319:
873:; they tend to focus on his personal character rather than describe events during his reign. He seems to have continued to defend his kingdom militarily and to have funded various cults and religious works. He did not have any children, and bequeathed his realm to the Roman Republic in his will with his death in 133 BC. The Romans were reluctant to take on territory in Asia Minor and did not take charge of the kingdom. A man named Aristonicus, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Eumenes II, assumed the dynastic name of Eumenes III, attempted to overturn Attalus III's will, and apparently acquired authority at least in the core Pergamese cities. In 131 or 130 BC Rome sent an army against him which was defeated. Scandalously for the time, Eumenes III was apparently willing to recruit slaves for his army and arm them. However, a second force defeated Eumenes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the
1000:
1016:
1028:
1044:
47:
5308:
928:= "Great Mother") was imported into Rome. At the time, Pergamon was Rome's closest ally in the region of the Greek Eastern Mediterranean, and they sought out artifacts from the region that matched the request, where the closest equivalent goddess was Cybele. A sacred stone dedicated to Cybele under Pergamese stewardship was sent to Rome within a year (and possibly other relics), and the new cult in Rome took credit for Rome's eventual victory in 201 BC.
375:
5318:
5328:
2423:
358:
967:. The ruling dynasty associated Telephus with its city and claimed him as its legendary forefather and the ancestor of the Attalids. Pergamon, having entered the Greek world much later than its counterparts to the west, could not boast the same divine heritage as older city-states and so had to cultivate its place in Greek mythology retroactively. Telephus defeating the
943:, "bestower of victory." Eumenes II would create a magnificent new two-story temple to Athena, refounded the festival in her honor as the festival of Nikephoria in 181 BC, and dedicated a site outside the city with the name Nikephorion. The Nikephoria would be the most important religious celebration in Pergamum in the 2nd century BC.
1203:
praise the
Attalids, his enemies, for their unity as instrumental to their success as he mourns the hatred between his own sons that brought down the Antigonid Macedonian kingdom. While this dialogue was surely a literary invention, it seems accurate that the Attalid royal court avoided scandal and
704:
Gauls. Achaeus returned from his victorious campaign in 217 BC and hostilities between the two resumed. Attalus made an alliance with
Antiochus III, who besieged Achaeus in Sardis in 214 BC. Antiochus captured the city and put Achaeus to death in the next year. Attalus regained control over his
696:
made
Achaeus governor of the Seleucid territories north of the Taurus. Achaeus embarked upon a remarkably successful military campaign. Within two years, he had recovered the lost territories, taken parts of the traditional Pergamese heartland, and forced Attalus to retreat within the walls of
1198:
A notable aspect of
Attalid dynastic propaganda was the unity of the family and the avoiding of petty royal squabbles between siblings that consumed their neighbors in civil wars and assassinations. Perhaps spurred by the precariousness of their royal claim, the Attalids displayed remarkable
939:, but nothing is known of it. By 220 BC, Attalus I is recorded as holding important games in Athena's honor, and likely expanding the precincts of Athena's temple. At some point at either the end of Attalus I's rule or near the start of Eumenes II's rule, Athena was given the local title
950:
embarked upon a vast building program in
Pergamon to suit the capital's new prominence. He expanded the Library of Pergamon that had probably been started by his father Attalus I, which adjoined the newly created Temple to Athena noted above. He also began construction of the great
732:
of the
Seleucids seem to have conquered or at least cowed into neutrality much of Pergamese territory in 198 BC; by 196 BC, at least, it seems that Antiochus III was able to march his armies through the area without opposition, and important putatively Attalid cities such as
649:. Antiochus Hierax made alliances with other kings in Asia Minor, his base of power, including both the Galatians and the Cappadocians. Around 230 BC, Hireax attacked Pergamon with the help of the Galatians. Attalus defeated the Gauls and Antiochus in the
1027:
697:
Pergamon. However, Achaeus himself turned on
Antiochus III and proclaimed himself a king, perhaps because he was accused of intending to revolt anyway, or perhaps simply drunk with success. By 220/219 BC, Achaeus and Attalus seem to have made peace.
716:(214–205 BC), although their participation was rather ineffective and insignificant. They would go on to support Rome in many subsequent wars. Attalus I, who had helped the Romans in the first war, also provided them with assistance in the
792:, another Roman ally. Later the Romans gave these possessions of Rhodes to Pergamon. These acquisitions were an enormous increase in the size and influence of Pergamon. During the reign of Eumenes II, the Pergamese would also fight the
971:
was likely allegorical to the modern
Attalids defeating the Galatians and Gauls in a similar battle of good vs. evil, to burnish the legitimacy of the dynasty. Similarly, the Attalids implausibly claimed a link to Alexander the Great via
935:. A temple to Athena seems to have been built around the beginning of the third century BC, while Lysimachus still acknowledged Seleucid suzerainty, and portraits of Athena appeared on coinage. A festival was also held called
490:, but exercised considerable autonomy and soon became entirely independent. It was a monarchy ruled by Philetaerus's extended family and their descendants. It lasted around 150 years before being eventually absorbed by the
486:, one of Lysimachus' lieutenants, rebelled and took the city of Pergamon and its environs with him; Lysimachus died soon after in 281 BC. The new kingdom was initially in a vassal-like relationship of nominal fealty to the
631:. This victory was a key to the legitimacy of Hellenistic kings, who styled themselves after Alexander the Great's legacy of military glories, and improved the standing and prestige of the kingdom. Attalus took the name
999:
6896:
546:, but enjoyed considerable autonomy. He extended his power and influence beyond just the city of Pergamon, making allies with neighboring city states. He contributed troops, money, and food to the city of
530:
under his purview. At some point prior to 281 BC, Philetaerus deserted
Lysimachus and rebelled, allegedly over fears of Arsinoe, Lysimachus's wife, who was accused of arranging the death of
6953:
6948:
1015:
581:
in 261 BC. He created an outright independent
Pergamese state, and greatly increased its territories. He established garrisons, such as Philetaireia, in the north at the foot of
823:
as king in 159 BC, although Attalus II had already assumed many key responsibilities by then. Before he became king, he was a military commander. In 190 BC he took part in the
839:, led by his son Demetrius. Attalus expanded his kingdom and founded the cities of Philadelphia and Attalea-in-Pamphylia. In 152 BC the two kings and Rome helped and funded
6907:
6887:
6883:
333:
6910:
6881:
685:, who had succeeded Seleucus II, to recover the lost territory. The newly expanded kingdom stretched over 143,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi).
6798:
1043:
984:. According to the Attalids, Pergamus had founded the city of Pergamon and named it after himself, while they claimed Andromache was a distant ancestor of
827:, which was the final victory of the Romans in the war against the Seleucids. In 189 BC he led the Pergamene troops which flanked the Roman army under
597:, reaching the Gulf of Cyme. Eumenes I minted coins with the portrait of Philetaerus, who during his reign had still been depicting the Seleucid king
6300:
6906:
2455:
6557:
6862:
5364:
831:
in the Galatian War. He was the lead commander in the war with Pontus, as well. After becoming king in his own right, he made war against
558:, thus gaining prestige and goodwill for him and his family. He built the sanctuary of Demeter on the acropolis of Pergamon, the temple of
700:
In 218 BC, Achaeus undertook an expedition to Selge, south of the Taurus. Attalus recaptured his former territories with the help of some
6901:
6819:
6828:
6908:
6894:
6893:
6870:
6869:
4055:
6902:
6865:
6837:
6824:
6843:
6890:
6867:
6855:
6848:
6844:
6791:
6958:
6905:
6904:
6900:
6849:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6821:
908:). Various art and statues were built to them. The worship of Cybele would later intersect with Roman history. According to
542:, while Seleucus himself was killed a few months later. Philetaerus offered his services to Seleucus and his successors of the
6888:
6882:
6877:
6903:
6852:
3443:
828:
6897:
6895:
6834:
6784:
2448:
6818:
4065:
3755:
3448:
3382:
2244:
2229:
688:
The expansion was not to last long. In 223 BC, Seleucus III crossed the Taurus, but was assassinated, and the general
382:, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century BC.
6847:
6836:
6889:
3453:
3428:
2290:
2263:
2211:
526:. Philetaerus was trusted to manage the fortress of Pergamon and guard much of Lysimachus's treasury, and had 9,000
6823:
2258:. Cornell Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 36 (Second ed.). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
619:) succeeded Eumenes I after being adopted as his son. Early in his reign, he won a battlefield victory against the
5357:
5262:
4011:
3438:
3433:
6874:
677:. With Antiochus Hierax's death, Attalus gained control over all Seleucid territories in Asia Minor north of the
6829:
3905:
3765:
3760:
3037:
2387:
6858:
2347:
2170:
6884:
6868:
6481:
6373:
5289:
3930:
3344:
2441:
2411:
531:
6853:
6842:
6825:
6562:
1912:
6857:
6827:
6622:
6608:
6476:
6461:
5616:
5284:
4841:
4334:
3850:
3770:
3468:
3178:
6880:
2374:
2370:
2362:
562:(Pergamon's patron deity), and Pergamon's first palace. He added considerably to the city's fortifications.
6928:
6898:
6766:
6471:
6456:
6431:
6408:
6388:
5257:
3786:
3240:
2401:
6859:
6833:
6943:
6878:
6875:
6670:
6655:
6466:
6451:
6436:
6421:
6378:
6350:
5561:
5350:
4312:
3920:
3796:
3458:
3412:
3367:
3143:
2832:
2235:
Dignas B., "Rituals and the Construction of Identity in Attalid Pergamon" in Dignas B, Smith RRR (eds.),
2222:
The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation
1682:
6899:
6854:
6838:
6826:
6820:
4851:
1037:. Rome was eager to weaken the Seleucids by awarding territory to the weaker and Roman-allied Pergamon.
897:
origin that became syncretized with Greek beliefs and mythology, and the Corybantes, worshippers of the
843:
in his successful bid to start a civil war in the Seleucid Empire and to seize the Seleucid throne from
6860:
6486:
6441:
6416:
6393:
6363:
6184:
4973:
4846:
3979:
3974:
3950:
3860:
3377:
2475:
836:
628:
6892:
6885:
6866:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6832:
6398:
6383:
6286:
6243:
6069:
5822:
5466:
5331:
5274:
4230:
4033:
4018:
3940:
3875:
3195:
3090:
2564:
2498:
2427:
555:
6861:
3842:
3822:
3020:
2678:
6938:
6933:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6713:
6645:
6631:
6626:
6617:
6603:
6589:
6579:
6446:
6368:
6296:
6281:
6248:
6238:
6114:
5827:
4028:
3991:
3925:
3591:
3478:
2357:
968:
590:
17:
6840:
6839:
6831:
851:
to seize the Bithynian throne from his father Prusias II. Attalus II also aided the Romans in the
6864:
6693:
6660:
6613:
6599:
6491:
6358:
6305:
6271:
6263:
6212:
6207:
5893:
5717:
5596:
5530:
5438:
5405:
5311:
4435:
4235:
4220:
4023:
4006:
3986:
3955:
3855:
3791:
3407:
3392:
3362:
3323:
3200:
3052:
2554:
693:
641:, king. Several years later, the "War of the Brothers" broke out in the Seleucid Empire between
46:
6872:
764:, the Romans seized the possessions of the defeated Antiochus III in Asia Minor and gave Mysia,
741:
were in Seleucid possession. The authority of the Pergamese state was hanging by a thread when
593:, which was named after his grandfather. He also extended his control to the south of the river
6856:
6845:
6728:
6594:
6426:
6315:
6310:
6276:
6233:
6202:
6074:
5999:
5936:
5913:
5832:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5787:
5727:
5722:
5707:
5576:
5481:
5471:
5433:
5269:
4272:
4043:
4001:
3935:
3900:
3352:
3336:
3032:
2973:
2822:
2817:
2337:
2318:
1675:
1034:
874:
848:
832:
809:
757:
658:
642:
624:
6863:
2303:(The Routledge History of the Ancient World), Routledge, first edition, 1999; ASIN: B017PNSW7M
6891:
6879:
6754:
6749:
6733:
6703:
6569:
6335:
6291:
6228:
6024:
6014:
5961:
5956:
5812:
5792:
5782:
5777:
5762:
5752:
5712:
5591:
5586:
5566:
5556:
5540:
5535:
5400:
5321:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4515:
4205:
3945:
3915:
3870:
3865:
3496:
3463:
3265:
3170:
3156:
2812:
2683:
2647:
2342:
852:
835:
in 156–154 BC with the help of the Romans. He also made an alliance and received troops from
813:
801:
797:
717:
682:
650:
457:
277:
2025:
585:, which was named after his adoptive father, and Attaleia, in the east, to the northeast of
6739:
6718:
6521:
6340:
6192:
5767:
5747:
5664:
5654:
5621:
5571:
5476:
5448:
5428:
5390:
4793:
4787:
4773:
4257:
4215:
4187:
4072:
3885:
3115:
2911:
1827:
805:
756:, rejected an offer of marriage and alliance with the Seleucids, and supported Rome in the
713:
539:
110:
2406:
8:
6807:
6688:
6640:
6635:
6526:
6330:
6223:
6217:
6079:
5797:
5732:
5674:
5601:
5581:
5545:
5491:
5486:
5395:
4924:
4894:
4282:
4177:
4172:
3609:
2924:
2807:
2761:
2524:
1200:
515:
479:
1824:, Roman city, former diocese and present Latin Catholic titular bishopric; now Yanantepe
931:
Another cult of importance, if more common in the Hellenistic world, was to the goddess
6886:
6708:
6139:
5991:
5702:
5692:
5659:
5496:
5415:
5373:
5141:
5038:
4944:
4588:
4505:
4393:
3895:
3719:
3235:
3215:
3072:
2943:
2827:
2622:
2549:
864:
824:
620:
598:
582:
535:
403:
338:
230:
1830:, Roman city, former diocese and present Latin Catholic titular bishopric; now Antalya
6744:
6723:
6678:
6325:
6253:
6099:
5737:
5697:
5512:
5458:
5443:
5317:
5216:
4803:
4352:
4200:
4152:
3996:
3965:
3910:
3827:
3704:
3576:
3397:
3230:
3183:
3123:
2997:
2979:
2955:
2937:
2892:
2847:
2842:
2493:
2286:
2269:
2259:
2240:
2225:
2207:
917:
869:
Not that much has survived in ancient sources of the reign of the last Attalid king,
844:
819:
Eumenes II was ill for the last decade of his life, and was succeeded by his brother
689:
570:
569:, succeeded him upon his death in 263 BC. He rebelled and defeated the Seleucid king
2281:
Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003). "The Attalids of Pergamon". In Erskine, Andrew (ed.).
946:
After the Pergamese expansion in size and prestige after the Treaty of Apamea, King
808:(171–168 BC). Eumenes II also successfully intervened in Seleucid politics, aiding
653:
and in a second battle in the east. He then fought Antiochus alone in a battle near
69:
6501:
6320:
5971:
5855:
5757:
5550:
5525:
5146:
4678:
4643:
4460:
4317:
4195:
4082:
4077:
3402:
3357:
3188:
3095:
2711:
2544:
2529:
2519:
2251:
1821:
1151:, with a few minor corrections by modern historians for apparent slips of the pen.
913:
905:
761:
678:
646:
421:
106:
6197:
6154:
6089:
6049:
5865:
5742:
5684:
5649:
5641:
5520:
5161:
4919:
4707:
4520:
4262:
4128:
4060:
3387:
2985:
2967:
2961:
2875:
2852:
2726:
2637:
2597:
2534:
840:
543:
487:
324:
96:
92:
88:
5186:
4899:
6574:
6144:
6084:
5772:
5382:
5043:
4983:
4978:
4934:
4715:
4663:
4653:
4633:
4623:
4367:
4362:
4357:
3210:
3009:
3003:
2991:
2791:
2766:
2539:
2464:
1143:
Knowledge of the dates of the reigns of the Attalid kings are largely based on
952:
898:
753:
709:
491:
448:
399:
351:
264:
1021:
Pergamon's territory in 200 BC, before the outbreak of war with the Seleucids.
6922:
6542:
6531:
6029:
6019:
5976:
5941:
5669:
5279:
5196:
5171:
4861:
4783:
4465:
4408:
4307:
4297:
4267:
4249:
4123:
3275:
3057:
2949:
2905:
2867:
2706:
2627:
729:
594:
1049:
Another map of Pergamon after 188 BC, showing specific cities in Asia Minor.
6584:
6547:
6511:
6164:
6149:
6064:
6004:
5966:
5946:
5931:
5606:
5096:
5048:
4914:
4768:
4638:
4277:
4113:
3619:
3581:
3280:
793:
527:
6124:
6119:
6059:
6044:
5981:
5926:
5903:
5898:
5873:
5611:
5116:
5008:
4988:
4816:
4324:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4210:
4167:
3714:
3624:
3614:
3501:
3491:
3255:
2632:
2607:
1798:
1784:
1322:
1191:
1185:
1155:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1006:
981:
870:
673:
in 227 BC. He was killed in battle against the Gauls and the Kingdom of
666:
538:, another of Alexander's generals, defeated and killed Lysimachus at the
507:
483:
281:
260:
243:
216:
204:
144:
84:
4821:
6683:
6650:
6516:
6174:
6034:
5921:
5888:
5850:
5842:
5053:
5023:
5018:
5003:
4889:
4856:
4525:
4495:
4162:
3890:
3724:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3536:
3521:
3511:
3486:
2862:
2617:
2572:
1690:
1661:
1179:
1173:
977:
947:
820:
742:
511:
475:
471:
192:
180:
6776:
2140:
752:) came to the throne in 197 BC. Eumenes II sought alliances with the
374:
6552:
6536:
6169:
6159:
6134:
6104:
6009:
5951:
5883:
5878:
5631:
5626:
5501:
5423:
5342:
5028:
4954:
4939:
4909:
4904:
4836:
4760:
4745:
4730:
4673:
4573:
4225:
4157:
3729:
3709:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3634:
3629:
3599:
3546:
3506:
3285:
3151:
3105:
3085:
2716:
2587:
2330:
1521:
1427:
1167:
1161:
773:
609:
566:
523:
168:
156:
723:
6129:
6054:
6039:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5033:
4811:
4778:
4740:
4683:
4598:
4583:
4440:
4430:
4347:
4342:
3739:
3734:
3694:
3689:
3664:
3644:
3571:
3526:
3516:
3372:
3270:
3205:
3133:
2741:
2352:
1965:
Green, P., "The Road to Sellasia". Alexander to Actium, pp. 264-265
985:
973:
964:
960:
920:
told the Senate that Carthage would be defeated if the cult of the
738:
637:
586:
519:
411:
407:
379:
247:
125:
60:
4831:
6698:
6094:
5221:
5211:
5156:
5151:
5136:
5126:
5111:
5106:
4993:
4881:
4871:
4750:
4725:
4720:
4693:
4688:
4668:
4658:
4648:
4613:
4603:
4593:
4545:
4535:
4510:
4475:
4470:
4445:
4098:
3880:
3541:
3531:
3290:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3225:
3220:
3100:
3047:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2433:
2273:
890:
886:
785:
769:
734:
547:
65:
5166:
4480:
2116:
6109:
5191:
5121:
5101:
5063:
4929:
4735:
4628:
4565:
4555:
4500:
4118:
4103:
3699:
3684:
3659:
3654:
3639:
3300:
3295:
3062:
3042:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2642:
2602:
2592:
2577:
2422:
1144:
956:
932:
901:
894:
855:, the final war that destroyed Macedonia as a political force.
789:
701:
670:
654:
578:
559:
73:
6817:
2152:
433:
5201:
5176:
5073:
5013:
4998:
4866:
4826:
4578:
4490:
4485:
4455:
4450:
4425:
4108:
3649:
3604:
3556:
3128:
3080:
2781:
2751:
2698:
2673:
2612:
2582:
2175:
2104:
781:
777:
765:
674:
662:
574:
551:
502:
1985:
1983:
1852:
1840:
804:(around 183-179 BC?), and would aid the Romans again in the
665:
in 229 BC. After this Antiochus left to start a campaign in
6954:
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
5206:
5181:
5131:
4618:
4608:
2325:
2313:
1884:
1882:
1009:
holds just the city of Pergamon and its immediate environs.
909:
2059:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1980:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1869:
1867:
904:(possibly the Asia Minor equivalent of the Greek goddess
885:
Two notable cults in early Pergamon were the cult of the
436:
427:
6949:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
2128:
1879:
635:, "Savior", afterward, and explicitly took the title of
604:
2007:
1995:
1968:
724:
Expansion after the Treaty of Apamea (197–138 BC)
2083:
2071:
2030:
1944:
1929:
1917:
1894:
1864:
760:
of 192–188 BC. In 188 BC, after the war's end by the
2237:
Historical and Religious Memory in the Ancient World
1005:Territory after the death of Lysimachus in 281 BC.
439:
430:
510:rose from humble origins to become a lieutenant of
462:
424:
955:in the late 180s BC. In its interior there is a
6920:
1033:Pergamon's expansion after Roman victory in the
503:From autonomy to independence (282–241 BC)
2669:
788:, in the southwestern corner of Asia Minor, to
1199:cooperation between each other. Polybius has
6792:
5358:
2449:
2204:The Attalid Kingdom: A Constitutional History
880:
474:that was created from the territory ruled by
2220:Austin, M. M., "The Attalids of Pergamum",
858:
605:Reign of Attalus I Soter (241–197 BC)
522:), who ruled a large state centered around
6799:
6785:
5365:
5351:
3335:
2456:
2442:
2301:The Greek World After Alexander, 323–30 BC
2280:
2181:
2146:
2110:
1989:
1888:
1858:
1846:
976:, a very marginal figure who was a son of
45:
494:during the period from 133–129 BC.
27:Greek state during the Hellenistic period
1204:appealed well to the common citizenry.
1194:Aristonicus (pretender, 133–129 BC)
916:between Rome and Carthage (205 BC), the
373:
6806:
1913:Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.8.1
406:that ruled much of the Western part of
14:
6921:
5372:
4389:
2250:
2164:
2122:
2065:
2053:
2001:
1974:
1953:
1938:
1923:
1900:
1873:
1054:
692:assumed control of the Seleucid army.
6780:
6297:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
5346:
5246:
4388:
3817:
3321:
2668:
2488:
2437:
2201:
2158:
2134:
2089:
2077:
2041:
2013:
1797:
1795:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
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1753:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1737:
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1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
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1708:
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1557:
1555:
1553:
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1549:
1539:
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1498:
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1468:
1466:
1464:
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1460:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1442:
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1437:
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1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
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1313:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
812:in his quest to take the throne from
565:Philetaerus' nephew and adopted son,
6765:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
4857:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2489:
2283:A Companion to the Hellenistic World
2224:, Cambridge University Press, 2006;
2171:Strabo, Geography, 13.4.1-2; 623-624
1207:
24:
3818:
2463:
708:The Attalids became allies of the
681:. He repulsed several attempts by
25:
6970:
2381:
2239:, Oxford University Press, 2012;
5326:
5316:
5307:
5306:
2421:
1042:
1026:
1014:
998:
889:, a pantheon likely of original
420:
356:
331:
317:
5327:
2285:. Blackwell. pp. 159–174.
2190:
2095:
2019:
1959:
776:to the kingdom of Pergamon and
747:
623:of Asia Minor (called Gauls by
614:
40:approx. 282 BC–129 BC
6959:States in Hellenistic Anatolia
1906:
1182:Philadelphus (159–138 BC)
859:Final years (138–129 BC)
589:near the sources of the river
554:, for its defense against the
263:bequeathed the kingdom to the
13:
1:
6769:in most of their territories.
5567:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2928:
2915:
2896:
2879:
2319:From the Founding of the City
1834:
246:takes control of the city of
4056:Funeral and burial practices
3241:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2412:Resources in other libraries
2149:, pp. 164–165, 167–168.
1815:
991:
847:. In 149 BC, Attalus helped
800:(around 188–184 BC?),
532:Agathocles, Lysimachus's son
7:
5562:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2206:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2202:Allen, Reginald E. (1983).
1683:Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia
463:
10:
6975:
3980:Greek Revival architecture
3322:
2125:, pp. 50–51, 434–436.
2101:Shipley 2000, pp. 318–319.
969:giants in the Gigantomachy
881:Art, religion, and culture
862:
837:Ariarathes V of Cappadocia
669:, and then pivoted toward
629:Battle of the Caecus River
497:
6814:
6763:
6669:
6500:
6407:
6349:
6262:
6183:
5990:
5912:
5864:
5841:
5683:
5640:
5511:
5467:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
5457:
5414:
5381:
5302:
5253:
5247:
5242:
5087:
4964:
4953:
4880:
4802:
4759:
4706:
4564:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4384:
4333:
4248:
4186:
4148:
4141:
4091:
4051:
4042:
3964:
3841:
3837:
3813:
3779:
3748:
3590:
3477:
3421:
3388:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3343:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3196:Antigonid Macedonian army
3169:
3142:
3114:
3071:
3028:
3019:
2861:
2800:
2697:
2693:
2664:
2563:
2512:
2508:
2484:
2471:
2407:Resources in your library
2161:, pp. 9–11, 181–183.
2026:Attalus, Eumenes II Soter
1751:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1721:
1687:
1672:
1658:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1532:
1486:
1484:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1061:
452:
410:from its capital city of
296:
292:
276:• Incorporated into
274:
257:
240:
236:
226:
222:
210:
198:
186:
174:
162:
150:
138:
134:
124:
116:
102:
80:
56:
44:
39:
32:
5828:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
5627:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2256:The Attalids of Pergamon
6625:'s attempted rule with
6306:Mithridates V Euergetes
5718:Antiochus III the Great
5531:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5472:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
5396:Alexander III the Great
1170:Soter (241–197 BC)
1065:Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών
694:Antiochus III the Great
464:Dynasteía ton Attalidón
453:Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών
414:. It was ruled by the
212:• 133–129 BC
200:• 138–133 BC
188:• 160–138 BC
176:• 197–159 BC
164:• 241–197 BC
152:• 263–241 BC
140:• 282–263 BC
6409:Monarchs of Cappadocia
6311:Mithridates VI Eupator
5833:Philip II Philoromaeus
5818:Antiochus XII Dionysus
5808:Demetrius III Eucaerus
5803:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
5788:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
5728:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
5723:Seleucus IV Philopator
5708:Seleucus II Callinicus
5607:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5482:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3422:Artists & scholars
3337:List of ancient Greeks
2974:Second Athenian League
2823:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2648:Ancient Greek colonies
988:, Alexander's mother.
959:depicting the life of
922:Mater Deum Magna Idaea
875:Roman province of Asia
849:Nicomedes II Epiphanes
833:Prusias II of Bithynia
810:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
750: 197–159 BC
659:Battle of the Harpasus
643:Seleucus II Callinicus
617: 241–197 BC
383:
278:Roman province of Asia
6351:Monarchs of Commagene
6272:Mithridates I Ctistes
5813:Philip I Philadelphus
5793:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
5783:Antiochus VIII Grypus
5778:Seleucus V Philometor
5763:Antiochus VII Sidetes
5753:Antiochus VI Dionysus
5713:Seleucus III Ceraunus
5612:Berenice IV Epiphanea
5557:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5541:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5536:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5401:Philip III Arrhidaeus
4541:Sybaris on the Traeis
3266:Sacred Band of Thebes
3006:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2520:Cycladic civilization
2343:Description of Greece
963:, son of the demigod
863:Further information:
853:Fourth Macedonian War
802:Pharnaces I of Pontus
798:Prusias I of Bithynia
718:Second Macedonian War
683:Seleucus III Ceraunus
651:Battle of Aphrodisium
377:
81:Common languages
6185:Monarchs of Bithynia
5768:Alexander II Zabinas
5748:Demetrius II Nicator
5665:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
5632:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
5597:Ptolemy XI Alexander
5572:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
5477:Antigonus II Gonatas
4066:mythological figures
3787:Ancient Greek tribes
2912:Peloponnesian League
2430:at Wikimedia Commons
2322:, Books 33–35, 42–45
1828:Attalea in Pamphylia
829:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
806:Third Macedonian War
714:First Macedonian War
540:Battle of Corupedium
280:after the defeat of
111:Hellenistic Religion
6929:Kingdom of Pergamon
6808:History of Anatolia
6767:Hellenistic satraps
5798:Antiochus X Eusebes
5733:Antiochus V Eupator
5675:Cleopatra Selene II
5602:Ptolemy XII Auletes
5587:Ptolemy X Alexander
5582:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
5546:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5487:Antigonus III Doson
4178:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4173:Theatre of Dionysus
3797:Ancient Macedonians
3413:Tyrants of Syracuse
2925:Amphictyonic League
2525:Minoan civilization
2393:Kingdom of Pergamon
2184:, pp. 168–170.
2137:, pp. 122–129.
2113:, pp. 165–166.
2068:, pp. 136–139.
2056:, pp. 133–135.
1861:, pp. 160–161.
1849:, pp. 159–160.
1201:Philip V of Macedon
1074:Kingdom of Pergamon
1055:Dynasty of Pergamon
516:Alexander the Great
480:Alexander the Great
388:Kingdom of Pergamon
253:approx. 282 BC
34:Kingdom of Pergamon
6944:Hellenistic states
6671:Monarchs of Epirus
6504:Cimmerian Bosporus
6264:Monarchs of Pontus
5823:Cleopatra Selene I
5703:Antiochus II Theos
5693:Seleucus I Nicator
5660:Demetrius the Fair
5642:Monarchs of Cyrene
4852:Menestheus's Limin
4506:Pandosia (Lucania)
4394:Greek colonisation
3756:Athenian statesmen
3517:Diogenes of Sinope
3378:Kings of Macedonia
3368:Kings of Commagene
3236:Macedonian phalanx
3216:Hellenistic armies
2964:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2828:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2550:Hellenistic Greece
2016:, pp. 77, 86.
1082:Western Asia Minor
1035:Roman–Seleucid War
865:War of Aristonicus
825:Battle of Magnesia
758:Roman–Seleucid War
599:Seleucus I Nicator
536:Seleucus I Nicator
470:The kingdom was a
404:Hellenistic period
384:
339:Lysimachian Empire
231:Hellenistic period
51:Pergamon in 188 BC
6916:
6915:
6774:
6773:
6254:Socrates Chrestus
5743:Alexander I Balas
5738:Demetrius I Soter
5698:Antiochus I Soter
5444:Antipater Etesias
5340:
5339:
5298:
5297:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
4804:Iberian Peninsula
4736:Lipara/Meligounis
4702:
4701:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4353:Cypriot syllabary
4244:
4243:
4153:Athenian Treasury
4137:
4136:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3398:Ptolemaic dynasty
3358:Archons of Athens
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3184:Athenian military
3165:
3164:
2998:League of Corinth
2980:Thessalian League
2956:Chalcidian League
2938:Acarnanian League
2848:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2426:Media related to
2388:Library resources
2252:Hansen, Esther V.
2092:, pp. 84–85.
2080:, pp. 81–83.
2044:, pp. 76–81.
2004:, pp. 57–60.
1977:, pp. 46–50.
1956:, pp. 36–43.
1941:, pp. 34–36.
1926:, pp. 30–31.
1903:, pp. 28–29.
1876:, pp. 17–19.
1813:
1812:
1685:
1447:
1431:ruler of Pergamon
1337:
1326:ruler of Pergamon
1243:
1208:Attalid genealogy
1188:(138–133 BC)
1176:(197–159 BC)
1164:(263–241 BC)
1158:(282–263 BC)
1141:
1140:
845:Demetrius I Soter
571:Antiochus I Soter
461:
402:state during the
392:Pergamene Kingdom
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
344:
343:
16:(Redirected from
6966:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6778:
6777:
6566:
6482:Ariobarzanes III
5856:Ptolemy Epigonos
5758:Diodotus Tryphon
5551:Cleopatra I Syra
5526:Ptolemy Keraunos
5367:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5330:
5329:
5320:
5310:
5309:
5244:
5243:
4962:
4961:
4461:Heraclea Lucania
4414:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4386:
4385:
4146:
4145:
4078:Twelve Olympians
4049:
4048:
3839:
3838:
3815:
3814:
3403:Seleucid dynasty
3383:Kings of Paionia
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3189:Scythian archers
3096:Graphe paranomon
3026:
3025:
2933:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2901:
2898:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2695:
2694:
2666:
2665:
2545:Classical Greece
2530:Mycenaean Greece
2510:
2509:
2486:
2485:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2299:Shipley (2000).
2296:
2277:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1822:Attalea in Lydia
1805:king of Pergamon
1791:king of Pergamon
1697:king of Pergamon
1679:
1668:king of Pergamon
1528:king of Pergamon
1445:
1335:
1241:
1212:
1211:
1137:
1135:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1030:
1018:
1002:
918:Sibylline Oracle
914:Second Punic War
762:Treaty of Apamea
751:
749:
679:Taurus Mountains
647:Antiochus Hierax
618:
616:
466:
456:
454:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
360:
359:
348:
347:
335:
334:
321:
320:
314:
313:
298:
297:
107:Greek Polytheism
49:
30:
29:
21:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6939:Former kingdoms
6934:Attalid dynasty
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6810:
6805:
6775:
6770:
6759:
6665:
6656:Mithridates III
6560:
6503:
6502:Monarchs of the
6496:
6477:Ariobarzanes II
6462:Ariarathes VIII
6403:
6389:Mithridates III
6345:
6287:Mithridates III
6258:
6179:
5986:
5914:Greco-Bactrians
5908:
5860:
5837:
5679:
5636:
5521:Ptolemy I Soter
5507:
5453:
5410:
5377:
5371:
5341:
5336:
5294:
5249:
5226:
5089:
5083:
4966:
4957:
4949:
4920:Melaina Korkyra
4876:
4798:
4755:
4708:Aeolian Islands
4698:
4560:
4418:
4399:
4398:
4372:
4329:
4240:
4182:
4133:
4087:
4038:
3960:
3951:Wedding customs
3833:
3832:
3801:
3792:Thracian Greeks
3775:
3766:Olympic victors
3744:
3586:
3473:
3417:
3408:Kings of Sparta
3393:Kings of Pontus
3363:Kings of Athens
3339:
3326:
3305:
3201:Army of Macedon
3161:
3138:
3110:
3067:
3015:
2988:(370–c. 230 BC)
2986:Arcadian League
2970:(c. 400–188 BC)
2968:Aetolian League
2962:Boeotian League
2944:Hellenic League
2931:
2918:
2908:(c. 650–404 BC)
2899:
2893:Italiote League
2886:
2882:
2876:Doric Hexapolis
2866:
2857:
2853:Seleucid Empire
2796:
2689:
2688:
2652:
2559:
2535:Greek Dark Ages
2504:
2503:
2480:
2467:
2462:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2308:Ancient sources
2293:
2266:
2214:
2193:
2188:
2182:Kosmetatou 2003
2180:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2147:Kosmetatou 2003
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2111:Kosmetatou 2003
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1990:Kosmetatou 2003
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1889:Kosmetatou 2003
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1859:Kosmetatou 2003
1857:
1853:
1847:Kosmetatou 2003
1845:
1841:
1837:
1818:
1806:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1529:
1527:
1444:
1438:Philetaerus (?)
1432:
1430:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1240:
1210:
1133:
1131:
1087:Place of origin
1066:
1063:
1062:Attalid dynasty
1057:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1003:
994:
883:
867:
861:
841:Alexander Balas
746:
726:
613:
607:
544:Seleucid Empire
505:
500:
488:Seleucid Empire
478:, a general of
423:
419:
416:Attalid dynasty
396:Attalid kingdom
357:
332:
325:Seleucid Empire
318:
285:
267:
250:
213:
201:
189:
177:
165:
153:
141:
87:
63:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6972:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6914:
6913:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6804:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6714:Neoptolemus II
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6629:
6620:
6611:
6609:Mithridates II
6606:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:Paerisades III
6572:
6567:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Ariobarzanes I
6469:
6464:
6459:
6457:Ariarathes VII
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Ariarathes III
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6379:Mithridates II
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Mithridates II
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:Apollodotus II
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5773:Cleopatra Thea
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4959:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Megara Hyblaea
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Hybla Gereatis
4631:
4626:
4624:Heraclea Minoa
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4368:Attic numerals
4365:
4363:Greek numerals
4360:
4358:Greek alphabet
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:Musical system
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Mathematicians
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Kings of Argos
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Cretan archers
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3010:Achaean League
3007:
3004:Euboean League
3001:
2995:
2992:Epirote League
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:(c. 500–31 BC)
2935:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2872:
2870:
2868:Confederations
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2792:Lissus (Crete)
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Archaic Greece
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:Ancient Greece
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:External links
2380:
2379:
2378:
2350:
2335:
2323:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2278:
2264:
2248:
2245:978-0199572069
2233:
2230:978-0521535618
2218:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2196:Modern sources
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2029:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1992:, p. 163.
1979:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1928:
1916:
1905:
1893:
1891:, p. 161.
1878:
1863:
1851:
1838:
1836:
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1814:
1811:
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1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:Current region
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1004:
997:
993:
990:
953:Pergamon Altar
899:mother goddess
882:
879:
860:
857:
754:Achaean League
725:
722:
720:(200–197 BC).
710:Roman Republic
606:
603:
601:on his coins.
556:invading Gauls
534:. In 281 BC,
504:
501:
499:
496:
492:Roman Republic
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
354:
352:Roman Republic
345:
342:
341:
336:
328:
327:
322:
310:
309:
304:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:Roman Republic
258:
255:
254:
251:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
228:
227:Historical era
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
171:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
148:
147:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
82:
78:
77:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6971:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6797:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6694:Neoptolemus I
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Mithridates I
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Paerisades IV
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6543:Paerisades II
6541:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:Spartokos III
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Ariarathes IX
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:Ariarathes VI
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Ariarathes IV
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Ariarathes II
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:Antiochus III
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6369:Mithridates I
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Nicomedes III
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Demetrius III
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Antimachus II
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Apollodotus I
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Eucratides II
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Euthydemus II
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5670:Ptolemy Apion
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Cleopatra III
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5333:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5245:
5241:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Hemeroscopion
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Magna Graecia
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Arcadocypriot
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4236:Zeus, Olympia
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Hera, Olympia
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Mount Olympus
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:Sacred places
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Olympic Games
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Homosexuality
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Seleucid army
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:Delian League
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2926:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:Ionian League
2904:
2894:
2891:
2887: 560 BC
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Magna Graecia
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
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2358:The Histories
2354:
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2327:
2324:
2321:
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2298:
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2292:0-631-22537-4
2288:
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2279:
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2271:
2267:
2265:0-8014-0615-3
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
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2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:0-19-814845-3
2209:
2205:
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2199:
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2178:
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2160:
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2079:
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2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
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1935:
1933:
1925:
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912:, during the
911:
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783:
779:
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771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
744:
740:
736:
731:
730:Antiochus III
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
705:territories.
703:
698:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
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664:
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568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:'s generals (
517:
513:
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495:
493:
489:
485:
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468:
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459:
450:
444:
417:
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90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
31:
19:
6729:Alexander II
6585:Paerisades V
6548:Spartokos IV
6512:Paerisades I
6487:Ariarathes X
6442:Ariarathes V
6417:Ariarathes I
6399:Antiochus IV
6384:Antiochus II
6316:Pharnaces II
6277:Ariobarzanes
6249:Nicomedes IV
6239:Nicomedes II
6165:Apollophanes
6150:Hippostratos
6065:Heliokles II
6025:Demetrius II
6005:Antimachus I
5967:Eucratides I
5962:Demetrius II
5947:Antimachus I
5932:Euthydemus I
5617:Ptolemy XIII
5592:Berenice III
5439:Antipater II
5406:Alexander IV
5127:Dionysopolis
5097:Abonoteichos
5049:Pantikapaion
4639:Hybla Heraea
3975:Architecture
3931:Prostitution
3620:Aristophanes
3479:Philosophers
3449:Philosophers
3281:Spartan army
3012:(280–146 BC)
3000:(338–322 BC)
2994:(370–168 BC)
2982:(374–196 BC)
2976:(378–355 BC)
2958:(430–348 BC)
2952:(478–404 BC)
2946:(499–449 BC)
2837:
2633:Peloponnesus
2555:Roman Greece
2402:Online books
2392:
2364:
2356:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2300:
2282:
2255:
2236:
2221:
2203:
2191:Bibliography
2177:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1970:
1961:
1919:
1908:
1896:
1854:
1842:
1801:
1787:
1694:Philadelphos
1693:
1664:
1524:
1197:
1148:
1142:
945:
940:
936:
930:
925:
921:
884:
868:
818:
794:Galatian War
727:
707:
699:
687:
636:
632:
608:
564:
506:
469:
415:
395:
391:
387:
385:
307:Succeeded by
306:
301:
284:Aristonicus
64:(modern-day
6750:Pyrrhus III
6734:Olympias II
6704:Alexander I
6561: [
6558:Spartokos V
6427:Ariamnes II
6374:Antiochus I
6336:Pythodorida
6292:Pharnaces I
6213:Zipoetes II
6208:Nicomedes I
6125:Artemidoros
6120:Menander II
6060:Antialcidas
6045:Agathokleia
6000:Demetrius I
5992:Indo-Greeks
5982:Heliocles I
5937:Demetrius I
5927:Diodotus II
5904:Eumenes III
5899:Attalus III
5874:Philetaerus
5843:Lysimachids
5655:Berenice II
5622:Ptolemy XIV
5504:(pretender)
5434:Alexander V
5416:Antipatrids
5374:Hellenistic
5275:Place names
5187:Salmydessus
5009:Kalos Limen
4989:Chersonesus
4979:Borysthenes
4684:Tauromenion
4496:Metapontion
4258:Proto-Greek
4211:Erechtheion
4206:Athena Nike
4168:Philippeion
3997:Mathematics
3968:and science
3851:Agriculture
3715:Stesichorus
3625:Bacchylides
3615:Archilochus
3502:Antisthenes
3492:Anaximander
3464:Seven Sages
3454:Playwrights
3434:Geographers
3429:Astronomers
3256:Pezhetairos
2883: 1100
2863:Federations
2762:Megalopolis
2699:City states
2674:City states
2123:Hansen 1971
2066:Hansen 1971
2054:Hansen 1971
2002:Hansen 1971
1975:Hansen 1971
1954:Hansen 1971
1939:Hansen 1971
1924:Hansen 1971
1901:Hansen 1971
1874:Hansen 1971
1799:Attalus III
1788:Aristonikos
1785:Eumenes III
1704:Philetaerus
1680:daughter of
1452:Eumenes (?)
1446:∞ Antiochis
1323:Philetaerus
1192:Eumenes III
1186:Attalus III
1156:Philetaerus
1121:Eumenes III
1111:Attalus III
1107:Final ruler
1101:Philetaerus
1091:Paphlagonia
1007:Philetaerus
982:Neoptolemus
937:Panathenaia
926:Magna Mater
871:Attalus III
712:during the
667:Mesopotamia
657:and in the
577:capital of
508:Philetaerus
484:Philetaerus
378:Theatre of
302:Preceded by
288:129 BC
282:Eumenes III
270:133 BC
261:Attalus III
244:Philetaerus
217:Eumenes III
205:Attalus III
145:Philetaerus
6923:Categories
6740:Pyrrhus II
6719:Alcetas II
6684:Tharrhypas
6651:Gepaepyris
6623:Scribonius
6517:Satyros II
6447:Orophernes
6359:Ptolemaeus
6341:Polemon II
6234:Prusias II
6203:Zipoetes I
6175:Strato III
6100:Theophilos
6080:Philoxenus
6035:Menander I
6015:Agathocles
5957:Agathocles
5922:Diodotus I
5894:Attalus II
5889:Eumenes II
5851:Lysimachus
5459:Antigonids
5177:Polemonion
5054:Phanagoria
5024:Kimmerikon
5019:Kerkinitis
5004:Hermonassa
4994:Dioscurias
4890:Aspalathos
4837:Kalathousa
4812:Akra Leuke
4741:Phoenicusa
4526:Scylletium
4511:Poseidonia
4431:Brentesion
4318:Pamphylian
4313:Macedonian
4231:Samothrace
4216:Hephaestus
4163:Long Walls
4142:Structures
4083:Underworld
4029:Technology
3992:Literature
3926:Philosophy
3891:Euergetism
3780:By culture
3725:Thucydides
3567:Pythagoras
3562:Protagoras
3552:Parmenides
3537:Heraclitus
3522:Empedocles
3512:Democritus
3497:Anaximenes
3487:Anaxagoras
3439:Historians
2932: 595
2919: 550
2900: 800
2885: – c.
2813:Cappadocia
2618:Ionian Sea
2608:Hellespont
2573:Aegean Sea
2363:Polybius,
2159:Allen 1983
2135:Allen 1983
2090:Allen 1983
2078:Allen 1983
2042:Allen 1983
2014:Allen 1983
1835:References
1807:138–133 BC
1802:Philometor
1793:133–129 BC
1699:159–138 BC
1691:Attalus II
1676:Stratonice
1670:197–159 BC
1662:Eumenes II
1530:241–197 BC
1433:263–241 BC
1328:282–263 BC
1180:Attalus II
1174:Eumenes II
1127:Deposition
1117:Final head
978:Andromache
948:Eumenes II
941:Nikephoros
821:Attalus II
814:Heliodorus
743:Eumenes II
512:Lysimachus
476:Lysimachus
472:rump state
408:Asia Minor
193:Attalus II
181:Eumenes II
117:Government
6724:Pyrrhus I
6689:Alcetas I
6595:Pharnaces
6570:Kamasarye
6553:Leukon II
6537:Hygiainon
6492:Archelaus
6331:Polemon I
6229:Prusias I
6170:Strato II
6160:Zoilos II
6155:Dionysios
6135:Archebius
6105:Peukolaos
6070:Polyxenos
6010:Pantaleon
5952:Pantaleon
5884:Attalus I
5879:Eumenes I
5685:Seleucids
5513:Ptolemies
5502:Philip VI
5449:Sosthenes
5429:Philip IV
5424:Cassander
5391:Philip II
5263:in Epirus
5212:Trapezous
5157:Mesambria
5142:Eupatoria
5112:Apollonia
5107:Anchialos
5069:Theodosia
5039:Nymphaion
5029:Myrmekion
4999:Gorgippia
4955:Black Sea
4940:Tragurion
4925:Nymphaion
4910:Epidauros
4905:Epidamnos
4895:Apollonia
4872:Zacynthos
4794:Ptolemais
4788:Apollonia
4761:Cyrenaica
4751:Therassía
4746:Strongyle
4726:Ereikousa
4649:Leontinoi
4589:Apollonia
4466:Hipponion
4263:Mycenaean
4226:Parthenon
4158:Lion Gate
4061:Mythology
4024:Sculpture
3987:Astronomy
3921:Pederasty
3896:Festivals
3881:Education
3761:Lawgivers
3730:Timocreon
3710:Sophocles
3705:Simonides
3680:Philocles
3675:Panyassis
3670:Mimnermus
3635:Herodotus
3630:Euripides
3600:Aeschylus
3547:Leucippus
3507:Aristotle
3286:Strategos
3152:Synedrion
3106:Ostracism
3086:Areopagus
3038:Free city
2833:Macedonia
2717:Byzantion
2623:Macedonia
2588:Cyrenaica
2565:Geography
2499:Geography
2365:Histories
2338:Pausanias
2331:Periochae
2274:71-142284
2254:(1971) .
1816:Namesakes
1709:Athenaeus
1535:Apollonis
1522:Attalus I
1428:Eumenes I
1168:Attalus I
1162:Eumenes I
1149:Geography
992:Territory
774:Pamphylia
627:) at the
625:Pausanias
621:Galatians
610:Attalus I
583:Mount Ida
573:near the
567:Eumenes I
524:Byzantium
514:, one of
458:romanized
169:Attalus I
157:Eumenes I
103:Religion
6755:Deidamia
6736:(regent)
6709:Aeacides
6646:Aspurgus
6539:(regent)
6522:Prytanis
6364:Sames II
6220:(regent)
6193:Boteiras
6140:Telephos
6130:Hermaeus
6085:Diomedes
6055:Strato I
6040:Zoilos I
5866:Attalids
5553:(regent)
5492:Philip V
5312:Category
5290:Theatres
5217:Tripolis
5152:Kerasous
5147:Heraclea
5079:Tyritake
5034:Nikonion
4945:Thronion
4867:Salauris
4822:Emporion
4779:Berenice
4769:Balagrae
4721:Euonymos
4694:Tyndaris
4679:Syracuse
4674:Selinous
4644:Kamarina
4599:Casmenae
4584:Akrillai
4501:Neápolis
4436:Caulonia
4417:Mainland
4348:Linear B
4343:Linear A
4273:Dialects
4250:Language
4044:Religion
4002:Medicine
3936:Religion
3901:Folklore
3886:Emporium
3861:Clothing
3856:Calendar
3740:Xenophon
3735:Tyrtaeus
3720:Theognis
3695:Polybius
3690:Plutarch
3665:Menander
3645:Hipponax
3572:Socrates
3527:Epicurus
3373:Diadochi
3271:Sciritae
3231:Hetairoi
3206:Ballista
3171:Military
3134:Gerousia
3124:Ekklesia
3091:Ecclesia
3073:Athenian
3021:Politics
2934:–279 BC)
2921:–366 BC)
2902:–389 BC)
2838:Pergamon
2808:Bithynia
2801:Kingdoms
2742:Pergamon
2684:Military
2679:Politics
2476:Timeline
2428:Pergamon
2353:Polybius
1336:∞ Satyra
986:Olympias
974:Pergamus
965:Herakles
961:Telephus
895:Thracian
891:Phrygian
739:Thyatira
702:Thracian
638:basileus
587:Thyatira
520:diadochi
412:Pergamon
380:Pergamon
248:Pergamon
126:Basileus
120:Monarchy
61:Pergamon
18:Attalids
6745:Ptolemy
6699:Arybbas
6679:Admetus
6661:Cotys I
6641:Polemon
6636:Polemon
6632:Dynamis
6627:Dynamis
6618:Dynamis
6614:Asander
6604:Dynamis
6600:Asander
6527:Eumelos
6326:Arsaces
6301:Laodice
6224:Ziaelas
6218:Etazeta
6095:Epander
6090:Amyntas
5497:Perseus
5383:Argeads
5332:Outline
5285:Temples
5222:Zaliche
5202:Thèrmae
5192:Sesamus
5162:Odessos
5137:Cytorus
5132:Cotyora
4882:Illyria
4847:Mainake
4842:Kypsela
4731:Hycesia
4689:Thermae
4669:Segesta
4659:Messana
4614:Helorus
4594:Calacte
4574:Akragas
4536:Sybaris
4521:Rhegion
4476:Krimisa
4426:Alision
4335:Writing
4308:Locrian
4298:Epirote
4268:Homeric
4201:Artemis
4188:Temples
4129:Olympia
4099:Eleusis
4034:Theatre
4019:Pottery
3946:Warfare
3941:Slavery
3876:Economy
3871:Cuisine
3866:Coinage
3843:Society
3828:Culture
3823:Society
3771:Tyrants
3610:Alcaeus
3592:Authors
3542:Hypatia
3532:Gorgias
3469:Writers
3291:Toxotai
3261:Sarissa
3251:Peltast
3246:Phalanx
3226:Hoplite
3221:Hippeis
3144:Macedon
3116:Spartan
3101:Heliaia
3048:Proxeny
2757:Larissa
2752:Kerkyra
2747:Eretria
2737:Miletus
2732:Ephesus
2727:Corinth
2722:Chalcis
2643:Taurica
2513:Periods
2494:History
2361:. See
2348:10.15.3
2346:. See
1443:Attalus
1342:Attalus
1333:Eumenes
1239:Attalus
1132: (
1097:Founder
1071:Country
786:Pisidia
770:Phrygia
735:Phocaea
690:Achaeus
548:Cyzicus
528:talents
498:History
460::
259:•
242:•
66:Bergama
57:Capital
6321:Darius
6115:Nicias
6110:Thraso
6050:Lysias
5376:rulers
5322:Portal
5270:People
5258:Cities
5197:Sinope
5182:Rhizos
5172:Phasis
5122:Bathus
5117:Athina
5102:Amisos
5064:Tanais
5059:Pityus
4984:Charax
4935:Pharos
4930:Orikon
4827:Helike
4817:Alonis
4784:Cyrene
4716:Didyme
4629:Himera
4604:Catana
4566:Sicily
4556:Thurii
4551:Terina
4516:Pixous
4471:Hydrus
4446:Croton
4278:Aeolic
4196:Aphaea
4119:Dodona
4104:Delphi
4073:Temple
3749:Others
3700:Sappho
3685:Pindar
3660:Lucian
3655:Ibycus
3640:Hesiod
3577:Thales
3345:Rulers
3324:People
3301:Xyston
3296:Xiphos
3157:Koinon
3063:Tyrant
3053:Stasis
3043:Koinon
2843:Pontus
2818:Epirus
2787:Sparta
2777:Rhodes
2772:Megara
2767:Thebes
2712:Athens
2638:Pontus
2603:Epirus
2593:Cyprus
2578:Aeolis
2390:about
2367:, 4.48
2334:, 42.3
2289:
2272:
2262:
2243:
2228:
2210:
1145:Strabo
1134:133 BC
1130:133 BC
957:frieze
933:Athena
902:Cybele
887:Cabiri
790:Rhodes
772:, and
671:Thrace
655:Sardis
595:Caïcus
579:Sardis
575:Lydian
560:Athena
398:was a
130:
97:Lydian
93:Carian
89:Lycian
74:Turkey
6634:with
6616:with
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5280:Stoae
5248:Lists
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5090:coast
5088:South
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5044:Olbia
5014:Kepoi
4967:coast
4965:North
4958:basin
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4619:Henna
4579:Akrai
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4531:Siris
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4486:Locri
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4441:Chone
4419:Italy
4325:Koine
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4293:Doric
4288:Attic
4109:Delos
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3605:Aesop
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3081:Agora
3058:Tagus
3033:Boule
2782:Samos
2707:Argos
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2583:Crete
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