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the hospital, Coffelt died four hours later. The gunfight involving
Torresola lasted approximately 20 seconds, while the gunfight with Collazo lasted approximately 38.5 seconds. Only one of Collazo's shots hit anyone, largely because Collazo was not a skilled or experienced gunman. Torresola, an expert shooter, did most of the shooting and inflicted almost all of the injuries on the Secret Service officers.
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ran through a basement corridor, stepping out of a street-level door on the east side of the House, where he opened fire on
Collazo. Mroz stopped Collazo with a bullet to the chest while he was on the entrance steps. Two other officers also shot Collazo, in what was described as "the biggest gunfight
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At that same moment, Coffelt left the guard booth, propped against it, and fired his .38-caliber service revolver at
Torresola, about 30 feet (10 m) away. Coffelt hit Torresola 2 inches (50 mm) above the ear, killing him instantly. Coffelt limped back to the booth and blacked out. Taken to
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Birdzell could no longer stand and was effectively incapacitated, although he would later recover. Torresola was standing to the left of the Blair House steps to reload when
President Truman looked outside his second floor window, 31 feet (9.4 m) from the attacker. Secret Service agents shouted
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The two men realized that their attempt was near-suicidal and that they likely would be killed. Torresola, a skilled gunman, taught
Collazo how to load and handle the guns they would use, as his experience had been with other types. They took the train from New York to Washington, DC to reconnoitre
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where the two would-be assassins were born, and where their families still lived. In response, the U.S. Air Force bombed and strafed Jayuya, destroying it, and they bombed the neighboring town of Utuado. In acknowledgement of the issues related to Puerto Rico's status, Truman supported a
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asked
Coffelt's widow, Cressie E. Coffelt, to go to Puerto Rico, where she received condolences from various Puerto Rican leaders and crowds. Cressie Coffelt responded with a speech absolving the island's people of blame for the acts of Collazo and Torresola.
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Torresola shot police officer Joseph Downs in the hip, before he could draw his weapon. As Downs turned toward the house, Torresola shot him in the back and in the neck. Downs got into the basement and secured the door, denying the attacker entry into
698:(PPD) as the majority in the legislature. Nationalists believed that Puerto Rico suffered under American colonialism and wanted independence. The PPD was supporting negotiations with the United States to create a "new" political status for the island.
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with her husband in the plan. She spent eight months in federal prison but did not go to trial. Upon her release, Rosa continued to work with the
Nationalist Party. She helped gather 100,000 signatures in an effort to save her husband from execution.
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667:. 81.9% of votes were in favor of Puerto Rico continuing as a Free Associated State of the US. Collazo was convicted in federal court and sentenced to death, which Truman commuted to life in prison. In 1979, President
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to a life sentence. While in prison, he gave an interview telling of his long devotion to the
Nationalist Party and cause of Puerto Rican independence. When he was a young man in 1932, he heard
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Two days before the assassination attempt, Puerto Rican nationalists had attempted to overthrow the government of Puerto Rico. Uprisings occurred in many towns, including
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in order to raise world attention to the Puerto Rican independence movement and the government's suppression of the uprisings. They had learned that Truman was living at
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Afterwards, Truman commented that he was not frightened by the attack: since he was a combat veteran of the First World War, he "had been shot at by professionals ."
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on the new constitution to determine its relationship to the U.S. The people voted 81.9% in favor of continuing as a Free
Associated State, as established in 1950.
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commuted the sentence of
Collazo to the time served, and the former revolutionary was released. He returned to live in Puerto Rico, where he died in 1994.
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with strong military force, including the use of planes, 500-pound bombs, and 50-calibre machine guns. The town of Jayuya was badly damaged as a result.
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Photo of the two guns (used in assassination attempt) in an exhibit at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum, Independence, Missouri, US
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2092:("Secret Service Agent Vincent P. Mroz stopped Collazo on the entrance steps with a single shot to the chest. Collazo fell unconscious face-down ...")
1381:. Torresola moved to the shoot-out between his partner Collazo and several other police officers, shooting officer Donald Birdzell in the left knee.
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2063:"American Gunfight; A little-remembered shootout near Lafayette Square left President Harry Truman's life hanging in the balance"
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2108:("A few seconds later, Collazo was seriously wounded when he was shot in the chest by Vincent P. Mroz, a Secret Service agent.")
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Inside the Blair House, a plaque was installed to commemorate White House Police officer Leslie Coffelt. The day room for the
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had written an outrageous letter appearing to brag about killing Puerto Ricans in experiments. In 1979, President
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Meanwhile, Torresola had approached a guard booth at the west corner, where he took White House Police officer
713:) status that had been enacted in 1950, as the Nationalists considered it to be a continuation of colonialism.
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2143:(as Collazo walked up the steps to the front door, he was "pinned down" by bullets from Mroz and two others)
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At the time of the assassination attempt, the FBI arrested Collazo's wife, Rosa, on suspicion of having
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2278:"Harry Truman Writes about the Assassination Attempt on His Life Just the Day Before: November 2, 1950"
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772:, after learning of the failure of the October 30 uprising, developed a plan to assassinate President
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Susan E. Lederer, "Porto Ricochet": Joking about Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s"
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1373:. Three of those shots struck Coffelt in the chest and abdomen; the fourth went through his tunic.
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It
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Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rico's status, Truman supported a
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643:. Both men were stopped before gaining entry to the house. Torresola mortally wounded
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2224:(New York: New York Committee to Free the Puerto Rican Nationalist Prisoners, 1978).
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Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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by surprise, shooting four times at close range and mortally wounding him with a
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give a speech about American imperialism, saying that American research doctor
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Newsreel scenes of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman
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Trials of the Century: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture and Law, Volume 1
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2043:. Department of the Treasury, United States Secret Service. 1978. p.
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rule over Puerto Rico. The Party repudiated the "Free Associated State" (
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agents wounded Collazo. Truman was upstairs in the house and not harmed.
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Excerpts from the history of the United States Secret Service, 1865–1975
1895:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
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War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
1719:
War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony
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had little political power in the country, where voters had elected the
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1438: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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was convicted in federal court and sentenced to death, which Truman
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Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists
1685:"Drama at Blair House: the attempted assassination of Harry Truman"
1643:
959:
857:. At the time of the attempt, there were two guard booths in front.
671:
commuted the sentence to the time served and Collazo was released.
2451:
50:
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2155:"Dramatic Attempt to Assassinate President Truman in Blair House"
733:
1640:"Puerto Rican militants try to assassinate Truman, Nov. 1, 1950"
3493:
1906:
1904:
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114:
2139:
Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953
1930:
1928:
818:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
3458:
2208:, Volume 14, Number 4, Winter 2002, accessed 23 October 2013
1901:
720:, president of the Nationalist Party. Uprisings occurred in
3095:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
2779:
1925:
1606:
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
2061:
Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge Jr. (October 9, 2005).
1384:
716:
The revolts began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of
1601:
List of United States presidential assassination attempts
1656:"FAQ: Assassination Attempt on President Truman's Life"
2443:
List of presidential assassination attempts and plots
2233:
1731:
679:
2227:
1725:
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2973:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
703:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
328:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3555:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2238:
1736:
2222:Oscar Collazo: Portrait of a Puerto Rican Patriot
2136:
1853:
1667:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum
1523:at the Blair House is named for Coffelt as well.
1353:After hearing the gunshots, Secret Service agent
784:the area. On November 1, they moved into action.
4218:
1936:American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman
1803:
3156:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
3121:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
2085:
2120:
1783:
1591:United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)
759:
3444:
2467:
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1934:Stephen Hunter & John Bainbridge (2005).
1811:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,
1346:Torresola approached Blair House, located on
1327:
850:Blair House, site of the attempt, shown here
780:, while the White House was being renovated.
595:
3205:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2141:. University of Missouri Press. p. 294.
2101:
1200:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
705:were an armed protest for independence from
3080:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2562:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
2245:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1912:La Insurrección Nacionalista en Puerto Rico
1743:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
4227:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
3451:
3437:
2944:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
2474:
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2310:
1334:
1320:
602:
588:
348:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
290:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
49:
4252:November 1950 events in the United States
2667:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1454:Learn how and when to remove this message
834:Learn how and when to remove this message
740:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
3545:Hostosian National Independence Movement
3176:1944 United States presidential election
1521:U.S. Secret Service's Uniformed Division
1383:
845:
180:Discontent over the political status of
3525:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2833:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2594:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
2195:
2125:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 8.
2116:
2114:
1393:at Truman to get away from the window.
1388:White House Policeman Leslie W. Coffelt
1154:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
696:Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
4219:
4188:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
4132:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3582:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
3293:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
2939:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
2697:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
4157:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
3432:
2967:President's Committee on Civil Rights
2799:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
2455:
2305:
2216:
2214:
2090:. Transaction Publishers. p. 66.
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1885:
1767:
1709:
1682:
1676:
3465:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
2111:
1897:. Bold Type Books. pp. 206–208.
1779:. Bold Type Books. pp. 206–208.
1721:. Bold Type Books. pp. 194–199.
1436:adding citations to reliable sources
1407:
791:
686:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
3166:Democratic National Convention 1944
2985:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
2874:National Institute of Mental Health
2509:Vice President of the United States
2481:
2152:
1986:
994:33rd President of the United States
353:1954 United States Capitol shooting
257:by Truman (released after 29 years)
13:
2298:, Ghosts of DC website, 2 May 2012
2211:
1952:
1638:Glass, Andrew (November 1, 2017).
680:Puerto Rican independence movement
14:
4268:
2729:National Security Resources Board
2266:
2123:In the President's Secret Service
1509:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952
651:, who killed him in return fire.
4237:1950 crimes in the United States
4232:Political history of Puerto Rico
3459:
3412:
3411:
2768:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
2569:State of the Union Address (1946
2237:; Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005).
1823:
1735:; Bainbridge, Jr., John (2005).
1575:
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1533:
1412:
1307:
1301:
868:
796:
692:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
284:
3535:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3050:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
2979:Housing and Home Finance Agency
2334:presidents of the United States
2287:, Shapell Manuscript Foundation
2186:
2183:Hunter & Bainbridge, p. 251
2177:
2146:
2130:
2095:
2079:
2054:
2031:
1914:, pp. 206–215; Editorial Edil;
1879:
1841:
1809:Manuel Maldonado-Denis (1972).
1621:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1423:needs additional citations for
764:In New York City, nationalists
752:. These were suppressed by the
4071:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3703:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
3540:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2819:Office of Defense Mobilization
2807:Defense Production Act of 1950
2679:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
2498:President of the United States
2071:. p. W.16. Archived from
1848:"Premio a Jesús Vera Irizarry"
1761:
1703:
1649:
1632:
665:1952 plebiscite in Puerto Rico
569:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1:
4257:Presidency of Harry S. Truman
4092:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
4006:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3766:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3618:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
3301:Backstairs at the White House
3085:Missouri Office and Courtroom
3038:Unrelated Business Income Tax
2954:Legislative Reference Service
2886:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
2709:National Security Act of 1947
2192:Hunter & Bainbridge, p. 4
1626:
851:
674:
641:renovation of the White House
549:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
4152:Truman assassination attempt
3530:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2898:Council of Economic Advisers
2296:Truman Assassination Attempt
1891:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1773:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1715:"Chapter 18: The Revolution"
1673:). Retrieved April 16, 2019.
1514:
1403:
1358:in Secret Service history."
7:
4142:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3751:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
3241:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
2812:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
2743:Central Intelligence Agency
1813:pp. 189–209; Random House;
1646:. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
1526:
760:Plans for the assassination
338:San Juan Nationalist revolt
214:assault with intent to kill
42:Attempted assassination of
10:
4273:
3520:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2868:National Mental Health Act
2825:Science Advisory Committee
2714:U.S. Department of Defense
2621:Presidential Proclamations
2517:U.S. Senator from Missouri
2332:Assassination attempts on
2283:November 11, 2013, at the
2137:Robert J. Donovan (1996).
754:Puerto Rico National Guard
683:
619:pro-independence activists
16:1950 assassination attempt
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3846:María de Lourdes Santiago
3841:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
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3683:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
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3363:Martha Ellen Young Truman
3343:
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3256:Statue of Harry S. Truman
3213:
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3138:Truman Little White House
3116:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
3103:
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2961:National School Lunch Act
2881:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2847:
2724:National Security Council
2634:
2527:
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2440:
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2206:American Literary History
1976:, Truman Library website
1910:Miñi Seijo Bruno (1989).
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628:attempted to assassinate
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4247:1950 in Washington, D.C.
3678:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3648:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3638:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
3236:Truman Dam and Reservoir
3012:Agricultural Act of 1949
2996:Agricultural Act of 1948
2838:National Security Agency
2086:James W. Clarke (2012).
1596:Cerro Maravilla incident
1043:Supreme Court candidates
877:This article is part of
707:United States government
4162:Cerro Maravilla murders
4107:Levantamiento de Ciales
4066:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3986:Tomás López de Victoria
3971:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3961:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3781:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3643:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3633:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3628:Eugenio María de Hostos
3598:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3513:Political organizations
3384:← Franklin D. Roosevelt
3320:(1997 documentary film)
3231:Harry S Truman Building
2949:Federal Tort Claims Act
2121:Ronald Kessler (2010).
1164:Puerto Rican referendum
805:This section cites its
514:Andres Figueroa Cordero
509:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
476:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
431:Tomás López de Victoria
270:Part of a series on the
217:
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
4061:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3956:Isabel Freire de Matos
3946:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3896:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3726:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3653:José Gualberto Padilla
3591:19th century activists
3571:Cadets of the Republic
3564:Militant organizations
3391:Dwight D. Eisenhower →
2893:Employment Act of 1946
2787:Revolt of the Admirals
1980:March 2, 2012, at the
1793:p. 63; Penguin Books;
1789:Juan Gonzalez (2001).
1683:Ayoob, Massad (2006).
1671:Independence, Missouri
1389:
1295:National historic Site
858:
524:Isabel Freire de Matos
499:Margot Arce de Vázquez
471:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
411:Juan Antonio Corretjer
314:Cadets of the Republic
230:considered for merging
81:; 73 years ago
33:considered for merging
4021:Helen Rodríguez Trías
4001:Francisco Matos Paoli
3966:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3926:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3861:Carlos Alberto Torres
3761:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3717:20th and 21st century
3658:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
3472:Indigenous resistance
3369:Clifton Truman Daniel
3273:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
3246:Truman Sports Complex
3075:Early life and career
2774:North Atlantic Treaty
2750:Displaced Persons Act
2719:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2626:Eisenhower transition
2611:"The buck stops here"
2584:Judicial appointments
2557:Assassination attempt
2360:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2019:on September 24, 2015
1861:"Nylatinojournal.com"
1466:President Truman and
1387:
1038:Judicial appointments
912:Assassination attempt
849:
711:Estado Libre Asociado
614:On November 1, 1950,
559:Helen Rodríguez Trías
441:Francisco Matos Paoli
421:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
391:Rafael Cancel Miranda
79:November 1, 1950
4112:Río Piedras massacre
3816:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3796:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3731:Félix Benítez Rexach
3576:Boricua Popular Army
3276:(1975 play and film)
3192:Dewey Defeats Truman
3001:Executive Order 9981
2691:Executive Order 9835
2660:Declaration to Japan
2075:on January 31, 2013.
2049:mroz secret service.
2007:"pr-secretfiles.net"
1940:Simon & Schuster
1938:, pp. 307, 310–316;
1850:, WebCite, GeoCities
1835:May 8, 2009, at the
1661:May 5, 2019, at the
1611:Río Piedras massacre
1555:United States portal
1432:improve this article
1285:Presidential library
1251:Dewey Defeats Truman
574:Félix Benítez Rexach
493:Notable nationalists
304:Río Piedras massacre
196:Guilty on all counts
4242:1950 in Puerto Rico
4183:Grito de Lares flag
4076:Olga Viscal Garriga
4051:Clemente Soto Vélez
4041:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3951:José Ferrer Canales
3886:Pedro Albizu Campos
3836:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3821:Antonio S. Pedreira
3806:Luis Lloréns Torres
3801:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3673:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
3351:Bess Wallace Truman
3251:U.S. Postage stamps
3045:Revenue Act of 1951
3028:Revenue Act of 1950
3022:Dingell–Johnson Act
3017:Housing Act of 1949
3007:Revenue Act of 1948
2863:Revenue Act of 1945
2655:Agreement on Europe
2153:Tom (May 2, 2012).
2068:The Washington Post
1689:American Handgunner
1490:Cornelius P. Rhoads
1486:Pedro Albizu Campos
1348:Pennsylvania Avenue
1132:Second inauguration
1026:international trips
718:Pedro Albizu Campos
539:José Ferrer Canales
481:Olga Viscal Garriga
461:Clemente Soto Vélez
456:Vidal Santiago Díaz
371:Pedro Albizu Campos
365:Nationalist leaders
210:First degree murder
4102:Intentona de Yauco
4056:Griselio Torresola
4011:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3906:Casimiro Berenguer
3856:Alejandrina Torres
3811:Oscar López Rivera
3776:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3693:Fernando Fernandez
3688:Manuel Zeno Gandía
3404:Alben W. Barkley →
3399:← Henry A. Wallace
3033:Excess profits tax
2905:Flood Control Acts
2756:Key West Agreement
2649:Potsdam Conference
2355:Theodore Roosevelt
2102:Scott P. Johnson.
1867:on August 26, 2009
1791:Harvest of Empire,
1691:(March–April 2006)
1541:Puerto Rico portal
1468:Secretary of State
1390:
1085:Potsdam Conference
1058:First inauguration
945:Little White House
859:
766:Griselio Torresola
690:In the 1940s, the
645:White House Police
626:Griselio Torresola
466:Griselio Torresola
446:Ruth Mary Reynolds
381:Casimiro Berenguer
298:Events and revolts
172:Griselio Torresola
147:Griselio Torresola
4214:
4213:
4126:Ley de la Mordaza
4016:Germán Rieckehoff
3931:José Coll y Cuchí
3878:Nationalist Party
3791:Leopoldo Figueroa
3741:Americo Boschetti
3426:
3425:
3304:(1979 miniseries)
3126:Historic District
3063:
3062:
3055:1952 steel strike
2927:Fulbright Program
2703:Hoover Commission
2449:
2448:
2256:978-0-7432-6068-8
1948:978-0-7432-6068-8
1819:978-0-394-71787-6
1799:978-0-14-311928-9
1754:978-0-7432-6068-8
1464:
1463:
1456:
1344:
1343:
1080:Mental Health Act
1011:Executive actions
977:Senate elections
907:Electoral history
894:
893:
844:
843:
836:
811:does not provide
612:
611:
554:Germán Rieckehoff
396:José Coll y Cuchí
321:Ley de la Mordaza
278:Nationalist Party
265:
264:
255:life imprisonment
4264:
3668:Juan Ríus Rivera
3603:Mariana Bracetti
3463:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3415:
3414:
3328:(2022 TV series)
3090:Truman Committee
2990:Taft–Hartley Act
2857:Medal of Freedom
2632:
2631:
2616:Executive Orders
2520:
2512:
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2476:
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2225:
2218:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:. Archived from
2150:
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2126:
2118:
2109:
2107:
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2083:
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2058:
2052:
2051:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2012:. Archived from
2011:
2003:
1984:
1971:
1950:
1932:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:. Archived from
1857:
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1839:
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971:Truman Committee
940:Truman Reservoir
890:
889:
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880:
872:
865:
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861:
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839:
832:
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288:
267:
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156:Donald Birdzell
89:
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82:
69:Washington, D.C.
53:
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36:
4272:
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4266:
4265:
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4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4192:
4171:
4147:Utuado Uprising
4137:Jayuya Uprising
4080:
3921:Nemesio Canales
3911:Julia de Burgos
3901:Elías Beauchamp
3891:José S. Alegría
3877:
3870:
3831:Miguel Poventud
3718:
3712:
3613:Roberto Cofresí
3608:Mathias Brugman
3586:
3559:
3550:Socialist Front
3508:
3467:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3374:
3357:Margaret Truman
3339:
3260:
3209:
3142:
3099:
3059:
2933:Hill–Burton Act
2843:
2685:Luce–Celler Act
2644:Truman Doctrine
2630:
2523:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2485:
2483:Harry S. Truman
2480:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2370:John F. Kennedy
2365:Harry S. Truman
2350:Abraham Lincoln
2336:
2330:
2285:Wayback Machine
2269:
2264:
2257:
2235:Hunter, Stephen
2232:
2228:
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2020:
2016:
2009:
2005:
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1987:
1982:Wayback Machine
1972:
1953:
1933:
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1730:
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1663:Wayback Machine
1654:
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1583:Politics portal
1581:
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1281:
1280:Post-presidency
1278:
1277:
1276:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1053:
1049:
1021:Truman Doctrine
995:
992:
962:
956:
934:Harry S. Truman
886:Harry S. Truman
885:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
854:
840:
829:
823:
820:
817:
813:page references
801:
797:
790:
774:Harry S. Truman
762:
688:
682:
677:
633:Harry S. Truman
608:
579:
578:
504:Elías Beauchamp
494:
486:
485:
416:Julia de Burgos
376:José S. Alegría
366:
358:
357:
343:Utuado uprising
333:Jayuya Uprising
299:
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98:Harry S. Truman
85:
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71:, United States
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44:Harry S. Truman
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4117:Ponce massacre
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Grito de Lares
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
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4036:Isolina Rondón
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3786:Elizam Escobar
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3743:
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3284:(1975 song by
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2673:War Brides Act
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2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:Foreign policy
2629:
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2608:
2606:Truman Balcony
2603:
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2541:Inaugurations
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2407:
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2397:
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2345:Andrew Jackson
2341:
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2267:External links
2265:
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2220:Jonah Raskin,
2210:
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2165:on May 5, 2012
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2106:. p. 388.
2094:
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1974:Truman Library
1951:
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451:Isolina Rondón
448:
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438:
433:
428:
423:
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398:
393:
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386:Blanca Canales
383:
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367:
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309:Ponce massacre
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170:Oscar Collazo
168:
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143:Leslie Coffelt
140:
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107:
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15:
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4:
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4046:Daniel Santos
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4034:
4032:
4031:Isabel Rosado
4029:
4027:
4024:
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4019:
4017:
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4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
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3991:Hugo Margenat
3989:
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3984:
3982:
3981:Lolita Lebrón
3979:
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3936:Oscar Collazo
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3736:Rubén Berríos
3734:
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3727:
3724:
3723:
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3715:
3709:
3708:Marcos Xiorro
3706:
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3698:Agustín Stahl
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3623:José de Diego
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3198:campaign song
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2769:
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2762:Marshall Plan
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
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2727:
2725:
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2599:
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2592:
2590:
2589:Supreme Court
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
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2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Ronald Reagan
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:San Francisco
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2375:Richard Nixon
2373:
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2064:
2057:
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2046:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2015:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:968-6308-22-9
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Denis, Nelson
1882:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
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1769:Denis, Nelson
1764:
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1478:Oscar Collazo
1475:
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1458:
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1447:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:This section
1419:
1415:
1410:
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1091:
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1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Marshall Plan
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1044:
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1040:
1039:
1036:
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1000:
997:
996:
987:
984:
982:
979:
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976:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:Senate career
964:
963:
961:
958:Senator from
953:
950:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:
930:
928:
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771:
770:Oscar Collazo
767:
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747:
743:
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731:
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638:
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631:
627:
623:
622:Oscar Collazo
620:
617:
605:
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598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
583:
582:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Daniel Santos
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Isabel Rosado
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
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482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Hugo Margenat
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Lolita Lebrón
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Oscar Collazo
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
362:
361:
354:
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339:
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307:
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279:
274:
273:
269:
268:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
231:
227:
226:
225:Infobox event
222:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
169:
165:
160:
159:Oscar Collazo
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
111:assassination
108:
102:
99:
96:
92:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
4203:
4151:
4125:
4026:Hiram Rosado
3996:René Marqués
3976:Irvin Flores
3941:Rosa Collazo
3876:Puerto Rican
3826:Pedro Pietri
3663:Manuel Rojas
3578:(Macheteros)
3484:Agüeybaná II
3410:
3389:
3382:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3281:Harry Truman
3279:
3271:
3265:Public image
3221:Bibliography
2556:
2425:Pennsylvania
2420:Donald Trump
2415:Barack Obama
2405:Bill Clinton
2395:Jimmy Carter
2379:Gerald Ford
2364:
2240:
2229:
2221:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2159:Ghosts of DC
2158:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2073:the original
2066:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2014:the original
1935:
1911:
1894:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1855:
1843:
1825:
1810:
1805:
1790:
1785:
1776:
1763:
1738:
1727:
1718:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1651:
1634:
1569:1950s portal
1518:
1506:
1498:
1494:Jimmy Carter
1476:
1471:Dean Acheson
1465:
1450:
1444:October 2020
1441:
1430:Please help
1425:verification
1422:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1375:
1360:
1355:Vincent Mroz
1352:
1345:
1159:Steel strike
952:Bibliography
933:
911:
830:
824:October 2020
821:
810:
782:
763:
715:
710:
700:
689:
669:Jimmy Carter
657:
616:Puerto Rican
613:
544:René Marqués
529:Hiram Rosado
519:Irvin Flores
406:Rosa Collazo
347:
320:
276:Puerto Rican
242:
223:
205:
191:
167:Perpetrators
162:Joseph Downs
133:Luger pistol
26:
18:
3866:Iris Zavala
3851:Piri Thomas
3771:Juan Dalmau
3479:Agüeybaná I
3336:(2023 film)
3333:Oppenheimer
3312:(1995 film)
3296:(1976 film)
3133:Blair House
2797:1950–1953;
2519:(1935–1945)
2500:(1945–1953)
1379:Blair House
1144:Housing Act
1126:Second term
1075:Strike wave
927:Scholarship
855: 2006
778:Blair House
639:during the
637:Blair House
219:‹ The
202:Convictions
182:Puerto Rico
129:Walther P38
105:Attack type
65:Blair House
22:‹ The
4221:Categories
3371:(grandson)
3359:(daughter)
3226:Truman Day
3111:Birthplace
2793:Korean War
2738:Department
2529:Presidency
2383:Sacramento
1627:References
1270:convention
1236:convention
1214:convention
1139:Korean War
1052:First term
999:Presidency
922:Truman Day
902:Early life
675:Background
216:(2 counts)
109:Attempted
86:1950-11-01
3756:Roy Brown
3719:activists
3148:Elections
2849:Fair Deal
2734:Air Force
2023:April 25,
1871:April 25,
1515:In memory
1501:conspired
1404:Aftermath
1265:primaries
1231:primaries
1170:Timeline
1149:Fair Deal
1096:Timeline
932:USS
730:Naranjito
630:President
319:Gag Law (
228:is being
31:is being
4205:Claridad
3417:Category
3365:(mother)
3186:campaign
2537:Timeline
2281:Archived
2169:March 3,
1978:Archived
1889:(2015).
1833:Archived
1830:Claridad
1771:(2015).
1713:(2015).
1695:April 1,
1659:Archived
1644:Politico
1527:See also
1482:commuted
1246:election
1241:campaign
1219:election
1209:campaign
1004:timeline
960:Missouri
750:San Juan
726:Mayagüez
722:Peñuelas
647:officer
251:commuted
243:Collazo:
239:Sentence
232:. ›
221:template
206:Collazo:
192:Collazo:
119:shooting
61:Location
35:. ›
24:template
4176:Symbols
4122:Gag Law
3504:Urayoán
3499:Jumacao
3489:Arasibo
3286:Chicago
2601:Cabinet
2430:Florida
1369:German
1189:'52–'53
1033:Cabinet
807:sources
734:Arecibo
635:at the
188:Verdict
153:Injured
125:Weapons
84: (
4085:Events
3494:Hayuya
3353:(wife)
3344:Family
3317:Truman
3309:Truman
3214:Legacy
3024:(1950)
3003:(1948)
2992:(1947)
2981:(1947)
2975:(1947)
2969:(1946)
2963:(1946)
2935:(1946)
2929:(1946)
2872:1946;
2859:(1945)
2840:(1952)
2827:, 1951
2823:1950;
2789:(1949)
2778:1949;
2770:(1949)
2764:(1948)
2758:(1948)
2752:(1948)
2705:(1947)
2699:(1947)
2693:(1947)
2687:(1946)
2681:(1946)
2675:(1945)
2669:(1945)
2653:1945;
2550:second
2511:(1945)
2253:
2247:4, 251
1946:
1918:
1817:
1797:
1751:
1745:4, 251
1367:9×19mm
917:Legacy
788:Attack
748:, and
746:Jayuya
742:Utuado
660:Jayuya
177:Motive
139:Deaths
115:murder
94:Target
4197:Media
3104:Homes
2579:1952)
2545:first
2017:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1371:Luger
1290:Death
1261:1952
1227:1948
1205:1944
738:Ponce
247:Death
3181:1948
3171:1948
3161:1940
3068:Life
2920:1950
2915:1948
2910:1946
2780:NATO
2574:1950
2506:34th
2495:33rd
2251:ISBN
2171:2019
2025:2016
1944:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1873:2016
1815:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1697:2010
1090:NATO
986:1940
981:1934
809:but
768:and
736:and
701:The
624:and
76:Date
1434:by
1184:'51
1179:'50
1174:'49
1115:'48
1110:'47
1105:'46
1100:'45
253:to
4223::
2802:83
2249:.
2213:^
2204:,
2157:.
2113:^
2065:.
2047:.
2045:30
1988:^
1954:^
1942:;
1927:^
1903:^
1893:.
1775:.
1747:.
1717:.
1687:.
1665:.
1642:.
852:c.
744:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
249:;
212:,
131:,
117:,
113:,
67:,
4128:)
4124:(
3452:e
3445:t
3438:v
3288:)
3194:"
3190:"
2736:/
2475:e
2468:t
2461:v
2325:e
2318:t
2311:v
2259:.
2173:.
2027:.
1922:.
1875:.
1757:.
1699:.
1669:(
1457:)
1451:(
1446:)
1442:(
1428:.
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
837:)
831:(
826:)
822:(
816:.
603:e
596:t
589:v
323:)
88:)
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