108:
span of time can be categorized into three specific time periods: Early Minoan III, Middle Minoan I, and Middle Minoan II. Peatfield was able to discover this via the materials that he discovered in the sanctuary during his excavation. The Early
Minaoan III period starts at around 2300 B.C.E. The Middle Minoan I period goes from around 2000 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E. The final period, Middle Minoan II, took place around 1700 B.C.E. Materials such as cups, votives, and other pottery were found from all of these periods, yet most votives and pottery were found from the Middle Minoan II period. This finding led Peatfield and other archaeologists to conclude that the Minoans used the sanctuary to a greater extent in that period than in any of the other periods. There is no evidence that the sanctuary was used after the Middle Minoan II period. Although the site is described as a Minoan peak sanctuary, final Neolithic pottery was found in cracks in the rock on the lowermost of the two terraces. The fact that the sanctuary was actively used during this wide range of time shows that the idea of the Minoan Peak sanctuary was an integral part of society and lasted for a great deal of time.
174:
the worshippers at
Astipades were from the local area, as regional materials and style preferences differ at other sanctuaries. The quality of votive materials and the information we know about the community reflect that the sanctuary was used by the peasant class. The fact that the votives offered were of animals and humans shows the peasant class' focus on daily and personal concerns. The peasants' ritualistic practice of depositing pebbles and votives served the purpose of increasing the fertility both of the earth (for agriculture) and the domesticated animals. It also catered to the health concerns of the community. The clay figurines, which include animals, anthropomorphic forms, and votive limbs, corroborates the idea that this sanctuary's purpose was healing. The animal votives were mostly of cattle which shows their value to the society that used the sanctuary. Cattle were incredibly important to the peasant community which relied on them economically. Excavations of Astipades found no evidence that the site was used for burning ritual fires or the cooking of ritual meals, as there was no ash or burned materials.
88:: The sanctuary makes up the east edge of the upper terrace. On the highest point of the mountain, there is a void circle found amongst a high concentration of pebbles. It is supposed that a baetyl or vessel was originally there which created this void when pebbles were placed or thrown there. The pebbles came from a neighboring river in the valley where the people collected the pebbles and brought them up the mountain to be used for this purpose. This location is also characterised by a cliff. The upper terrace had a good view of the surrounding area but the peak blocked the view of the closest settlements. The rock clefts that are below the drop from the upper terrace play a significant role in the sanctuary, more specifically the votive offerings and rituals that occurred. Sixty percent of the votive offerings at this sanctuary were found in the clefts. From this, the archeologist
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contributed to the religious experience and symbolically brought the individual closer to the gods. The ritualistic experience of climbing up the mountain holding a votive or pebble played a major role in the religious aspect of the peak sanctuary. Offerings, such as the votives of pebbles, were given to the gods as a way to gain their favor or goodwill. As many people from the community used the peak sanctuary, visiting the peak sanctuary became a social experience where people would be able to show their piety and their wealth through the votives and offerings that they deposited.
37:
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sanctuary that was primarily used by elites would have votives made of a higher quality clay, often with painted embellishments to display wealth. Research into the settlements around the sanctuary shows that they were consistent with a poorer and rural community. The settlements were small, and consisted of farmsteads and hamlets with no large towns or aristocratic villas.
165:. The domestic or farm animal votives further serve to emphasize the agricultural needs prioritized by those that used the sanctuary. Cattle votives were the most prominent animal votive found, showing the economic dominance of cattle-breeding in that area. The significance of cattle economically is further corroborated by records from travelers.
133:
Around 5,000 terracotta votive fragments, either animal or human-like figurines, were found at
Astipades. The human figurines were primarily male, while the animal figurines were mostly cattle. The male human figurines had variations in hair, and clothing, while some had weapons. The female figurines
60:
in western Crete, located on the top of the mountain. The peak has its own specific name, Atsipades
Korakias. It is an open-air peak sanctuary, situated on a mountain and open to the elements. The sanctuary isn't closed off or part of any structure with a cover or roof. The location of the sanctuary,
173:
People primarily used the sanctuary by climbing the mountain carrying pebbles and votives to deposit at the sanctuary as a form of offering. The use of pebbles shows that this was a rural nature cult, as the offerings the people gave to the gods reflected their needs and status. It would appear that
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These votives reveal a multitude of information about the community that used them. The clay material corroborates the idea that it was used primarily by the common people rather than the aristocracy. The figurines were made with a cheap and coarse clay, and were decorated plainly. A more exclusive
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The lower terrace is a flat open area with a better view of the closest settlements to
Atsipades than the upper terrace. The sanctuary makes up a large portion of this terrace. Similarly to the upper terrace, votives and other pottery were found in the rock clefts of this terrace during excavation.
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Atsipades is located above the village
Atsipades, Agios Vasilios. It was discovered by K. Nowicki in 1985. In 1986 it was classified as a peak sanctuary and in 1989, it was excavated by Alan Peatfield. The sanctuary was used by Minoans during a time period of around 2300 B.C.E. to 1700 B.C.E. This
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The votives also demonstrate the purposes of the sanctuaries. The clay figurines, which included animals, anthropomorphic forms and votive limbs, corroborates the idea that this sanctuary's purpose was healing. The worshipers deposited the human figures which were symbolic of themselves at the
124:
Atsipades was used for ancient Minoan religious rites. The sanctuary belonged to the entire community, who were free to use it to serve their religious needs. Peak sanctuaries commonly were located at a high peak, since the experience of climbing close to the sky near dangerous cliff edges
190:
During the excavation, 2,500 ceramic fragments were discovered in the sanctuary. These fragments included tripods, blades, bowls, weaving weights, and other offerings. The excavators found jugs, cups, bridge-spouted jars, and vessels which showed that
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Atsipades
Korakias is characterized by twin peaks. The autumn equinox at Astipades can be seen between the peaks. This geographical feature directly relates to the relationship between the rising sun and Minoan buildings.
142:
sanctuary. The votive limbs specifically reflected gratitude for the healing through a performative aspect of prayer. At other Minoan peak sanctuaries, votive limbs and human figures are used by similar healing cults.
61:
and more specifically the view, play a significant role in the experience of those who made the journey to the top. From the top of the sanctuary, the view showed the surrounding Minoan settlements.
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also varied, with many having skirts or long dresses with open bodices and headgear. These votives align with the common style, customs of attire, and hairstyles of
Minoans at that time.
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was able to categorize it as the main location where votive offerings occurred at
Atsipades, and thus a main part of the ritualistic practices that occurred at the sanctuary.
508:"The organisation of votive production and distribution in the peak sanctuaries of state-society Crete: a perspective offered by the Juktas clay animal figures"
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40:
Atsipades
Korakias seen from the southwest. The sanctuary is on the more distant part of the outcrop. The Ayios Vasilios Plain is visible in the background.
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in western Crete. It is an open-air peak sanctuary, situated on a mountain and open to the elements. It was discovered by K. Nowicki in 1985.
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The votives were found in two distinct areas: the upper terrace in the west and the lower terrace in the east.
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occurred on the upper terrace. Large dishes and bowls demonstrated that food offerings also occurred.
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74:, such as animal figurines, human figurines, and bowls, are often found in rock clefts at Astipades.
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336:"Terracotta Models of Sandaled Feet: Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth"
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in the nearby Ayios Vasilios Valley suggest that this peak sanctuary served a rural community of
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469:"Domestic Shrines in Late Minoan IIIA2-Late Minoan IIIC Crete: Fact or Fiction?"
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Peak sanctuaries and sacred caves in Minoan Crete : comparison of artifacts
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Kernos. Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique
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Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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671:"Discerning Early Minoan cultic trends: the archeological evidence"
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702:"Configuring the Individual: Bodies of Figurines in Minoan Crete"
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778:"Juktas and Kophinas: Two Ritual Landscapes out of the Ordinary"
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Examples of ancient Minoan pottery and vases used for libations.
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638:"One Minoan peak sanctuary less: the case of Thylakas"
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547:"The Topography of Minoan Peak Sanctuaries Revisited"
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120:Examples of ancient Minoan votives of body parts.
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736:"The Atsipadhes Korakias Peak Sanctuary Project"
149:Example of an ancient Minoan clay animal votive.
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53:: ÎÏÏÎđÏÎŽÎīÎĩÏ,) is an archaeological site of a
1579:Populated places in Rethymno (regional unit)
589:Archibald, Zosia; Morgan, Catherine (2014).
26:: ÎÏÏÎđÏÎŽÎīÎĩÏ) is an archaeological site of a
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268:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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16:Archaeological site in Crete, Greece
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1451:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
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591:"ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE 2014â2015"
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642:British School at Athens Studies
512:British School at Athens Studies
1553:Archaeological Museum of Chania
1548:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1476:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
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1558:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
467:Hallager, Birgitta P. (2009).
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1466:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
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669:Georgoulaki, Eleni (2002).
219:Archibald & Morgan 2014
155:archaeological field survey
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506:Zeimbeki, Marika (2004).
234:Jones, Donald W. (1999).
1391:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
776:Soetens, Steven (2009).
733:Peatfield, Alan (1994).
636:Davaras, Costis (2010).
545:Peatfield, Alan (2009).
153:Settlements found by an
1486:Wall Paintings of Thera
1401:Snake goddess figurines
333:Klinger, Sonia (2018).
78:Upper and lower terrace
1406:La Parisienne (fresco)
595:Archaeological Reports
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169:Purposes and functions
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1386:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
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1416:Prince of the Lilies
1374:Art and Architecture
782:Hesperia Supplements
706:Hesperia Supplements
551:Hesperia Supplements
473:Hesperia Supplements
1061:Minoan civilization
824: /
684:10.4000/kernos.1359
457:, pp. 179â187.
403:, pp. 261â268.
1522:Arkalochori script
1512:Cretan hieroglyphs
1471:Minoan Bull-leaper
1441:Knossos board game
940:Municipal unit of
881:Municipal unit of
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65:Atsipades Korakias
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1080:Minoan chronology
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828:35.224°N 24.453°E
436:, pp. 90â95.
323:, pp. 71â87.
221:, pp. 94â96.
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1543:Arthur Evans
1527:Minoan seals
1431:Kamares ware
1346:Mount Juktas
1330:
1326:Psychro Cave
1169:Hagia Triada
1090:Minoan seals
901:Agkouseliana
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1421:Stirrup jar
1316:Arkalochori
1309:Sanctuaries
1275:Nea Roumata
1219:Monastiraki
1179:Palaikastro
1162:Settlements
973:Kentrochori
950:Agia Galini
831: /
788:: 261â268.
712:: 179â187.
557:: 251â259.
518:: 351â361.
479:: 107â120.
455:Morris 2009
49:Atsipades (
1573:Categories
1356:Traostalos
1300:Yerokambos
1229:Vathypetro
1075:Minoan art
1006:Myxorrouma
987:Krya Vrysi
819:24°27âē11âģE
816:35°13âē26âģN
199:References
159:farmsteads
1331:Atsipades
1280:Odigitria
1255:Apesokari
1234:Zominthos
1014:Saktouria
963:Drimiskos
911:Lefkogeia
794:1064-1173
761:0791-9417
747:: 90â95.
718:1064-1173
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654:2159-4996
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563:1064-1173
524:2159-4996
485:1064-1173
377:191629961
361:0018-098X
264:cite book
193:libations
20:Atsipades
1536:See also
1507:Linear B
1502:Linear A
1436:Kouloura
1361:Vrysinas
1351:Petsofas
1265:Kamilari
1224:Vasiliki
1194:Troullos
1138:Phaistos
959:Ardaktos
926:Rodakino
921:Myrthios
906:Asomatos
883:Foinikas
802:27759947
769:25528268
726:27759940
662:23276765
621:24877885
571:27759946
532:40960793
493:27759935
256:41444983
112:Religion
45:Location
1495:Writing
1321:Kamares
1290:Phylaki
1285:Phourni
1270:Koumasa
1209:Amnisos
1199:Trypiti
1189:Gournia
1184:Kydonia
1153:Galatas
1133:Knossos
1126:Palaces
996:Melabes
991:Lampini
978:Kerames
968:Karines
955:Akoumia
582:Sources
163:hamlets
129:Votives
103:History
72:Votives
1295:Stylos
1250:Armeni
1214:Petras
1204:Lakkos
1174:Kommos
1148:Zakros
1068:Topics
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28:Minoan
1336:Karfi
1243:Tombs
1143:Malia
1119:Sites
1019:Spili
942:Lampi
798:JSTOR
765:JSTOR
722:JSTOR
658:JSTOR
625:S2CID
617:JSTOR
567:JSTOR
528:JSTOR
489:JSTOR
373:S2CID
365:JSTOR
86:Upper
51:Greek
24:Greek
1341:Modi
1010:Orne
790:ISSN
757:ISSN
714:ISSN
689:ISSN
650:ISSN
609:ISSN
559:ISSN
520:ISSN
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270:link
252:OCLC
242:ISBN
161:and
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