately after the Japan bombings 3392:. On the night of March 9–10, 1945, 3232: 3087: 11972:Extinction risk from climate change 11871:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 11179:Criticality accidents and incidents 10684:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 9200:(1979/1987) — handbook produced by 9185:Nuclear Attack Planning Base – 1990 9086:, "The Nuclear Worrier" (review of 8606:from the original on 2 October 2022 8420:Osborn, Andrew (25 February 2019). 7335:"The Cold War's Missing Atom Bombs" 6780:. National Science Digital Library. 5543:List of states with nuclear weapons 5192:intermediate-range nuclear missiles 5134:considered proposing deployment of 4849:Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center 4691:intercontinental ballistic missiles 4107:were built by private individuals. 2807:. Three days later, on August 9, a 66:nuclear bomb on 6 August 1945. The 24: 12932:List of fictional doomsday devices 11283:Nuclear power accidents by country 10493: 9644:Positron-emission tomography (PET) 9245:, Vols. 1 and 2. Fidlar Doubleday. 9030:plans are being driven largely by 8997: 8550:from the original on 14 April 2022 8381:Reichmann, Kelsey (16 June 2019). 8347:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 8210:Meredith, Charlotte (2013-04-12). 7090:Walker & Company, 2010. p.13. 6999: 6755:. Cgsc.cdmhost.com. Archived from 6663:. Condé Nast Digital. 9 March 2011 5241:reported comments by CIA director 4782:earth-penetrating nuclear warheads 4650:Protest against the deployment of 4379:, and India termed the test as a " 4181:Single Integrated Operational Plan 4115:Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy 4096:National Emergency Alarm Repeaters 4038:intercontinental ballistic missile 2773:. A global thermonuclear war with 25: 13135: 11952:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 11515:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 9667:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 9566:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG) 9190:Federation of American Scientists 9178:Federation of American Scientists 9147: 8693:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 8287:Daniels, Jeff (August 10, 2017). 8041:Shaun Gregory (23 October 2015). 7753:"False Alarms in the Nuclear Age" 7355:(Random House, 1991) p. 225. 6714:Command and General Staff College 6453:Federation of American Scientists 6415:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6141:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6089:Koran, Laura (January 25, 2018). 5989:Journal of World-Systems Research 5821:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5578:Prevention of nuclear catastrophe 5484:List of nuclear holocaust fiction 5327:Federation of American Scientists 5259:Federation of American Scientists 5003:2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff 4988:Recent studies undertaken by the 4939:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 4770:continuity of government facility 4619:, that included 120 million 4167:reconnaissance photograph of the 3902:, USA, pictured above during the 3558:and, therefore, World War II, as 3274:poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko 2918:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 13068: 13067: 13055: 12213:Decline in amphibian populations 11604: 11603: 11593: 11376:Kramatorsk radiological accident 11102: 11091: 11090: 11078: 10767:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 8965: 8946: 8927: 8895: 8870: 8837: 8816: 8791: 8772: 8741:from the original on 2022-10-09. 8718: 8700: 8679: 8618: 8588: 8562: 8527: 8501: 8475: 8449: 8431: 8413: 8395: 8374: 8362:Swanson, Ian (27 October 2018). 8355: 8340: 8322: 8310:Fisher, Max (January 14, 2018). 8303: 8261: 8244: 8225: 8203: 8182: 8157: 8138: 8129: 8111: 8097: 8085: 8073: 8061: 8008: 7730:Long, Tony (26 September 2007). 7278:Broad, William J. (2021-10-30). 6928:Robert Hull (October 11, 2011). 6857:from the original on 2022-10-09. 6520:, v. 35, pp. 953–954, 2007. 5817:"Overview of the Doomsday Clock" 5596: 5343:, schoolchildren were taught to 5186:warned that Russia would deploy 5021: 4715: 3550:on August 15, 1945, signing the 2683: 2682: 101: 62:following the detonation of the 12564:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 12061:Land surface effects on climate 12034:Human impact on the environment 11665:Future of an expanding universe 11278:List of orphan source incidents 9856:Historical stockpiles and tests 9277:Return of Hitler, World War III 9154:Fallout: After a Nuclear Attack 9116:"Presidency in the Nuclear Age" 8407:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8268:Horton, Alex (August 9, 2017). 7982: 7970: 7904: 7839: 7813: 7763: 7744: 7723: 7653: 7624:Journal of Geophysical Research 7482: 7439: 7415: 7391: 7367: 7345: 7327: 7304: 7271: 7252: 7220: 7190: 7165: 7100: 7077: 7049: 7018: 6993: 6976: 6950: 6921: 6907: 6874: 6802: 6784: 6745: 6731: 6702: 6684: 6675: 6649: 6620: 6595: 6536: 6523: 6510: 6489: 6465: 6441: 6401: 6366: 6339: 6325: 6311: 6291: 6277: 6252: 6209: 6181: 6128: 6110:Weise, Elizabeth (2023-01-24). 6103: 6082: 6050: 6017: 5976: 5941:""1945–1998" by Isao Hashimoto" 5915: 5896: 5871: 5836: 5688:Martin, Brian (December 1982). 5513:Air Force Global Strike Command 5136:ground-launched cruise missiles 4728:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3830:The widespread introduction of 3284:Alternative conflict resolution 2886:dissolution of the Soviet Union 10757:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 9639:Single-photon emission (SPECT) 9204:(use menu at left to navigate) 9118:, conference and forum at the 9098:, New York, Bloomsbury, 2017, 8953:Foulkes, Imogen (2007-02-10). 8232:Kelly, Lidia (16 March 2014). 7558:Progress in Physical Geography 7026:"Nuclear Chronology 1945–1959" 6436:10.1080/00963402.1998.11456892 6346:Ritter, Karl (June 12, 2007). 6135:Spinazze, Gayle (2023-01-24). 5827: 5809: 5746: 5660: 5618: 5230:full-scale invasion of Ukraine 4941:Usmani quit in objection. The 4893:possess usable nuclear weapons 4295:1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash 4132:, and belongs to a previously 3988:large-scale military exercises 3742:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3227:2018 US Nuclear Posture Review 2904:, particularly with regard to 13: 1: 12510:Interpretations of Revelation 12312:Cosmological phase transition 12218:Decline in insect populations 11670:Ultimate fate of the universe 11600:Nuclear technology portal 11085:Nuclear technology portal 9202:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 8018:South Asia's Nuclear Security 7759:. Public Broadcasting System. 7527:10.1126/science.224.4654.1191 7311:June 80: Faulty Computer Chip 6812:Truman and the Hiroshima Cult 6581:10.1080/01402390.2016.1168010 6498:"Backgrounder on Dirty Bombs" 6473:"2018 Nuclear Posture Review" 5882:. Random House. p. 130. 5857:10.1016/j.futures.2009.07.009 5612: 5603:Nuclear technology portal 5477: 5216:Jim Creek Naval Radio Station 4586:nuclear warheads in existence 4431:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4305:Israel responded to the Arab 3768:first independent atomic bomb 3740:of the project from spies at 3627:The Decision To Drop The Bomb 12965:Future of Humanity Institute 12362:Potentially hazardous object 12262:Interplanetary contamination 11370:Andreev Bay nuclear accident 11357:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident 10947:Field-reversed configuration 10557:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 9249:Air Weapons for the Cold War 9109:The New York Review of Books 9059:The New York Review of Books 9056:, "The New Nuclear Threat", 8934:Ball, Deborah (2011-06-25). 7666:Geophysical Research Letters 7046:". TIME. September 20, 1976. 6881:Alan Axelrod (May 6, 2008). 6848:George Washington University 6569:Journal of Strategic Studies 4504:Strategic Defense Initiative 4340:, Henry Kissinger ordered a 4321:authorized Defense Minister 4229:mutually assured destruction 4185:Missile Defense Alarm System 4154:deployed in Italy and Turkey 4130:George Washington University 3981:mutually assured destruction 3576:Three Non-Nuclear Principles 44:Nuclear War (disambiguation) 7: 12845:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 11994:Global terrestrial stilling 11304:Nyonoksa radiation accident 10904:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 10089: 9851:States with nuclear weapons 9197:Nuclear War Survival Skills 9137:, Cornell, 2020, 180 pp.), 8985:10.1097/hp.0000000000000688 8881:. Entente Bt. p. 125. 8755:Nuclear War Survival Skills 7923:Zafar Khan (17 July 2014). 7864:. Peter Lang. p. 133. 6375:Journal of Cold War Studies 6193:Managing Nuclear Operations 5538:List of CBRN warfare forces 5505: 5453:mobile protection equipment 5333:Nuclear War Survival Skills 5292:Nuclear War Survival Skills 5281: 5010:, tensions again worsened. 4891:is also widely believed to 4816:UN vote on adoption of the 4751:Black Brant sounding rocket 4689:falsely detected 5 inbound 4460:Montage of the launch of a 3566:on May 8, 1945, ending the 3348:During the final stages of 3255:(so-called 'loose nukes'). 3209:weapons of mass destruction 3170:British Ministry of Defence 3159:credible minimum deterrence 3054:, such as in the 1959 film 2902:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2747:weapons of mass destruction 2369:Weapons of mass destruction 1545:Military–industrial complex 1019:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 13140: 12357:Asteroid impact prediction 12332:Heat death of the universe 11742:Mutual assured destruction 11576:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 11499:Films about nuclear issues 11494:Books about nuclear issues 11382:Three Mile Island accident 11310:Fukushima nuclear accident 11189:Military nuclear accidents 11184:Nuclear meltdown accidents 10917: 10742:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 9866:Tests in the United States 9166:The Effects of Nuclear War 9070:United Service Institution 8752:Kearny, Cresson H (1986). 8646:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 8047:. Routledge. p. 250. 7891:, Routledge, p. 156, 7888:Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons 7460:10.1162/016228801753191132 6809:Newman, Robert P. (1995). 5487: 5481: 5341:effects of nuclear weapons 5285: 5105:pre-emptive nuclear strike 5048:People's Republic of China 4961:of nuclear weapons to the 4719: 4699:immediate nuclear response 4658:However, comparisons with 4381:peaceful nuclear explosion 4362:mutual assured destruction 4252:People's Republic of China 4074:comparison, smaller scale 3861:People's Republic of China 3813:U.S. Strategic Air Command 3734:Soviet atomic bomb project 3507:of Atomic bomb in Nagasaki 3430:in an operation codenamed 3333: 3316:History of nuclear weapons 3313: 3309: 3287: 3236: 3147:People's Republic of China 3091: 3018:American Geophysical Union 2799:") was detonated over the 29: 13049: 12983: 12975:Nuclear Threat Initiative 12952: 12908:List of apocalyptic films 12885: 12751:2011 end times prediction 12743: 12483:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 12478:Abomination of desolation 12414: 12352:Asteroid impact avoidance 12289: 12200: 12182:List of extinction events 12157: 12150: 12116: 12024:Environmental degradation 11920: 11911: 11826: 11811:Technological singularity 11680: 11655: 11649:Global catastrophic risks 11589: 11536:Nuclear-Free Future Award 11474: 11445:Totskoye nuclear exercise 11291: 11273:Sunken nuclear submarines 11158: 11072: 11028: 10980: 10937: 10927: 10879: 10867:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 10780: 10762:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 10727: 10710: 10650: 10577: 10569:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 10543: 10534: 10486: 10466: 10419: 10401: 10357: 10262: 10244: 10112: 10099: 10084: 10071: 10026: 9959: 9904: 9895: 9843: 9751: 9742: 9709: 9652: 9614: 9605: 9526: 9458: 9381: 9323: 9319: 8852:. Lonely Planet. p. 7929:. Routledge. p. 23. 7578:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra 7237: 6815:. MSU Press. p. 86. 6387:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.4.37 6353:The Philadelphia Inquirer 5353:nuclear terrorist attacks 5076:, so as to give Israel a 5020: 5015: 4937:'s command, the chair of 4778:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 4763:Norwegian Rocket Incident 4506:were emphasized as well. 4336:was preoccupied with the 4213:Moscow–Washington hotline 4098:) would broadcast on two 4064:reconnaissance satellites 3811:bomber aircraft from the 3398:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 3118:strategic nuclear weapons 3114:strategic nuclear weapons 3008:with nuclear arsenals at 1609:Loss-of-strength gradient 461:Combat information center 12970:Future of Life Institute 12872:Resurrection of the dead 12865:Post-tribulation rapture 12247:Colony collapse disorder 10772:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 10388:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 9724:Electron-beam processing 9220:by Alan F. Philips, M.D. 8877:Springer, Chris (2003). 8021:, Taylor & Francis, 7858:Bhumitra Chakma (2004). 7427:Fast Attacks and Boomers 7423:"The Cost of Submarines" 7404:University of Notre Dame 7065:Harvard University Press 6554:by Morten Bremer Mærli, 5740:www.johnstonsarchive.net 5694:Current Affairs Bulletin 5528:Global catastrophic risk 5523:Broken-backed war theory 5471:hematopoietic stem cells 5462:acute radiation syndrome 5460:, which is the cause of 5398:continuity of government 5247:tactical nuclear weapons 5212:McClellan Air Force Base 5070:Dolphin-class submarines 4931:Non-proliferation Treaty 4855:The former chair of the 4843:As a consequence of the 4486:in 1990. The resulting 4451: 4300: 4143: 3973:tactical nuclear weapons 3931:tactical nuclear weapons 3818: 3716:On August 29, 1949, the 3682:For several years after 3436:island-hopping campaigns 3324: 3126:Defence Select Committee 2930:Types of nuclear warfare 1927:Military science fiction 1412:Technology and equipment 828:List of military tactics 31:Not to be confused with 11796:Artificial intelligence 11551:Nuclear power phase-out 10887:Organic nuclear reactor 10059:Nuclear power phase-out 9982:Nuclear decommissioning 9922:Reactor-grade plutonium 9672:Targeted alpha-particle 9551:Accidents and incidents 8940:The Wall Street Journal 5878:Hersh, Seymour (1991). 5795:10.1126/science.6658451 5672:Encyclopædia Britannica 4994:India-Pakistan conflict 4791:Strategic Rocket Forces 4786:Strategic Rocket Forces 4757:caused a high alert in 4440:Large hardened nuclear 4256:Underground Project 131 4250:During this decade the 4239:. Thus both sides were 4191:was completed in 1964. 3921:In the summer of 1951, 3815:reached their targets. 3564:Instrument of Surrender 3562:had already signed its 3552:Instrument of Surrender 3474:unconditional surrender 3383:against Japanese cities 2890:two nuclear superpowers 2788:. On August 6, 1945, a 1995:Wartime sexual violence 1751:Full-spectrum dominance 1562:Supply-chain management 12925:List of disaster films 12766:Apocalyptic literature 11866:Malthusian catastrophe 11792:Synthetic intelligence 11556:Nuclear weapons debate 9140:London Review of Books 9048:reducing nuclear risks 7448:International Security 7268:, Retrieved 2015-12-23 6692:"Firebombing of Tokyo" 6518:Critical Care Medicine 5568:Nuclear weapons debate 5410:letters of last resort 5347:by the early Cold War 5074:Popeye cruise missiles 5039: 4979:U.S. Geological Survey 4840: 4672:supervolcanic eruption 4655: 4576:According to the 1980 4491: 4468: 4392:over-the-horizon radar 4176: 4157: 4140:during the year 1956. 3943:anti-aircraft missiles 3907: 3884: 3713: 3679: 3641: 3631: 3508: 3497: 3394:Operation Meetinghouse 3388:Operation Meetinghouse 3345: 3220:Permissive Action Link 3042:accidental nuclear war 2954:full-scale nuclear war 2745:. Nuclear weapons are 1907:Awards and decorations 1880:Peace through strength 1855:Low-intensity conflict 1489:Conscientious objector 1362:Area of responsibility 71: 12307:Coronal mass ejection 11769:Electromagnetic pulse 11730:Kinetic energy weapon 11414:K-19 nuclear accident 11209:Nuclear weapons tests 10049:Anti-nuclear movement 8602:. 30 September 2022. 6477:US Defense Department 6002:10.5195/jwsr.2018.749 5349:film of the same name 5120:Russia-NATO relations 5098:Israel Defense Forces 5037: 4815: 4666:released, the likely 4649: 4623:of sulfur dioxide as 4604:due to the levels of 4602:Year Without A Summer 4474: 4459: 4287:Operation Chrome Dome 4267:Early Warning Systems 4163: 4151: 4138:Strategic Air Command 4090:" designation signs. 3949:, and guns, like the 3896:Desert Rock exercises 3889: 3873: 3770:in 1952, followed by 3711: 3674: 3638:J. Robert Oppenheimer 3636: 3623:J. Robert Oppenheimer 3600: 3596:J. Robert Oppenheimer 3586:After the successful 3503: 3491: 3428:Japanese home islands 3343: 3094:Nuclear bunker buster 2894:nuclear proliferation 494:Torpedo data computer 484:Ship gun fire-control 53: 12709:War of Gog and Magog 12386:Near-Earth supernova 12136:Human overpopulation 11940:Mass mortality event 11834:Anthropogenic hazard 11546:Nuclear power debate 11408:Cuban Missile Crisis 11259:in the United States 10957:Reversed field pinch 10752:Traveling-wave (TWR) 10236:Supercritical (SCWR) 9734:Gemstone irradiation 8831:The RAND Corporation 7848:Non functioning link 7827:on February 15, 2013 7687:10.1029/2000GL006113 7646:10.1029/2008JD011652 7032:on October 15, 2008. 6889:. Sterling. p. 6720:on February 14, 2009 5232:, Russian President 5220:Kremlin spokesperson 5116:Russia-United States 4845:September 11 attacks 4442:weapon storage areas 4197:Cuban Missile Crisis 3939:interceptor aircraft 3836:interceptor aircraft 3722:first nuclear weapon 3588:Trinity nuclear test 3472:that called for the 3200:every decade since. 3078:, and the 1984 film 2963:strategists such as 2896:, and the threat of 2881:and demonstrations. 2751:conventional warfare 2235:Nuclear-armed states 2025:Military occupations 1860:Military engineering 1762:Unrestricted Warfare 1619:Force multiplication 512:Military manoeuvrers 12781:Blood moon prophecy 12574:Number of the Beast 12172:Holocene extinction 12118:Earth Overshoot Day 12066:Ocean acidification 12029:Habitat destruction 12019:Ecological collapse 11725:Kinetic bombardment 11660:Future of the Earth 11531:Nuclear close calls 10122:Aqueous homogeneous 9917:Reprocessed uranium 9590:Safety and security 9023:Scientific American 8576:. 22 September 2022 8546:. Washington, D.C. 8487:www.spectator.co.uk 8445:. 25 February 2019. 8336:. January 13, 2018. 8274:The Washington Post 8153:. Associated Press. 7770:Pry, Peter (1999). 7711:on October 10, 2014 7678:2001GeoRL..28.3915H 7637:2009JGRD..11410107R 7570:2003PrPG...27..230O 7519:1984Sci...224.1191S 7513:(4654): 1191–1198. 7341:. 14 November 2008. 6850:. August 13, 1945. 6681:Wolk (2010), p. 125 6602:Hakim, Joy (1995). 6428:1998BuAtS..54f...4P 6160:N.N. Sokov (2015). 5970:www.armscontrol.org 5787:1983Sci...222.1293E 5781:(4630): 1293–1300. 5500:speculative fiction 5438:autonomous shelters 5402:designated survivor 5393:four-minute warning 5263:radioactive fallout 5163:false missile alarm 5155:Escalating tensions 5151:exchange of threats 5124:Russo-Ukrainian War 5060:Taiwan independence 4935:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 4927:1965 war with India 4768:In 1996, a Russian 4755:Andøya Space Center 4548:decapitation strike 4482:targets for Soviet 4478:-estimated primary 4173:San Cristóbal, Cuba 3863:in 1951 during the 3848:B-52 Stratofortress 3470:Potsdam Declaration 3378:executed low-level 3300:nuclear disarmament 3290:Conflict resolution 3190:massive retaliation 3186:Eisenhower doctrine 2939:limited nuclear war 2814:device (code name " 2795:device (code name " 2755:radiological result 1711:Penal military unit 1696:Rules of engagement 1372:Command and control 992:Operations research 456:Director (military) 446:Fire-control system 196:Command and control 77:Part of a series on 13096:Doomsday scenarios 12662:Beast of the Earth 12554:Book of Revelation 12342:Virtual black hole 12322:False vacuum decay 12272:Pollinator decline 12235:Biological warfare 12225:Biotechnology risk 12076:Resource depletion 11439:Operation Plumbbob 11402:Operation Fishbowl 11339:Chernobyl disaster 11036:Dense plasma focus 9951:Actinide chemistry 9416:Isotope separation 9313:Nuclear technology 9254:2013-07-24 at the 9229:2013-03-29 at the 9171:2016-08-28 at the 9054:Jessica T. Mathews 8543:The New York Times 8515:. 27 February 2022 8489:. 24 February 2022 8463:. 24 February 2022 8316:The New York Times 7809:on April 24, 2013. 7411:on March 15, 2011. 7379:www.britannica.com 7351:Seymour M. Hersh, 7316:2013-12-26 at the 7284:The New York Times 7265:The New York Times 7241:), Donetsk, 2003, 7214:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 7086:Mao's Great Famine 6960:(August 6, 2005). 6958:Koizumi, Junichiro 6556:Bellona Foundation 6410:"Senseless policy" 6304:2007-10-12 at the 6030:The New York Times 5518:Basic Encyclopedia 5255:Hans M. Kristensen 5239:The New York Times 5194:there. Journalist 5122:worsened over the 5040: 4992:cite the enduring 4879:about 80–100, and 4841: 4838: Did not vote 4774:Kosvinsky Mountain 4753:launched from the 4740:Russian Federation 4676:nuclear fratricide 4656: 4561:developing country 4492: 4469: 4396:Russian Woodpecker 4177: 4158: 4054:suggested that a " 3908: 3798:, compiled by the 3757:Operation Dropshot 3714: 3680: 3642: 3509: 3498: 3494:Sumiteru Taniguchi 3432:Operation Downfall 3396:commenced and 334 3346: 3296:nuclear deterrence 3216:United States Navy 3122:population centers 2992:, or at least its 2924:nuclear escalation 2824:surrender of Japan 2739:political strategy 1820:Counter-insurgency 1741:Command of the sea 1686:Jewish laws on war 1661:Geneva Conventions 1197:Divide and conquer 987:Military operation 952:Tactical objective 451:Fire-control radar 428:Electronic-warfare 72: 13106: 13105: 12937:Zombie apocalypse 12838:Postmillennialism 12633:Great Tribulation 12406:Stellar collision 12367:Near-Earth object 12317:Geomagnetic storm 12285: 12284: 12208:Biodiversity loss 12192:Genetic pollution 12146: 12145: 11935:Biodiversity loss 11898:Societal collapse 11876:Nuclear holocaust 11861:Economic collapse 11844:Doomsday argument 11762:Antimatter weapon 11615: 11614: 11541:Nuclear-free zone 11504:Anti-war movement 11460:Rocky Flats Plant 11118: 11117: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11015:Magnetized-target 10912: 10911: 10875: 10874: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10646: 10645: 10530: 10529: 10462: 10461: 10067: 10066: 10022: 10021: 9891: 9890: 9878:Weapon-free zones 9705: 9704: 9697:Radiopharmacology 9224:Nuclear Files.org 8888:978-963-00-8104-7 8863:978-1-74104-558-1 8714:. 16 August 2022. 8334:Los Angeles Times 8192:. CBC. 2013-04-09 8054:978-1-317-55011-2 8028:978-1-317-58688-3 8002:978-1-4094-7641-2 7963:978-0-521-76700-2 7936:978-1-317-67601-0 7898:978-1-134-13254-6 7871:978-3-03910-382-9 7772:"Black Brant XII" 7672:(20): 3915–3918. 7606:. April 28, 2005. 7232:Shadow of Victory 7083:Dikötter, Frank. 7000:United, Nations. 6986:Technology Review 6943:978-1-4634-2604-0 6822:978-0-87013-940-6 6297:Alan F. Philips, 5903:Albright, David. 5880:The Samson Option 5645:978-0-309-07866-5 5605: 5583:Transition to war 5558:Nuclear briefcase 5170:Mikhail Gorbachev 5084:(and with other " 5032: 5031: 4625:an upper estimate 4596:when the volcano 4367:On May 18, 1974, 4338:Watergate scandal 4327:Israeli air force 4260:Sino-Soviet split 4209:Nikita Khrushchev 3927:Robert F. Christy 3853:Douglas MacArthur 3804:British V bombers 3784:first atomic bomb 3778:in 1960 and then 3776:first atomic bomb 3738:nuclear espionage 3703:nuclear arms race 3645:Immediately after 3592:Manhattan project 3466:Republic of China 3424:Battle of Okinawa 3417:military aviation 3278:nuclear terrorism 3248:Nuclear terrorism 3243:Nuclear blackmail 3239:Nuclear terrorism 3233:Nuclear terrorism 3194:flexible response 3182:balance of terror 3151:Republic of India 3088:Sub-strategic use 3060:, the 1962 novel 2984:the same result. 2981:nuclear holocaust 2898:nuclear terrorism 2771:societal collapse 2749:; in contrast to 2735:military conflict 2724: 2723: 2363: 2362: 2127:Nuclear explosion 2098: 2097: 1990:Horses in warfare 1937:Anti-war movement 1840:Gunboat diplomacy 1830:Disaster response 1778:Philosophy of war 1773:Principles of war 1746:Deterrence theory 1691:Right of conquest 1614:Lanchester's laws 1382:Principles of war 1072:Counter-offensive 1052:Military campaign 957:Target saturation 880:Counterinsurgency 489:Gun data computer 423:Close air support 385:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 13131: 13071: 13070: 13062:World portal 13060: 13059: 13021:Financial crisis 12850:Nibiru cataclysm 12828:Premillennialism 12672:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 12640:Son of perdition 12628:Olivet Discourse 12604:Whore of Babylon 12230:Biological agent 12177:Human extinction 12167:Extinction event 12155: 12154: 12126:Overexploitation 12056:Land consumption 12051:Land degradation 11918: 11917: 11780:Micro black hole 11688:Chemical warfare 11642: 11635: 11628: 11619: 11618: 11607: 11606: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11427:Kyshtym disaster 11422:nuclear meltdown 11349:Related articles 11333:Goiânia accident 11145: 11138: 11131: 11122: 11121: 11106: 11105: 11094: 11093: 11083: 11082: 11081: 10993: 10952:Levitated dipole 10922: 10914: 10913: 10862:Helium gas (GFR) 10725: 10724: 10720: 10657: 10656: 10541: 10540: 10491: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10094: 10086: 10085: 10078:Nuclear reactors 10073: 10072: 9972:High-level (HLW) 9902: 9901: 9749: 9748: 9729:Food irradiation 9719:Atomic gardening 9612: 9611: 9595:Nuclear meltdown 9421:Nuclear material 9411:Fissile material 9406:Fertile material 9321: 9320: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9283: 9282: 8992: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8912:. Archived from 8899: 8893: 8892: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8851: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8801:. 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Archived from 7817: 7811: 7810: 7805:. Archived from 7799: 7790: 7789: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7707:. Archived from 7701: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7407:. Archived from 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7371: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7275: 7269: 7256: 7250: 7249:, pages 353–375. 7240: 7239: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7175:. Archived from 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7147:. Archived from 7146: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7113:. Archived from 7112: 7104: 7098: 7081: 7075: 7067:, 2007. p. 321. 7053: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7028:. Archived from 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6888: 6878: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6716:. Archived from 6706: 6700: 6699: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6634:. Archived from 6624: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6564: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6262:. 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Archived from 5937: 5931: 5930: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5769: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5668:"nuclear winter" 5664: 5658: 5657: 5622: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5553:Nuclear blackout 5426:fallout shelters 5386:RAND corporation 5363:potassium iodide 5307:human extinction 5188:nuclear missiles 5141:In August 2017, 5086:non-state actors 5025: 5024: 5013: 5012: 4963:developing world 4837: 4831: 4825: 4687:Stanislav Petrov 4680:human extinction 4641:Chicxulub impact 4638: 4594:recorded history 4544:chain of command 4271:Stanislav Petrov 4227:system known as 4225:balance of power 4201:Jupiter missiles 4105:fallout shelters 4021:to the north of 3955:nuclear strategy 3900:Nevada Test Site 3894:, including the 3882: 3881:Mao Zedong, 1957 3629: 3574:adopting of the 3572:post-war Japan's 3525:2nd General Army 3492:A photograph of 3455:Pacific theaters 3380:incendiary raids 3072:, the 1983 film 3066:, the 1964 film 2990:human extinction 2911:Since 1947, the 2879:testing purposes 2779:human extinction 2743:nuclear weaponry 2729:, also known as 2716: 2709: 2702: 2686: 2685: 2667:List of treaties 2379: 2365: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2292: 2186:Target selection 2114: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2083: 2076: 1845:Humanitarian aid 1783:Security dilemma 1604:Power projection 1387:Economy of force 1367:Chain of command 1082:Defence in depth 1067:Commerce raiding 885:Defeat in detail 201:Defense ministry 105: 96: 95: 86: 74: 73: 47: 40: 21: 13139: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13124:Nuclear weapons 13119:Nuclear warfare 13109: 13108: 13107: 13102: 13081:Future problems 13054: 13045: 12979: 12948: 12915:Climate fiction 12881: 12756:2012 phenomenon 12739: 12645:Sheep and Goats 12532:2 Thessalonians 12410: 12327:Gamma-ray burst 12281: 12196: 12187:Genetic erosion 12142: 12112: 12103:Water pollution 12071:Ozone depletion 11967:Desertification 11907: 11822: 11757:Doomsday device 11737:Nuclear warfare 11676: 11651: 11646: 11616: 11611: 11594: 11592: 11585: 11561:Peace activists 11476: 11470: 11295: 11293: 11287: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11119: 11114: 11079: 11077: 11060: 11024: 10991: 10976: 10933: 10923: 10918: 10908: 10871: 10776: 10721: 10714: 10713: 10698: 10642: 10573: 10548: 10526: 10498: 10480: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10458: 10424: 10415: 10397: 10362: 10353: 10267: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10240: 10154:Natural fission 10108: 10107: 10095: 10090: 10080: 10063: 10039:Nuclear weapons 10018: 9977:Low-level (LLW) 9955: 9887: 9839: 9738: 9701: 9648: 9601: 9522: 9454: 9377: 9315: 9310: 9256:Wayback Machine 9231:Wayback Machine 9173:Wayback Machine 9156:– slideshow by 9150: 9088:Daniel Ellsberg 9068:, a project of 9044:nuclear weapons 9028:missile defense 9000: 8998:Further reading 8995: 8970: 8966: 8951: 8947: 8932: 8928: 8919: 8917: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8842: 8838: 8821: 8817: 8808: 8806: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8684: 8680: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8579: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8553: 8551: 8532: 8528: 8518: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8418: 8414: 8409:. 17 June 2019. 8401: 8400: 8396: 8379: 8375: 8360: 8356: 8345: 8341: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8308: 8304: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8281: 8266: 8262: 8258:. June 5, 2015. 8249: 8245: 8230: 8226: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8204: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8013: 8009: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7801: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7768: 7764: 7749: 7745: 7728: 7724: 7714: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7658: 7654: 7631:(D10): D10107. 7615: 7611: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7554: 7550: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7444: 7440: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7350: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7318:Wayback Machine 7309: 7305: 7296: 7294: 7276: 7272: 7257: 7253: 7225: 7221: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7182: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7082: 7078: 7054: 7050: 7041: 7037: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7010: 7008: 6998: 6994: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6936:. p. 215. 6926: 6922: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6879: 6875: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6721: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6641: 6639: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6600: 6596: 6565: 6561: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6406: 6402: 6371: 6367: 6358: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6312: 6306:Wayback Machine 6296: 6292: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6230:10.2307/1309966 6214: 6210: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6171: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6143: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6104: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6040: 6022: 6018: 5981: 5977: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5929:. 27 July 2023. 5921: 5920: 5916: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5876: 5872: 5851:(10): 706–714. 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5705: 5686: 5679: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5646: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5597: 5595: 5508: 5496: 5486: 5480: 5458:gamma radiation 5430:Ark Two Shelter 5298: 5284: 5196:Dmitry Kiselyov 5149:, following an 5022: 4905:the Netherlands 4839: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4821: 4761:, known as the 4724: 4722:Second Cold War 4718: 4636: 4613:Hiroshima Bombs 4527:Washington D.C. 4454: 4437:in early 1980. 4303: 4171:launch site in 4146: 4111:Henry Kissinger 4088:fallout shelter 4052:John F. Kennedy 4027:Orenburg Oblast 3883: 3880: 3821: 3800:Royal Air Force 3794:. A top-secret 3782:developing its 3774:developing its 3630: 3621: 3584: 3447:Harry S. Truman 3338: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3314:Main articles: 3312: 3292: 3286: 3245: 3237:Main articles: 3235: 3100: 3090: 3052:popular culture 3002:life expectancy 2998:quality of life 2965:Henry Kissinger 2932: 2857:, and in 1998, 2727:Nuclear warfare 2720: 2359: 2310: 2290: 2280: 2249: 2104:Nuclear weapons 2094: 2065: 2064: 2015: 2005: 2004: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1902: 1892: 1891: 1865:Multilateralism 1850:Law enforcement 1810: 1800: 1799: 1768:Just war theory 1726: 1716: 1715: 1666:Geneva Protocol 1636: 1626: 1625: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1530: 1520: 1519: 1427: 1417: 1416: 1357: 1347: 1346: 1312: 1302: 1301: 1232:Network-centric 1152: 1142: 1141: 1044: 1034: 1033: 982: 972: 971: 920:Rapid dominance 825: 815: 814: 770:Electromagnetic 679: 669: 668: 655: 608: 556: 532: 522: 521: 517:Combat training 498: 475: 441:Combat systems: 437: 399: 395:Auxiliary ships 361: 321: 263: 186: 176: 175: 115: 89: 88: 87: 82: 48: 41: 37:nukewar (warez) 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13137: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13076:Apocalypticism 13065: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12934: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12920:Disaster films 12917: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12895: 12893:Alien invasion 12889: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12835: 12833:Amillennialism 12830: 12820: 12818:Millenarianism 12815: 12814: 12813: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12771:Apocalypticism 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12747: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12725: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12667:Dhu al-Qarnayn 12664: 12659: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12613:Great Apostasy 12610: 12609: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12551: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12502: 12492: 12487: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12470: 12460: 12458:Last Judgement 12455: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12420: 12418: 12416:Eschatological 12412: 12411: 12409: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12359: 12354: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12204: 12202: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12131:Overpopulation 12128: 12122: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12108:Water scarcity 12105: 12100: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12083: 12081:Sea level rise 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12044:on marine life 12041: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11999:Global warming 11996: 11991: 11989:Global dimming 11986: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11947:Cascade effect 11944: 11943: 11942: 11932: 11926: 11924: 11922:Climate change 11915: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11841: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11752:Doomsday Clock 11749: 11744: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11703:Cyberterrorism 11700: 11690: 11684: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11662: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11566:Peace movement 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11480: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11433:Windscale fire 11429: 11423: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11394: 11392:Lucens reactor 11388: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11249:United Kingdom 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11170: 11168: 11156: 11155: 11148: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11125: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11100: 11088: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11046:Muon-catalyzed 11043: 11038: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11005: 10995: 10986: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10737:Integral (IFR) 10734: 10728: 10722: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10583: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10552: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10496: 10488: 10481: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10367: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10307: 10302: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10272: 10270: 10265: 10257: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10156: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10124: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10082: 10081: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10054:Uranium mining 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9936: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927:Minor actinide 9924: 9919: 9908: 9906: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9853: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9755: 9753: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9624:Autoradiograph 9620: 9618: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Atomic nucleus 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9317: 9316: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9263: 9246: 9239: 9234: 9221: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9193: 9181: 9162: 9149: 9148:External links 9146: 9145: 9144: 9123: 9113: 9081: 9080:point of view. 9063: 9051: 9015: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8979:(3): 195–208. 8973:Health Physics 8964: 8945: 8926: 8894: 8887: 8869: 8862: 8836: 8815: 8790: 8771: 8764: 8744: 8717: 8699: 8678: 8639:(8): 586–596. 8617: 8587: 8561: 8526: 8500: 8474: 8448: 8430: 8412: 8394: 8373: 8354: 8339: 8321: 8302: 8279: 8260: 8256:Deutsche Welle 8243: 8224: 8202: 8181: 8156: 8137: 8128: 8125:. 16 May 2002. 8110: 8107:. 26 May 2009. 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8053: 8033: 8027: 8007: 8001: 7981: 7969: 7962: 7942: 7935: 7915: 7903: 7897: 7877: 7870: 7850: 7838: 7812: 7791: 7784: 7762: 7743: 7722: 7693: 7652: 7609: 7591: 7564:(2): 230–259. 7548: 7495: 7481: 7438: 7414: 7390: 7366: 7357: 7344: 7326: 7303: 7270: 7251: 7227:Viktor Suvorov 7219: 7201: 7189: 7164: 7130: 7099: 7076: 7056:Robert Service 7048: 7035: 7017: 7006:United Nations 6992: 6975: 6949: 6942: 6920: 6906: 6899: 6873: 6860: 6828: 6821: 6801: 6798:on 2013-10-29. 6783: 6769: 6744: 6730: 6701: 6683: 6674: 6648: 6619: 6612: 6594: 6575:(4): 484–501. 6559: 6544: 6535: 6522: 6509: 6488: 6464: 6440: 6400: 6365: 6338: 6324: 6310: 6290: 6276: 6251: 6224:(9): 576–583. 6208: 6201: 6180: 6152: 6127: 6102: 6081: 6049: 6016: 5975: 5957: 5932: 5914: 5895: 5888: 5870: 5835: 5826: 5808: 5759: 5745: 5724: 5703: 5677: 5674:. August 2023. 5659: 5644: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:Mount Yamantau 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5482:Main article: 5479: 5476: 5436:, Canada, and 5345:duck and cover 5288:Nuclear famine 5283: 5280: 5234:Vladimir Putin 5184:Vladimir Putin 5114:In 2014, when 5030: 5029: 5018: 5017: 5016:External image 4857:United Nations 4834: 4828: 4822: 4820:on 7 July 2017 4799:Ural Mountains 4717: 4714: 4706:Able Archer 83 4660:supervolcanoes 4606:global dimming 4578:United Nations 4453: 4450: 4390:early warning 4377:Smiling Buddha 4346:Yom Kippur War 4307:Yom Kippur War 4302: 4299: 4283:U.S. Air Force 4279:computer chips 4258:following the 4237:pyrrhic victor 4221:game theorists 4145: 4142: 4084:Geiger counter 3951:M51 Skysweeper 3878: 3844:B-47 Stratojet 3820: 3817: 3788:Western Europe 3764:United Kingdom 3699:United Nations 3650:Eastern Europe 3619: 3606:scripture the 3583: 3580: 3529:Fifth Division 3462:United Kingdom 3369:20th Air Force 3334:Main article: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3308: 3288:Main article: 3285: 3282: 3234: 3231: 3207:") armed with 3137:missiles with 3131:United Kingdom 3111:variable yield 3089: 3086: 2952:The second, a 2931: 2928: 2913:Doomsday Clock 2839:United Kingdom 2812:implosion-type 2767:nuclear famine 2763:nuclear winter 2731:atomic warfare 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671:treaty parties 2661: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2615:United Kingdom 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2284: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2261:United Kingdom 2258: 2253: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Military terms 2027: 2022: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788:Tripwire force 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1310:Administrative 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237:New generation 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1212:Fleet in being 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1153: 1150:Grand strategy 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1137:Scorched earth 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009:Deep operation 1006: 1001: 994: 989: 983: 978: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 938: 937: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 856: 855: 850: 845: 835: 826: 821: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 810:Unconventional 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 758: 756:Disinformation 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 727: 726: 721: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 680: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 661: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 649: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 607: 606: 605: 604: 603: 602: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 542: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 509: 507:Basic training 504: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 436: 435: 433:Reconnaissance 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 360: 359: 354: 352:Special forces 349: 344: 343: 342: 332: 327: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 262: 261: 252: 247: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 156: 155: 154: 149: 139: 138: 137: 130:Post-classical 127: 122: 116: 111: 110: 107: 106: 98: 97: 79: 78: 56:mushroom cloud 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13136: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13091:Risk analysis 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13066: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13036:Social crisis 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12953:Organizations 12951: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12878: 12877:World to come 12875: 12873: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12823:Millennialism 12821: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12811:Messianic Age 12809: 12808: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12796:Gog and Magog 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12786:Earth Changes 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12623:New Jerusalem 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599:War in Heaven 12597: 12595: 12594:Two witnesses 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12463:Second Coming 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12119: 12115: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11962:Deforestation 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11903:World War III 11901: 11899: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11818:Transhumanism 11816: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681:Technological 11679: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11610: 11602: 11601: 11588: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11415: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11290: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11266:United States 11264: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11141: 11139: 11134: 11132: 11127: 11126: 11123: 11111: 11110: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11003:electrostatic 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10782:Generation IV 10779: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10732:Breeder (FBR) 10730: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10709: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10418: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10356: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10070: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10034:Nuclear power 10032: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10015: 10014:Transmutation 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9811:high-altitude 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9801:Proliferation 9799: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9687:Brachytherapy 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9483:Cross section 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9295: 9293: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262:by Ray Wagner 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9159:Life magazine 9155: 9152: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9104:9781608196708 9101: 9097: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9084:Thomas Powers 9082: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:9780226043609 9010: 9006: 9003:Louis Beres, 9002: 9001: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8916:on 2013-10-29 8915: 8911: 8909: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8849: 8840: 8832: 8827: 8819: 8805:on 2013-10-18 8804: 8800: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8765:0-942487-01-X 8761: 8757: 8756: 8748: 8737: 8730: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8656:11250/3039288 8652: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8621: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8538: 8530: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8426: 8423: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8290: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8213: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8106: 8100: 8094:, p. 140 8093: 8088: 8082:, p. 234 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8011: 8004: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7985: 7979:, p. 139 7978: 7973: 7965: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7785:0-275-96643-7 7781: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7726: 7715:September 23, 7710: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7491: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7361: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7248: 7247:966-696-022-2 7244: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7179:on 2017-01-26 7178: 7174: 7168: 7154:on 2012-04-02 7150: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7120:on 2017-09-03 7116: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7096:0-8027-7768-6 7093: 7089: 7087: 7080: 7074: 7073:0-674-02530-X 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6910: 6902: 6900:9781402740909 6896: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6869:World War II. 6864: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6759:on 2010-05-12 6758: 6754: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6638:on 2015-01-03 6637: 6633: 6632:Common Dreams 6629: 6623: 6615: 6613:0-19-509514-6 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6513: 6499: 6492: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6266:on 2020-04-03 6265: 6261: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6202:0-8157-1314-2 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6170:on 2020-06-09 6169: 6165: 6164: 6156: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062:The Economist 6059: 6053: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5947:on 2018-07-06 5946: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5889:0-394-57006-5 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5371:radioisotopes 5368: 5364: 5360: 5359:Prussian blue 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5323:Carte Blanche 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5296:Civil defense 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:William Burns 5240: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5223:Dmitry Peskov 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5078:second strike 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044:United States 5036: 5028: 5019: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959:proliferation 4955: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736:United States 4733: 4729: 4726:Although the 4723: 4716:Post-Cold War 4713: 4711: 4710:immediate use 4707: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695:World War III 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4598:Mount Tambora 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4519:second strike 4516: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:Ronald Reagan 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4354:United States 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:Richard Nixon 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315:Golan Heights 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4274:his actions. 4272: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165:RF-101 Voodoo 4162: 4155: 4150: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076:civil defense 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019:Georgy Zhukov 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:Project Vista 3919: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892:nuclear tests 3888: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726:Semipalatinsk 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3654:Joseph Stalin 3651: 3646: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3609:Bhagavad Gita 3605: 3599: 3597: 3594:lead manager 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568:war in Europe 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3548:Allied Powers 3545: 3544:its surrender 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3483:mainland U.S. 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3440:Purple Hearts 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390:raid on Tokyo 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192:" to one of " 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969:United States 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2937:The first, a 2935: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741:that deploys 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633:Proliferation 2632: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620:United States 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251:United States 2248: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Proliferation 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:Warrior caste 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1887:Show of force 1885: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1875:Peacebuilding 1873: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1731:Air supremacy 1729: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1671:Islamic rules 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1651:Court-martial 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1550:Arms industry 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167:Broken-backed 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:Expeditionary 1002: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 981: 976: 975: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 936: 933: 932: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 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11698:Cyberwarfare 11591: 11513: 11509:Bikini Atoll 11455:Hanford Site 11450:Bikini Atoll 11254:in Australia 11244:Soviet Union 11239:South Africa 11107: 11095: 11076: 11056:Pyroelectric 11010:Laser-driven 10790:Sodium (SFR) 10717:fast-neutron 10556: 10102: 9992:Reprocessing 9873:WMD treaties 9822: 9692:Radiosurgery 9662:Fast-neutron 9634:Scintigraphy 9259: 9242: 9195: 9183: 9164: 9157: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9107: 9106:, 420 pp.), 9091: 9057: 9021: 9004: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8958: 8948: 8939: 8929: 8918:. 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CNBC News 8092:Chakma 2012 8080:Chakma 2013 8070:, p. – 8068:Chakma 2014 7977:Chakma 2012 7911:Chakma 2012 7339:Der Spiegel 7258:S. Shane – 7238:Тень победы 6934:AuthorHouse 6696:HISTORY.com 5442:Switzerland 5422:North Korea 5321:and NATO's 5271:Nature Food 5143:North Korea 5109:South Korea 5082:Middle East 4975:North Korea 4895:. NATO has 4885:North Korea 4875:about 350, 4871:about 200, 4860:disarmament 4749:In 1995, a 4652:Pershing II 4552:fail-deadly 4427:Warsaw Pact 4419:Warsaw Pact 4386:The Soviet 4323:Moshe Dayan 4056:missile gap 4025:village in 3996:nuclear war 3945:, like the 3796:White paper 3766:tested its 3746:Klaus Fuchs 3720:tested its 3556:Pacific War 3267:dirty bombs 3120:over major 2941:(sometimes 2867:North Korea 2853:. In 1974, 2595:Switzerland 2580:South Korea 2540:Philippines 2530:North Korea 2525:Netherlands 2301:North Korea 2211:Disarmament 1985:War studies 1808:Non-warfare 1736:Appeasement 1701:Martial law 1540:War economy 1479:Transgender 1432:Recruitment 1192:Containment 1077:Culminating 1057:Anti-access 980:Operational 900:Envelopment 843:Air assault 724:Air cavalry 684:Air defence 664:Information 565:Cold-region 530:Battlespace 479:Historical: 325:Land units: 231:Space force 226:Coast guard 159:Late modern 120:Prehistoric 13113:Categories 13001:Depression 12991:Ransomware 12806:Messianism 12776:Armageddon 12761:Apocalypse 12549:Antichrist 12537:Man of sin 12434:Three Ages 12297:Big Crunch 12159:Extinction 12151:Biological 11913:Ecological 11785:Strangelet 11571:Peace camp 11361:1985–1987 11294:accidents 11162:disasters 10992:(acoustic) 10609:PBR (PBMR) 9997:Spent fuel 9987:Repository 9967:Fuel cycle 9934:Activation 9711:Processing 9578:Propulsion 9536:by country 9468:Activation 9032:technology 8991:0017-9078. 8920:2013-10-09 8908:Nat Geo TV 8809:2013-10-23 8295:August 11, 8218:2013-05-07 8196:2013-05-07 8175:2013-05-07 7432:2008-07-13 7384:2024-06-14 7297:2021-12-17 7183:2012-06-07 7158:2011-10-24 7124:2014-10-07 7011:2024-02-13 6763:2011-06-15 6724:2016-12-13 6642:2014-12-08 6503:2010-04-26 6482:2018-06-26 6458:2016-04-19 6359:2022-03-07 6270:2010-11-24 6218:BioScience 6189:Ash Carter 6174:2015-12-28 6146:2023-01-24 6121:2023-01-24 6075:2022-10-02 6043:2022-10-02 5995:(2): 349. 5951:2015-03-16 5613:References 5488:See also: 5478:In fiction 5380:, include 5286:See also: 5276:starvation 5204:Camp David 5132:Ash Carter 4998:Kargil War 4730:ended the 4720:See also: 4629:Mount Toba 4462:Trident C4 4435:Square Leg 4319:Golda Meir 4245:proxy wars 4203:placed in 4134:top-secret 4012:hypocenter 3904:Korean War 3869:Mao Zedong 3865:Korean War 3732:(see also 3730:Kazakhstan 3598:recalled: 3513:Little Boy 3505:Hypocenter 3464:, and the 3409:explosives 3205:terrorists 3164:Commodore 3092:See also: 3026:subtropics 2884:After the 2797:Little Boy 2625:Yugoslavia 2416:By country 2392:Biological 2322:Kazakhstan 2247:recognized 2221:Opposition 2119:Background 2045:War crimes 2035:Operations 1942:Foot drill 1912:Battle cry 1825:deterrence 1484:Harassment 1459:Specialism 1282:Technology 1277:Succession 1222:Liberation 1157:Asymmetric 1092:Empty fort 998:Blitzkrieg 967:Withdrawal 930:Investment 709:Camouflage 704:Biological 642:Underwater 617:Amphibious 536:Aerospace 403:Air units: 380:Submarines 169:fourth-gen 164:industrial 152:napoleonic 64:Little Boy 18:Atomic war 12886:Fictional 12733:Saoshyant 12618:New Earth 12589:The Beast 12522:Preterism 12495:Christian 12451:Kali Yuga 12396:Micronova 12391:Hypernova 12257:Dysgenics 12098:Verneshot 12004:Hypercane 11747:Dead Hand 11363:Therac-25 11296:and sites 11166:incidents 11160:Lists of 10962:Spheromak 10661:Fluorides 10325:IPHWR-700 10320:IPHWR-540 10315:IPHWR-220 10104:Moderator 9784:Explosion 9759:Arms race 9546:Economics 9498:Reflector 9493:Radiation 9488:Generator 9443:Plutonium 9396:Deuterium 9361:Radiation 9331:Chemistry 9271:NUKEMAP3D 9076:from the 8673:251601831 8610:2 October 8580:3 October 8519:3 October 8493:3 October 8467:3 October 8214:. Express 7831:April 28, 7586:131663534 7292:0362-4331 6589:0140-2390 6238:0006-3568 6116:USA Today 6070:0013-0613 6038:0362-4331 6011:158444919 5865:144553194 5418:Pyongyang 5406:Dead Hand 5182:In 2019, 5094:Palestine 4897:stationed 4883:100–110. 4826: Yes 4668:air burst 4633:lake Toba 4511:submarine 4423:North Sea 4291:accidents 4119:air burst 4080:dosimeter 4008:maneuvers 3994:during a 3834:-powered 3753:plutonium 3658:espionage 3517:Hiroshima 3468:issued a 3444:President 3354:Hiroshima 3104:total war 3063:Fail-Safe 3006:total war 2809:plutonium 2805:Hiroshima 2440:Australia 2435:Argentina 2216:Terrorism 2201:Espionage 2196:Blackmail 2191:Arms race 1932:War novel 1835:Grey-zone 1795:War games 1756:Overmatch 1706:War crime 1656:Desertion 1646:Ceasefire 1641:Armistice 1528:Logistics 1506:Mercenary 1494:Volunteer 1425:Personnel 1397:Engineers 1342:Sociology 1297:World war 1292:Total war 1272:Strategic 1262:Religious 1247:Political 1242:Perpetual 1217:Irregular 1132:Offensive 1107:Defensive 1102:Deception 1062:Attrition 910:Guerrilla 905:Formation 848:Airbridge 780:Loitering 694:Artillery 347:Artillery 282:Engineers 245:Irregular 216:Air force 60:Hiroshima 13026:Pandemic 13011:Epidemic 13006:Droughts 12860:Prewrath 12791:End time 12657:Al-Qa'im 12542:Katechon 12527:2 Esdras 12517:Idealism 12500:Futurism 12429:Maitreya 12424:Buddhist 12267:Pandemic 11715:Gray goo 11609:Category 11475:Related 11365:accident 11234:Pakistan 11097:Category 11051:Polywell 10982:Inertial 10939:Magnetic 10694:TMSR-LF1 10689:TMSR-500 10669:Fuji MSR 10629:THTR-300 10469:Graphite 10332:PHWR KWU 10298:ACR-1000 10226:IPWR-900 10209:ACPR1000 10204:HPR-1000 10194:CPR-1000 10169:APR-1400 9960:Disposal 9912:Actinide 9905:Products 9764:Delivery 9607:Medicine 9436:depleted 9431:enriched 9401:Helium-3 9366:ionizing 9252:Archived 9227:Archived 9169:Archived 9036:politics 8959:BBC News 8736:Archived 8712:CBS News 8665:37118594 8604:Archived 8574:NBC News 8548:Archived 8513:NBC News 8461:NBC News 8368:The Hill 8123:BBC News 7543:23649251 7535:17819476 7476:57562545 7314:Archived 6852:Archived 6531:Survival 6395:57564482 6302:Archived 5927:World101 5654:25032468 5630:. 1986. 5506:See also 5311:Cold War 5282:Survival 5251:NBC News 5128:Russia 1 5046:and the 4971:Pakistan 4943:1999 war 4923:Pakistan 4881:Pakistan 4832: No 4795:Kuntsevo 4793:remains 4738:and the 4732:Cold War 4664:aerosols 4590:megatons 4488:fall-out 4446:REFORGER 4356:and the 4241:deterred 4100:AM radio 4092:CONELRAD 4023:Totskoye 4004:Nagasaki 4000:Snowball 3969:expected 3962:Cold War 3879:— 3825:Cold War 3792:Cold War 3620:— 3617:another. 3453:and the 3451:European 3358:Nagasaki 3260:Pakistan 3166:Tim Hare 3149:and the 3075:WarGames 3010:Cold War 2977:escalate 2971:and the 2961:Cold War 2947:exchange 2859:Pakistan 2851:Cold War 2841:(1952), 2820:Nagasaki 2803:city of 2801:Japanese 2793:gun-type 2775:Cold War 2688:Category 2659:Treaties 2651:Missiles 2641:Chemical 2550:Rhodesia 2535:Pakistan 2450:Bulgaria 2397:Chemical 2317:Belarus 2296:Pakistan 2181:Arsenals 2152:Delivery 1947:War song 1922:War film 1555:Materiel 1474:Children 1454:Training 1392:Medicine 1377:Doctrine 1332:Training 1267:Resource 1252:Princely 1202:Economic 1187:Conquest 1182:Colonial 1177:Cold war 1162:Blockade 1042:Strategy 1014:Maneuver 775:Infantry 731:Chemical 585:Mountain 545:Airborne 408:Fighters 375:Warships 330:Infantry 272:Rifleman 236:Reserves 184:Military 13086:Hazards 12984:General 12855:Rapture 12704:Messiah 12692:Sufyani 12682:Israfil 12652:Islamic 12490:Messiah 12468:1 Enoch 12302:Big Rip 12014:Ecocide 12009:Ice age 11344:Effects 11109:Commons 11020:Z-pinch 10990:Bubble 10972:Tokamak 10835:FBR-600 10815:CFR-600 10810:BN-1200 10476:coolant 10403:Organic 10288:CANDU 9 10285:CANDU 6 10253:coolant 10214:ACP1000 10189:CAP1400 10127:Boiling 10092:Fission 9939:Fission 9883:Weapons 9823:Warfare 9806:Testing 9796:History 9789:effects 9744:Weapons 9654:Therapy 9629:RadBall 9616:Imaging 9508:Thermal 9473:Capture 9460:Neutron 9448:Thorium 9426:Uranium 9391:Tritium 9371:braking 9351:Fission 9341:Physics 9324:Science 9096:Planner 8425:Reuters 8351:. 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