267:, which was not to seek independence but to affirm the right of speech. Also, a mass movement might turn violent, and he would not like to see Britain embarrassed by such a situation. That view was conveyed to Linlithgow by Gandhi they met 27 September 1940. Non-violence was set as the centerpiece of Individual Satyagraha by carefully selecting the Satyagrahis. The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya Vinoba Bhave (Bhoodan Movement), who was sent to jail after he spoke against the war. He was followed nearly by 25,000 individual satyagrahis. The second was Jawahar Lal Nehru. The third was Brahma Datt, one of the inmates of the Gandhi's Ashram. All were sent to jail for violating the
429:
is, I confess, that silly as the Muslim scheme for partition is, it would be a pity to throw too much cold water on it at the moment.' Linlithgow surmised that what Jinnah feared was a federal India dominated by Hindus. Part of the purpose of the famous
British 'August offer' of 1940 was to assure the Muslims that they would be protected against a 'Hindu Raj' as well as to hold over the discussion of the 1935 Act and a 'new constitution' until after the war.
243:
and power elements in the India’s national life". Moreover, as the
British Empire was pre-engaged in their war against the Germans, the period was unpropitious for addressing congressional issues in India. Therefore, Linlithgow stated that the constitutional future of India could be resolved in the future once the war was over by establishing a constituent assembly that was representative of the principal elements in India's national life. The
27:
196:, made the so-called "August Offer" at Simla, a fresh proposal promising the expansion of the Executive Council to include more Indians, the establishment of an advisory war council, giving weight to minority opinion, and the recognition of Indians' right to frame their own constitution after the end of the war. In return, it was hoped that all parties and communities in India would cooperate in Britain's war effort.
151:, were assured that no constitutional scheme was acceptable to the government without their agreement, which thus provided a veto power to the League. As the offer did not give a clear assurance for the establishment of Pakistan, the League did not accept it and it was assured for the establishment of Pakistan
428:
He made a serious misjudgement in underestimating Muslim sentiment before the outbreak of the war. He did not take the idea of 'Pakistan' seriously. After the adoption of the March 1940 Lahore resolution, calling for the creation of a separate state or states of
Pakistan, he wrote: 'My first reaction
459:
Viceroy
Linlithgow's 'August Offer', made in 1940, proposed Dominion status for India after the war, and the inclusion of Indians in a larger Executive Council and a new War Advisory Council, and promised that minority views would be taken into account in future constitutional revision. This was not
254:
Having not taken the
Pakistan idea seriously, Linlithgow supposed that what Jinnah actually wanted was a non-federal arrangement without Hindu domination. To allay Muslim fears of Hindu domination, the August Offer had been accompanied with the promise that a future constitution would take the views
242:
The
Congress trusted the intentions of the British government. Consequently, Linlithgow acorded that the British government "could contemplate the transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and tranquility of India to any system of Government whose authority is directly denied by large
135:
to include more
Indians, the establishment of an advisory war council, the giving of full weight to minority opinion, and the recognition of the Indians' right to frame their own constitution after the end of the war. In return, it was hoped that all parties and communities in India would co-operate
207:
Linlithgow was authorized to admit a limited number of Indian politicians to his executive council and to establish a war advisory council that included
Princes, politicians and other interests in the national life of India. However, Linlithgow warned the politicians that his proposal did not imply
203:
and the Indian
National Congress must be bridged before any significant constitutional settlement was made. Nevertheless, the Viceroy announced that the British government was now willing to move forward with governmental changes that would "associate Indian public opinion with the conduct of the
215:
The declaration marked an important advance over the existing state of things, as it recognised at least the natural and inherent right of the people of the country to determine the form of their future constitution, and explicitly promised
171:
softened its demands and offered to cooperate in the war if a transfer of authority in India was made to an interim government. The
British government's response to these demands was a statement delivered by the Viceroy,
199:
Linlithgow attempted to solve the Congress-Raj stalemate over popular control of India's defense. Linlithgow prefaced his proposal by reiterating that the differences in ideologies that separated the
233:
The minorities were assured that the government would not transfer power "to any system of government whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in Indian national life",
263:
The Congress was in a confused state again after the August Offer. The radicals and leftists wanted to launch a mass civil disobedience movement, but here Gandhi insisted on Individual
460:
enough to satisfy either the Congress or the Muslim League, who both rejected the offer in September, and shortly afterwards Congress launched a fresh campaign of civil disobedience.
271:, and many others were also later imprisoned. However, since it was not a mass movement, it attracted little enthusiasm, and in December 1940, Gandhi suspended it.
247:
meeting at Wardha on 21 August 1940 eventually rejected the offer, and asserted its demand for complete freedom from the imperial power.
167:
in June left Britain in immediate danger of German occupation. As the war was taking a menacing turn from the Allied point of view, the
513:
193:
173:
128:
518:
452:
421:
255:
of minorities into consideration. The Muslim League was not satisfied with Linlithgow's offer and rejected it in September.
91:
274:
The campaign started again in January 1941; this time, thousands of people joined and around 20,000 people were arrested.
63:
488:
358:
110:
70:
503:
132:
48:
77:
44:
323:
N. Jayapalan (2001). History Of India from National Movement To Present Day. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 55-61
209:
59:
346:
Kuracina, William (2010). The State and Governance in India: The Congress Ideal. Routledge. pp. 147-148.
268:
244:
168:
141:
200:
148:
37:
508:
411:
227:
After the war, a representative Indian body would be set up to frame a constitution for India.
442:
332:
Robin J. Moore, ‘Hope, Victor Alexander John, second marquess of Linlithgow (1887–1952)’,
84:
8:
278:
251:
viewed it as having widened the gulf between Nationalist India and the British ruler.
448:
417:
185:
160:
277:
Significant modifications were subsequently made to the August Offer in 1942 during
189:
137:
217:
164:
413:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization
497:
362:
264:
26:
409:
230:
The Viceroy's Executive Council would be expanded without delay.
248:
159:
A change of government took place in Britain in May 1940, when
444:
Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World
336:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
258:
495:
312:History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A.
299:History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A.
410:William Roger Louis; Wm. Roger Louis (2006).
440:
140:. However, the proposal was rejected by the
16:1940 Offer by British Government to India.
147:Moreover, the minorities, especially the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:that there would be any revision of the
334:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
223:The following proposals were included:
131:in 1940 promising the expansion of the
496:
237:
356:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
13:
489:August Offer: India's Constitution
475:, India Quarterly, 28:1, pp 69-74.
14:
530:
514:Military history of British India
314:Atlantic Publishers. pp. 281-283
301:Atlantic Publishers. pp. 281-283
136:in Britain's efforts during the
25:
473:New Light on the Cripps Mission
465:
434:
310:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002).
297:Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002).
184:On 8 August 1940, early in the
179:
36:needs additional citations for
403:
390:
377:
350:
339:
326:
317:
304:
291:
259:Individual Satyagraha: 1940-41
1:
416:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 397–.
284:
176:, known as the August Offer.
154:
127:was an offer made by Viceroy
519:Indian independence movement
447:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 41–.
210:Government of India Act 1935
7:
398:Churchill, Cripps and India
385:Churchill, Cripps and India
163:became prime minister. The
133:Viceroy's Executive Council
10:
535:
482:
471:Shyam Ratna Gupta (1972).
400:(Oxford) 1979 chapters 3-5
387:(Oxford) 1979 chapters 3-5
245:Congress Working Committee
169:Indian National Congress
142:Indian National Congress
201:All-India Muslim League
149:All-India Muslim League
504:India in World War II
441:L. J. Butler (2002).
269:Defence of India Act
45:improve this article
365:on 11 December 2008
238:Political reception
357:Steinberg, David.
454:978-1-86064-448-1
423:978-1-84511-347-6
186:Battle of Britain
161:Winston Churchill
121:
120:
113:
95:
526:
476:
469:
463:
462:
438:
432:
431:
407:
401:
394:
388:
381:
375:
374:
372:
370:
361:. Archived from
354:
348:
343:
337:
330:
324:
321:
315:
308:
302:
295:
190:Viceroy of India
138:Second World War
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
534:
533:
529:
528:
527:
525:
524:
523:
494:
493:
485:
480:
479:
470:
466:
455:
439:
435:
424:
408:
404:
395:
391:
382:
378:
368:
366:
355:
351:
344:
340:
331:
327:
322:
318:
309:
305:
296:
292:
287:
279:Cripps' mission
261:
240:
218:Dominion status
194:Lord Linlithgow
182:
174:Lord Linlithgow
157:
129:Lord Linlithgow
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
532:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
492:
491:
484:
481:
478:
477:
464:
453:
433:
422:
402:
389:
376:
359:"August Offer"
349:
338:
325:
316:
303:
289:
288:
286:
283:
260:
257:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
228:
181:
178:
165:Fall of France
156:
153:
119:
118:
60:"August Offer"
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
531:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:1940 in India
507:
505:
502:
501:
499:
490:
487:
486:
474:
468:
461:
456:
450:
446:
445:
437:
430:
425:
419:
415:
414:
406:
399:
396:Moore, R. J.
393:
386:
383:Moore, R. J.
380:
364:
360:
353:
347:
342:
335:
329:
320:
313:
307:
300:
294:
290:
282:
280:
275:
272:
270:
266:
256:
252:
250:
246:
232:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
170:
166:
162:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
472:
467:
458:
443:
436:
427:
412:
405:
397:
392:
384:
379:
367:. Retrieved
363:the original
352:
345:
341:
333:
328:
319:
311:
306:
298:
293:
276:
273:
262:
253:
241:
222:
214:
206:
198:
183:
180:August Offer
158:
146:
125:August Offer
124:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
498:Categories
285:References
265:Satyagraha
155:Background
101:April 2017
71:newspapers
369:30 April
483:Sources
85:scholar
451:
420:
249:Gandhi
204:war."
188:, the
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
92:JSTOR
78:books
449:ISBN
418:ISBN
371:2017
123:The
64:news
47:by
500::
457:.
426:.
281:.
220:.
212:.
192:,
144:.
373:.
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.