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York City Jail system, including the
Manhattan House of Detention, the Brooklyn House of Detention, The Queens Branch House of Detention at Kew Gardens, the Queens Branch House of Detention at Long Island City, and the Adolescent Remand Shelter on Rikers Island. Inmates at the Manhattan House of Detention held five guards hostage for eight hours, until state officials promised to hear prisoner grievances and they also promised not to take any punitive action against the rioters. Despite that promise, officials had the primary ringleaders shipped to various New York State Prisons and many were brutalized, held for months in solitary confinement and faced further criminal charges. Incarcerated people and state authorities in Auburn Correctional Facility engaged in an ongoing conflict and confrontation between November 2, 1970 and June 9, 1971. Several participants in what came to be known as the Auburn prison riot were subsequently transferred to other New York State prisons, including Attica.
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higher education within prisons. As a result, all university-level education programs in prisons ended with no other educational options for inmates. Overcrowding worsened, with the prison population of New York increasing dramatically from 12,500 at the time of the Attica uprising to 72,600 in 1999. In 2011, after a man incarcerated in Attica was brutally beaten by guards, for the first time in New York State history, correction officers were criminally charged for a non-sexual assault of an inmate. The guards pleaded guilty in 2015 to a misdemeanor charge of misconduct in order to avoid prison time. In news stories regarding the incident, current and former inmates of Attica reported that the prison maintained a reputation as "a facility where a small group of correction officers dole out harsh punishment largely with impunity" and inmates conveyed numerous stories of poor conditions and severe treatment by guards.
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door and he left with them to the mess hall. When the command staff found out what had occurred, they decided to return all of the men of 5 Company to their cells after breakfast. But they did not inform all the correctional officers, and when officers led inmates out toward the recreation area after breakfast, both officers and inmates were surprised to find the doors locked. The inmates believed they were about to be punished and a melee broke out, which resulted in chaos as some inmates attacked the guards and others tried to flee. The chaos spread to other nearby companies of inmates, and the uprising began. During this stage, several guards and inmates were injured. Officer
William Quinn would die in the hospital two days later of injuries sustained during the initial riot.
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rejection of his latest offer, the inmates decided to try to impress upon prison officials that they were serious about their demands, and to remind them that inmates had power over the hostages if the state was to come in by force. The inmates brought eight corrections officers to the catwalk on top of the command center and surrounded them with inmates armed with homemade weapons. According to surviving inmates, they did not intend to kill the hostages, but rather to use them as insurance. Shortly after inmates and hostages were positioned on the catwalk, Oswald gave the order to begin the retaking. Of the decision, he later said, "On a much smaller scale, I think I have some feeling now of how Truman must have felt when he decided to drop the A-bomb."
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inmates and guards joined the commotion, and another inmate also hit the officer, but before the violence could intensify, Lieutenant Robert
Curtiss moved to deescalate the situation. Later that evening, warden Vincent Mancusi ordered the two inmates involved in the altercation to be taken to solitary confinement, but when the officers arrived at 5 Company to take the inmates away, other prisoners resisted. The other inmates in 5 Company shouted and threw things at the guards and one inmate, William Ortiz, hit an officer with a can of soup, resulting in him being assigned to "keep lock", or confinement to his cell.
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ultimatum, as
Rockefeller did not want to let inmates know that the assault was beginning. At 8:25 a.m. on Monday, September 13, 1971, Oswald gave the inmates a statement directing them to release the hostages and accept the offered settlement within the hour. However, he did not tell them that negotiations had ended and he would take the prison back by force if they refused, even stating, "I want to continue negotiations with you." The inmates rejected his offer, and as it appeared to them as though Rockefeller remained opposed to their demands the mood among the inmates deteriorated.
444:. These demands included improvements in multiple areas such as diet, the quality of guards, rehabilitation programs, and, in particular, education programs. The inmates also demanded increased religious freedom, the ability to engage in political activity, and an end to censorship, which they argued were all vital to a proper education within the prison. The commissioner did not take any actions on the list of demands. Attica warden Vincent Mancusi responded by adding additional restrictions to inmates' reading materials and personal belongings.
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in various New York City jails and state prisons for a year prior to Attica. For this reason, Burton reframes the Attica riot as "The Long Attica Revolt." The book also shows that in response to the rebellion, prison management techniques began to incorporate elements of counterinsurgency theory and practice, as well as psychological warfare and behavior modification, and mind control experimentation. Tip of the Spear has received critical acclaim from outlets such as The
Progressive, The Los Angeles Review of Books, Public Books, Verso,
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they were forced to run hallways naked between lines of enraged officers, who beat the inmates and yelled insults and racial slurs. Some inmates, including leaders such as Frank Smith, were subject to additional reprisals and punishments, including repeated physical abuse and being locked in solitary confinement. Several days after the uprising's end, doctors treating wounded inmates reported evidence of more beatings. As the repression was happening in Attica, incarcerated people in other New York State
Prisons, especially
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abuse, for basic necessities like toothbrushes and showers every day, for professional training, and access to newspapers and books." The manifesto assigns the power to negotiate to five inmates elected to represent the others: Donald Noble, Peter Butler, Frank Lott, Carl Jones-El, and
Herbert Blyden X. Additionally, the document specifically lists "vile and vicious slave masters" who oppressed the prisoners, such as the New York governor, New York corrections, and the United States courts.
613:." Correctional officers from Attica were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath. By the time the facility was reported as fully secured at 10:05 a.m., law enforcement had shot at least 128 men and killed nine hostages and twenty-nine inmates. A tenth hostage, Correctional Officer Harrison W. Whalen, died on October 9, 1971, of gunshot wounds received during the assault.
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Black" Smith (September 11, 1933 – July 31, 2004) was appointed as head of security, and he kept both the hostages and the observers committee safe. Additionally, 21-year-old
Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, an ardent orator, was a strong force during the negotiations. He spoke eloquently to the inmates, journalist camera crews, and viewers at home. Barkley, just days away from his scheduled release at the time of the uprising, was killed during the recapturing of the prison.
425:. All of the guards or all but one of the guards (depending on the source) were white. Guards often threw out letters written in Spanish sent to or from Puerto Rican prisoners, and relegated black prisoners to the lowest-paid jobs and subjected them to regular racial harassment. There were also geographic disparities – most of the incarcerated men were from urban areas, including metropolitan New York, while most of the guards were from the local region.
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represent the inmates in negotiations, said, "The prisoners had two non-negotiable demands: the removal of the warden, and general amnesty, and they had already given up on the removal of the warden. And on the general amnesty, we had worked out several formulas that we were discussing with the commissioner hours before the attack, and if we had been allowed to continue, everyone would be alive and the matter would be settled today."
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1264:, a leader of the uprising and one of the people who lost their lives as a result of it, from a letter he wrote in 1971. The second and shorter piece, "Attica", is set to the statement made by inmate Richard X. Clark when he was released from the prison: "Attica is in front of me now." The two pieces were recorded in 1973 for the Opus One label by the Blackearth Percussion Group, with Steven ben Israel of the
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Simonetti). Within four years of the uprising, 62 inmates had been charged in 42 indictments with 1,289 separate counts. One state trooper was indicted for reckless endangerment. In May 1975, two former inmates were convicted in the death of
William Quinn, despite the fact that "nly faltering evidence linked the two inmates to the actual beating that left Quinn dead". Charles Pernasilice, who was
1014:, a documentary directed by Brad Lichtenstein featuring extensive interviews with survivors of the uprising, including Frank "Big Black" Smith, who served as the inmate head of security during the uprising; Mike Smith, one of the hostages who was shot during the retaking; Elizabeth Fink, a lawyer who headed the lawsuits for the inmates; and several members of the observer's committee, including
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Oswald was unwilling or unable to make further concessions to the inmates. Oswald and members of the observers committee called
Rockefeller and begged him to come to the prison to calm the situation, but he refused. Following the governor's refusal, Oswald and Rockefeller agreed that Oswald would order the State Police to retake the facility by force, a decision which was later criticized.
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the Attica massacre doubles the total number of reported prison rebellions since the beginning of this year". Numerous rallies in support of the prisoners occurred, especially in New York, but also in cities as far away as Los Angeles and Norman, Oklahoma; several rallies in support of Governor Rockefeller also took place. In addition, activists such as
989:"To tell the story of Attica, he conducts dozens of new interviews with prisoners, journalists, and other eyewitnesses. He makes powerful use of surveillance footage and the extensive news coverage that made Attica a national event." Produced by Firelight Films and Showtime Documentary Films, the film was released on Showtime in fall 2021.
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happened here is but the sound before the fury of those who are oppressed. We will not compromise on any terms except those terms that are agreeable to us. We've called upon all the conscientious citizens of America to assist us in putting an end to this situation that threatens the lives of not only us but of every one of you, as well.
1048:(1974), as follows: "Firestone's 1974 film, restored in 2007, culls together primary footage from surveillance and news cameras along with prisoner, family, and guard interviews to create an account of the massacre that has been described as temperate, but undeniably damning concerning the state's actions.
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produces a distorted image of Attica through the eyes of the state. Tip of the Spear also challenges the official chronology and geography of the Attica rebellion, arguing that the eruption that occurred in Attica on September 9, 1971 was the culmination of series of rebellions that had been erupting
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While there were improvements in prison conditions in the years immediately following the uprising, during the "tough on crime" era of the 1980s and 1990s many of these improvements were reversed. For example, the 1994 Crime Bill eliminated all Pell Grants for prisoners, resulting in the defunding of
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Anthropologist Orisanmi Burton has shown that while improving prison conditions and racial disparities were an important concern, many Attica prisoners were critical of prison reform and participated in the uprising because they understood prisons like Attica as sites of revolutionary warfare. Burton
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Rockefeller had refused to go to the prison or meet with prisoners. After the uprising was suppressed, he said that the prisoners "carried out the cold-blood killings they had threatened from the outset". Medical examiners confirmed that all but the deaths of one officer and three inmates were caused
319:. Of the 43 men who died (33 inmates and 10 correctional officers and employees), all but one guard and three inmates were killed by law enforcement gunfire when the state retook control of the prison on the final day of the uprising. The Attica Uprising has been described as an historic event in the
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on August 1, 2021. The plot is described as: "On September 13, 1971, the State of New York shot and killed 39 of its citizens, injured hundreds more, and tortured the survivors. The plan to retake D Yard led to one of the bloodiest days in American history and set the stage for the worst aspects of
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was published by the University of California Press. Drawing on previously untapped archival sources and oral history, anthropologist Orisanmi Burton focuses on the revolutionary, internationalist, and abolitionist dimensions of the Attica rebellion, which the author argues had been largely ignored
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Following the uprising, protests and riots occurred in prisons across the United States, including in prisons in New York, Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, West Virginia, and Georgia. According to a Prisoners Solidarity Committee newsletter from September 30, 1971, "he 13 reported rebellions since
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The final death toll from the rebellion also includes the officer fatally injured by inmates during the initial uprising and three inmates who were subjected to vigilante killings by fellow inmates before the retaking of the prison. Ten hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and soldiers. The
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During this period, there was a growing culture of activism in which prisoners not only demanded better treatment, but sought to participate in broader movements for radical social transformation within and beyond the United States. The previous year, multiple rebellions occurred throughout the New
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Though the possibility of criminal suits was closed with Carey's decision, civil suits were allowed to proceed. Surviving inmates and families of inmates killed in the prison retaking sued the State of New York for civil rights violations by law enforcement officers and prison officials during and
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In December 1976, Governor Carey announced he was "closing the book on Attica". He pardoned all inmates who had previously pleaded guilty to obtain reduced sentences, commuted the sentences of the two inmates convicted in court, and dismissed pending disciplinary actions against 20 law enforcement
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of the Supreme Court for Nassau County, New York to the post of Special Deputy Attorney General to investigate. The Meyer Report, released in December 1975, found "here was no intentional cover-up", but "there were, however, serious errors of judgment" including "important omissions on the part of
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as chair. Known as the McKay Commission, the commission was directed to investigate the circumstances leading up to, during, and following the events at Attica. The commission's report, published in September 1972, was critical of Rockefeller, the Department of Corrections, and New York State
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In preparation for prison authorities potentially taking the prison back by force, inmates had dug defensive trenches, electrified metal gates, fashioned crude battlements out of metal tables and dirt, and fortified the "Times Square" prison command center. After Oswald left following the inmates'
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The situation may have been further complicated by Governor Rockefeller's refusal even to come to the prison or meet with the inmates. Some analysts' later evaluations of the incident postulated that his absence from the scene prevented the situation from deteriorating. Negotiations broke down, as
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Once inmates had secured their section of the prison, they began organizing. Inmates elected leaders to represent them in negotiations, appointed inmates to serve as medics and security, and began drafting a list of demands for officials to meet before they would surrender. For example, Frank "Big
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In 2005, the state separately settled with surviving prison employees and families of the slain prison employees for $ 12 million. Frank "Big Black" Smith advocated both for compensation for inmate survivors and the families of the deceased, and for their correctional officer counterparts who had
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Initially, only the first of the three-volume Meyer report was released to the public; in 1981 the State Supreme Court ordered that the other two be sealed permanently. The Forgotten Victims of Attica, a group made up of officers injured in the riot and families of killed officers, pushed for the
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Troopers and prison officers set about with physically violent and humiliating reprisals. Inmates were made to strip naked and crawl through mud, broken glass, and the prisoners' hand-dug latrines. State officials also subjected the prisoners to sexual violence and rape. Directed into the prison,
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Inmate survivors alleged that leaders were singled out and killed by troopers during and after the retaking. According to a doctor who treated survivors, "any of the ringleaders were approached by guards and shot systematically. Some had their hands in the air surrendering. Some were lying on the
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was a compilation of complaints written by the Attica prisoners, which speak directly to the "sincere people of society". It included 33 demands, including better medical treatment, fair visitation rights, improved food quality, religious freedom, higher wages for inmate jobs, "an end of physical
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The morning of Thursday, September 9, 1971, prisoners of 5 Company were still upset and demanded that officers tell them what would become of Ortiz. Officer Gordon Kelsey told them he did not know and tried to continue the routine. As inmates headed to breakfast, some managed to open Ortiz's cell
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On Wednesday, September 8, 1971, two inmates fought during their recreation break, and a correctional officer came up to intervene. One inmate had already left the area, but the officer demanded the remaining inmate return to his cell, and in the ensuing argument the inmate hit the officer. Other
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said he would seek release of the entirety of volumes 2 and 3, totaling 350 pages. After redactions, 46 pages of the report were released in May 2015. The released pages contain accounts from witnesses and inmates describing torture, burning, and sexual abuse of inmates by prison authorities. In
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In October 1971, Robert Fischer was appointed as Special Deputy Attorney General to lead the Attica Task Force and was charged with investigating any criminal acts that may have been committed during the uprising or retaking (Fischer was later succeeded as the Attica Task Force leader by Anthony
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launched a retaliatory attack on the New York Department of Corrections, exploding a bomb near Oswald's office. "The communiqué accompanying the attack called the prison system an example of 'how a society run by white racists maintains its control,' with white supremacy being the 'main question
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State officials, including Oswald and Rockefeller, initially stated that inmates slit the throats of many of their hostages. The false information was widely reported in the media. But less than 24 hours later, official medical examiners confirmed that all the hostages had been killed by bullets
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On the night of Sunday, September 12, 1971, plans were drawn up to retake the prison by force. Members of the team of observers argued for Oswald to deliver to inmates one final appeal for a settlement before the forcible retaking. Oswald agreed, but was instructed not to phrase the demand as an
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troopers, Bureau of Criminal Investigation personnel, deputy sheriffs, park police, and correctional officers opened fire into the smoke. Among the weapons used by the troopers were shotguns loaded with buckshot pellets, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not
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We are men! We are not beasts and we do not intend to be beaten or driven as such. The entire prison populace, that means every one of us here, has set forth to change forever the ruthless brutalization and disregard for the lives of the prisoners here and throughout the United States. What has
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As a result of the rebellion, the New York Corrections Department made changes in prisons to satisfy some of the prisoners' demands, reduce tension in the system, and prevent such incidents in the future. While there were improvements to prison conditions in the years immediately following the
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Interpreting the post-Attica reforms through the lens of counterinsurgency theory and practice, anthropologist Orisanmi Burton has argued that these temporary "improvements" to prison conditions were designed to fracture that organizing and activism taking place within prisons and to create a
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The prisoners and team of observers continued to negotiate with Commissioner of Corrections Russell Oswald, who agreed to 28 of the inmates' demands, but refused to agree to amnesty for the inmates involved in the uprising or to fire the Attica warden. William Kunstler, a lawyer who agreed to
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By noon on September 9, correctional officers and police controlled about half the prison and its inmates, while 1,281 of Attica's approximately 2,200 inmates controlled the other half, including D-yard, two tunnels, and the central control room, referred to as "Times Square". Inmates held 42
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in California. Through his writings, Jackson had encouraged imprisoned people throughout the United States to become politically active. As a result, Jackson became one of the first targets of the FBI's Black Extremist Activities in Penal institutions program, which later evolved into the
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by previous historical accounts. The book is especially critical of historian Heather Ann Thompson's account, arguing that because of its uncritical over-reliance on state-records and its failure to engage non-traditional sources produced and archived by the prisoners themselves,
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is a memoir by Deanne Quinn Miller (with Gary Craig), the daughter of the prison guard killed during the initial riot, William Quinn, and an organizer with The Forgotten Victims of Attica, a group made up of surviving hostages and families of prison employees who were killed.
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alleging that his superiors were covering up evidence of criminal actions by law enforcement officers in the retaking of Attica and preventing him from fully investigating and prosecuting law enforcement. After Bell's report was leaked to the public, Carey appointed Judge
1282:"A Game of Checkers", Tim McManus reveals to Said that he grew up in Attica and was a child when the riots occurred days before his birthday, with McManus hoping to prevent the deaths of the inmates and correctional officers during the Emerald City riot.
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rioted and took control of the prison, taking 42 staff hostage. During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands but would not agree to demands for the removal of Attica's superintendent nor to complete
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was published. It was co-written by Frank "Big Black" Smith, an inmate leader during the uprising. The book was included on the 2020 list of Top Ten Best Graphic Novels for Adults compiled by the Graphic Novels and Comics Round Table of the
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Prisoners spent 14 to 16 hours a day in their cells, their mail was read, their reading material restricted, their visits from families conducted through a mesh screen, their medical care disgraceful, their parole system inequitable, racism
464:(PRISACTS). Many incarcerated people in Attica had read Jackson's books and cited Jackson's death as a major catalyst for the riot. The day after Jackson's death, at least 700 Attica inmates participated in a hunger strike in his honor.
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testified that Barkley was alive after the prisoners had surrendered and the state regained control; another inmate stated that the officers searched Barkley out, yelling his name, and executed him with a shot to the back.
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Olsson, Göran Hugo; Rogell, Annika; Barnes, Joslyn; Glover, Danny; Arnö, Axel; Questlove. Keith, Om'Mas; Carmichael, Stokely; Seale, Bobby; Davis, Angela Y.; Chisholm, Shirley; Farrakhan, Louis; Cleaver, Eldridge (2013),
1037:, first aired on PBS in 2012, which brings together a range of previously unavailable interviewees who deconstruct and expose many myths and misconceptions about the Attica Prison rebellion, its causes, and its coverup.
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2021, the 50th anniversary of the uprising, the Forgotten Victims of Attica, surviving inmates, families of killed inmates, historians, and lawyers continued to push for the release of all records related to Attica.
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Inmates requested a team of outside observers to assist with negotiations, whom they considered knowledgeable of prison conditions, many of whom officials were able to persuade to come to Attica. Observers included
716:, was convicted of murder and sentenced to 20 years to life. Supporters alleged that the trial was unfairly conducted and that the men's ethnicity contributed to their indictment and conviction, with Hill's lawyer
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2941:"Akil Al-Judi, et al., Plaintiffs-appellees, v. Vincent Mancusi, Karl Pfeil, Russell G. Oswald, Defendants-appellants, the Estate of Nelson A. Rockefeller, et al., Defendants, 926 F.2d 235 (2d Cir. 1991)"
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626:, a member of the committee that helped organize and draft inmates' demands and who was known in the prison as a radical, was allegedly shot while he had his hands in the air trying to surrender.
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Prisoners revolted to seek better living conditions and political rights, claiming that they were treated as beasts. On September 9, 1971, 1,281 of the approximately 2,200 men incarcerated in the
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and civilian employees and 29 inmates, with nearly all killed by law enforcement gunfire. Law enforcement subjected many of the survivors to various forms of torture, including sexual violence.
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resisting. Additionally, some of the guns utilized by law enforcement used unjacketed bullets, "a kind of ammunition that causes such enormous damage to human flesh that it was banned by the
857:, draws on interviews with former inmates, hostages, families of victims, law enforcement, lawyers, and state officials, as well as significant archives of previously unreleased materials.
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In July 1971, a group of Attica inmates presented a list of 27 demands regarding improvements in living conditions in Attica to state Commissioner of Corrections Russell Oswald and Governor
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One died from a head injury sustained before the assault, eight were killed by friendly fire during the assault, and one died later from gunshot wounds from friendly fire during the assault
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As part of a 40th-anniversary commemoration, filmmakers Chris Christopher and David Marshall, in association with Blue Sky Project, produced a 60-minute, Emmy-nominated documentary called
433:. For example, in 1972 an Attica prisoner named Joseph Little told a government panel, "I'm not for no penitentiary reform. I'm for abolishing the whole concept of penitentiary reform."
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In response to public criticism, in November 1971 Governor Rockefeller established the New York State Special Commission on Attica, appointing members and naming Dean of NYU Law School
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season 4, the prisoners rise and chant "Attica! Attica!". The entirety of season 5 is devoted to the rebellion itself, which contains significant parallels to the Attica uprising.
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343:), armed corrections officers and state and local police were sent in to regain control of the prison. By the time they stopped firing, at least 39 people were dead: 10
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in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War."
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Overcrowding contributed to the poor conditions, as in recent years the prison's population had increased from the 1,200 prisoners for which it was designed to 2,243.
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uprising, many of these improvements were reversed in the 1980s and 1990s. Attica remains one of the most infamous prison riots to have occurred in the United States.
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ground." One of the leaders, Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, who was frequently featured in news coverage, was allegedly alive after the initial retaking. Assemblyman
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1125:'s character shouts, "Attica! Attica!," to the reporters and policemen gathered outside during his hostage crisis. The line was placed at number eighty-six on
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In 1985, Malcolm Bell, a former prosecutor for the Attica Task Force and eventual whistleblower, released his account of the investigation and alleged coverup
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Published in 1972, the first historical account of the Attica Prison Uprising was written by The New York State Special Commission on Attica and was entitled
650:, were subjected to similar forms of violence. Many of these men had previously been incarcerated in Attica and had been involved in political organizations.
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3997:"Tip of the spear: Black radicalism, prison repression, and the long Attica revolt By OrisanmiBurton, Oakland: University of California Press. 2023. 328 pp"
3958:"Tip of the spear: Black radicalism, prison repression, and the long Attica revolt By OrisanmiBurton, Oakland: University of California Press. 2023. 328 pp"
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after the retaking of Attica. After decades in the courts, the state agreed in 2000 to pay $ 8 million ($ 12 million minus legal fees) to settle the case.
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Additionally, as in many American prisons, racial disparities also existed at Attica. Within the prison population, 54% of the incarcerated men were
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fired by law enforcement officers. The Special Commission found that state officials failed to quickly refute the early rumors and false reports.
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Memorial in front of the prison to the officers and other prison employees who died in the uprising. All but one were killed by friendly fire.
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Police for their handling of the prison retaking and for their negligence in protecting inmates from reprisals after the riot.
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wrote two pieces connected to the Attica uprising, both for percussion ensemble and speaker. "Coming Together" sets a text by
872:. The memoir tells the story of the life of Sam Melville, the Attica Uprising, and the broader goals and controversies of the
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As speakers such as Barkley raised morale, the elected group of negotiators drafted proposals to present to the commissioner.
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Expanding rounds, often called 'Dumdum' rounds, are commonly used in law enforcement because they minimize risk for ricochet.
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Head of the inmates and hostages internal security and served as a liaison between the inmates of D-yard and the authorities
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writer Fred Ferretti said the rebellion concluded in "mass deaths that four days of taut negotiations had sought to avert."
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Attica Manifesto presented to Commissioner Oswald and Governor Rockefeller on July 2, 1971 by the Attica Liberation Faction
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Partially in response to the Attica uprising, the New York State Department of Corrections implemented changes including:
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Introducing a grievance procedure in which inmates could report actions by a staff member that violated published policy
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Creating liaison committees in which inmates elect representatives to speak for them in meetings with prison officials
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In 2022, Joshua Melville, the son of Sam Melville, one of the inmates killed in the retaking of the prison, released
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Attica Correctional Facility in 2007. A memorial to staff who died in the uprising is visible between the flagpoles.
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saying at the sentencing, "I'm not going to give the impression to the outside world that there is justice here."
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addressed the inmates briefly on September 11 but did not stay long and some believed that he inflamed tensions.
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tells the story of the Attica prison rebellion, and how she exposed the cover-up that went on for decades."
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4036:"'Attica': Filmmaker Stanley Nelson on Why the 1971 Prison Uprising Remains an 'Evergreen' American Story"
3236:"Defending Attica: How radical lawyers played a key role standing up for survivors of the Attica uprising"
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Published in 1974, The Brothers of Attica is a first hand account written by a former Attica prisoner and
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on a visit to Ireland in July 1972, imagining what Attica's prisoners would have said before their death.
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1330:
5093:
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1409:
Three inmates killed by other inmates before the assault, 30 killed by police fire during the assault
430:
1518:
737:
State of New York to release state records of the uprising to the public. In 2013, Attorney General
604:
At 9:46 a.m. on Monday, September 13, 1971, tear gas was dropped into the yard and hundreds of
4950:
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947:
456:
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2940:
1322:
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531:
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4413:
Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s
775:
Allocating funding to Prisoners Legal Services, a statewide network of lawyers to assist inmates
4908:
4854:
4837:
4507:
Five Demands & 15 Practical Proposals delivered to Commissioner Oswald on September 9, 1971
557:
3795:
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4902:
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3854:
1711:
1342:
1088:
979:
On September 9, 2021, the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the uprising, the documentary
695:
605:
500:
Declaration to the People of America, Read by Elliott James "L.D." Barkley, September 9, 1971
418:
128:
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4608:
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cleavage between the prison population's reformist and revolutionary/abolitionist elements.
4944:
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2510:
1155:
1137:
848:
712:, was sentenced to a term of up to two years for attempted assault, and John Hill, who was
382:
374:
344:
320:
41:
5010:
4611:– with links to related articles on the prisoners' movement, Black Panthers, Vietnam, etc.
3445:"50 years after Attica: The unfinished business of our nation's deadliest prison uprising"
1830:"Autopsies Show Shots Killed 9 Attica Hostages, Not Knives; State Official Admits Mistake"
8:
5043:
4968:
4872:
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4584:
2979:
2865:
1942:
1179:
683:
573:
452:
3096:
2779:"Use of Shotguns in Attica Revolt Deplored in House Unit's Report; No Comment on Report"
723:
In 1975, Malcolm Bell, a prosecutor in the Attica Task Force, sent a report to Governor
4974:
4825:
4735:
4706:
4528:
4225:
3673:"Attica memoir opens the door on grief and reconciliation, adding to our understanding"
1712:"Timeline of Events of the Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Subsequent Legal Actions"
1674:
1294:
The Attica Prison uprising served as a source of inspiration for the Bell Riots in the
1070:
1053:
986:
980:
679:
610:
526:
441:
394:
336:
211:
4998:
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4016:
3977:
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2120:
2095:
2036:
2008:
1934:
1868:
1790:
1678:
1666:
1117:
1080:
1058:
830:
738:
547:
414:
4321:"#Attica45: Muhammad Ali Recites His Powerful Poem About the Attica Prison Uprising"
1578:
1115:
The riot was famously referenced in a quote in the 1975 Sidney Lumet-directed film,
335:
from criminal prosecution for inmates for the prison takeover. By order of Governor
4878:
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4747:
4741:
4543:
4008:
3969:
2224:
1746:
1658:
1257:
1027:
729:
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543:
369:
The uprising occurred within the context of anti-colonial movements throughout the
340:
312:
195:
67:
4753:
4598:
4579:
4567:
4553:
4411:
3797:
Tip of the Spear: Black Radicalism, Prison Repression, and the Long Attica Revolt
3411:
2605:
2033:
Tip of the spear: black radicalism, prison repression, and the long attica revolt
2005:
Tip of the spear: black radicalism, prison repression, and the long attica revolt
1787:
Tip of the spear: black radicalism, prison repression, and the long attica revolt
1104:
1084:
1062:
1041:
893:
Tip of the Spear: Black Radicalism, Prison Repression, and the Long Attica Revolt
806:
766:
Providing more basics such as more showers, soap, medical care, and family visits
569:
565:
422:
4729:
4275:
3734:
3655:
3147:
3117:"New Attica documents reveal inmate accounts of torture after 1971 prison riot"
2783:
1834:
1279:
1265:
1204:
1168:
1066:
1019:
1004:
992:
In preparation for the 50th anniversary of the Attica prison massacre in 2021,
709:
552:
539:
520:
370:
353:
2850:
Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica
2228:
1927:
Attica: The Official Report of the New York State Special Commission on Attica
658:
5037:
4654:
4431:
4020:
3981:
3825:"A Story That We Only Think We Know: On Orisanmi Burton's "Tip of the Spear""
3604:
3221:, (AK Press, 2006) pp. 182–3, via Google Books. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
2658:
2559:
2523:
2236:
1670:
1662:
1579:"Organizing the Prisons in the 1960s and 1970s: Part One, Building Movements"
1150:
The incident is directly referenced in several songs and the name of a band:
1132:
713:
238:
89:
76:
4634:
2212:
1051:
At least three fictionalized TV movies of the rebellion have been produced:
985:
premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. In order for director
675:
wrote works in support of the inmates and condemning the official response.
4624:
3754:
1646:
1261:
1242:
1161:
1135:'s character of Tony Manero would quote Pacino's Attica chant in the movie
1096:
668:
623:
429:
therefore argues that the Attica rebellion was informed by the politics of
401:
wrote the following about the conditions in Attica prior to the uprising,
386:
3881:"Diluting Radical History: Blood in the Water and the Politics of Erasure"
3218:
Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity
2861:
2638:
1938:
630:
New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of
4685:
4644:
4117:
1253:
1183:
847:
A detailed historical account of the uprising was published by historian
672:
577:
561:
398:
316:
4538:
3235:
2548:"'Blood in the Water,' a Gripping Account of the Attica Prison Uprising"
870:
American Time Bomb: Attica, Sam Melville, and a Son's Search for Answers
4393:
4253:
4093:"Talking About 'Attica,' the Newest Documentary on the Prison Uprising"
3523:"Revisiting Attica Shows How New York State Failed to Fulfill Promises"
3036:"America's bloodiest day (since the Civil War) that no one talks about"
1197:
1023:
1015:
815:
724:
618:
535:
534:, head of a Prisons Committee in the legislature; State Representative
515:
390:
4012:
3973:
3632:"Attica Prison Guards Plead Guilty To Misconduct After Beating Inmate"
2800:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and It's Legacy
2579:
Benjamin, G., & Rappaport, S. (1974). "Attica and Prison Reform".
835:
Uprising: Understanding Attica, Revolution and the Incarceration State
4476:
September 18, 1971: 1–2. African American Newspapers, 1827–1998. Web.
4449:
53.2 (2011): 28–35. Academic Search Complete. Web. November 20, 2013.
3521:
Winerip, Michael; Robbins, Tom; Schwirtz, Michael (August 25, 2016).
3193:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2956:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2825:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2755:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2727:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2702:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2677:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2640:
Blood in the water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2513:
2357:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2290:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2117:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
2092:
Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy
1122:
1100:
3412:"Final Report of the Special Attica Investigation Volumes 2 & 3"
3265:"Charles Pernasilice, Haunted by the Violence at Attica, Dies at 70"
4628:
873:
862:
The Prison Guard's Daughter: My Journey Through the Ashes of Attica
572:, but he declined. Inmates also requested representatives from the
461:
378:
2583:, 31 (3), 203–212. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from JSTOR database.
1203:
The song "Remember Rockefeller at Attica" (1975) by jazz musician
4384:
Source: Time Travel Files: "Past Tense". DVD extra included with
4139:
4061:
3800:(1st ed.). Oakland, CA: The University of California Press.
3386:"Decades Later, State Seeks Release of Report on Attica Uprising"
1217:
1216:
The song "Hardcore Rap Act" (1995) by Brooklyn based hip hop duo
993:
332:
4615:
40 Years After the Attica Uprising: Looking Back, Moving Forward
3721:
2856:. New York: Bantam Books. 1972. p. 456 (digital page 496).
2384:"People & Events: Attica Prison Riot – September 9–13, 1971"
822:
editor, who was present at the prison as an observer, published
3064:"What the Nixon Tapes Reveal About the Attica Prison Uprising"
1246:
757:
1190:
219:
Deputy Commissioner Walter Dunbar (Department of Corrections)
1972:"Attica, Attica: The Story of the Legendary Prison Uprising"
280:
10 correctional officers killed (9 by correctional officers)
3356:"Final Report of the Special Attica Investigation Volume 1"
1379:
Inmate responsible for the safety of hostages and observers
1172:
1164:, and especially its title song, is dedicated to the riots.
264:
42 correctional officers and civilian workers taken hostage
4617:– Conference website exploring the uprising 40 years later
4249:"Archie Shepp / Attica Blues Orchestra – I Hear the Sound"
216:
Commissioner Russell G. Oswald (Department of Corrections)
4534:
Democrat and Chronicle: Attica – A History In Photographs
4410:
Hampton, Henry; Fayer, Steve; Flynn, Sarah, eds. (1990).
3004:
2465:
2463:
2457:. Attica Is All of Us. N.p., n.d. Web. November 24, 2013.
1228:
1189:
The song "Attica Part 1" (1972) By Caribbean Folk singer
833:, released (with Stuart Connelly) his historical account
591:
4523:
What really happened during the Attica Prison Rebellion?
4442:. New ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. 506–539. Print.
3656:
The New York State Special Commission on Attica (1972).
3549:"Understanding the Legacy of the Attica Prison Uprising"
2643:(First ed.). New York: Pantheon. pp. 183–184.
1196:
The song "The Hostage" (1972) by American folk musician
2426:"Frank Smith, 71, Is Dead; Sought Justice After Attica"
2035:. Oakland, California: University of California Press.
2007:. Oakland, California: University of California Press.
1789:. Oakland, California: University of California Press.
4445:"The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands".
4386:
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – The Complete Third Season
3520:
2460:
1610:"'Attica Is Every Prison; and Every Prison Is Attica'"
1337:
Inmates of Attica Correctional Facility v. Rockefeller
4440:
A People's History of the United States: 1492–Present
3629:
3143:"Rockefeller Lays Hostages' Deaths to Troopers' Fire"
2911:"Film raises questions about 1971 Attica prison riot"
381:
movements within the United States, and intensifying
4647:
by Monica Moorehead published on February 17, 2021 (
4635:
We Are Attica: Interviews with Prisoners from Attica
4192:"Tuesday, September 13 >> Featured Screening:
3496:"State and Prison Workers Settle Attica Riot Claims"
2896:"Criminal Injustice: Death & Politics at Attica"
2065:
NYC Department of Records & Information Services
1647:"The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands"
1312:
1111:Notable references to the Attica Prison rebellion:
754:been killed or injured and their bereaved as well.
4544:Photographs taken during and after the prison riot
4529:Attica Prison Riot: Memories strong after 40 years
4360:"Editorial: 'Orange' is the New Attica on Netflix"
4170:"Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica"
3006:
2998:
1888:
507:The Attica Liberation Faction Manifesto of Demands
282:5 correctional officers wounded during the assault
225:Assistant Deputy Warden Karl Pfeil (Attica Prison)
4409:
4346:Coming Together / Les Moutons de Panurge / Attica
3704:"The Life (and Death) of an 'American Time Bomb'"
2958:. Pantheon. pp. 209, 252, 420–421, 635–636.
5035:
4462:. Christine Christopher. Blue Sky Project, 2013.
4460:Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica
3878:
2323:. Attica Central School District. Archived from
2321:"Attica Correctional Facility: 1971 Prison Riot"
2061:"New York City and the Attica State Prison Riot"
1035:Criminal Injustice: Death and Politics at Attica
975:Direct coverage of the Attica Prison rebellion:
733:the State Police in the gathering of evidence."
2890:
2888:
2886:
2581:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
237:Lieutenant Joseph P. Christian (State Police) (
4915:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot
4684:
4645:L.D. Barkley – A leader in the Attica uprising
4481:The Turkey Shoot: Tracking the Attica Cover-up
2541:
2539:
1427:Three by friendly fire, two by inmates' knives
879:In 2020, a non-fiction graphic novel entitled
842:The Turkey Shoot: Tracking the Attica Cover-up
481:officers and civilian employees as hostages.
4670:
3762:"Best Graphic Novels for Adults Reading List"
231:Chief Inspector John C. Miller (State Police)
5069:Riots and civil disorder in New York (state)
3728:Gustines, George Genes (February 14, 2020).
3577:. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 58.
2883:
2472:. Dir. Henry Hampton. PBS Video, 1990. Film.
2200:. New York: Seven Stories Press. p. 57.
2161:"Attica Prison Uprising 101: A Short Primer"
1548:
1546:
1544:
678:At 7:30 p.m. on September 17, militant
228:Superintendent William Kirwan (State Police)
4319:Savali, Kirsten West (September 10, 2016).
4240:
3091:
3089:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2545:
2536:
1969:
1405:
1403:
781:Allowing more religious freedom for inmates
758:Effects on the New York State prison system
564:, and others. Prisoners requested Minister
538:, U.S. congressman from New York; attorney
5074:September 1971 events in the United States
4677:
4663:
3141:Farrell, William E. (September 17, 1971).
4246:
3994:
3955:
3701:
3005:Schmalleger, F. & Smykla, J. (2001).
1541:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
222:Warden Vincent R. Mancusi (Attica Prison)
5059:History of African-American civil rights
4609:The Attica Prison Uprising on libcom.org
4357:
3932:"Verso Author Picks: Books Read in 2023"
3727:
3593:"A Brutal Beating Wakes Attica's Ghosts"
3233:
3190:
3086:
2953:
2822:
2797:
2752:
2724:
2699:
2671:
2665:
2636:
2586:
2481:
2354:
2287:
2114:
2089:
1827:
1747:"War at Attica: Was There No Other Way?"
1400:
702:
657:
451:, an author and prominent member of the
141:New York State Department of Corrections
4033:
3905:Bader, Eleanor J. (November 24, 2023).
3702:Rodriguez, Isidoro (February 8, 2022).
3670:
3630:All Things Considered (March 3, 2015).
3590:
3322:
3291:
3161:
3140:
2482:Schumach, Murray (September 21, 1971).
2252:
1865:A People's History of the United States
1620:from the original on September 17, 2018
1496:from the original on September 29, 2016
1483:
1370:Elected by inmates as a lead negotiator
467:
14:
5036:
4469:September 18, 1971: 1+. ProQuest. Web.
4452:"Episodes from the Attica Rebellion".
4358:Thompson, Heather Ann (June 7, 2017).
4318:
4150:from the original on December 16, 2017
4090:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3819:
3817:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3586:
3584:
3547:Steel, Lewis M. (September 26, 2016).
3410:Meyer, Bernard S. (October 27, 1975).
3383:
3379:
3377:
3354:Meyer, Bernard S. (October 27, 1975).
3318:
3316:
3314:
3294:"Hill Gets 20 Years for Attica Murder"
3287:
3285:
3258:
3256:
3229:
3227:
3186:
3184:
3162:Kaufman, Michael T. (April 28, 1972).
3074:from the original on September 5, 2018
3061:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2748:
2746:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:from the original on September 8, 2006
2388:American Experience – The Rockefellers
2378:
2376:
2248:
2246:
2210:
2071:from the original on November 10, 2017
2058:
2054:
2052:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1970:Forman, Jr., James (August 30, 2016).
1920:
1918:
1916:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1573:
1571:
1513:
1511:
1355:
1245:recited a poem during an interview on
592:Retaking of the prison and retaliation
274:33 inmates killed (3 by other inmates)
4658:
4549:"The Truth about Attica by an Inmate"
4472:"41 Dead. Attica: National Tragedy".
4299:
4180:from the original on August 26, 2021.
4091:Rapold, Nicholas (November 1, 2021).
4034:Obenson, Tambay (September 9, 2021).
3904:
3879:abolitionjournal (January 26, 2017).
3794:Burton, Orisanmi (October 31, 2023).
3572:
3546:
3471:"Compensation Set On Attica Uprising"
3442:
3409:
3353:
3262:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3097:"Television | KQED Public Media"
3033:
2908:
2546:Oppenheimer, Mark (August 18, 2016).
2506:
2504:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2195:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1965:
1963:
1901:from the original on January 12, 2022
1881:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1828:Ferretti, Fred (September 15, 1971).
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1607:
1529:from the original on December 5, 2010
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
911:
462:Prison Activists Surveillance Program
4202:. September 13, 2011. Archived from
4174:Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company
3956:Fernandez, Fabian (March 24, 2024).
3683:from the original on August 27, 2021
3468:
3424:from the original on August 22, 2015
3362:from the original on August 24, 2021
3062:Little, Becky (September 11, 2019).
2609:. September 25, 1972. Archived from
2158:
2059:Mendez, Rossy (September 29, 2017).
1862:
1589:from the original on October 2, 2016
915:
778:Providing access to higher education
4517:Yahoo! Directory: Attica Riot links
4465:Ferretti, Fred. "Like a War Zone".
4072:from the original on August 4, 2021
4027:
3907:"Lessons of the Long Attica Revolt"
3843:
3814:
3784:
3618:
3581:
3374:
3311:
3292:Kaufman, Michael T. (May 9, 1975).
3282:
3253:
3234:Falciola, Luca (January 26, 2023).
3224:
3181:
3164:"Doctor Testifies on Attica Abuses"
3050:
2972:
2928:
2743:
2625:
2406:
2373:
2253:Bandele, Asha (September 9, 2011).
2243:
2049:
2021:
1989:
1913:
1816:
1765:
1632:
1608:Fathi, David (September 14, 2018).
1568:
1508:
1225:If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)
746:officers relating to the uprising.
339:(after consultation with President
27:1971 prisoner rebellion in New York
24:
4778:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
4059:
3730:"A Graphic Novel Remembers Attica"
3591:Robbins, Tom (February 28, 2015).
3469:Chen, David W. (August 29, 2000).
3335:from the original on July 22, 2015
3103:
2501:
2484:"Slain Attica Leader Is Eulogized"
2448:
2436:from the original on March 8, 2015
2424:Martin, Douglas (August 3, 2004).
2339:
2306:
2272:
2133:
1960:
1851:
1722:
1685:
1484:Robbins, Tom (September 9, 2016).
1464:
946:by removing the content or adding
653:
556:in New York and former advisor to
385:of these movements, including via
194:Elliott James "L.D." Barkley
25:
5105:
5064:Prison riots in the United States
4561:video interviews with Frank Smith
4539:Talking History: Attica Revisited
4495:
4247:Bergstrom, John (April 1, 2014).
3443:Craig, Gary (September 8, 2021).
3384:Kaplan, Thomas (April 19, 2013).
3263:Risen, Clay (February 28, 2023).
2518:, Distributed by Pinnacle Films,
2515:The Black power mixtape 1967–1975
2177:from the original on June 2, 2014
1486:"Revisiting the Ghosts of Attica"
1397:Who had avoided becoming hostages
568:, national representative of the
234:Major John Monahan (State Police)
5089:1970s crimes in New York (state)
4981:February Ecuadorian prison riots
4378:
4351:
4338:
4312:
4300:Duffy, Thom (October 31, 2022).
4293:
4268:
4226:"AFI's List of Nominated Quotes"
4218:
4184:
4162:
4132:
4119:Betrayal at Attica (2021) – IMDb
4110:
4084:
3671:Memmott, Jim (August 27, 2021).
2909:Craig, Gary (February 9, 2013).
2211:Burton, Orisanmi (May 1, 2023).
2159:Kaba, Mariame (September 2011).
1933:. New York: Bantam Books. 1972.
1315:
1003:modern policing. Radical lawyer
920:
809:member named Richard X. Clark.
351:by law enforcement gunfire. The
146:
134:
122:
40:
5079:Rebellions in the United States
4987:September Guayaquil prison riot
4838:F-type prisons strike and riots
4403:
4053:
3995:Fernandez, Fabian (June 2024).
3988:
3949:
3924:
3898:
3872:
3855:"A Poetics of Living Rebellion"
3695:
3664:
3649:
3566:
3540:
3514:
3488:
3462:
3436:
3403:
3347:
3209:
3155:
3134:
3034:Kohli, Sonali (March 3, 2015).
3027:
3009:Corrections in the 21st Century
2947:
2902:
2841:
2816:
2791:
2771:
2718:
2693:
2573:
2475:
2390:. Public Broadcasting Service.
2204:
2189:
2108:
2083:
1842:
1803:
1601:
1439:
484:
191:Cleveland McKinley "Jomo" Davis
4993:November Guayaquil prison riot
4512:Interview with Laverne Barkley
4001:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
3962:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
3853:Barber, Nick (April 3, 2024).
3195:. Pantheon. pp. 281–284.
3191:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2954:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2823:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2802:. Pantheon. pp. 178–179.
2798:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2757:. Pantheon. pp. 192–194.
2753:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2725:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2704:. Pantheon. pp. 189–190.
2700:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2637:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2355:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2288:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2115:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
2090:Thompson, Heather Ann (2016).
1867:. HarperCollins. p. 520.
1430:
1421:
1412:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1010:In 2019 Icarus Films released
996:released a documentary titled
903:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
13:
1:
4701:Castle Hill convict rebellion
4483:. Grove Press edition, 1985.
3323:Robbins, Tom (May 26, 2015).
1657:(2): 28–35. October 1, 2011.
1452:
1272:
648:Clinton Correctional Facility
364:
5054:Attica Correctional Facility
4456:4 (1972): 34–39. JSTOR. Web.
3766:American Library Association
3115:Yuhas, Alan (May 22, 2015).
2359:. Pantheon. pp. 72–75.
2292:. Pantheon. pp. 66–69.
2094:. Pantheon. pp. 51–52.
1457:
1331:List of notable prison riots
1131:. Two years later in 1977,
1128:100 Years...100 Movie Quotes
886:American Library Association
851:in 2016. The book, entitled
644:Auburn Correctional Facility
391:Counter Intelligence Program
328:Attica Correctional Facility
153:New York Army National Guard
7:
4438:Zinn, Howard. "Surprises".
3829:Los Angeles Review of Books
3658:Attica: The Official Report
2255:"After the Attica Uprising"
2213:"Targeting Revolutionaries"
1523:A&E Television Networks
1308:
1182:" (1972) by British singer
800:Attica: The Official Report
10:
5110:
4686:Prison riots and uprisings
4578:September 8, 2006, at the
4566:November 11, 2012, at the
4416:. New York: Bantam Books.
1890:"Obituary:Vincent Mancusi"
1297:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
1278:In the season 1 finale of
881:Big Black: Stand at Attica
687:white people have to face.
4846:
4814:Leopoldov prison uprising
4790:Peruvian prison massacres
4760:Pulau Senang prison riots
4721:
4692:
4228:. American Film Institute
3325:"The Attica Turkey Shoot"
3013:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2980:"The Weather Underground"
2827:. Pantheon. p. 207.
2729:. Pantheon. p. 136.
2679:. Pantheon. p. 188.
2229:10.1215/01636545-10302807
2119:. Pantheon. p. 179.
2031:Burton, Orisanmi (2023).
2003:Burton, Orisanmi (2023).
1785:Burton, Orisanmi (2023).
1235:
1171:" (1973) by British band
942:Please help Knowledge to
829:Another Attica observer,
560:; representatives of the
268:
263:
248:
161:
109:
50:
39:
34:
5049:1971 in New York (state)
5023:Makala jailbreak attempt
4597:August 19, 2016, at the
1663:10.1177/0306396811414338
1348:
1285:In the final episode of
1207:, included in his album
1145:
793:
457:San Quentin State Prison
257:74 correctional officers
4820:Strangeways Prison riot
4772:Huntsville Prison siege
1716:New York State Archives
1519:"Riot at Attica prison"
1323:New York (state) portal
1288:Orange Is the New Black
1044:'s documentary, titled
558:Martin Luther King, Jr.
421:, and 37% of them were
297:Attica Prison Rebellion
285:1 state trooper wounded
185:Frank "Big Black" Smith
35:Attica Prison Rebellion
4909:Topo Chico prison riot
4855:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
4280:www.the10ccfanclub.com
3677:Democrat and Chronicle
3573:Davis, Angela (2003).
3449:Democrat and Chronicle
2601:"A Year Ago at Attica"
2217:Radical History Review
2196:Davis, Angela (2003).
1897:. September 24, 2012.
1585:. September 20, 2016.
1040:ScreenSlate describes
663:
542:; civil rights lawyer
524:; James Ingram of the
503:
408:
305:Attica Prison Massacre
162:Commanders and leaders
4963:Cameroon prison riots
4951:Amazonas prison riots
4903:Kaohsiung Prison riot
4897:Palmasola prison riot
4867:Altamira prison brawl
4802:Fremantle Prison riot
4302:"Tom Paxton Turns 85"
3742:on September 28, 2021
3575:Are Prisons Obsolete?
2673:Thompson, Heather Ann
2327:on September 30, 2007
2198:Are Prisons Obsolete?
1863:Zinn, Howard (1980).
1525:. September 8, 2020.
1343:Walpole prison strike
1256:composer and pianist
1089:Clarence Williams III
907:Current Anthropology.
703:Lawsuits and payments
661:
606:New York State Police
492:
403:
345:correctional officers
269:Casualties and losses
129:New York State Police
90:42.84972°N 78.27167°W
5005:Battle of al-Hasakah
4957:Altamira prison riot
4945:Acarigua prison riot
4921:Kidapawan jail siege
4885:Welikada prison riot
4796:Atlanta prison riots
4713:Cooking Pot Uprising
4206:on February 19, 2014
3329:The Marshall Project
1753:. September 27, 1971
1490:The Marshall Project
1138:Saturday Night Fever
1095:(2001), directed by
944:improve this article
891:In October of 2023,
849:Heather Ann Thompson
671:and artists such as
468:The initial uprising
375:Black Power Movement
307:, took place at the
295:, also known as the
58:September 9–13, 1971
5084:Mass murder in 1971
4969:Guanare prison riot
4927:Brazil prison riots
4891:Uribana prison riot
4873:Apodaca prison riot
4832:Khujand prison riot
4808:Polish prison riots
4631:, October 23, 2016.
4585:American Experience
4525:" TED-Ed, May 2021.
4344:Rzewski, Frederic.
4276:"I Write The Songs"
2675:(August 23, 2016).
2613:on February 9, 2009
1227:" (1996) by rapper
1057:(1980) directed by
956:independent sources
860:Published in 2021,
684:Weather Underground
574:Black Panther Party
550:, publisher of the
518:, an editor of the
453:Black Panther Party
95:42.84972; -78.27167
86: /
18:Attica Prison riots
5017:Támara prison riot
4975:Mahara prison riot
4861:Mexico prison riot
4826:Carandiru massacre
4766:Attica Prison riot
4736:Battle of Alcatraz
4707:Bathurst Rebellion
4467:The New York Times
4140:"Ghosts of Attica"
4097:The New York Times
3831:. January 11, 2024
3772:on October 8, 2021
3597:The New York Times
3527:The New York Times
3502:. January 14, 2005
3500:The New York Times
3475:The New York Times
3298:The New York Times
3269:The New York Times
3168:The New York Times
2986:. Independent Lens
2552:The New York Times
2488:The New York Times
2430:The New York Times
1976:The New York Times
1071:John Frankenheimer
999:Betrayal at Attica
912:In popular culture
898:Blood in the Water
854:Blood in the Water
664:
611:Geneva Conventions
527:Michigan Chronicle
442:Nelson Rockefeller
417:, 9% of them were
337:Nelson Rockefeller
293:Attica Prison Riot
276:85 inmates wounded
259:550 state troopers
212:Nelson Rockefeller
179:Donald "Don" Noble
5031:
5030:
5011:Tuluá prison riot
4999:Tula prison break
4603:Eyes on the Prize
4454:The Black Scholar
4013:10.1111/maq.12854
3974:10.1111/maq.12854
3807:978-0-520-39632-6
2650:978-0-375-42322-2
2470:Eyes on the Prize
2455:"Attica Timeline"
2042:978-0-520-39631-9
2014:978-0-520-39631-9
1796:978-0-520-39631-9
1118:Dog Day Afternoon
1081:Samuel L. Jackson
1059:Marvin J. Chomsky
973:
972:
739:Eric Schneiderman
682:organization the
321:prisoners' rights
289:
288:
170:Herbert X. Blyden
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5101:
5094:Prison massacres
4933:Makala jailbreak
4879:Yare prison riot
4784:Badaber Uprising
4748:Vorkuta uprising
4742:Norilsk uprising
4679:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4649:internet archive
4639:internet archive
4557:, March 31, 1972
4447:Race & Class
4435:
4397:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:at BAMcinématek"
4188:
4182:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4114:
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4088:
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4031:
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3869:
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3865:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3768:. Archived from
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3738:. Archived from
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3708:The Crime Report
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
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3509:
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3492:
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3455:
3440:
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3407:
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3396:
3381:
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3342:
3340:
3320:
3309:
3308:
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3304:
3289:
3280:
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3277:
3275:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
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3138:
3132:
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3129:
3127:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3059:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2864:. Archived from
2855:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2787:. June 27, 1973.
2775:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2634:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2597:
2584:
2577:
2571:
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2568:
2566:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2421:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2165:
2156:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1941:. Archived from
1932:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1849:
1848:Ferretti (1971).
1846:
1840:
1839:
1825:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1782:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1683:
1682:
1651:Race & Class
1643:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1556:. Showtime. 2021
1550:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:By friendly fire
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1258:Frederic Rzewski
1093:The Killing Yard
1076:Against the Wall
1028:William Kunstler
1012:Ghosts of Attica
968:
965:
959:
924:
923:
916:
730:Bernard S. Meyer
718:William Kunstler
690:
632:Indian massacres
544:William Kunstler
530:; State Senator
501:
447:In August 1971,
431:prison abolition
415:African American
383:state repression
341:Richard M. Nixon
317:prison uprisings
313:Attica, New York
200:
188:Richard X. Clark
151:
150:
149:
139:
138:
137:
127:
126:
125:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
68:Attica, New York
52:
51:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
4842:
4754:Kengir uprising
4717:
4688:
4683:
4621:How Power Works
4599:Wayback Machine
4580:Wayback Machine
4568:Wayback Machine
4554:National Review
4498:
4479:Bell, Malcolm.
4424:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4352:
4348:. Opus One: 20.
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4317:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
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4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4190:
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4185:
4168:
4167:
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4153:
4151:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4032:
4028:
3993:
3989:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3911:Progressive.org
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3792:
3785:
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3760:
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3755:
3745:
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3726:
3722:
3712:
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3700:
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3628:
3619:
3609:
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3589:
3582:
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3555:
3545:
3541:
3531:
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3515:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3189:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3156:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2871:on June 4, 2012
2868:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2796:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2670:
2666:
2651:
2635:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2468:
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2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2353:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2300:
2286:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2251:
2244:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2001:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1948:on June 4, 2012
1945:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1895:Daily Telegraph
1887:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1783:
1766:
1756:
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1744:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1686:
1645:
1644:
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1621:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1532:
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1517:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1356:
1351:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1275:
1268:as the speaker.
1238:
1148:
1105:Morris Chestnut
1085:Kyle MacLachlan
1063:George Grizzard
1042:Cinda Firestone
969:
963:
960:
941:
937:popular culture
925:
921:
914:
807:Nation of Islam
796:
760:
705:
696:Robert B. McKay
688:
656:
654:Public response
594:
570:Nation of Islam
566:Louis Farrakhan
502:
499:
487:
470:
367:
301:Attica Uprising
283:
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929:This article
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824:A Time to Die
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4847:21st century
4765:
4722:20th century
4693:19th century
4625:Chris Hedges
4602:
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4480:
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4459:
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4404:Bibliography
4385:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4363:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:
4314:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4252:
4242:
4232:December 22,
4230:. Retrieved
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:the original
4199:
4193:
4186:
4173:
4164:
4154:September 9,
4152:. Retrieved
4144:Icarus Films
4143:
4134:
4123:, retrieved
4118:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4096:
4086:
4076:September 9,
4074:. Retrieved
4065:
4055:
4045:September 9,
4043:. Retrieved
4039:
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4004:
4000:
3990:
3965:
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3939:. Retrieved
3935:
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3914:. Retrieved
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3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3859:Public Books
3858:
3833:. Retrieved
3828:
3796:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3756:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:the original
3733:
3723:
3713:February 13,
3711:. Retrieved
3707:
3697:
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