213:
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148:
191:
form when the cross-sectional area of a stream channel becomes locally restricted as ice accumulates during winter. Such restrictions or “choke-points” result in bulk overflow and local increases in hydrostatic pressure, causing water to move upward through fissures onto the original ice layer. This
20:
183:
until discharge occurs along the bank and over the top of the previously formed ice. Successive ice layers can grow and expand, attaining areas of ~25+ km and thicknesses of 6+ m. Aufeis typically melts out during summer and will often form in the same place year after year.
232:
Aufeis can present an extreme danger to recreational boaters even during summer months, who can find themselves trapped between walls of ice or pulled under aufeis by the current of the river. Breaking dams of aufeis can cause flash floods downriver.
228:
to widen as spring floodwaters are forced to flow around the ice. Research on aufeis has to a large extent been motivated by the variety of engineering problems the ice sheets can cause (e.g. blocking drainages and causing flooding of roads).
394:
Reise in den äussersten Norden und Osten
Sibiriens während der Jahre 1843 und 1844 mit Allerhöchster Genehmigung auf Veranstaltung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg ausgef
777:
671:
Terry, Neil; Grunewald, Elliot; Briggs, Martin; Gooseff, Michael; Huryn, Alexander D.; Kass, M. Andy; Tape, Ken D.; Hendrickson, Patrick; Lane, John W. (March 2020).
179:
streams as they freeze solid. Ground-water discharge is blocked by ice, perturbing the steady-state condition and causing a small incremental rise in the local
499:
Hu, Xiaogang; Pollard, Wayne H. (September 1997). "The
Hydrologic Analysis and Modeling of River Icing Growth, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory, Canada".
200:
in arctic Alaska—where they are also known as “icings”—attaining areas of 20+ km and localized thicknesses of 6+ m. The cumulative area of late-winter
1045:
Clark, Ian D.; Lauriol, Bernard (1997). "Aufeis of the Firth River Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: Insights into
Permafrost Hydrogeology and Karst".
1288:
Recent U.S. Geological Survey
Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada — Results of a 5-Year Project
1010:
Reedyk, Sharon; Woo, Ming-Ko; Prowse, Terry D. (1995). "Contribution of icing ablation to streamflow in a discontinuous permafrost area".
322:
Analysis of satellite imagery from 2000 to 2015 has shown that the extent and duration of many
Alaskan river icings has decreased due to
1080:
Priesnitz, Kuno; Schunke, Ekkehard (2002). "The fluvial morphodynamics of two small permafrost drainage basins, northwestern Canada".
514:
292:
are common and widespread features of the arctic cryosphere, particularly in northern Alaska and
Siberia. In eastern Siberia, where
983:
Veillette, J.J.; Thomas, R.D. (November 1979). "Icings and seepage in frozen glacio-fluvial deposits, District of
Keewatin, NWT".
450:
Huryn, Alexander D.; Gooseff, Michael N.; Hendrickson, Patrick J.; Briggs, Martin A.; Tape, Ken D.; Terry, Neil C. (2020-10-13).
797:
1290:(Report). Vol. Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5289–F. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
1229:"Rapid decline in river icings detected in Arctic Alaska: Implications for a changing hydrologic cycle and river ecosystems"
873:
Huryn, Alexander D; Slavik, Karie A; Lowe, Rex L; Parker, Stephanie M; Anderson, Dennis S; Peterson, Bruce J (2005-08-01).
501:
923:
72:
that forms from successive flows of ground or river water during freezing temperatures. This form of ice is also called
1335:
1149:
56:
1976:
1940:
1281:
Aufeis
Accumulations in Stream Bottoms in Arctic and Subarctic Environments as an Indicator of Geologic Structure
192:
overflowing water subsequently freezes to produce additional ice layers, thus explaining the origin of the term
1590:
1188:
1279:
Wanty, Richard B.; Wang, Bronwen; Vohden, Jim; et al. (2007). Gough, Larry P.; Day, Warren C. (eds.).
1141:
626:"Aufeis of the Firth River Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: Insights into Permafrost Hydrogeology and Karst"
1570:
875:"Landscape heterogeneity and the biodiversity of Arctic stream communities: a habitat template analysis"
1509:
196:. This process, repeated through the long arctic winter, can generate large volumes of ice, with some
131:
Aufeis literally translates from German to “on-ice”. In 1859 the Baltic German scientist and explorer
132:
97:
1213:
272:
In late 2011, Mongolia planned to test the use and storage of artificial naleds as a way of cooling
1545:
415:
Ashton, George D. 1986. River and lake ice engineering. Chelsea, Michigan, USA: Book
Crafters, Inc.
260:
barrens are distinctive landscape features of the arctic tundra and provide reliable indicators of
1961:
1595:
1307:
1855:
1504:
1328:
1167:"River icings and fluvial activity in extreme continental climate: Khangai Mountains, Mongolia"
672:
593:"Spring and aufeis (icing) hydrology in Brooks Range, Alaska: AUFEIS HYDROLOGY IN BROOKS RANGE"
433:
304:
with a cumulative area of ~ 50,000 km containing 30 km of water have been documented in 2015.
1878:
1585:
848:
1981:
1621:
1240:
1019:
739:
684:
550:
673:"Seasonal Subsurface Thaw Dynamics of an Aufeis Feature Inferred From Geophysical Methods"
8:
1971:
1815:
1642:
1560:
1280:
397:. St. Petersburg: Buchdr. der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften : Zu haben bei Eggers.
1244:
1023:
743:
688:
554:
1966:
1647:
1444:
1201:
1097:
1062:
708:
653:
481:
212:
1742:
751:
1930:
1893:
1717:
1434:
1321:
1258:
1145:
1101:
965:
904:
755:
712:
700:
645:
568:
485:
473:
370:
204:
in the
Sagavanirktok River drainage alone, for example, ranges from 102 to 103 km.
1935:
1835:
1732:
1662:
1524:
1403:
1248:
1089:
1054:
1027:
992:
955:
894:
886:
830:
789:
747:
727:
692:
637:
604:
558:
510:
463:
398:
360:
277:
89:
81:
33:
1131:
452:"Aufeis fields as novel groundwater-dependent ecosystems in the arctic cryosphere"
1830:
1805:
1687:
1600:
1489:
728:"Aufeis in the Ivishak River, Alaska, Mapped from Satellite Radar Interferometry"
217:
65:
1166:
1772:
1722:
1707:
1580:
1565:
1494:
1479:
1413:
1398:
323:
253:
176:
175:, or by ground-water discharge. The latter mechanism prevails in high-gradient
120:
1955:
1903:
1845:
1825:
1820:
1767:
1762:
1747:
1692:
1575:
1550:
1429:
1262:
1187:
Swanson-Hysell, Nicholas; Dander, Enkhbayar (2005). Eberhart, Marlene (ed.).
969:
908:
759:
704:
649:
572:
563:
538:
477:
392:
374:
308:
1637:
402:
1783:
1712:
1469:
1464:
1408:
928:
426:
225:
135:
used this term to describe his observations of the phenomenon in northern
1898:
1777:
1757:
1752:
1737:
1697:
1555:
1439:
1253:
1228:
960:
944:
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609:
592:
515:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199709)8:3<279::AID-PPP260>3.0.CO;2-7
180:
793:
365:
348:
1925:
1908:
1888:
1840:
1474:
1388:
1066:
657:
591:
Yoshikawa, Kenji; Hinzman, Larry D.; Kane, Douglas L. (December 2007).
273:
468:
451:
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in the hot Mongolian summer, and reducing the use of energy-intensive
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1383:
1378:
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874:
625:
168:
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1058:
1031:
996:
899:
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834:
641:
1868:
1863:
1616:
1540:
1449:
316:
1677:
1810:
1800:
1727:
1499:
1484:
1393:
1368:
1344:
1165:
Froehlich, Wojciech; Slupik, January (1982). French, H.M. (ed.).
172:
136:
101:
821:
Kane, Douglas L. (1981). "Physical mechanics of aufeis growth".
1682:
1363:
1302:
312:
245:
164:
156:
19:
1190:
A Sheet of Aufeis in the Kharkhiraa Mountains, Mongolian Altai
1138:
USSR Contribution, Permafrost: Second International Conference
924:"Mongolia bids to keep city cool with 'ice shield' experiment"
1873:
1702:
1519:
778:"Distribution and character of naleds in northeastern Alaska"
449:
160:
147:
39:
945:"Hydrology of Rivers of the Cryolithic Zone in the U.S.S.R."
1883:
1652:
1459:
1313:
670:
224:
Sheets of aufeis may block stream channels and cause their
45:
171:
environments. It forms by upwelling of river water behind
100:
following his observations of the phenomenon in northern
69:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
115:
glades or, perhaps more accurately in tundra habitats,
776:
Harden, Deborah; Barnes, Peter; Reimnitz, Erk (1977).
1227:
Pavelsky, Tamlin M.; Zarnetske, Jay P. (2017-01-01).
872:
521:
123:
due to ice cover during much of the growing season.
57:
48:
42:
1186:
775:
590:
256:
due to ice cover during much of the growing season.
1130:Sokolov, B. L. (1978). Sanger, Frederick J. (ed.).
586:
584:
582:
349:"Mineral Precipitation in North Slope River Icings"
36:
879:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
68:for "ice on top") is a sheet-like mass of layered
1226:
151:A sheet of aufeis in a glacial valley in Mongolia
1953:
1079:
579:
1278:
1174:Proceedings, 4th Canadian Permafrost Conference
1164:
1009:
982:
597:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
445:
443:
307:Sheets of aufeis have been observed in Alaska,
96:). The term "Aufeis" was first used in 1859 by
677:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
539:"Cryogenesis and geodynamics of icing valleys"
1329:
1114:
1044:
624:Clark, Ian D.; Lauriol, Bernard (May 1997).
623:
440:
427:"The Canning River region, northern Alaska"
424:
390:
216:Backpackers cross a sheet of aufeis in the
1336:
1322:
1252:
959:
898:
771:
769:
608:
562:
536:
498:
467:
364:
386:
384:
252:barrens, because of the near absence of
211:
146:
119:barrens, because of the near absence of
18:
1129:
942:
816:
814:
155:Aufeis accumulates during winter along
23:Laminations of ice in a sheet of aufeis
1954:
766:
725:
342:
340:
338:
1317:
921:
849:"Dangers of Aufeis on Alaskan Rivers"
823:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
409:
381:
1082:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
922:Watts, Jonathan (15 November 2011).
820:
811:
502:Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
346:
335:
13:
1272:
1012:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
425:Leffingwell, Ernest de K. (1919).
14:
1993:
1295:
240:leave footprints in the form of “
1941:Template:Periglacial environment
1301:
1115:Alekseev, V.; Savko, N. (1975).
543:Geodynamics & Tectonophysics
391:Middendorff, A. Th. von (1847).
111:leave footprints in the form of
32:
1220:
1180:
1158:
1123:
1108:
1073:
1038:
1003:
976:
936:
915:
866:
841:
719:
664:
347:Hall, Dorothy K. (1980-01-01).
267:
617:
492:
418:
244:glades” or more accurately in
16:Sheet-like mass of layered ice
1:
1117:The theory of naled processes
985:Canadian Geotechnical Journal
943:Sokolov, B. L. (1991-08-01).
752:10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00167-8
732:Remote Sensing of Environment
329:
283:
1343:
1233:Geophysical Research Letters
1142:National Academy of Sciences
142:
126:
7:
10:
1998:
1047:Arctic and Alpine Research
630:Arctic and Alpine Research
456:Limnology and Oceanography
1921:
1854:
1793:
1670:
1661:
1630:
1609:
1533:
1422:
1351:
537:Alekseyev, V. R. (2015).
207:
133:Alexander von Middendorff
98:Alexander von Middendorff
93:
1119:. Nayka. pp. 1–205.
564:10.5800/gt-2015-6-2-0177
1977:Geography of the Arctic
403:10.5962/bhl.title.52029
726:Shusun, L (May 1997).
434:U.S. Geological Survey
221:
152:
24:
1879:Giant current ripples
215:
150:
22:
1310:at Wikimedia Commons
1254:10.1002/2016GL072397
1144:. pp. 408–411.
961:10.2166/nh.1991.0015
697:10.1029/2019JF005345
610:10.1029/2006JG000294
1816:Moraine-dammed lake
1643:Subglacial eruption
1245:2017GeoRL..44.3228P
1239:(7): 2016GL072397.
1024:1995CaJES..32...13R
794:10.14430/arctic2681
744:1997RSEnv..60..131S
689:2020JGRF..12505345T
555:2015GeTec...6..171A
366:10.14430/arctic2567
1648:Subglacial volcano
1631:Volcanic relations
948:Hydrology Research
222:
153:
25:
1949:
1948:
1917:
1916:
1435:Accumulation zone
1306:Media related to
469:10.1002/lno.11626
1989:
1836:Terminal moraine
1668:
1667:
1404:Piedmont glacier
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1291:
1285:
1267:
1266:
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1218:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1133:Regime of Naleds
1127:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1106:
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1042:
1036:
1035:
1007:
1001:
1000:
980:
974:
973:
963:
940:
934:
933:
919:
913:
912:
902:
885:(8): 1905–1919.
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
845:
839:
838:
818:
809:
808:
806:
805:
796:. Archived from
773:
764:
763:
723:
717:
716:
668:
662:
661:
621:
615:
614:
612:
588:
577:
576:
566:
534:
519:
518:
496:
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489:
471:
447:
438:
437:
431:
422:
416:
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388:
379:
378:
368:
344:
278:air conditioning
220:Valley of Alaska
95:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1913:
1850:
1831:Sevetti moraine
1789:
1743:Roche moutonnée
1688:Cirque stairway
1657:
1626:
1605:
1529:
1490:Lateral moraine
1418:
1347:
1342:
1298:
1283:
1275:
1273:Further reading
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1094:10.1002/ppp.424
1078:
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1059:10.2307/1552053
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1032:10.1139/e95-002
1008:
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997:10.1139/t79-084
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891:10.1139/f05-100
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835:10.1139/l81-026
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254:vascular plants
218:Anaktuvuk River
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121:vascular plants
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35:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1962:Earth sciences
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1723:Hanging valley
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1581:Periglaciation
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1571:Outburst flood
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1535:
1531:
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1528:
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1497:
1495:Medial moraine
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1480:Glacier tongue
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1088:(3): 207–217.
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954:(4): 211–226.
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1794:Depositional
1784:Zungenbecken
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1713:Glacial lake
1708:Glacial horn
1622:Mass balance
1610:Measurements
1546:Accumulation
1470:Glacier head
1465:Glacier cave
1409:Rock glacier
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268:City cooling
264:locations".
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226:flood plains
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27:
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1982:Lithosphere
1899:Outwash fan
1894:Kettle hole
1778:Valley step
1758:Trough lake
1738:Ribbon lake
1698:Finger lake
1440:Bergschrund
1210:|work=
858:21 November
603:(G4): n/a.
181:water table
163:valleys in
1972:Glaciology
1956:Categories
1926:Glaciology
1909:Urstromtal
1889:Kame delta
1841:Till plain
1638:Jökulhlaup
1596:Starvation
1475:Ice divide
1389:Ice stream
1176:: 203–211.
853:Alaska.org
804:2015-10-27
636:(2): 240.
330:References
300:, 10,000
284:Occurrence
274:Ulan Bator
248:habitats,
1967:Water ice
1671:Erosional
1663:Landforms
1534:Processes
1515:Randkluft
1510:Penitente
1455:Dirt cone
1384:Ice shelf
1379:Ice sheet
1374:Ice field
1263:1944-8007
1212:ignored (
1202:cite book
1102:130985786
970:0029-1277
909:0706-652X
760:0034-4257
713:212853086
705:2169-9003
650:0004-0851
573:2078-502X
486:225139804
478:0024-3590
375:1923-1245
169:subarctic
143:Formation
127:Etymology
80:, or the
1931:Category
1869:Diluvium
1864:Alpentor
1773:U-valley
1617:Ice core
1586:Plucking
1541:Ablation
1525:Terminus
1450:Crevasse
1445:Blue ice
1345:Glaciers
900:1912/232
317:Mongolia
173:ice dams
74:overflow
1811:Moraine
1801:Drumlin
1728:Nunatak
1591:Retreat
1556:Calving
1500:Moraine
1485:Icefall
1423:Anatomy
1394:Ledoyom
1369:Ice cap
1241:Bibcode
1067:1552053
1020:Bibcode
740:Bibcode
685:Bibcode
658:1552053
551:Bibcode
137:Siberia
102:Siberia
90:Russian
82:Russian
1904:Sandur
1748:Suncup
1733:P-form
1683:Cirque
1566:Motion
1505:Moulin
1364:Cirque
1359:Aufeis
1308:Aufeis
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353:Arctic
315:, and
313:Russia
302:aufeis
298:naleds
294:aufeis
290:aufeis
288:River
262:aufeis
258:Aufeis
250:aufeis
246:tundra
242:aufeis
238:aufeis
208:Impact
202:aufeis
198:aufeis
194:aufeis
189:aufeis
187:River
177:alpine
165:arctic
157:stream
117:aufeis
113:aufeis
109:aufeis
94:наледь
84:term,
78:icings
66:German
61:-fysse
28:Aufeis
1874:Esker
1703:Fjord
1678:Arête
1601:Surge
1561:Creep
1520:Sérac
1352:Types
1284:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
1098:S2CID
1063:JSTOR
709:S2CID
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654:JSTOR
482:S2CID
430:(PDF)
359:(2).
161:river
86:naled
1936:List
1884:Kame
1753:Tarn
1653:Tuya
1460:Firn
1259:ISSN
1214:help
1146:ISBN
966:ISSN
905:ISSN
860:2013
756:ISSN
701:ISSN
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