583:
89:
621:
411:
599:"the miraculous inventiveness of man would not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life." However, Eisenhower was not completely effective in his repurposing; Eisenhower himself approved the National Security Council (NSC) document which stated that only a massive atomic weapon base would deter violence from the Soviet Union. The belief that to avoid a nuclear war, the United States must stay on the offensive, ready to strike at any time, is the same reason that the Soviet Union would not give up its atomic weapons either. During Eisenhower's time in office the nuclear holdings of the US rose from 1,005 to 20,000 weapons.
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nations that already had atomic weapons kept their weapons and grew their supplies, very few other countries have developed similar weapons—in this sense, it has been very much contained. The "Atoms for Peace" program also created regulations for the use of nuclear power and through these regulations stopped other countries from developing weapons while allowing the technology to be used for positive means.
490:. Eisenhower's speech opened a media campaign that would last for years and that aimed at "emotion management", balancing fears of continuing nuclear armament with promises of peaceful use of uranium in future nuclear reactors. The speech was a tipping point for international focus on peaceful uses of atomic energy, even during the early stages of the Cold War. Eisenhower, with some influence from
1307:
598:
Eisenhower's speech was an important moment in political history as it brought the atomic issue which had been kept quiet for "national security" into the public eye, asking the world to support his solution. Eisenhower was determined to solve "the fearful atomic dilemma" by finding some way by which
533:
strategy from an emphasis on conventional weapons to cheaper nuclear weapons. Western
Europeans wanted reassurance that the U.S. did not intend to provoke a nuclear war in Europe, and the speech was designed primarily to create that sense of reassurance. Eisenhower later said that he knew the Soviets
463:", to enlighten the American public on the risks and hopes of a nuclear future. It was designed to shift public focus away from the military, a strategy that Eisenhower referred to as "psychological warfare." Both Operation Candor and Atoms for Peace were influenced by the January 1953 report of the
552:
It is with the book of history, and not with isolated pages, that the United States will ever wish to be identified. My country wants to be constructive, not destructive. It wants agreement, not wars, among nations. It wants itself to live in freedom, and in the confidence that the people of every
566:
To the making of these fateful decisions, the United States pledges before you—and therefore before the world its determination to help solve the fearful atomic dilemma—to devote its entire heart and mind to find the way by which the miraculous inventiveness of man shall not be dedicated to his
602:
The "Atoms for Peace" program opened up nuclear research to civilians and countries that had not previously possessed nuclear technology. Eisenhower argued for a nonproliferation agreement throughout the world and argued for a stop of the spread of military use of nuclear weapons. Although the
610:
At the rostrum of the Palais des
Nations' Assembly hall for the opening of the International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. (Left to right) Max Petitpierre, President of the Swiss Confederation, U.N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, Homi J. Bhabha of India, President of the
594:
of 1943 and thus not devoted to peaceful processes, but instead as a weapon to defend against other countries which were developing and using the same weaponry. With atomic development thus far under wraps, there were no safety protocols and no standards developed.
698:
Research by
Matthew Fuhrmann has linked civilian nuclear cooperation to nuclear weapons programs, as the technology, know-how and materials used and generated by civilian nuclear use reduced the costs of pursuing a nuclear weapons program.
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59:
The United States then launched an "Atoms for Peace" program that supplied equipment and information to schools, hospitals, and research institutions within the U.S. and throughout the world. The first nuclear reactors in
54:
I feel impelled to speak today in a language that in a sense is new—one which I, who have spent so much of my life in the military profession, would have preferred never to use. That new language is the language of atomic
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However, recent historians have tended to see the speech as a Cold War maneuver directed primarily at U.S. allies in Europe. Eisenhower wanted to make sure that the
European allies would go along with the shift in
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Prior to
Eisenhower's speech, the state of atomic development in the world was under strict secrecy. The information and expertise needed for atomic development was bound by the secret
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467:, which urged that the United States government practice less secrecy and more honesty toward the American people about the realities of the nuclear balance and the dangers of
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for its nuclear actions—past, present, and future. This address laid down the rules of engagement for the new kind of warfare: the Cold War.
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946:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 3. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 212.
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Eisenhower's invoking of "those same great concepts of universal peace and human dignity which are so clearly etched in" the
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Fuhrmann, Matthew (July 2009). "Spreading
Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements".
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The Atoms for Peace symbol mounted over the door to the
American swimming pool reactor building during the 1955
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Documents regarding
President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace speech, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
815:"Address Before the General Assembly of the United Nations on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, New York City"
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403:
69:
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Schock, R (December 2003). Atoms for Peace After 50 Years: The New
Challenges and Opportunities (Report).
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894:
Bernstein, Barton J. (Fall 1987). "Crossing the
Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb?".
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Conference, and Walter G. Whitman from the United States, Conference Secretary General
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arms race. Under Atoms for Peace related programmes the U.S. exported over 25 tons of
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830:"The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona: March 1958–January 1961"
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586:"Atoms for Peace" 3 cent U.S. stamp presentation with President Eisenhower in 1955
513:, the international intrigue that subsequently kept the world at the edge of war.
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The "Atoms for Peace" slogan still in use above the panel at a 2013 IAEA meeting
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Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
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72:, a company more commonly known as a major manufacturer of bowling equipment.
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857:"Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism, and Scientific Intelligence"
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Atoms for Peace created the ideological background for the creation of the
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Atomic Assistance: How 'Atoms for Peace' Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity
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Pilat, Joseph F.; Pendley, Robert E.; Ebinger, Charles K., eds. (2019).
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The speech was part of a carefully orchestrated media campaign, called "
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other nation enjoy equally the right of choosing their own way of life.
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Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium
2005:
1317:"Atoms for Peace (speech) Dwight David Eisenhower – December 8, 1953"
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would reject the specific proposal he offered in the speech.
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International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
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David Albright; Serena Kelleher-Vergantini (7 October 2015).
289:
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1402:
Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1081:(Report). Institute for Science and International Security
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Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
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In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age
42:" was the title of a speech delivered by U.S. President
996:
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in Geneva, often called the Atoms for Peace conference
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Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954
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465:
State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament
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2107:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite
1920:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
1484:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany
669:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
34:of 1955 in allusion to the program Atoms for Peace
1812:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
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691:and terrorism risk. Under a similar program, the
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1936:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1954:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act
1226:Atoms For Peace: An Analysis After Thirty Years
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2196:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)
2134:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport
2051:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948
1347:
828:Cohen, Avner; Burr, William (15 April 2015).
440:
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1914:People to People Student Ambassador Program
1690:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization
937:Hewlett, Richard G.; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
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2527:December 1953 events in the United States
2076:United States Presidential election (1952
893:
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509:It presented an ostensible antithesis to
2171:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center
1996:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960
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671:, but also gave political cover for the
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1267:The enduring effects of Atoms for Peace
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811:University of California, Santa Barbara
548:Two quotations from the speech follow:
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1311:Full transcript and original recording
1272:
683:(HEU) to 30 countries, mostly to fuel
50:in New York City on December 8, 1953.
16:1953 speech by US President Eisenhower
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1177:
1051:Jessica C. Varnum (23 January 2014).
990:
854:
2522:United States and the United Nations
2512:Nuclear history of the United States
2129:Eisenhower Executive Office Building
2066:Republican National Convention (1952
1501:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
627:
2297:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower
1055:. Nuclear Engineering International
567:death, but consecrated to his life.
176:34th President of the United States
13:
1983:Student loans in the United States
1758:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1327:Original annotated draft of speech
1259:
1163:. Texas A&M University Press.
665:International Atomic Energy Agency
541:placed new emphasis upon the U.S.
137:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
14:
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2119:Eisenhower National Historic Site
1879:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1857:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
1429:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy
1294:
1036:Pilat, Pendley & Ebinger 2019
809:Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley;
2507:Speeches by Dwight D. Eisenhower
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1835:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954
1305:
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420:
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68:were built under the program by
21:Atoms for Peace (disambiguation)
2492:1953 in international relations
2386:Eisenhower baseball controversy
1931:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
1891:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
1753:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958
1464:People of Western Europe speech
1386:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1105:
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391:Presidential library and museum
1972:National Defense Education Act
1943:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1459:June 6, 1944, order of the day
1444:European Theater of Operations
1378:President of the United States
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695:exported over 11 tons of HEU.
1:
2253:Backstairs at the White House
2124:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
1948:Little Rock Nine intervention
1840:Internal Revenue Code of 1954
1053:"60 Years of Atoms for Peace"
795:
687:, which is now regarded as a
673:U.S. nuclear weapons build-up
75:
2216:Other tributes and memorials
1494:European Advisory Commission
1201:. Cornell University Press.
1161:Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace
855:Krige, John (January 2006).
70:American Machine and Foundry
7:
2409:Introduction to Outer Space
2397:And I don't care what it is
2211:Places named for Eisenhower
1794:Outer Continental Shelf Act
1615:Military–industrial complex
836:. National Security Archive
702:
10:
2548:
1662:Korean Armistice Agreement
1633:Presidential Proclamations
1540:State of the Union Address
1394:Chief of Staff of the Army
1269:. Arms Control Association
1197:Fuhrmann, Matthew (2012).
1152:
675:, and the backdrop to the
18:
2487:1953 in American politics
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2176:Eisenhower Medical Center
2089:
2046:Draft Eisenhower movement
2038:
2019:
1896:Interstate Highway System
1823:National Wool Act of 1954
1780:
1712:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
1674:"Chance for Peace" speech
1641:
1509:
1449:Allied invasion of Sicily
1412:
1369:
1178:Cooke, Stephanie (2009).
785:World Nuclear Association
615:
250:Interstate Highway System
2247:(1949 television series)
2001:Civil Rights Act of 1960
1926:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1885:Bank Holding Company Act
1862:Agricultural Act of 1956
1818:Agricultural Act of 1954
1669:1953 Iranian coup d'état
1265:Lavoy, Peter R. (2003).
1126:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.7
790:World Nuclear University
478:"Atoms for Peace" was a
297:Civil Rights Act of 1957
96:This article is part of
2269:Ike: Countdown to D-Day
1850:Small Watershed Program
681:highly enriched uranium
473:international relations
2139:Eisenhower Fellowships
1454:Armistice of Cassibile
1114:International Security
896:International Security
780:Swords to ploughshares
719:Atoms for Peace Galaxy
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396:Tributes and memorials
343:Presidential campaigns
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2497:1953 in New York City
2403:Atoms for Peace Award
2339:Ida Stover Eisenhower
2335:(great-granddaughter)
1908:Fish and Wildlife Act
1788:Executive Order 10479
1597:Judicial appointments
1489:Disarmed Enemy Forces
1234:10.4324/9780429038327
1159:Chernus, Ira (2002).
714:Atoms for Peace Award
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578:Effects of the speech
564:
550:
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492:J. Robert Oppenheimer
52:
29:
2369:Milton S. Eisenhower
2327:Mary Jean Eisenhower
2186:Eisenhower Golf Club
2144:Eisenhower Institute
1990:Hawaii Admission Act
1978:Federal Perkins Loan
1966:Humane Slaughter Act
1960:Alaska Statehood Act
1828:Special Milk Program
1363:Dwight D. Eisenhower
813:(December 8, 1953).
775:Shippingport Reactor
765:Pro-nuclear movement
572:Dwight D. Eisenhower
559:Dwight D. Eisenhower
506:of the early 1950s.
308:Admission of states
156:Surrender of Germany
105:Dwight D. Eisenhower
44:Dwight D. Eisenhower
19:For other uses, see
2351:Edgar N. Eisenhower
2166:U.S. Postage stamps
2149:Eisenhower Monument
1806:Submerged Lands Act
1651:Eisenhower Doctrine
1474:Operation Veritable
1434:Louisiana Maneuvers
993:, pp. 106–132.
760:Operation Plowshare
755:Nuclear power plant
261:Eisenhower Doctrine
48:UN General Assembly
32:commemorative stamp
2363:Earl D. Eisenhower
2191:Eisenhower Theater
1901:Highway Trust Fund
1800:Refugee Relief Act
1700:1955 Geneva Summit
1623:Kennedy transition
1479:Berlin Declaration
1217:10.7591/j.cttn34vg
1016:"Quebec Agreement"
643:. You can help by
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336:Kennedy transition
149:Operation Overlord
36:
2532:Science diplomacy
2482:Cold War speeches
2464:
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2441:John F. Kennedy →
2434:← Harry S. Truman
2345:Arthur Eisenhower
2333:Jennie Eisenhower
2263:(1979 miniseries)
2255:(1979 miniseries)
2245:Crusade in Europe
2234:Eisenhower jacket
2181:Eisenhower Trophy
2154:Eisenhower dollar
2028:Crusade in Europe
2015:
2014:
1872:Soil Bank Program
1705:1960 U-2 incident
1535:1957 inauguration
1530:1953 inauguration
1469:Normandy landings
1243:978-0-429-03832-7
1208:978-0-8014-5090-7
1189:978-1-59691-617-3
1170:978-1-58544-220-1
1020:atomicarchive.com
1005:, pp. 53–65.
953:978-0-520-06018-0
834:nsarchive.gwu.edu
770:Science diplomacy
750:Nuclear fuel bank
685:research reactors
661:
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482:component of the
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169:Crusade in Europe
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2309:David Eisenhower
2206:Mount Eisenhower
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1609:Farewell address
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2329:(granddaughter)
2323:(granddaughter)
2317:(granddaughter)
2315:Anne Eisenhower
2303:John Eisenhower
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2239:Eisenhower Tree
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2201:Fort Eisenhower
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2011:
1781:Domestic policy
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1722:Restricted Data
1717:Atoms for Peace
1695:New Look policy
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1439:Operation Torch
1424:Military career
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867:(1): 161–181.
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1100:Fuhrmann 2012
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1047:
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987:
981:, p. 51.
980:
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690:
689:proliferation
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652:February 2014
646:
642:
639:This section
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560:
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504:nuclear tests
501:
497:
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367:
366:1956 campaign
364:
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349:1952 campaign
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278:
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242:
241:Domino theory
239:
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67:
63:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
22:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2415:Eddie Slovik
2407:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2112:Boyhood home
2097:Bibliography
2027:
1771:Operation 40
1716:
1225:
1198:
1179:
1160:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
1003:Chernus 2002
998:
986:
979:Chernus 2002
974:
967:Chernus 2002
962:
939:
932:
899:
895:
889:
864:
860:
850:
838:. Retrieved
833:
823:
804:
743:
735:
697:
693:Soviet Union
662:
649:
645:adding to it
640:
601:
597:
589:
565:
551:
547:
536:
527:
521:
511:brinkmanship
508:
486:strategy of
477:
458:
408:
326:U-2 incident
223:
167:
132:World War II
58:
53:
39:
37:
2279:(2014 play)
2271:(2004 film)
1741:Suez Crisis
1404:(1943–1945)
1396:(1945–1948)
1388:(1951–1952)
1380:(1953–1961)
1120:(1): 7–41.
1102:, p. .
1038:, p. .
969:, p. .
817:. ucsb.edu.
724:Baruch Plan
502:and of the
488:containment
273:Missile gap
256:Second Term
2471:Categories
2391:Camp David
2311:(grandson)
2102:Birthplace
1656:Korean War
1525:Transition
1511:Presidency
1252:1090001300
1059:1 February
991:Cooke 2009
902:(2): 156.
796:References
539:UN Charter
480:propaganda
219:Korean War
214:First Term
193:Transition
181:Presidency
121:Early Life
76:Philosophy
2371:(brother)
2365:(brother)
2359:(brother)
2353:(brother)
2347:(brother)
2039:Elections
2006:Sikes Act
924:154778522
881:0369-7827
744:Otto Hahn
496:Hiroshima
30:American
2455:Category
2341:(mother)
2277:Pressure
1680:Cold War
1516:timeline
1414:Military
1287:15009747
1134:54182294
840:17 April
736:Savannah
734:NS
729:Gammator
703:See also
677:Cold War
667:and the
570:—
556:—
500:Nagasaki
484:Cold War
371:Election
359:Election
236:New Look
231:Cold War
186:Timeline
66:Pakistan
55:warfare.
2379:Related
2227:culture
2225:Popular
1592:Cabinet
1153:Sources
1142:1356091
1085:29 June
916:2538857
46:to the
2299:(wife)
2289:Family
2090:Legacy
2030:(1948)
2008:(1960)
1992:(1959)
1976:1958;
1968:(1958)
1962:(1958)
1956:(1957)
1950:(1957)
1922:(1956)
1916:(1956)
1910:(1956)
1887:(1956)
1881:(1955)
1814:(1953)
1808:(1953)
1802:(1953)
1796:(1953)
1790:(1953)
1773:(1960)
1762:1958;
1749:(1958)
1743:(1956)
1676:(1953)
1660:1953;
1416:career
1285:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1140:
1132:
950:
922:
914:
879:
861:Osiris
616:Legacy
386:Legacy
317:Hawaii
312:Alaska
206:second
161:VE-Day
62:Israel
2305:(son)
2081:1956)
2071:1956)
2061:1956)
2020:Books
1747:DARPA
1320:(PDF)
1213:JSTOR
1130:S2CID
1079:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
920:S2CID
912:JSTOR
290:DARPA
201:first
144:D-Day
2056:1952
1764:NASA
1585:1961
1580:1960
1575:1959
1570:1958
1565:1957
1560:1956
1555:1955
1550:1955
1545:1953
1375:34th
1283:OSTI
1248:OCLC
1238:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1138:SSRN
1087:2020
1061:2014
948:ISBN
877:ISSN
842:2015
531:NATO
498:and
285:NASA
280:NDEA
64:and
2261:Ike
1275:doi
1230:doi
1122:doi
904:doi
869:doi
742:NS
647:.
2473::
1281:.
1246:.
1236:.
1228:.
1211:.
1136:.
1128:.
1118:34
1116:.
1043:^
1028:^
1018:.
918:.
910:.
900:14
898:.
875:.
865:21
863:.
859:.
832:.
475:.
2399:"
2395:"
1617:"
1613:"
1518:)
1514:(
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1322:.
1289:.
1277::
1254:.
1232::
1219:.
1192:.
1173:.
1144:.
1124::
1089:.
1063:.
1022:.
956:.
926:.
906::
883:.
871::
844:.
654:)
650:(
448:e
441:t
434:v
38:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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