Attack helicopter - Knowledge

738: 207: 475:. After several mock-ups were produced, a directive was issued on 6 May 1968 to proceed with development of a twin-engine design of the helicopter. Work proceeded under Mil until his death in 1970. Detailed design work began in August 1968 under the codename Yellow 24. A full-scale mock-up of the design was reviewed and approved in February 1969. Flight tests with a prototype began on 15 September 1969 with a tethered hover, and four days later the first free flight was conducted. A second prototype was built, followed by a test batch of ten helicopters. A number of other design changes were made until the production version Mi-24A entered production in 1970, obtaining its 594:) was formed to develop a new medium helicopter design, as opposed to basing the new design on the light helicopters then in service. The 602nd and 608th Research Institutes started development of the 6-ton class China Medium Helicopter (CHM) program in 1994. The program was promoted as a civilian project, and was able to secure significant Western technical assistance, such as from Eurocopter (rotor installation design consultancy), Pratt & Whitney Canada (PT6C turboshaft engine) and Agusta Westland (transmission). The Chinese concentrated on areas where it could not obtain foreign help. The 602nd Research Institute's called its proposed armed helicopter design the 1078: 573:

dedicated attack helicopter was required. At the time, they used civilian helicopters converted for the military; these were no longer adequate in the attack role, and suitable only as scouts. Following this, China evaluated the Agusta A129 Mangusta, and in 1988 secured an agreement with the US to purchase AH-1 Cobras and a license to produce BGM-71 TOW missiles; the latter was cancelled following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the resulting arms embargo. The color revolutions prevented the purchase of attack helicopters from Eastern Europe in 1990 and 1991; Bulgaria and Russia rejected Chinese offers to purchase the Mil Mi-24.

650: 22: 926: 491: 708:(LAH). By 1988, feasibility studies for four different options had been conducted for the LAH, these would have between 80 per cent and 20 per cent growth over the initial A129; both single-engine and twin-engine configurations were examined using various new powerplants, as well as a new rotor system, retractable landing gear, improved sensors and more powerful armament. However, the LAH project collapsed in 1990 following Britain and the Netherlands independently deciding to withdraw from the program and eventually procure the 353:, were selected to compete in flight trials conducted by the Army's Aviation Test Activity. Upon completion of the flight evaluations, the Test Activity recommended Bell's Huey Cobra to be an interim armed helicopter until the Cheyenne was fielded. On 13 April 1966, the U.S. Army awarded Bell Helicopter Company a production contract for 110 AH-1G Cobras. The Cobra had a tandem cockpit seating arrangement (vs UH-1 side-by-side) to make the aircraft a smaller frontal target, increased armor protection, and greater speed. 245: 3080: 786: 832: 298: 992: 425: 3334: 3354: 3344: 546: 1134: 561: 289:

missile-armed attack helicopter evolved into a primary anti-tank weapon. Able to quickly move about the battlefield and launch fleeting "pop-up attacks", helicopters presented a major threat even with the presence of organic air defenses. The helicopter gunship became a major tool against tank warfare, and most attack helicopters became more and more optimized for the antitank mission.

357: 637:), was on board the prototype. A third stage of intensive test flights followed, taking place during both day and night. By January 2006 weaponry and sensor tests, including firing of live ammunition, had taken place. The helicopter was introduced to the general public in December 2010 and subsequently entered service with the 1130:. Apache operations over Libya have been heavily influenced and supported by NATO reconnaissance flights and intelligence missions; information was continually relayed to update target information, assess the threat of Surface to Air missiles (SAM), and the presence of civilians, enabling real time changes to missions. 623:(AVIC II) was assigned as the primary manufacturer. Nearly four dozen other establishments participated in the program. According to Chinese sources, the initial test flights were concluded on December 17, 2003, whereas according to other sources they were completed nine months earlier in March 2003. According to 877:

airframe, retaining that helicopter's engine and dynamic components, but replacing the original cockpit with a stepped tandem one, adding a 20 mm cannon on the nose and converting the undercarriage to tail-dragger configuration. The XH-1 first flew on 3 February 1985. The results were ultimately

822:

7,300,000,000. France's FY2012 budget put their share of the project at €6.3bn (~US$ 8.5bn), implying a programme cost of €14.5bn (~US$ 19.5bn) to the three main partners. At FY2012 prices, their 40 HAP cost €27m/unit (~US$ 36m) and their 40 HAD €35.6m/unit (~US$ 48m), including development costs the

982:

was to also procure 114 LCHs for its own purposes. During February 2020, the LCH was declared ready for production, the final assembly line has been established at HAL's Helicopter Division in Bangalore. Prime minister Narendra Modi conducted the handover ceremony of HAL Prachand to the Indian Armed

813:

Group; this led to considerable consolidation of the aerospace industry and the Tiger project itself. A major agreement was struck in December 1996 between France and Germany that cemented the Tiger's prospects and committed the development of supporting elements, such as a series of new generation

679:

The A129 was the first European attack helicopter; as such it has several original aspects to its design, such as being the first helicopter to make use of a fully computerised integrated management system to reduce crew workload. It was decided that much of the helicopter's functionality was to be

364:

In 1967, the first AH-1Gs were deployed to Vietnam, around the same time that the Cheyenne successfully completed its first flight and initial flight evaluations. And while the Cheyenne program suffered setbacks over the next few years due to technical problems, the Cobra was establishing itself as

768:

in April 1986, the collaborative effort had become more expensive than an individual national programme and was forecast to take longer to complete as well. In July 1986, a government report into the project alleged that the development had become distanced from the requirements and preferences of

684:

utility helicopter; the rear section of the A129 was derived from the A109 and incorporated to an entirely new forward section. The A129's fuselage is highly angular and armoured for ballistic protection; the composite rotor blades are also able to withstand hits from 23mm cannon fire. The two man

399:

Today, the US attack helicopter has been further refined, and the AH-64D Apache Longbow demonstrates many of the advanced technologies being considered for deployment on future gunships. The US Marine Corps also continued to employ attack helicopters in the direct fire support role, in the form of

532:

was approved. After several prototypes were built, production ceased in 1993 with additional development continuing into the 21st century. Changes in the military situation after the Cold War made specialized anti-tank helicopters less useful. The advantages of the Mi-28N, like all-weather action

510:

was chosen, in a classic single-rotor layout. Its transport capability was removed and it lost its similarity to the Mi-24. Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980. In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) was first flown on 10 November 1982. In

255:

In the early 1950s, various countries around the world started to make increased use of helicopters in their operations in transport and liaison roles. Later on it was realised that these helicopters, successors to the World War II-era Sikorsky R-4, could be armed with weapons in order to provide

916:

received the first five of eleven (one of the twelve aircraft originally delivered to the SAAF was written off after an accident) Block 1F upgraded Rooivalk. The ninth and tenth Rooivalk attack helicopters were delivered in September 2012 following their upgrade to the Block 1F initial operating

313:

helicopter to test if a bazooka could be fired from a helicopter in flight. One of the larger 3.5 inch (90mm calibre) models of the bazooka was chosen, and was mounted ahead and to the right of the helicopter to allow the door to remain clear. The bazooka was successfully tested, although it was

817:

On 18 June 1999, both Germany and France publicly placed orders for an initial batch of 160 Tiger helicopters, 80 for each nation, valued at €3.3 billion. On 22 March 2002, the first production Tiger was rolled out in a large ceremony held at Eurocopter's Donauworth factory; although production

436:

During the early 1960s, Soviet engineers started experimenting with various designs aimed at producing an aerial vehicle that could provide battlefield mobility for infantry and provide fire support to army forces on the ground. The first of these concepts was a mock-up unveiled in 1966 in the

340:

As the Army began its acquisition of a dedicated attack helicopter, it sought options to improve performance over the continued use of improvised interim aircraft (such as the UH-1B/C). In late 1965, a panel of high-level officers was selected to evaluate several prototype versions of armed and

288:

Since the 1960s, various countries around the world started to design and develop various types of helicopters with the purpose of providing a heavily armed and protected aerial vehicle that can perform a variety of combat roles, from reconnaissance to aerial assault missions. By the 1990s, the

236:

anti-tank grenade launchers, two under each of the low-winged monoplane's wing panels, for the concluding two months of the war in Europe. This sort of role, being undertaken by low-speed fixed-wing light aircraft was something that was also likely to be achievable after World War II, from the

776:

also took over the majority of the Tiger's electronic development work, such as the visual systems and sensors. Despite the early development problems and the political uncertainty between 1984 and 1986, the program was formally relaunched in November 1987; it was at this point that a greater

445:, which itself never entered production. The V-24 had an infantry transport compartment that could hold eight troops sitting back to back, and a set of small wings positioned to the top rear of the passenger cabin, capable of holding up to six missiles or rocket pods, along with a twin-barrel 584:

The Gulf War highlighted the urgent need for attack helicopters, and revalidated the assessment that a purpose-built design was needed. (At the time, the Chinese military depended on armed utility helicopters such as the Changhe Z-11 and Harbin Z-9.) Also, it demonstrated that the new attack

572:

In 1979, the Chinese military studied the problem of countering large armor formations. It concluded that the best conventional solution was to use attack helicopters. Eight Aérospatiale Gazelle armed with Euromissile HOT were procured for evaluation. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided a

818:

models began initial acceptance trials in 2003, the first official delivery to the French Army took place on 18 March 2005; the first official Tiger delivery to the Germany followed on 6 April 2005. Germany reduced its order to 57 in March 2013. In 2008 OCCAR estimated the project cost at

456:, and while he had the support of a number of strategists, he was opposed by several more senior members of the armed forces who believed that conventional weapons were a better use of resources. Despite the opposition, Mil managed to persuade the defence minister's first deputy, Marshal 627:, a total of 3 prototypes had completed over 400 hours of test flights by this time. By 2004, 3 more prototypes were built, for a total of 6, and a second stage of test flights were concluded on December 15, 2004. In one of the test flights the future commander-in-chief of the 576:

While attempting to import foreign designs failed, war games determined that attack helicopters had to be commanded by the army, rather than the air force. This led to the formation of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force Aircraft (PLAGFAF), with an initial strength of 9

961:

found that there was a need for helicopters that can operate at such high-altitude conditions with ease. Limitations in terms of both high payloads and maneuverability of the existing Mi-35 fleet reportedly contributed to India developing indigenous rotorcraft, such as the

1069:. They were later used successfully in both of their operational roles, to direct attack against enemy armor and as aerial artillery in support of ground troops; both Hellfire missile and cannon attacks by Apaches destroyed numerous enemy tanks and armored cars. General 365:

an effective aerial weapons platform, despite its performance shortcomings compared to the AH-56 and design issues of its own. The cost estimates of the AH-56 increased substantially. By 1972, when the Cheyenne program was eventually cancelled to make way for the

329:

troops. Based on this realization, and with the growing involvement in Vietnam, the U.S. Army developed the requirements for a dedicated attack helicopter, the Advanced Aerial Fire Support System (AAFSS). The aircraft design selected for this program in 1965, was

897:

and defence budgets were slashed due to parliamentary changes to the requirements of the national air force. This resulted in an extensive development and production period beginning in 1990 until 2007, during which 12 aircraft were produced for use by the

284:

in aviation history. These helicopters proved to be moderately successful in these configurations, but due to a lack of armor protection and speed, they were ultimately ineffective platforms for mounting weapons in higher-threat ground combat environments.

1966: 723:

fleets. Following a highly protracted selection process, in September 2007, an order was issued for 51 TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK helicopters, a variant of the A129 International. As a part of the deal with AgustaWestland, Turkish defense firm

1096:. A second mission in the same area, four days later, but coordinated with artillery and fixed-wing aircraft, was more successful with minimal losses. In October 2014, U.S. Army AH-64s and Air Force fighters participated in four air strikes on 1184:

equipped with relatively heavy weaponry such as main battle tanks and anti-aircraft weaponry. During its first ever combat mission it proved to be instrumental in routing the rebels from their hilltop strongholds during an offensive by the

977:

The HAL Prachand is a purpose-built attack helicopter, expressly designed to overcome several operational shortcomings of prior attack rotorcraft. By 2010, the Indian Air Force was reportedly set to acquire 65 LCHs while the Indian Army's

1992: 728:

acquired the rights for future manufacturing of the T129; TAI intends to produce the T129 for export customers. Various components and avionics systems are intended to be replaced with indigenously-produced systems as they are developed.

2018: 2653: 1073:

claimed that: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles away at night." However, serious logistical problems limited operations, Apaches in the Iraqi theater flew only one-fifth of planned flight-hours.

878:

good enough to convince Atlas and the SAAF that the concept was feasible, opening the door for the development of the Rooivalk. During the Rooivalk's development, it was decided to base the aircraft on the dynamic components of the

581:. The PLAGFAF conducted tactical experiments that would help define the future Z-10's requirements. Research also decided that anti-tank missiles like the BGM-71 TOW were inadequate, and favored an analogue to the AGM-114 Hellfire. 781:

capabilities came about. Much of the project's organisational framework was rapidly redeveloped between 1987 and 1989; such as the installation of a Franco-German Helicopter Office to act as a program executive agency in May 1989.

515:

was also attempting to submit its own designs for a new helicopter to the military, which they had designed throughout the early and mid 1980s. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the

1161: 460:, to convene an expert panel to look into the matter. While the panel's opinions were mixed, supporters of the project eventually held sway and a request for design proposals for a battlefield support helicopter was issued. 808:

and subsequent defence budgets decreases in the 1990s, financial pressures led to further questions regarding the necessity for the entire program. In 1992, Aérospatiale and MBB, among other companies, merged to form the

902:. These aircraft were subsequently upgraded to the Block 1F standard by 2011. The upgrade involves improved targeting systems and other avionics which enable the helicopter to use guided missiles for the first time. The 314:

discovered that it would require shielding for the engine compartment, which was exposed in the model 47 and other early helicopters. The helicopter itself belonged to HMX-1, a Marine experimental helicopter squadron.

585:

helicopter would need to be able to defend itself against other helicopters and aircraft. The military perceived that once the new attack helicopter entered service, the existing helicopters would be used as scouts.

482:

In 1972, following completion of the Mi-24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and was called the

408:, showed that fixed-wing aircraft could be effective against tanks, but helicopters retained a unique low-altitude, low-speed capability for close air support. Other purpose-built helicopters were developed for 178:

high-wing civilian monoplane, the L-4 Grasshopper, begun to be used in a light anti-armor role by a few U.S. Army artillery spotter units over France; these aircraft were field-outfitted with either two or four

1962: 384:(AAH) program started, aiming for a more durable, more advanced, longer range, stronger close air support helicopter, capable of destroying armored formations. It would be capable of carrying the new 369:(AAH), the interim AH-1 "Snake" had built a solid reputation as an attack helicopter. In June 1972 the USMC began deploying AH-1J SeaCobra Attack Helicopters for combat operations in South Vietnam. 1988: 388:

and night fighting capabilities. From this program the Hughes YAH-64 came out as the winner. The prototype YAH-64 was first flown on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over the

2045: 2014: 1865: 700:. In 1986, the governments of Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom signed a memorandum of understanding to investigate an improved version of the A129, alternatively called the 2657: 680:

automated; as such, parts of the flight and armament systems are monitored and directly controlled by onboard computers. The A129 shares considerable design similarities to Agusta's earlier

1126:. Within days of the Apaches deployment, it had completed a variety of tasks such as destroying tanks, checkpoints held by pro-Gaddafi forces and vehicles carrying ammunitions loyal to 1369: 2175: 1848: 668:

helicopter, however they decided to proceed with the development of a more ambitious helicopter design. In 1978, Agusta formally began the design process on what would become the

664:

began forming a requirement for a light observation and anti-tank helicopter. Agusta had initially studied the development of a combat-orientated derivative of their existing

2280: 1405: 2255: 537:

stated that the Mi-28N and Ka-50 attack helicopters will become the standard Russian attack helicopter. The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to the Army on 5 June 2006.

127:, or to supplement lighter helicopters in the armed reconnaissance roles. In combat, an attack helicopter is projected to destroy targets worth around 17 times its own 1655: 1545: 3038: 2208: 2123: 471:

convinced the Soviets of the advantages of armed helicopter ground support doctrine, which had a positive influence on moving forward with the development of the

2071: 554: 3023: 2715: 1366: 3357: 3060: 2912: 2041: 1190: 737: 2232: 909:

was qualified as part of the upgrade process. Gearbox components were improved and cooling problems with the F2 20 mm cannon were also addressed.

2635: 2153: 392:

in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After purchasing Hughes Helicopters in 1984, McDonnell Douglas continued and turned it into the

2556: 765: 404:. While helicopters were effective tank-killers in the Middle East, attack helicopters are being seen more in a multipurpose role. Tactics, such as 1181: 203:

tactics in knocking out at least four German armored vehicles, as a pioneering example of taking on heavy enemy armor from a slow-flying aircraft.

2571: 2462: 1123: 2183: 341:

attack helicopters to determine which provided the most significant increase in capability to the UH-1B. The three highest-ranked aircraft, the

218:

The Germans were also engaged in such ad hoc low-speed light aircraft platforms for ground attack very late in the war, with one subtype of the

191:

managed to successfully take on an anti-armor role with his rocket-armed Piper L-4. His L-4, bearing US Army serial number 43-30426 and named

2416: 3045: 1845: 268:. This "experimental" trend towards the development of dedicated attack helicopters continued into the 1960s with the deployment of armed 3168: 1629: 1277: 3065: 1888: 2521: 1940: 1186: 1169: 616: 376:

saw the need of more sophistication within the attack helicopter corps, allowing them to operate in all weather conditions. Although

3028: 2977: 2905: 628: 2345: 1473: 1015:

of the 1980s saw "the most intensive use of the helicopters" in a conventional war ever, as well as the only confirmed helicopter

3178: 2588: 2101: 1518: 1413: 1119:

attack helicopters to Libya. The primary objective of the 2011 military intervention was to protect civilians in accordance with

3271: 866:

recognised the need for a dedicated attack helicopter and accordingly set along the process of developing a suitable aircraft.

620: 1367:"Adequacy of U.S. Army Attack Helicopter Doctrine to Support the Scope of Attack Helicopter Operations in a Multi-Polar World" 2830: 2328: 1354: 1238: 528:

helicopter. The Mi-28 development was continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987 Mi-28 production in Rosvertol in

1765: 1647: 317:

In the mid-1960s, the U.S. Army concluded that a purpose-built attack helicopter with more speed and firepower than current

1498: 1448: 1149: 1097: 1092:

The "deep attack" role of independently operating attack helicopters came into question after a failed mission, during the

692:

to develop a common light attack helicopter, other prospective manufacturing participants in the joint initiative included

237:

increasing numbers of post-war military helicopter designs. The only American helicopter in use during the war years, the

2898: 2688: 1556: 321:

was required in the face of increasingly intense ground fire (often using heavy machine guns and anti-tank rockets) from

206: 479:

in 1971 and was officially accepted into the state arsenal in 1972. Numerous versions have been developed to this day.

3230: 2205: 2131: 3079: 3050: 2812: 2797: 2782: 2767: 2752: 2306: 1919: 1709: 1688: 1607: 1307: 1271: 2067: 697: 3294: 3215: 3173: 1157: 2711: 2436: 2639: 701: 413: 30: 3055: 281: 2484: 3007: 2228: 1376:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1994. Accessed on 12 December 2007. 758: 3200: 749:

In 1984, the French and West German governments issued a requirement for an advanced multirole battlefield

725: 476: 159: 1619:

Hewson, Robert, "China's Z-10 helicopter built on Western expertise", Jane's Defence Weekly, 13 April 2005

974:, free of any major modifications to the airframe to quickly create an armed variant for the Indian Army. 874: 3378: 3347: 3309: 3033: 2606:"Rebels push on as Apaches and RAF fighters strike Gaddafi's forces". British Forces News. June 13, 2011. 1747: 1046:, destroying numerous armoured vehicles and impeded the Iraqi advance, albeit not completely halting it. 979: 879: 863: 638: 624: 438: 1077: 2972: 2568: 851: 381: 366: 2454: 1038:

Air Corps. The Iranian Cobras also attacked advancing Iraqi divisions in conjunction with fixed-wing

188: 1168:

were deployed to the region and since November 2013 it was involved in heavy fighting alongside the

676:; the fifth prototype would first fly in March 1986. The Italian Army placed an order for 60 A129s. 428:

Mil Mi-24P, a later production variant of the Mi-24. These helicopters were used extensively in the

3281: 2498: 2434:"APACHE HELICOPTER: Serious Logistical Support Problems Must Be Solved to Realize Combat Potential" 894: 859: 533:

ability, lower cost, and similarity to the Mi-24, have become more important. In 2003, the head of

446: 326: 116: 2982: 2420: 970:, to perform multi-role high-altitude combat operations. The HAL Rudra was a modified version of 913: 899: 840: 360:

Prototype of the AH-1, the first dedicated attack helicopter, and a canonical example to this day

334: 153: 649: 226: 196: 21: 3319: 3286: 3225: 1502: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1062: 1054: 219: 163: 396:

production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986.

112: 2942: 1261: 1228: 1116: 1020: 441:

was head designer. The mock-up, which was designated V-24, was based on another project, the

429: 97: 26: 2532: 1884: 1100:

units northeast of Fallujah. In June 2016, Apaches were used in support of the Iraqi Army's

925: 149: 1936: 1633: 893:

Unfortunately, the development of the Rooivalk continued until after the conclusion of the

720: 689: 681: 669: 665: 654: 401: 346: 331: 124: 50: 2042:"Gripen, Rooivalk Deliveries Bring SAAF up to Strength | Aviation International News" 887: 8: 2987: 2967: 2957: 1162:

United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1120: 1058: 1057:

with great success, being used to fire the first shots of the conflict, destroying Iraqi

1000: 761:

was subsequently chosen as the preferred supplier. According to statements by the French

453: 393: 1321:

Riding His Piper Cub Through The Skies Over France, Bazooka Charlie Fought A One-man War

3240: 3163: 3002: 2353: 1470: 1142: 794: 409: 380:

served well, they proved vulnerable even in a mid-intensity environment. With that the

373: 269: 187:, against German armored fighting vehicles. During the summer of 1944, U.S. Army Major 171: 93: 66: 2093: 1522: 715:

Turkey had sought a new attack helicopter since the 1990s to replace their diminished

490: 96:, though mostly for purposes of self-defense against other helicopters and low-flying 3333: 3314: 3235: 3125: 3115: 2826: 2808: 2793: 2778: 2763: 2748: 2324: 2302: 1915: 1705: 1684: 1603: 1440: 1350: 1303: 1267: 1234: 1177: 1012: 797: 778: 534: 525: 499: 309:

era, during August 1950, a joint US Navy and Marine Corps test used a newly acquired

265: 108: 85: 3304: 3245: 3210: 3205: 2992: 2890: 2617: 2281:"PM Modi hands over indigenously developed Light Combat Helicopter to armed forces" 1165: 1112: 1082: 1066: 1043: 1004: 954: 882:, a larger and more powerful helicopter. These components were already used on the 870: 790: 762: 742: 599: 517: 442: 385: 318: 89: 58: 42: 2805:

International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000

1164:. This was the first combat deployment for the helicopter. Three helicopters from 244: 241:, was only being used for rescue and were still very much experimental in nature. 230: 3337: 3220: 3132: 3120: 2822:

Flying Tiger: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Advanced Weapons

2820: 2742: 2575: 2440: 2212: 2124:"News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News, Current News Headlines" 1885:"Projet de loi de finances pour 2013 : Défense : équipement des forces" 1852: 1477: 1373: 1127: 1049:

The 1990s could be seen as the coming-of-age for the U.S. attack helicopter. The

716: 350: 310: 145: 128: 81: 46: 754: 2997: 1490: 1153: 1023: 847: 836: 457: 120: 2680: 785: 498:

along with the Ka-50 represented the first dedicated attack helicopter of the

3372: 3261: 2712:"Rooivalk attack helicopters perform well in first combat action against M23" 1202: 873:

was the first prototype to emerge from the program. It was developed from an

831: 673: 529: 405: 342: 257: 175: 167: 62: 3110: 2962: 2952: 1050: 963: 930: 709: 685:

crew, comprising a pilot and gunner, sit in a conventional tandem cockpit.

661: 238: 195:, armed with six bazookas, had notable success in an engagement during the 2455:"Apache operation a lesson in defeat; Army choppers hit without air cover" 917:

standard. The eleventh and final Rooivalk was delivered on 13 March 2013.

672:. On 11 September 1983, the first of five A129 prototypes made the type's 437:

experimental shop of the Ministry of Aircraft's factory number 329, where

297: 2256:"Indigenous Light Combat Helicopter ready for operational induction: HAL" 2176:"Indian Army to Induct Weaponized Advanced Light Helicopter "Rudra" Soon" 1138: 1086: 1070: 1039: 958: 938: 773: 565: 521: 468: 389: 277: 104: 77: 991: 3147: 3142: 3090: 2927: 2433: 1173: 1035: 1027: 950: 883: 810: 750: 615:

The 602nd Research Institute was assigned as the chief designer, while

578: 550: 306: 200: 184: 148:

training and utility biplane had been used as early as 1942 to provide

73: 2878:

The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962

1648:"About the FlightGlobal Group - Blogs Announcement - flightglobal.com" 424: 3299: 3266: 2503:"Chop The Chopper: The Army's Apache Attack-Helicopter Had A Bad War" 2068:"Final Rooivalk Handover Cements Relationship Between Denel and SAAF" 996: 971: 967: 946: 942: 595: 507: 495: 484: 472: 322: 2557:

In Iraq, Apache Gunships Deploy to Mosul, But Not Fallujah: Pentagon

1580: 103:

A modern attack helicopter has two primary roles: first, to provide

3276: 3137: 3105: 2744:

AH-64 Apache units of operations: Enduring Freedom an Iraqi Freedom

2502: 1866:"Eurocopter: Despite Slow Economy, Tiger Helo Deliveries On Track." 1031: 1016: 805: 273: 261: 211: 54: 2154:"Certified and ready, Indian Army to receive 1st weaponised Dhruv" 256:

them with limited combat capability. Early examples include armed

1519:"The Triumph of Maneuver War - Soviet Operational Art Since 1936" 464: 180: 2681:""It was clear that the rebels didn't expect us" -- SANDF pilot" 2419:. Project on Government Oversight. July 1, 1992. Archived from 1108:, sometimes flying night missions supporting Iraqi operations. 903: 800:

missiles and a pod of 22 unguided missiles with a range of 4 km

693: 545: 1133: 560: 855: 512: 377: 248: 2857:

Report of the Operations Research Mission on H-21 Helicopter

2788:

Donald, David. "AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache".

2636:"UK Defence Official Sees Good Progress in Libya Operations" 1471:

Advanced Attack Helicopter Operations in Adverse Envoriments

1702:

The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003

1600:

The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003

1552: 1441:"An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program" 1406:"An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program" 906: 819: 356: 174:

in 1944, the military version of the similarly slow-flying

2346:"Persian Gulf War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran, September 1980" 769:

the military customers the Tiger was being developed for.

1912:

Soaring with Eagles (no page numbers, section on 16 Sqdn)

1846:"Germany finalises cuts to NH90, Tiger helicopter orders" 858:. Faced with the increasingly conventional nature of the 65:. Due to their heavy armament they are sometimes called 419: 92:. Some attack helicopters are also capable of carrying 1546:"Student research report: The Soviet attack helicopter" 1410:

Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Army

2885:

Whirlybirds: A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers

850:

project began in early 1984 under the auspices of the

814:

missile designs for use by the new combat helicopter.

144:

Low-speed, fixed wing Allied aircraft like the Soviet

2522:"Iraq War: Defense Program Implications for Congress" 2417:"High Tech Weapons in Desert Storm: Hype or Reality?" 2920: 2887:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press (1998) 2873:

Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21–26.

2864:

St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper

2569:

Apache Helicopters Go into Action in Mosul Offensive

2344:

Cooper, Thomas; Bishop, Farzad (September 9, 2003).

1521:. US Army Center of Military History. Archived from 53:

capability of engaging ground targets such as enemy

1879: 1877: 1263:

A Dance with Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II

772:Both France and Germany reorganised the programme. 214:

was in some cases armed as with the Mi-4MU variant.

2775:Restructuring of Arms Production in Western Europe 2477: 1347:Das letzte Aufgebot der deutschen Luftwaffe Helios 1266:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 20–21. 2760:Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005 1887:(in French). Senate of France. 22 November 2012. 1700:Frawley, Gerald. "AgustaWestland A129 Mangusta". 1386:Helicopter Gunships: Deadly Combat Weapon Systems 467:and attack helicopters by the US Army during the 3370: 1874: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1594: 1592: 1191:Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 688:During the 1980s, Agusta sought to partner with 2297:Williams, Anthony G.; Gustin, Emmanuel (2004). 2206:"India OKs Light Combat Helicopter Production." 1761: 1759: 2656:. DefenceWeb. October 11, 2013. Archived from 2368: 2352:. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from 1858: 1766:"Turkey Finally Lands Its Attack Helicopters." 1675: 1673: 1491:"Status of Advanced Attack Helicopter Program" 1480:- Official US Army video at Real Military Flix 1412:. Department of the Army. 1973. Archived from 588:The Armed Helicopter Developmental Work Team ( 2906: 2807:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. 2391: 1734: 1732: 1715: 1589: 1581:Yefim Gordon & Dmitry Komissarov (2001). 1359: 1226: 793:in its HAP configuration, featuring 2 guided 632: 589: 72:Attack helicopters can use weapons including 2519: 2382: 2343: 2337: 2229:"Light Combat Helicopter - Defence Aviation" 2094:"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News" 1778: 1776: 1774: 1756: 1694: 1679:Donald, David, ed. "Agusta A 129 Mangusta". 1516: 1510: 1230:The role and control of weapons in the 1990s 823:French Tigers cost €78.8m (~US$ 106m) each. 732: 2638:. defpro.com. June 27, 2011. Archived from 2497: 2452: 2350:Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf Database 2301:. Marlborough: Crowood Press. pp. 171-172. 1681:The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 1670: 1259: 607: 260:in service with the US Air Force and armed 2913: 2899: 2618:"Libya: Air raid on Gaddafi military camp" 2312: 1729: 1574: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 886:, a local upgrade and modification of the 452:These designs were proposed by Mil to the 29:helicopter fires rockets at insurgents in 2446: 1830: 1812: 1794: 1785: 1771: 1768:Defense Industry Daily, 19 February 2014. 1630:"Jane's Helicopter Markets & Systems" 1187:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 1170:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 617:Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation 1934: 1602:, p. 128. Aerospace Publications, 2002. 1132: 1076: 990: 924: 830: 784: 736: 648: 568:at the China Helicopter Exposition, 2013 559: 544: 489: 423: 355: 296: 243: 210:Designed as a transport helicopter, the 205: 20: 3098: 2880:Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers (1999) 2871:French Helicopter Operations in Algeria 2709: 2318: 2060: 1928: 1543: 1391: 1323:, World War II Magazine, September 1987 1260:Noggle, Anne; White, Christine (2001). 1094:2003 Gulf War attack on the Karbala Gap 119:. Attack helicopters are also used as 3371: 2491: 2400: 2235:from the original on February 25, 2011 2039: 1943:from the original on December 23, 2007 839:attack helicopter in service with the 621:China Aviation Industry Corporation II 170:all-female Soviet air unit. Following 2894: 2818: 2718:from the original on November 5, 2013 2654:"Exclusive: Rooivalk is going to DRC" 2589:"Fearful Gaddafi 'hides in hospital'" 1989:"SAAF ceremonially receives Rooivalk" 1963:"Denel's Mokopa PGM ready for market" 1658:from the original on November 5, 2012 1435: 1433: 1431: 1180:, which consisted of hardened former 789:Close-up of the weaponry on a French 631:Air Force (PLAGAF), Song Xiangsheng ( 629:People's Liberation Army Ground Force 506:In 1977, a preliminary design of the 420:Soviet Union and its successor states 3343: 2710:Olivier, Darren (November 5, 2013). 2678: 2319:Farrokh, Kaveh (December 20, 2011). 2040:Donald, David (September 28, 2012). 2021:from the original on January 3, 2014 2015:"First five Rooivalk now in service" 1995:from the original on January 3, 2014 1937:"What went wrong with the Rooivalk?" 1909: 1499:Defense Technical Information Center 1449:Defense Technical Information Center 1336:, Flying Magazine, March 1945, p. 90 1220: 1150:South African National Defence Force 777:emphasis on the attack helicopter's 3353: 2978:Number of helicopters and heliports 2855:France, Operations Research Group, 2747:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. 2691:from the original on 3 January 2016 2485:"U.S. Apache Pilots Taken Prisoner" 2465:from the original on March 23, 2008 1280:from the original on April 27, 2016 111:for ground troops; and second, the 13: 3272:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 2866:, New York:Houghton Mifflin (1964) 2842: 2168: 2104:from the original on April 6, 2010 2074:from the original on June 27, 2013 2048:from the original on July 21, 2013 1891:from the original on 26 March 2013 1855:. Flightglobal.com, 18 March 2013. 1683:. Barnes & Noble Books, 1997. 1428: 251:armed with minigun and rocket pods 14: 3390: 3295:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters 2777:. Oxford University Press, 1992. 1969:from the original on July 7, 2012 1111:In 2011, France and Britain sent 199:on September 20, 1944, employing 183:rocket launchers attached to the 16:Ground-attack military helicopter 3352: 3342: 3332: 3216:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 3078: 2921:Helicopters and other rotorcraft 2850:Helicopter Operations in Algeria 2792:. AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004. 2531:. p. CRS–36. Archived from 2453:Scarborough, Ryan (April 2003). 1965:. DefenceWeb. January 26, 2011. 1935:Campbell, Keith (June 8, 2007). 1704:. Aerospace Publications, 2002. 1233:, Psychology Press, p. 15, 1158:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1104:and provided support during the 1003:attack helicopter and below, an 753:. A joint venture consisting of 292: 282:most produced helicopter designs 2734: 2703: 2672: 2646: 2628: 2610: 2599: 2581: 2562: 2550: 2520:O'Rourke, Ryan (June 4, 2003). 2513: 2427: 2409: 2291: 2273: 2248: 2221: 2198: 2146: 2116: 2086: 2033: 2007: 1981: 1955: 1903: 1839: 1821: 1803: 1741: 1640: 1622: 1613: 1537: 1483: 1464: 1310:, 9780813812502 (1973), p. 117. 1302:, Iowa State University Press, 1152:announced that it would deploy 945:(export variant of Mi-24V) and 826: 702:Joint European Helicopter Tonal 305:Amid the opening months of the 3201:Mast bumping and other hazards 2578:– DoDBuzz.com, 19 October 2016 2529:Congressional Research Service 1598:Frawley, Gerald. "Mil Mi-28". 1379: 1339: 1326: 1313: 1292: 1253: 1172:, against rebels operating in 698:Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA 633: 590: 553:attack helicopter at the 2012 134: 115:role to destroy grouped enemy 1: 3008:Wire strike protection system 2376:Modern Warfare: Iran–Iraq War 2323:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2299:Flying Guns of the Modern Era 2017:. DefenceWeb. April 4, 2011. 1991:. DefenceWeb. April 1, 2011. 1208: 986: 416:for extremely close support. 139: 2790:Modern Battlefield Warplanes 2559:– Military.com, 15 June 2016 1914:. Avpix Publishing Pty Ltd. 1583:Mil Mi-24, Attack Helicopter 1213: 1053:was used extensively during 655:AgustaWestland A129 Mangusta 477:initial operating capability 45:with the primary role of an 7: 3310:Radio-controlled helicopter 3039:Russian helicopter airlines 2825:. Oxford University Press. 2762:. Osprey Publishing, 2005. 1748:"LAH cost options defined." 1196: 1019:in history; in particular, 864:South African Defence Force 449:fixed to the landing skid. 372:During the late 1970s, the 10: 3395: 2852:, Dept. of the Army (1959) 2714:. African Defence Review. 1753:, 24 September 1988. p. 2. 1544:Culhane, Kevin V. (1977). 1156:attack helicopters to the 852:Atlas Aircraft Corporation 612:'helicopter-10'). 494:A Russian Mil Mi-28N. The 382:Advanced Attack Helicopter 367:Advanced Attack Helicopter 280:, to this day the pair of 162:, most effectively in the 3328: 3254: 3193: 3156: 3087: 3076: 3016: 2935: 2926: 2397:Donald 2004, pp. 144–145. 1827:Krotz 2011, pp. 132, 149. 1388:, Wayne Mutza, pp. 13–14. 1334:The Maytag Messerschmitts 875:Aérospatiale Alouette III 733:France, Germany and Spain 603: 3282:Human-powered helicopter 3169:Manufacturers by country 3061:U.S. Air Force squadrons 1809:Krotz 2011, pp. 133-135. 920: 895:South African Border War 860:South African Border War 644: 639:People's Liberation Army 625:Jane's Information Group 540: 520:chose the more advanced 439:Mikhail Leont'yevich Mil 412:missions, including the 301:AH-56 Cheyenne prototype 131:before being destroyed. 3029:Active Russian military 3024:Accidents and incidents 2574:20 October 2016 at the 2439:23 January 2016 at the 2388:Bishop 2005, pp. 17–18. 2245:Light Combat Helicopter 1726:Frédriksen 2001, p. 12. 1065:(SAM) sites with their 949:as of 2014. During the 914:South African Air Force 900:South African Air Force 880:Aérospatiale Super Puma 841:South African Air Force 706:Light Attack Helicopter 443:V-22 utility helicopter 152:capability against the 150:night harassment attack 3320:Transverse flow effect 3226:Retreating blade stall 2819:Krotz, Ulrich (2011). 2487:. CNN. March 24, 2003. 2321:Iran at War: 1500–1988 2260:The New Indian Express 2211:2 October 2017 at the 1503:Department of the Army 1476:April 5, 2009, at the 1372:April 9, 2008, at the 1300:Mr. Piper and His Cubs 1227:Frank Barnaby (2010), 1145: 1089: 1063:surface-to-air missile 1055:Operation Desert Storm 1008: 1007:armed scout helicopter 934: 843: 804:Due to the end of the 801: 746: 657: 569: 557: 511:this same time frame, 503: 433: 361: 302: 252: 215: 166:as exemplified by the 164:Battle of the Caucasus 34: 2741:Bernstein, Jonathan. 2423:on February 17, 2016. 2406:Bernstein 2005, p. 7. 1636:on December 28, 2006. 1525:on September 21, 2012 1136: 1117:AgustaWestland Apache 1080: 1021:Iranian Army Aviation 994: 928: 912:On 1 April 2011, the 834: 788: 745:prepare for take-off. 740: 652: 563: 548: 493: 427: 359: 300: 247: 209: 125:transport helicopters 98:light combat aircraft 27:AgustaWestland Apache 24: 3179:Used in World War II 3046:NATO reporting names 2876:Shrader, Charles R. 2803:Frédriksen, John C. 2538:on February 27, 2008 2356:on February 21, 2014 2287:. November 19, 2021. 2134:on February 16, 2011 2098:www.tribuneindia.com 2070:. defenceweb.co.za. 1939:. Engineering News. 1910:Dely, Frans (2004). 1751:Flight International 1738:Brzoska 1992, p. 26. 1506:. pp. 3–4, 8–9. 1176:, in particular the 933:in camouflage colors 741:Pilots of a Spanish 721:Bell AH-1 SuperCobra 690:Westland Helicopters 670:Agusta A129 Mangusta 347:Kaman H-2 "Tomahawk" 264:in service with the 2862:Leuliette, Pierre, 2679:Mohlaoli, Tumaole. 2660:on October 12, 2013 2378:(film documentary). 1836:Krotz 2011, p. 154. 1818:Krotz 2011, p. 147. 1800:Krotz 2011, p. 133. 1791:Krotz 2011, p. 131. 1782:Krotz 2001, p. 130. 1365:Mazarella, Mark N. 1298:Francis, Devon E., 1121:UN Security Council 1059:early warning radar 1034:helicopters of the 854:, a predecessor of 463:The development of 454:Soviet armed forces 197:Battle of Arracourt 94:air-to-air missiles 67:helicopter gunships 3379:Attack helicopters 3241:Servo transparency 2773:Brzoska, Michael. 2501:(April 23, 2003). 2204:McKenna, James T. 2156:. SP's Land Forces 1851:2014-04-21 at the 1345:Christian Möller: 1146: 1090: 1009: 983:forces in Jhansi. 935: 844: 802: 747: 658: 570: 558: 504: 434: 410:special operations 362: 303: 253: 216: 193:Rosie the Rocketer 172:Operation Overlord 86:anti-tank missiles 35: 3366: 3365: 3315:Search and rescue 3236:Vortex ring state 3189: 3188: 3126:Piasecki Aircraft 3116:Juan de la Cierva 3074: 3073: 2883:Spenser, Jay P., 2832:978-0-1997-5993-4 2642:on July 29, 2012. 2330:978-1-78096-221-4 2231:. April 2, 2010. 2218:, 28 August 2017. 2044:. Ainonline.com. 1517:Glantz, David M. 1355:978-3-86933-030-3 1240:978-0-203-16831-8 1182:government troops 1067:Hellfire missiles 1044:Maverick missiles 888:Aérospatiale Puma 610: 535:Russian Air Force 500:Soviet Air Forces 458:Andrey A. Grechko 430:Soviet–Afghan War 319:armed helicopters 266:Soviet Air Forces 229:—armed with four 189:Charles Carpenter 121:protective escort 109:close air support 59:military vehicles 39:attack helicopter 3386: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3305:List of aircraft 3211:Ground resonance 3206:Dynamic rollover 3096: 3095: 3082: 2933: 2932: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2836: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2537: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2459:Washington Times 2450: 2444: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2316: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2252: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2182:. Archived from 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2130:. Archived from 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1881: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1769: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1713: 1698: 1692: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1652:Flightglobal.com 1644: 1638: 1637: 1632:. Archived from 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1555:. Archived from 1550: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1495: 1487: 1481: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1445: 1437: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1416:on July 12, 2006 1402: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1363: 1357: 1343: 1337: 1332:Fountain, Paul, 1330: 1324: 1319:Gantt, Marlene, 1317: 1311: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1224: 1166:16 Squadron SAAF 1143:Torzhok Air Base 1113:Eurocopter Tiger 1083:Eurocopter Tiger 955:Indian Air Force 871:Atlas XH-1 Alpha 791:Eurocopter Tiger 763:Defence Minister 743:Eurocopter Tiger 636: 635: 611: 608: 605: 593: 592: 518:Soviet Air Force 402:AH-1 Super Cobra 386:AGM-114 Hellfire 117:armored vehicles 90:AGM-114 Hellfire 43:armed helicopter 3394: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3338:Aviation portal 3324: 3290:Mars helicopter 3250: 3221:Low-g condition 3185: 3152: 3133:Fairey Rotodyne 3121:Skyworks Global 3089: 3083: 3070: 3012: 2973:Flight controls 2922: 2919: 2845: 2843:Further reading 2840: 2833: 2758:Bishop, Chris. 2737: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2624:. July 2, 2011. 2616: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2595:. May 27, 2011. 2593:The Independent 2587: 2586: 2582: 2576:Wayback Machine 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2447: 2441:Wayback Machine 2432: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2317: 2313: 2296: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2213:Wayback Machine 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2186:on May 11, 2012 2174: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2049: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1853:Wayback Machine 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1764: 1757: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1699: 1695: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1597: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1562:on 29 June 2011 1559: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1515: 1511: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1478:Wayback Machine 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1374:Wayback Machine 1364: 1360: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1274: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1199: 1160:to support the 1128:Muammar Gaddafi 1124:Resolution 1973 1106:Battle of Mosul 1102:Mosul offensive 1024:AH-1J SeaCobras 989: 923: 829: 735: 717:Bell AH-1 Cobra 647: 543: 422: 351:Bell AH-1 Cobra 295: 146:Polikarpov Po-2 142: 137: 129:production cost 47:attack aircraft 17: 12: 11: 5: 3392: 3382: 3381: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3350: 3340: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3051:Prison escapes 3048: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998:Rotor solidity 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2869:Riley, David, 2867: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2816: 2801: 2786: 2771: 2756: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2702: 2671: 2645: 2627: 2609: 2598: 2580: 2561: 2549: 2512: 2490: 2476: 2445: 2426: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2367: 2336: 2329: 2311: 2290: 2272: 2247: 2220: 2216:Rotor&Wing 2197: 2167: 2145: 2115: 2085: 2059: 2032: 2006: 1980: 1954: 1927: 1920: 1902: 1873: 1871:, 29 Jan 2013. 1864:Tran, Pierre. 1857: 1838: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1770: 1755: 1740: 1728: 1714: 1693: 1669: 1639: 1621: 1612: 1588: 1573: 1536: 1509: 1482: 1463: 1452:. pp. 1–5 1427: 1390: 1378: 1358: 1338: 1325: 1312: 1291: 1272: 1252: 1239: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1154:Denel Rooivalk 988: 985: 980:Aviation Corps 922: 919: 856:Denel Aviation 837:Denel Rooivalk 828: 825: 734: 731: 646: 643: 555:Zhuhai Airshow 542: 539: 447:GSh-23L cannon 421: 418: 335:AH-56 Cheyenne 294: 291: 258:Sikorsky H-34s 155:Wehrmacht Heer 141: 138: 136: 133: 63:fortifications 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3391: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3262:Bamboo-copter 3260: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3231:Dynamic stall 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Most-produced 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3067: 3066:U.S. military 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2983:Manufacturers 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2813:1-57607-364-5 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798:1-880588-76-5 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2783:0-19829-147-7 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2768:1-84176-816-2 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2753:1-84176-848-0 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2307:9781861266552 2304: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2155: 2149: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2020: 2016: 2010: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1921:0-620-32806-1 1917: 1913: 1906: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1710:1-875671-55-2 1707: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1689:0-7607-0592-5 1686: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1608:1-875671-55-2 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1584: 1577: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1308:0-8138-1250-X 1305: 1301: 1295: 1279: 1275: 1273:1-58544-177-5 1269: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1204: 1203:Army aviation 1201: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148:In 2013, the 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Islamic State 1095: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026:engaged with 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013:Iran–Iraq War 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 984: 981: 975: 973: 969: 965: 960: 956: 953:in 1999, the 952: 948: 944: 940: 932: 927: 918: 915: 910: 908: 905: 901: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 842: 838: 833: 824: 821: 815: 812: 807: 799: 796: 792: 787: 783: 780: 775: 770: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 744: 739: 730: 727: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 683: 677: 675: 674:maiden flight 671: 667: 663: 660:In 1972, the 656: 651: 642: 640: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 601: 597: 586: 582: 580: 574: 567: 562: 556: 552: 547: 538: 536: 531: 530:Rostov-on-Don 527: 523: 519: 514: 509: 502:in the 1980s. 501: 497: 492: 488: 486: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 431: 426: 417: 415: 411: 407: 406:tank plinking 403: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 358: 354: 352: 348: 344: 343:Sikorsky S-61 338: 336: 333: 328: 324: 320: 315: 312: 308: 299: 293:United States 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 250: 246: 242: 240: 235: 233: 228: 224: 223: 213: 208: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 176:Piper J-3 Cub 173: 169: 168:Night Witches 165: 161: 160:Eastern Front 157: 156: 151: 147: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107:and accurate 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 28: 23: 19: 3287: 3111:CarterCopter 2963:Disk loading 2953:Autorotation 2947: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2848:Duke, R.A., 2821: 2804: 2789: 2774: 2759: 2743: 2735:Bibliography 2720:. Retrieved 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2684: 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2658:the original 2648: 2640:the original 2630: 2621: 2612: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2564: 2552: 2542:December 12, 2540:. Retrieved 2533:the original 2528: 2515: 2506: 2493: 2479: 2469:December 12, 2467:. Retrieved 2458: 2448: 2429: 2421:the original 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2370: 2360:September 9, 2358:. Retrieved 2354:the original 2349: 2339: 2320: 2314: 2298: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2265:February 28, 2263:. Retrieved 2259: 2250: 2237:. Retrieved 2223: 2215: 2200: 2188:. Retrieved 2184:the original 2180:Defence News 2179: 2170: 2158:. Retrieved 2148: 2136:. Retrieved 2132:the original 2127: 2118: 2106:. Retrieved 2097: 2088: 2076:. Retrieved 2062: 2050:. Retrieved 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2009: 1997:. Retrieved 1983: 1971:. Retrieved 1957: 1945:. Retrieved 1930: 1911: 1905: 1893:. Retrieved 1869:Defense News 1868: 1860: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1750: 1743: 1701: 1696: 1680: 1660:. Retrieved 1651: 1642: 1634:the original 1624: 1615: 1599: 1582: 1576: 1564:. Retrieved 1557:the original 1539: 1527:. Retrieved 1523:the original 1512: 1497: 1485: 1466: 1454:. Retrieved 1447: 1418:. Retrieved 1414:the original 1409: 1385: 1381: 1361: 1349:Verlag 2010 1346: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1299: 1294: 1284:December 12, 1282:. Retrieved 1262: 1255: 1246:February 14, 1244:, retrieved 1229: 1222: 1147: 1110: 1091: 1051:AH-64 Apache 1048: 1040:F-4 Phantoms 1010: 1001:AH-64 Apache 976: 964:HAL Prachand 941:deploys the 936: 931:HAL Prachand 911: 892: 868: 845: 827:South Africa 816: 803: 771: 766:André Giraud 755:Aérospatiale 748: 714: 710:AH-64 Apache 705: 687: 678: 662:Italian Army 659: 614: 587: 583: 575: 571: 505: 481: 462: 451: 435: 398: 394:AH-64 Apache 371: 363: 339: 316: 304: 287: 254: 239:Sikorsky R-4 231: 225:trainer—the 221: 217: 192: 154: 143: 102: 88:such as the 78:machine guns 71: 38: 36: 33:, June 2008. 18: 3358:WikiProject 3056:Ultralights 2928:Helicopters 2722:November 5, 2685:eNCA report 2664:October 13, 2499:Fred Kaplan 1178:M23 militia 1139:Kamov Ka-52 1087:German Army 1071:Carl Stiner 1042:armed with 959:Indian Army 939:Indian Army 774:Thomson-CSF 591:武装直升机开发工作小组 579:Harbin Z-9s 566:Harbin Z-19 524:as the new 522:Kamov Ka-50 469:Vietnam War 390:Bell YAH-63 278:Vietnam War 276:during the 232:Panzerfaust 185:lift struts 135:Development 74:autocannons 49:, with the 31:Afghanistan 3246:Tailstrike 3164:Rotorcraft 3148:Rotor kite 3143:Monocopter 3091:rotorcraft 2943:Amphibious 1895:7 November 1585:. Airlife. 1420:October 6, 1209:References 1174:North Kivu 1036:Iraqi Army 1028:Mi-24 Hind 987:Operations 951:Kargil War 884:Atlas Oryx 811:Eurocopter 795:air-to-air 751:helicopter 619:(HAMC) of 349:, and the 332:Lockheed's 311:Bell HTL-4 307:Korean War 270:Bell UH-1s 201:top attack 140:Background 25:A British 3300:Jesus nut 3288:Ingenuity 3267:Cyclogyro 2138:March 26, 2108:March 26, 2078:March 15, 2052:March 15, 2025:March 15, 1999:March 14, 1973:March 15, 1456:August 7, 1214:Citations 1081:European 1017:dogfights 997:U.S. Army 995:Above, a 972:HAL Dhruv 968:HAL Rudra 947:HAL Rudra 943:Mil Mi-35 779:anti-tank 712:instead. 551:CAIC Z-10 526:anti-tank 508:Mil Mi-28 496:Mil Mi-28 485:Mil Mi-28 473:Mil Mi-24 374:U.S. Army 323:Viet Cong 274:Mil Mi-8s 227:Bü 181C-3 113:anti-tank 51:offensive 3373:Category 3277:Helitack 3138:Gyrodyne 3106:Autogyro 3099:Articles 3034:Airlines 2988:Military 2968:Dynamics 2958:Backpack 2936:Articles 2716:Archived 2689:Archived 2687:. eNCA. 2622:BBC News 2572:Archived 2463:Archived 2437:Archived 2239:June 15, 2233:Archived 2209:Archived 2190:July 31, 2102:Archived 2072:Archived 2046:Archived 2019:Archived 1993:Archived 1967:Archived 1941:Archived 1889:Archived 1849:Archived 1656:Archived 1529:July 24, 1474:Archived 1370:Archived 1278:Archived 1197:See also 1189:and the 1032:Mi-8 Hip 957:and the 929:India's 848:Rooivalk 806:Cold War 653:Italian 465:gunships 262:Mil Mi-4 222:Bestmann 212:Mil Mi-4 55:infantry 3348:Commons 3255:Related 3194:Hazards 3003:Utility 2160:May 19, 1947:May 14, 1662:May 14, 1085:of the 798:Mistral 600:Chinese 220:Bücker 181:bazooka 158:on the 82:rockets 2948:Attack 2859:(1957) 2829: 2811: 2796: 2781: 2766: 2751: 2695:14 May 2443:. GAO. 2327: 2305: 2128:News18 1918: 1708: 1687: 1606: 1566:1 July 1353: 1306: 1270: 1237: 1005:OH-58D 904:Mokopa 862:, the 694:Fokker 602:: 378:AH-1Gs 105:direct 84:, and 41:is an 3157:Lists 3088:Other 3017:Lists 2993:Rotor 2536:(PDF) 2525:(PDF) 2507:Slate 1560:(PDF) 1549:(PDF) 1494:(PDF) 1444:(PDF) 921:India 645:Italy 541:China 513:Kamov 249:UH-1N 2827:ISBN 2809:ISBN 2794:ISBN 2779:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2749:ISBN 2724:2013 2697:2014 2666:2013 2544:2007 2471:2007 2362:2012 2325:ISBN 2303:ISBN 2285:mint 2267:2020 2241:2011 2192:2012 2162:2014 2140:2011 2110:2011 2080:2013 2054:2013 2027:2013 2001:2013 1975:2013 1949:2014 1916:ISBN 1897:2013 1706:ISBN 1685:ISBN 1664:2014 1604:ISBN 1568:2011 1553:DTIC 1531:2012 1458:2024 1422:2019 1351:ISBN 1304:ISBN 1286:2015 1268:ISBN 1248:2011 1235:ISBN 1115:and 1061:and 1030:and 1011:The 966:and 937:The 907:ATGM 869:The 846:The 757:and 719:and 696:and 682:A109 666:A109 609:lit. 604:直-10 596:Z-10 414:MH-6 400:the 325:and 272:and 123:for 61:and 1141:at 999:'s 759:MBB 726:TAI 704:or 634:宋湘生 327:NVA 234:100 37:An 3375:: 2683:. 2620:. 2591:. 2527:. 2505:. 2461:. 2457:. 2348:. 2283:. 2258:. 2178:. 2126:. 2100:. 2096:. 1876:^ 1773:^ 1758:^ 1731:^ 1717:^ 1672:^ 1654:. 1650:. 1591:^ 1551:. 1501:; 1496:. 1446:. 1430:^ 1408:. 1393:^ 1276:. 1193:. 1137:A 890:. 835:A 641:. 606:; 564:A 549:A 487:. 345:, 337:. 100:. 80:, 76:, 69:. 57:, 2914:e 2907:t 2900:v 2837:. 2835:. 2815:. 2800:. 2785:. 2770:. 2755:. 2726:. 2699:. 2668:. 2546:. 2509:. 2473:. 2364:. 2333:. 2309:. 2269:. 2243:. 2194:. 2164:. 2142:. 2112:. 2082:. 2056:. 2029:. 2003:. 1977:. 1951:. 1924:. 1899:. 1712:. 1691:. 1666:. 1610:. 1570:. 1533:. 1460:. 1424:. 1288:. 820:€ 598:( 432:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index