August Strindberg - Knowledge

1810:; these were generally not a success with audiences or newspaper critics at the time but have been highly influential on modern drama (and soon would reach wider audiences at Reinhardt's theatre in Berlin and other German stages). Strindberg had very specific ideas about how the theatre would be opened and operated. He drafted a series of rules for his theatre in a letter to August Falck: 1. No liquor. 2. No Sunday performances. 3. Short performances without intermissions. 4. No calls. 5. Only 160 seats in the auditorium. 6. No prompter. No orchestra, only music on stage. 7. The text will be sold at the box office and in the lobby. 8. Summer performances. Falck helped to design the auditorium, which was decorated in a deep-green tone. The ceiling lighting was a yellow silk cover which created an effect of mild daylight. The floor was covered with a deep-green carpet, and the auditorium was decorated by six ultra modern columns with elaborate up-to-date capitals. Instead of the usual restaurant Strindberg offered a lounge for the ladies and a smoking-room for the gentlemen. The stage was unusually small, only 6 by 9 metres. The small stage and minimal number of seats was meant to give the audience a greater feeling of involvement in the work. Unlike most theatres at this time, the Intima Teater was not a place in which people could come to socialize. By setting up his rules and creating an intimate atmosphere, Strindberg was able to demand the audience's focus. When the theatre opened in 1907 with a performance of 1791:, who had already published much of his work over the years, paid him 200,000 Swedish crowns for the publishing rights to his complete works; the first volumes of the edition would appear in print in 1912, a few months before his death. He invited his first three children (now, like their mother, living in Finland) to Stockholm and divided the money into five shares, one for each child, one for Siri (absent), and the last one for himself. In setting apart one share for Siri, Strindberg noted, in a shy voice, "This is for your mother - it's to settle an old debt". When the children returned to Helsinki, Siri was surprised to hear that she had been included, but accepted the money and told them in a voice that was, according to her daughter Karin, both proud and moved, "I shall accept it, receiving it as an old debt". The debt was less financial than mental and emotional; Strindberg knew he had sometimes treated her unfairly during the later years of their marriage and at their divorce trial. In 1912, she would pass away only a few weeks before him. 2506: 2551: 842:– he became infatuated with her. Strindberg described himself as a "failed author" at this time: "I feel like a deaf-mute," he wrote, "as I cannot speak and am not permitted to write; sometimes I stand in the middle of my room that seems like a prison cell, and then I want to scream so that walls and ceilings would fly apart, and I have so much to scream about, and therefore I remain silent." As a result of an argument in January 1876 concerning the inheritance of the family firm, Strindberg's relationship with his father was terminated (he did not attend his funeral in February 1883). From the beginning of 1876, Strindberg and Siri began to meet in secret, and that same year Siri and her husband divorced. Following a successful audition that December, Siri became an actress at the 2400:("the humbug explorer"). The ensuing debate, known as "Strindbergsfejden" or "The Strindberg Feud", is one of the most significant literary debates in Swedish history. It came to comprise about a thousand articles by various authors across some eighty newspapers, raging for two years until Strindberg's death in 1912. The Feud served to revive Strindberg's reputation as an implacable enemy of bourgeois tastes, while also reestablishing beyond doubt his centrality to Swedish culture and politics. In 1912, Strindberg's funeral was co-organized by Branting and heavily attended by members of the Swedish labor movement, with "more than 100 red banners" in attendance alongside the entire Social Democrat parliamentary contingent. 2566: 1718: 876: 1024: 2736: 2521: 2433: 632:, Strindberg describes a childhood affected by "emotional insecurity, poverty, religious fanaticism and neglect". When he was seven, the family moved to Norrtullsgatan on the northern, almost-rural, periphery of the city. A year later they moved near Sabbatsberg, where they stayed for three years before returning to Norrtullsgatan. He attended a harsh school in Klara for four years, an experience that haunted him in his adult life. He was moved to the school in Jakob in 1860, which he found far more pleasant, though he remained there for only a year. In the autumn of 1861, he was moved to the 1438: 381: 1324:(1889). As a result of the failure of the Scandinavian Experimental Theatre, Strindberg did not work as a playwright for three years. In 1889, he published an essay entitled "On Modern Drama and the Modern Theatre", in which he disassociated himself from naturalism, arguing that it was petty and unimaginative realism. His sympathy for Nietzsche's philosophy and atheism in general was also on the wane. He entered the period of his "Inferno crisis", in which he had psychological and religious upheavals that influenced his later works. 1344: 2273: 5459: 312: 1499: 2076: 937:, a four-part cultural history of Sweden written as a series of depictions of ordinary people's lives from the 9th century onwards, which he undertook mainly for financial reasons and which absorbed him for the next year; Larsson provided illustrations. At Strindberg's insistence, Siri resigned from the Royal Theatre in the spring, having become pregnant again. Their second daughter, Greta, was born on 9 June 1881, while they were staying on the island of 47: 2536: 2675: 1595: 2445: 2886: 5478: 1965:" because he felt that the resulting plays were mundane and uninteresting. Strindberg felt that true naturalism was a psychological "battle of brains": two people who hate each other in the immediate moment and strive to drive the other to doom is the type of mental hostility that Strindberg strove to describe. He intended his plays to be impartial and objective, citing a desire to make literature akin to a science. 1460:, who was twenty-three years younger than Strindberg. They were married in 1893. Less than a year later, their daughter Kerstin was born and the couple separated, though their marriage was not officially dissolved until 1897. Frida's family, in particular her mother, who was a devout Catholic, had an important influence on Strindberg, and in an 1894 letter he declared "I feel the hand of our Lord resting over me." 1229: 2872: 1864:(early signs of which had been felt in 1908). The final weeks of his life were painful. He had long since become a national celebrity, even if highly controversial, and when it became clear that he was seriously ill the daily papers in Stockholm began reporting on his health in every edition. He received many letters and telegrams from admirers across the country. He died on 14 May 1912 at the age of 63. 3174:(1886), Strindberg described his father as "an aristocrat by birth and upbringing"; quoted by Meyer (1985, 8). When Johan August was four his father was declared bankrupt; see Meyer (1985, 7). He had two elder brothers, Carl Axel and Oscar, who were born before their parents were married. After Johan August came another brother, Olle, and three sisters, Anna, Elisabeth, and Nora; see Meyer (1988, 3, 7). 611: 728: 2237:, begun in 1887 and published in 1893. Strindberg famously sought to insert a warning to lawmakers against "granting citizens' rights to half-apes, lower beings, sick children, sick and crazed thirteen times a year during their periods, completely insane while pregnant, and irresponsible throughout the rest of their lives." The paragraph was ultimately removed before printing by his publisher. 1832: 1539:'s mystical visions, with their depictions of spiritual landscape and Christian morality. Strindberg believed for the rest of his life that the relationship between the transcendental and the real world was described by a series of "correspondences" and that everyday events were really messages from above of which only the enlightened could make sense. He also felt that he was chosen by 1286:, which advocated the use of hypnosis. Strindberg developed a theory that sexual warfare was not motivated by carnal desire but by relentless human will. The winner was the one who had the strongest and most unscrupulous mind, someone who, like a hypnotist, could coerce a more impressionable psyche into submission. His view on psychological power struggles may be seen in works such as 1563:

that he was writing "realistically", he freely altered past events and biographical information, and telescoped chronology (as often done in most historical fiction): more importantly, he felt a flow of resurgent inspiration, writing almost twenty new plays (many in a historical setting) between 1898 and 1902. His new works included the so-called Vasa Trilogy:

1787:(friend of Strindberg since the mid-90s years in Paris, a prominent theologian and later to become archbishop of Sweden) was noted as a donor, and both he and Strindberg came under attack from circles close to the conservative party and the church. In total 45,000 Swedish crowns were collected, by more than 20,000 donors, most of whom were workers. 640:). His mother, Strindberg recalled later with bitterness, always resented her son's intelligence. She died when he was thirteen, and although his grief lasted for only three months, in later life he came to feel a sense of loss and longing for an idealized maternal figure. Less than a year after her death, his father married the children's 1491:(both printed in the same book 1898). Both volumes aroused curiosity and controversy, not least due to the religious element; earlier, Strindberg had been known to be indifferent or hostile to religion and especially priests, but now he had undergone some sort of conversion to a personal faith. In a postscript, he noted the impact of 2340:

believer. Inspired by humanitarian ideas, I have praised socialism. Five years later, you have proven to me the unreasonableness of socialism. Everything that once enthralled me you have invalidated! And presuming that I will now abandon myself to religion, I am certain that you will, in ten years, disprove religion. (Strindberg,

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funeral was postponed for five days, until Sunday, 19 May. According to Strindberg's last wish, the funeral procession was to start at 8am, again to avoid crowds, but large groups of people were nevertheless waiting outside his home as well as at the cemetery, as early as 7am. A short service was conducted by

1802:'s Kammerspiel Haus. Strindberg and Falck had the intention of the theatre being used for his plays and his plays only, Strindberg also wanted to try out a more chamber-oriented and sparse style of dramatic writing and production. In time for the theatre's opening, Strindberg wrote four chamber plays: 2348:

Despite his reactionary attitudes on issues such as women's rights and his conservative, mystical turn from the early 1890s, Strindberg remained popular with some in the socialist-liberal camp on the strength of his past radicalism and his continued salience as a literary modernizer. However, several

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Strindberg was a prolific letter-writer, whose private communications have been collected in several annotated volumes. He often voiced political views privately to friends and literary acquaintances, phrased in a no-holds-barred jargon of scathing attacks, drastic humor, and flippant hyperbole. Many

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by the bier in Strindberg's home, in the presence of three of Strindberg's children and his housekeeper, after which the coffin was taken outside for the funeral procession. The procession was followed by groups of students, workers, members of Parliament and a couple of cabinet ministers, and it was

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Strindberg's interest in photography resulted, among other things, in a large number of arranged self-portraits in various environments, which now number among the best-known pictures of him. Strindberg also embarked on a series of camera-less images, using an experimental quasi-scientific approach.

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Strindberg's paintings were unique for their time, and went beyond those of his contemporaries for their radical lack of adherence to visual reality. The 117 paintings that are acknowledged as his were mostly painted within the span of a few years, and are now seen by some as among the most original

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What is the purpose of having toiled through thirty years only to gain, through experience, that which I had already understood as a concept? In my youth, I was a sincere believer, and you have made me a free-thinker. Out of a free-thinker you have made me an atheist; out of an atheist, a religious

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was made. Strindberg had also requested that his funeral should take place as soon as possible after his death to avoid crowds of onlookers. However, the workers' organisations requested that the funeral should take place on a Sunday to make it possible for working men to pay their respects, and the

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it was a rather large hit. Strindberg used a minimal technique, as was his way, by only having a back drop and some sea shells on the stage for scene design and props. Strindberg was much more concerned with the actors portraying the written word than the stage looking pretty. The theatre ran into a

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In 1892, he experienced writer's block, which led to a drastic reduction in his income. Depression followed as he was unable to meet his financial obligations and to support his children and former wife. A fund was set up through an appeal in a German magazine. This money allowed him to leave Sweden

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was behind it. By the end of that year Strindberg was in a despondent mood: "My view now is," he wrote, "everything is shit. No way out. The skein is too tangled to be unravelled. It can only be sheared. The building is too solid to be pulled down. It can only be blown up." In May 1885 he wrote: "I

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in 1897 (which was re-staged in 1899 to mark Strindberg's fiftieth birthday). He had the desire to become recognized as a leadíng figure in Swedish literature, and to put earlier controversies behind him, and felt that historical dramas were the way to attain that status. Though Strindberg claimed

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I am a socialist, a nihilist, a republican, anything that is anti-reactionary!... I want to turn everything upside down to see what lies beneath; I believe we are so webbed, so horribly regimented, that no spring-cleaning is possible, everything must be burned, blown to bits, and then we can start

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Meyer (1985), 57–60. "All his life, Strindberg, while affecting to despise aristocrats, was unwillingly attracted by them." Strindberg in different works gives both late May and June as the date of their first meeting. Siri had performed as an amateur, but her husband did not want her to become a

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Strindberg was age 28 and Siri was 27 at the time of their marriage. He was 44 and Frida was 21 when they married, and he was 52 and Harriet was 23 when they married. Late during his life he met the young actress and painter Fanny Falkner (1890–1963) who was 41 years younger than Strindberg. She

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that encouraged the development and growth of crystals on the photographic emulsion, sometimes exposed for lengthy periods to heat or cold in the open air or at night facing the stars. The suggestiveness of these, which he called Celestographs, provided an object for contemplation, and he noted;

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and Ola Hanson had dismissed naturalism as "shoemaker realism" that rendered human experience in simplistic terms. This is believed to have stalled Strindberg's creativity, and Strindberg insisted that he was in a rivalry and forced to defend naturalism, even though he had exhausted its literary

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for his approval, though Zola's reaction was lukewarm. The drama revolves around the conflict between the Captain, a father, husband, and scientist, and his wife, Laura, over the education of their only child, a fourteen-year-old daughter named Berta. Through unscrupulous means, Laura gets the

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ideas. His views remained as fluid and eclectic as they were uncompromising, and on certain issues he could be wildly out of step with the younger generation of socialists. To Martin Kylhammar, the young Strindberg "was a 'reactionary radical' whose writing was populist and democratic but who

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Strindberg's opinions were typically stated with great force and vitriol, and sometimes humorously over-stated. He was involved in a variety of crises and feuds, skirmishing regularly with the literary and cultural establishment of his day, including erstwhile allies and friends. His youthful

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notes that "the entire liberal and democratic intelligentsia of the time distanced themselves from the older, left-wing antisemitism of August Strindberg." Yet, as with many things, Strindberg's opinions and passions shifted with time. In the mid-1880s he toned down and then mostly ended his

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by means of an abolition of conventional dramatic time and space and the splitting, doubling, merging, and multiplication of its characters – was an important precursor to both expressionism and surrealism. He also returned to writing historical drama, the genre with which he had begun his

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in southern Sweden. He supported himself in between studies as a substitute primary-school teacher and as a tutor for the children of two well-known physicians in Stockholm. He first left Uppsala in 1868 to work as a schoolteacher, but then studied chemistry for some time at the

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remain among his most celebrated novels, representing different genres and styles. He is often, though not universally, viewed as Sweden's greatest author, and taught in schools as a key figure of Swedish culture. The most important contemporary literary award in Sweden,

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Today, in these days of x-rays, the miracle was that neither a camera nor a lens was used. For me this means a great opportunity to demonstrate the real circumstances by means of my photographs made without a camera and lens, recording the firmament in early spring

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ideas. However, Strindberg's socialism was undogmatic and rooted in a ruthless critique of state, church, school, press, and economy in which he aimed at pitting the people against kings, economists, priests, and merchants. A small example from this period is his

846:. They married a year later, on 30 December 1877; Siri was seven months pregnant at the time. Their first child was born prematurely on 21 January 1878 and died two days later. On 9 January 1879, Strindberg was declared bankrupt. In November 1879, his novel 1177:. Part four, which dealt with the years from 1877 to 1886, was banned by his publishers and was not published until after his death. The three missing years, 1875–1877, were the time when Strindberg was wooing von Essen and their marriage; entitled 2353:, now dismissed the author as a "disaster" who had betrayed his past ideals for a reactionary, mystical elitism. In 1909, Branting remarked on Strindberg's shifting political and cultural posture, on the occasion of the author's sixtieth birthday: 716:, where it premièred on 13 September 1870. As he watched it performed, he realised that it was not good and felt like drowning himself, though the reviews published the following day were generally favourable. That year he also first read works of 1871:

in Stockholm. He had given strict instructions concerning his funeral and how his body should be treated after death: only members of his immediate family were allowed to view his body, there would be no autopsy, no photographs were taken, and no

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was published. A satire of Stockholm society, it has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel. While receiving mixed reviews in Sweden, it was acclaimed in Denmark, where Strindberg was hailed as a genius. As a result of

1519:"The Powers" were central to Strindberg's later work. He said that "the Powers" were an outside force that had caused him his physical and mental suffering because they were acting in retribution to humankind for their wrongdoings. As 2638:– a dark, paranoid, and confusing tale of his time in Paris, written in French, which takes the form of an autobiographical journal – Strindberg, as the narrator, claims to have successfully performed alchemical experiments and cast 452:(1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel. In Sweden, Strindberg is known as an essayist, painter, poet, and especially novelist and playwright, but in other countries he is known mostly as a playwright. 3873:

Meyer (1985, 89, 95) and Robinson (2009, xix). Lane gives the length of the production as six hours. The name of the theatre in Swedish is Nya Teatern. Two former theatres of Stockholm have used this name (one is also known as the

739:, he began to use colloquial and realistic speech in his historical dramas, which challenged the convention that they should be written in stately verse. During the Christmas holiday of 1870–71, he re-wrote a historical tragedy, 2122:, but, especially from the 1890s, he espoused conservative and religious views that alienated many former supporters. He resumed his attacks on conservative society with great vigor in the years immediately preceding his death. 789:

rejected it, leading to decades of rewrites, bitterness, and a contempt for official institutions. Returning to the university for what would be his final term in the spring, he left on 2 March 1872, without graduating. In

975:. In March 1882 he wrote in a letter to Josephson: "My interest in the theatre, I must frankly state, has but one focus and one goal – my wife's career as an actress"; Josephson duly cast her in two roles the following season. 1209:(1884) on Strindberg because he felt that Ibsen viewed him as a weak and pathetic husband; he reworked the situation of Ibsen's play into a warfare between the two sexes. From November 1887 to April 1889, Strindberg stayed in 1301:

In 1888, after a separation and reconciliation with Siri von Essen, he founded the Scandinavian Experimental Theatre in Copenhagen, where Siri became manager. He asked writers to send him scripts, which he received from

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Similar to twenty years earlier when he frequented The Red Room, he now went to the German tavern The Black Porker. Here he met a diverse group of artists from Scandinavia, Poland, and Germany. His attention turned to

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in 1884, Strindberg later became disenchanted with what he viewed as an unnatural equation of the sexes. In times of personal conflict and marital trouble (which was much of the time), he could lash out with crudely

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in March 1874, in which he praised the library and its chief librarian, may have prompted his acceptance. After taking several periods of unpaid leave in 1881–82, he finally resigned from the library on 31 August

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and dramatized a doomed sexual encounter that crosses the division of social classes. It is believed that this play was inspired by the marriage of Strindberg, the son of a servant, to an aristocratic woman.

2495:, and was thus familiar with modern trends, the spontaneous and subjective expressiveness of his landscapes and seascapes can be ascribed also to the fact that he painted only in periods of personal crisis. 3193:

as a biographical source. Lagercrantz notes Strindberg's "talent to make us believe what he wants us to believe" and his unwillingness to accept any characterization of his person other than his own (1984).

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Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 350); on 23 August 1896 he wrote in a letter to Torsten Hedlund: "You said recently that people are looking for the Zola of occultism. That I feel is my vocation."

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Another change in his life after the trial is that Strindberg decided he wanted a scientific life instead of a literary one, and began to write about non-literary subjects. When he was 37, he began

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and Stockholm, alternately studying for examinations and trying his hand at non-academic pursuits. As a young student, Strindberg also worked as an assistant in a pharmacy in the university town of

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in Literature, dedicated much of his acceptance speech to describing Strindberg's influence on his work, and referred to him as "that greatest genius of all modern dramatists." Argentinian writer

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in Sweden. Two groups "led by influential members of the upper classes, supported by the right-wing press" probably instigated the prosecution; at the time, most people in Stockholm thought that

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former admirers were disappointed and troubled by what they viewed as Strindberg's descent into religious conservatism and, perhaps, madness. His former ally and friend, Social Democrat leader

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During the 1890s he spent significant time abroad engaged in scientific experiments and studies of the occult. A series of apparent psychotic attacks between 1894 and 1896 (referred to as his "

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emitted by an "infernal machine" covertly installed in his hotel. It remains unclear to what extent the book represents a genuine attempt at autobiography or exaggerates for literary effect.

636:, a progressive private school for middle-class boys, where he remained for six years. As a child he had a keen interest in natural science, photography, and religion (following his mother's 959:, eventually opting for the prose version – the five-hour-long production opened on 30 December 1881 under the direction of August Lindberg to favourable reviews. While this production of 3468:

Meyer (1985, 41–3). After asking when he could expect the next payment in the spring of 1872, he was informed that it was not a regular arrangement, but was sent one further payment.

1318:(1893). Strindberg also became interested in short drama, called Quart d'heure. He was inspired by writers such as Gustave Guiche and Henri de Lavedan. His notable contribution was 5300:

Gundlach, Angelika; Scherzer, Jörg (Ed.): Der andere Strindberg – Materialien zu Malerei, Photographie und Theaterpraxis, Frankfurt a. M.: Insel-Verlag, 1981. ISBN 3-458-31929-8

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dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed innovative forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition. He is considered the "father" of modern

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Some critics think that Strindberg suffered from severe paranoia in the mid-1890s, and perhaps that he temporarily experienced insanity. Others, including Evert Sprinchorn and

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in southern Sweden, a sojourn during which he made a number of new friendships, felt his mental stability and health improving and also firmly returned to literary writing;

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has been converted to a belief in the sickly, empty gospels of mysticism – let us wish, from our hearts, that he may once again become his past self. (Hjalmar Branting, in

3882:, was demolished in 1908). August Lindberg took over from Edvard Stjernström, who founded the one known as the Swedish Theatre; see Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 89). 4079:"Strindberg, August. Translated and with an Introduction by Donald K. Weaver. Series: Studies on Themes and Motifs in Literature – Volume 101. Peter Lang, New York, 2010" 1225:, which had its première on 14 November 1887 at the Casino Theatre in Copenhagen. It enjoyed a successful run for eleven days after which it toured the Danish provinces. 535:

on Antoine's theatre and he explored the theory of Naturalism in his essays "On Psychic Murder" (1887), "On Modern Drama and the Modern Theatre" (1889), and a preface to

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In April 1910, Strindberg launched a series of unprompted, insult-laden attacks on popular conservative symbols, viciously thrashing the nationalist cult of former king

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To the young Strindberg, the trail-blazer, the rouser from sleep, let us offer all our praise and admiration. To the writer in a more mature age a place of rank on the

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Strindberg's misogyny was at odds with the younger generation of socialist activists and has drawn attention in contemporary Strindberg scholarship. So has Strindberg's

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Meyer (1985), 53. He was accepted for the position despite not possessing the requisite university degree; it is possible that two articles that had been published in

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before his marriage to Frida; it has been suggested that the news of her murder in 1901 was the reason he cancelled his honeymoon with his third wife, Harriet.

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By the early 1880s, many young political and literary radicals in Sweden had come to view Strindberg as a champion of their causes. However, in contrast to the

1072:. During the summer he completed a sequel volume of stories, though some were quite different in tone from those of the first. Another collection of stories, 2598:

His interest in the occult in the 1890s finds sympathy with the chance quality of these images, but for him they are also scientific. In 1895 Strindberg met

6355: 1823:. The theatre eventually went bankrupt in 1910, but did not close until Strindberg's death in 1912. The newspapers wrote about the theatre until its death. 2256:

outbursts were particularly pronounced in the early 1880s, when Strindberg dedicated an entire chapter ("Moses") in a work of social and political satire,

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Internationally, Strindberg is chiefly remembered as a playwright, but in his native Sweden his name is associated no less with novels and other writings.

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and Nathalia Larsen. Less than a year later, with the theatre and reconciliation short lived, he moved back to Sweden while Siri moved back to her native

1203:, Strindberg himself was experiencing marital problems and doubted the paternity of his children. He also suspected that Ibsen had based Hjalmar Ekdal in 1849:

opened on 9 April 1912 at the Berkeley Theatre in New York, in a translation by painter and playwright Edith Gardener Shearn Oland and her husband actor

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in January 1870 to study aesthetics and modern languages and to work on a number of plays. It was at this time that he first learnt about the ideas of

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wrote that the novel "makes the reader want to join the fight against hypocrisy and reaction." In his response to Brandes, Strindberg explained that:

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Robinson (2009, xviii). Meyer gives the collection's date of publication as December 1876, while Lagercrantz and Robinson give it as December 1877.

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Toward the end of his life, however, Strindberg would dramatically reassert his role as a radical standard-bearer and return to the good graces of

1372:, Strindberg suspected von Essen was having a long-term affair with David, and he violently assaulted her, precipitating the end of the marriage. 2806:

at a rapid pace. Problems of prostitution and poverty were debated among writers, critics and politicians. His early writing often dealt with the

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Strindberg wanted to attain what he called "greater Naturalism". He disliked the expository character backgrounds that characterise the work of

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In 1903, Strindberg planned to write a grand cycle of plays based on world history, but the idea soon faded. He had completed short plays about

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in Stockholm), but it was rejected. He socialised with writers, painters, journalists, and other librarians; they often met in the Red Room in

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on the "vacillating, disintegrated" characters is emphasized. Strindberg modeled his short-lived Scandinavian Experimental Theatre (1889) in

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wrote a book which illuminates his last years, but the exact nature of their relationship is debated. He had a brief affair in Berlin with

1097:(1886), was his first in a contemporary setting. After the trial he evaluated his religious beliefs, and concluded that he needed to leave 1079:

In 1885, they moved back to Paris. In September 1887 he began to write a novel in French about his relationship with Siri von Essen called

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at the beginning of the 15th century about the conflict between two masons over the completion of the city cathedral, which opened at the

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August Strindberg's Inferno is his personal account of sinking deeper into some kind of madness, typified by visions and paranoia. In

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Strindberg embarked on his career as a journalist and critic for newspapers in Stockholm. He was particularly excited at this time by

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with the children. While there, he rode out the final phase of the divorce and later used this agonizing ordeal for the basis of

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of Swedish literature, transformed, eventually, into the role of a sort of ill-tempered towering giant of Swedish public life.

4396: 6581: 6571: 6476: 5372: 5065: 4899: 4736: 3221: 1364:

On midsummer's day, 1891, while staying with Siri and her close friend, the Danish woman Marie Caroline David, on the island

5724: 4570: 2106:, Strindberg was difficult to pigeon-hole as a political figure. Through his long career, he penned scathing attacks on the 672:

in Stockholm. In May 1869, he failed his qualifying chemistry examination which in turn made him uninterested in schooling.

644:, Emilia Charlotta Pettersson. According to his sisters, Strindberg came to regard them as his worst enemies. He passed his 6726: 6491: 6421: 5990: 5336: 2859: 1483:(1897), a (half fictionalized) account of his "wilderness years" in Austria and Paris, then a collection of short stories, 233: 704:

halfway through in the face of criticism from the Rune Society, on 30 March he completed a one-act comedy in verse called

6546: 6471: 6299: 3244:

Strindberg bodde större delen av sin uppväxt i olika malmgårdar nära Norrtull. Längs bodde man på Norrtullsgatan 14, där

2863: 2603: 2233:

statements. His troubled marriage with Siri von Essen, ended in an upsetting divorce in 1891, became the inspiration for

2565: 6761: 6746: 6741: 6551: 6496: 6426: 5698: 5386: 5356: 2696: 1780: 1612: 6751: 6676: 6646: 5285: 5277: 5242: 5220: 5198: 5175: 5091: 5032: 4935: 4916: 4862: 4829: 4813: 4798: 4783: 4768: 4751: 4721: 4255: 3016: 2722: 1634: 5361: 5329: 2704: 2476:

Painting and photography offered vehicles for his belief that chance played a crucial part in the creative process.

6736: 6656: 6621: 6506: 6501: 6481: 6441: 6431: 6411: 4521: 4315: 1968:

Following the inner turmoil that he experienced during the "Inferno crisis", he wrote an important book in French,

4373: 4224: 2899:

La cruauté et le théâtre de Strindberg de Pascale Roger, coll "Univers théâtral", L'Harmattan, Paris, 2004, 278 p.

2661:

has suggested that Strindberg staged and imagined elements of the crisis as material for his literary production.

2520: 1027:

Newspaper illustration of Strindberg's reception on his return to Stockholm on 20 October 1884 to face charges of

668:

in Stockholm in preparation for medical studies, later working as a private tutor before becoming an extra at the

6771: 6691: 6561: 6486: 6416: 6029: 5878: 2798:

by contemporaries and modern readers. Marriage and families were under stress in Strindberg's lifetime as Sweden

1991: 448: 185: 5335: 1543:

to atone for the moral decay of others and that his tribulations were payback for misdeeds earlier in his life.

6696: 5905: 5851: 2853: 2700: 2651: 1616: 622:

Strindberg was born on 22 January 1849 in Stockholm, Sweden, the third surviving son of Carl Oscar Strindberg (

5776: 3011:. Schroeder, Jonathan E., Stenport, Anna Westerståhl,, Szalczer, Eszter, editors. New York: Bloomsbury. 2018. 1816: 1558:

were written there. In 1899, he returned permanently to Stockholm, following a successful production there of

767:

opened at the Royal Theatre on 16 October 1871. Despite hostile reviews, the play earned him an audience with

750: 550:, he resolved after his recovery to become "the Zola of the Occult". In 1898 he returned to play-writing with 6576: 5667: 2821:, which is open to visitors. It contains numerous of Strindberg's personal possessions including his piano. 1441: 971:, which opened on 22 December 1883, brought him his first significant success, although he dismissed it as a 665: 27: 5829:

Strindberg, August, "The New Arts! or The Role of Chance in Artistic Creation", in Robinson, Michael (ed.),

5647: 5596: 6716: 6651: 6036: 5941: 2244:

rhetoric. Although particularly targeting Jewish enemies of his in Swedish cultural life, he also attacked

2118:. For most of his public life, he was seen as a major figure on the literary left and a standard-bearer of 1798:

in Stockholm, together with the young actor and stage director August Falck. His theatre was modeled after

1404:(1892) was inspired by the loss of his children in his divorce. He also completed one of his few comedies, 1043: 1033: 471: 193: 3009:

August Strindberg and visual culture : the emergence of optical modernity in image, text, and theatre

6731: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6641: 6636: 6606: 5910: 5269: 3875: 950: 888: 824: 466: 20: 4695:

Falkner (1921). The book's title includes the name of Strindberg's home in his final years (Bla Tornet).

794:(1877), a collection of short stories describing student life, he ridiculed Uppsala and its professors. 6721: 6671: 6666: 6616: 6611: 6406: 6391: 6225: 6064: 5871: 5600: 5582: 3040: 1970: 1672: 1375:

After his disenchantment with naturalism, Strindberg had a growing interest in transcendental matters.

810: 775:. Towards the end of the year Strindberg completed a first draft of his first major work, a play about 539:, the last of which is probably the best-known statement of the principles of the theatrical movement. 217: 6204: 4272: 1717: 1127:(1889) were influenced by his study of Rousseau. He then moved to Germany, where he fell in love with 6556: 6284: 2178: 1981:

Strindberg subsequently ended his association with Naturalism and began to produce works informed by

1930: 1795: 1772: 1449: 897: 848: 574: 5754: 5425: 4594: 1788: 1764:

and wrote to Strindberg for permission. In September 1906 he staged the first Swedish production of

875: 688:. He co-founded the Rune Society, a small literary club whose members adopted pseudonyms taken from 6596: 6156: 6151: 5610: 2735: 2685: 1868: 1023: 99: 4470: 2149:

took aim at public hypocrisy, royalty, and organized religion. He was, at this time, an outspoken

426:

throughout his life, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic

5638: 2689: 2626: 2466: 2201: 2024: 1986: 1845: 1605: 1271: 1190: 895:

Strindberg and Siri's daughter Karin was born on 26 February 1880. Buoyant from the reception of

435: 163: 5408: 2432: 1655:

was a big supporter of his, staging some of his plays at the Kleines Theatre in 1902 (including

6294: 6180: 6174: 6161: 6146: 4547: 4186: 3999:

Lagercrantz (1984, 55), Meyer (1985, 178–179), and Schleussner (1912). The title of the novel (

3319:

Meyer (1985, 15). Together they had a son, Emil, who was born in the year after their marriage.

2186: 1974:(1896–7), in which he dramatised his experiences. He also exchanged a few cryptic letters with 1699: 1199:

Captain to doubt his fatherhood until he suffers a mental and physical collapse. While writing

910: 843: 786: 713: 669: 456: 6050: 5830: 5632: 4327: 2437: 1950: 1119: 546:

crisis") led to his hospitalization and return to Sweden. Under the influence of the ideas of

6112: 6057: 5692: 5673: 2449: 2393: 2158: 2103: 1380: 1369: 1114: 1081: 921:. A collected edition of all of Strindberg's previous writings was published under the title 487:(1889), he created naturalistic dramas that – building on the established accomplishments of 46: 5187: 4651: 4146: 2817:

in central Stockholm, where he lived from 1908 until 1912. It is now a museum, known as the

820: 6401: 6396: 6197: 6043: 5653: 5325: 3189: 3170: 2634: 2182: 2134:

of his most controversial political statements are drawn from this private correspondence.

2107: 1935: 1532: 1233: 1185: 1165: 1142:'s philosophies, which emphasized the male intellect. Nietzsche's influence can be seen in 768: 628: 294: 158: 5804: 717: 8: 5429: 4729:

Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present.

4330:, August Strindberg, Edited by Michael Robinson, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 233 2650:, as he writes of being stalked through Paris, haunted by evil forces, and targeted with 2269:

anti-Jewish rhetoric, after publicly declaring himself not to be an anti-Semite in 1884.

2225: 2119: 1975: 1524: 1139: 1138:

status of the officer corps. After that, he grew very critical of Rousseau and turned to

809:. From December 1874, Strindberg worked for eight years as an assistant librarian at the 798: 736: 5497: 4972: 2487:

seascapes, selling at high prices in auction houses. Though Strindberg was friends with

1878: 1784: 1528: 1437: 1335:

and its possible implications for Strindberg's mental health during the inferno period.

978:

Having returned to Kymmendö during the summer of 1882, Strindberg wrote a collection of

5787: 5541: 3034: 2794:

Strindberg's relationships with women were troubled and have often been interpreted as

2647: 2599: 2264:). Although anti-Jewish prejudice was far from uncommon in wider society in the 1880s, 2205: 2115: 1894: 1506: 1492: 1259: 1020:, where he stayed for some years. On 3 April 1884, Siri gave birth to their son, Hans. 979: 709: 701: 681: 649: 547: 528: 510: 443: 5511: 5441: 4344: 6289: 6011: 5927: 5591: 5454: 5404: 5382: 5368: 5352: 5313: 5281: 5273: 5263: 5238: 5216: 5194: 5171: 5152: 5126: 5100: 5087: 5061: 5041: 5028: 5008: 4982: 4956: 4931: 4912: 4895: 4871: 4858: 4838: 4825: 4809: 4794: 4779: 4764: 4747: 4732: 4717: 4251: 4191: 3245: 3226: 3080:

Carlson (1993, 280), Innes (2000, 22), Lane (1998, 1040), and Williams (1952, 77–80).

3022: 3012: 2818: 2535: 2285: 2221: 1922: 1914: 1546:

Strindberg had spent the tail end of 1896 and most of 1897 in the university town of

1540: 1358: 1331:(1985), James Spens discusses Strindberg's drinking habits, including his liking for 1131: 992: 772: 745: 633: 615: 558: 519:, characterisation replaces plot as the predominant dramatic element (in contrast to 415: 6360: 2932: 2060: 1938:

movement. His works from this time are often compared with the Norwegian playwright

1776: 1343: 6335: 6218: 6167: 6140: 6004: 5955: 5623: 5463: 5396: 5259: 5230: 5208: 5182: 4107: 4064: 3811:

Meyer (1985, 81, 86). The first two volumes appeared in November and December 1880.

3184: 2658: 2622: 2404: 2350: 2111: 2003: 1982: 1464: 1430: 1376: 1248: 1152: 1056: 946: 593: 569: 483: 465:, in 1872; it was not until 1881, when he was thirty-two, that its première at the 375: 326: 249: 209: 3231: 2629:

interests were pursued by Strindberg with some intensity for periods of his life.

2272: 2170: 1263: 504: 6370: 6211: 6071: 5734: 5445: 4951:, vol. 1: The Father, Countess Julie, The Outlaw, The Stronger, Boston: Luce 4891: 4576: 2788: 2174: 1511: 1502: 623: 5578: 5555: 5142: 5080: 3203: 2829: 2824:

Of several statues and busts of him erected in Stockholm, the most prominent is

2418: 2284:, without necessarily making his peace with the church. As noted by Stockholm's 2083: 1420:'s Freie Bühne theatre premiered some of his famous works in Germany, including 6320: 6260: 5563: 5534: 5450: 5304:

Hallström, Fatima (February 2002). "Strindberg: The Verbalizer as Visualizer".

5116: 4627:"Traces of/by nature:August Strindberg's photographic experiments of the 1890s" 4016: 3879: 3778: 2877: 2799: 2756: 2280:

A self-declared atheist in his younger years, Strindberg would also re-embrace

2261: 1910: 1861: 1860:

and he never recovered completely. He also began to suffer more clearly from a

1853:. They jointly published their translations of his plays in book form in 1912. 1354: 1267: 1218: 1174: 1090: 1001: 926: 914: 880: 858: 835: 828: 689: 685: 496: 388: 311: 267: 5504: 5490: 4998: 4946: 3026: 626:) and Eleonora Ulrika Norling (a serving-maid). In his autobiographical novel 6385: 6278: 6272: 5983: 5962: 5617: 5317: 5075: 4141: 4095: 3861: 2891: 2772: 2760: 2740: 2484: 2382: 2276:

The title page of the first edition of August Strindbergs "Inferno" from 1897

2260:, dedicated to heckling Swedish Jews (including an unflattering portrayal of 2138: 1962: 1840: 1799: 1750: 1722: 1679: 1652: 1520: 1498: 1214: 1205: 721: 700:(Seed), after the god of fertility. After abandoning a draft of a play about 645: 578: 411: 298: 279: 5708: 2814: 2606:. He gave some of his experimental astronomical photographs to the Society. 1195: 1069: 500: 5997: 5969: 4496: 4446: 4421: 2807: 2803: 2745: 2492: 2488: 2305: 2281: 2209: 2053: 1997: 1958: 1939: 1906: 1898: 1850: 1839:

Strindberg died shortly after the first staging of one of his plays in the

1691: 1648: 1577: 1347: 1320: 1283: 1117:

nature worshiping, which he had studied while a student, as one. His works

1004:, just south of Paris, France, where Larsson was staying. He then moved to 987: 918: 588: 564: 492: 488: 241: 168: 5027:, New York: Twayne Publishers & The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 4318:, August Strindberg, Edited by Evert Sprinchorn, Anchor Books, 1968, p. 62 6330: 6315: 6239: 5976: 5934: 5296: 4032:. It received its première on 23 October 1905 at the Lustspieltheater in 3856:

Meyer (1985, 91) and Robinson (2009, xix). Meyer translates the title as

2639: 2496: 2389: 2321: 2253: 2241: 2190: 2012: 1918: 1902: 1815:

financial difficulty in February 1908 and Falck had to borrow money from

1754: 1307: 1303: 1173:, describes his years as a poet and journalist; it ends with his meeting 1101:, though he had been Lutheran since childhood; and after briefly being a 1098: 1048: 1013: 955: 815: 781: 776: 754: 552: 461: 225: 2075: 1985:. He is considered one of the pioneers of the modern European stage and 938: 6365: 6345: 5948: 5587: 5265:

The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought

4997:

Oland, Wärner, transl.; Strindberg, August (1912), Oland, Edith (ed.),

2781: 2462: 2397: 2313: 2265: 2099: 2091: 2018: 1944: 1873: 1702:

convinced him to put on a new play for its sixtieth birthday. He wrote

1668: 1619: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1536: 1417: 1254: 1238: 1210: 1128: 964: 917:

played Margaretha. That spring he formed a friendship with the painter

712:, which he had begun the previous autumn. The play was accepted by the 532: 503:'s manifesto "Naturalism in the Theatre" (1881) and the example set by 477: 439: 423: 422:

during his career, which spanned four decades. A bold experimenter and

391: 201: 5819: 3093:; see Carlson (1993, 281), Innes (2000, 12–13), and Lane (1998, 1040). 1913:

are among the many artists who have cited Strindberg as an influence.

1779:, the first woman and first Swede to win the award. The leader of the 1365: 838:, a 24-year-old aspiring actress who, by virtue of her husband, was a 6266: 6232: 5435: 4744:

Strindberg and the Five Senses: Studies in Strindberg's Chamber Plays

3364:

Meyer (1985, 31). The membership was restricted to a maximum of nine.

3207: 2825: 2766: 2618: 2585: 2408: 2396:("the spirit-seer of Djursholm"), and the famous author and traveler 2358: 2325: 2309: 2297: 2154: 2150: 2079: 1925:

said of Strindberg: " was, for a time, my god, alongside Nietzsche".

1857: 1472: 1457: 1258:. He wrote the play with a Parisian stage in mind, in particular the 1052: 1028: 986:. While there, to provide a lead role for his wife and as a reply to 972: 641: 520: 431: 273: 145: 71: 5863: 5839: 2674: 1594: 1076:, was published in September 1885, though it was not well received. 5472: 4977:, vol. 2: Comrades, Facing Death, Pariah, Easter, Boston: Luce 2795: 2458: 2312:; in the years after the crisis (1897 – 1911) he was influenced by 2301: 2230: 2213: 1883: 1695: 1332: 1000:, which opened on 25 November 1882 at the New Theatre. He moved to 727: 568:(1902) – with its radical attempt to dramatize the workings of the 524: 419: 403: 395: 5743: 5677: 2885: 5857: 5657: 5468: 4971:

Oland, Edith; Oland, Wärner, transl.; Strindberg, August (1912),

4945:

Oland, Edith; Oland, Wärner, transl.; Strindberg, August (1912),

3132:

Lane (1998, 1041), Meyer (1985, 374), and Williams (1952, 86–93).

2614: 2470: 2444: 2288:, the personal and spiritual crisis that Strindberg underwent in 2249: 2197: 1311: 1135: 1106: 1061: 906: 757: 693: 656: 637: 427: 407: 5606: 4171:

August Strindberg: the spirit of revolt: studies and impressions

4017:

A public domain English-language translation is available online

1928:

A multi-faceted author, Strindberg was often extreme. His novel

1228: 4033: 2654: 2317: 1831: 1476: 1468: 1086: 135: 75: 4338: 4336: 3891:

Lane (1998, 1040), Meyer (1985, 96), and Robinson (2009, xix).

941:. That month, a collection of essays from the past ten years, 610: 4065:"August Strindberg - dömd för misshandel i Värmdö häradsrätt" 2289: 2063:

dedicated his first Symphony, which was finished in 1914, to

1768:. August Falck, played Jean and Manda Bjorling played Julie. 1687: 1683: 1213:. While there he had several opportunities to meet with both 1110: 1102: 1017: 1005: 839: 697: 618:, whose harsh discipline haunted Strindberg in his adult life 5693:

August Strindberg and absinthe; in his life and in his works

2871: 2335:, Strindberg notes his ideological and spiritual evolution: 2217:

persisted in an antiquated romanticizing of agrarian life."

1408:(1893), and the first two parts of his post-inferno trilogy 359: 4367: 4365: 4333: 3459:

was first published in December 1876; see Meyer (1985), 71.

2245: 1882:

estimated that up to 60,000 people lined the streets. King

1547: 1031:

arising from a story in the first volume of his collection

963:

was his breakthrough in the theatre, Strindberg's five-act

660: 399: 5003:, vol. 3: "Swanwhite, Advent, The Storm, Boston: Luce 4731:

Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

1008:, which they found noisy and polluted. Income earned from 933:, a Copenhagen daily newspaper. In April he began work on 577:

from 1907, a small-scale theatre in Stockholm, modeled on

5760: 1760:

August Falck, an actor, wanted to put on a production of

1282:(1887), he referred to the psychological theories of the 362: 341: 5362:

Schroeder, J., Stenport, A., and Szalczer, E., editors,

4362: 3183:

Merriam-Webster (1995, 1074–5). One of his biographers,

2769:: married 1893–1895, (2 years) 1 daughter (Kerstin); and 2763:, Greta, and another who died in infancy), 1 son (Hans); 1041:

In 1884 Strindberg wrote a collection of short stories,

26:"Black Banners" redirects here. Not to be confused with 6090:

August Strindberg's Little Catechism for the Underclass

5141:

Schluessner, Ellie, transl; Strindberg, August (1913),

5115:

Schluessner, Ellie, transl; Strindberg, August (1912),

4793:. Trans. Anselm Hollo. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. 4398:

Nationalupplagan, samlade verk 25: En dåres försvarstal

4316:

Inferno, Alone, and other writings: In new translations

3557: 3555: 2775:: married 1901–1904 (3 years), 1 daughter (Anne-Marie). 1747:

Black Banners Genre Scenes from the Turn of the Century

1675:, Reinhardt took over and produced Strindberg's plays. 1479:

before returning to literature with the publication of

5235:

The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists

1934:(1879) made him famous. His early plays belong to the 1783:

started a fund-raiser for a special "people's award".

1698:. He wrote another historical drama in 1908 after the 1252:, Strindberg completed one of his most famous pieces, 1051:

light and for which he was tried for and acquitted of

387:; 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a 5140: 5114: 5060:, Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 4808:

Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 1040–41.

4714:

Twentieth-Century Swedish Writers Before World War II

4250:. Vol. 3. New York: Penguin Books. p. 179. 3860:. The collection includes Strindberg's assessment of 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 2169:

He read widely among progressive thinkers, including

1804:

Thunder in the Air, The Burned Site, The Ghost Sonata

1184:

In the later half of the 1880s Strindberg discovered

562:(1909), is a dream-play of spiritual pilgrimage. His 344: 332: 5492:

The Father, Countess Julie, The Outlaw, The Stronger

5391:

Stamper, Judith (1975), review of the production of

4970: 4944: 4670:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 260. 4167: 4028:

Robinson (2009, xxi). The play's original title was

3630:

Lagercrantz (1984, 60–61) and Meyer (1985, 63, 109).

3552: 2867: 523:

and the well-made play) and the determining role of

356: 350: 338: 335: 5023:Paulson, Arvid, transl; Strindberg, August (1970), 4886:Strindberg, August (1995), McLeish, Kenneth (ed.), 4853:Strindberg, August; Martinus, Eivor, trans (1990), 4820:Strindberg, August; Martinus, Eivor, trans (1987), 4761:

Nordic Landscape Painting in the Nineteenth Century

4273:"A Correspondence between Nietzsche and Strindberg" 3202:Meyer (1985, 9–10). Norrtullsgatan is not far from 2810:imposed by society, which he criticized as unjust. 1942:. Strindberg's best-known play from this period is 1856:During Christmas 1911, Strindberg became sick with 469:gave him his theatrical breakthrough. In his plays 329: 5436:English-language translations in the public domain 5186: 5079: 5074: 4852: 4819: 4222: 3918:Meyer (1985, 81, 102) and Robinson (2009, xix–xx). 3385: 3168:Meyer (1985, 3–4). In his autobiographical novel, 913:on 3 May 1880 (his first première in nine years); 771:, who supported his studies with a payment of 200 763:(1802). Following further revision in the summer, 495:while rejecting their use of the structure of the 5845: 5550:Public domain translations of Strindberg's novels 5022: 4746:. London and New Brunswick, New Jersey: Athlone. 4304:August Strindbergs lilla katekes för underklassen 3829:Meyer (1985, 83, 90–97) and Robinson (2009, xix). 3789: 3787: 3728: 3726: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3283: 2949: 2947: 929:, Strindberg began to contribute articles to the 19:"Strindberg" redirects here. For other uses, see 6383: 5485:Public domain translations of Strindberg's drama 5293:Strindberg: An Introduction to His Life and Work 2752:Strindberg was married three times, as follows: 2361:of European erudition. But to the Strindberg of 1948:. Among his most widely read works is the novel 1232:First Stockholm production of Strindberg's 1888 6517:20th-century Swedish dramatists and playwrights 6452:19th-century Swedish dramatists and playwrights 5800:Review of exhibition of paintings by Strindberg 4996: 3210:'s grand statue of Strindberg was later placed. 857:, he had become famous throughout Scandinavia. 434:, and historical plays to his anticipations of 5381:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982. 5351:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. 5295:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965 4519: 3784: 3723: 3301: 3280: 3141:Carlson (1993, 346–347) and Lane (1998, 1041). 2944: 2743:, as Indra's Daughter in the 1907 première of 807:Main Currents of Nineteenth-Century Literature 5879: 5331:"The Eccentricity of August Strindberg" 5168:The Social and Religious Plays of Strindberg. 4653:Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France 3878:, which burnt-down in 1925, while the other, 3159:Lane (1998, 1041) and Williams (1952, 96–99). 2759:: married 1877–1891 (14 years), 3 daughters ( 2200:-influenced socialism then rising within the 1771:In 1909, Strindberg thought he might get the 5343:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 71–105 5157:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5131:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5105:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5058:The Cambridge Companion to August Strindberg 5046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5013:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4987:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4961:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4843:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4804:Lane, Harry. 1998. "Strindberg, August." In 4178: 3802:Meyer (1985, 81–2) and Robinson (2009, xix). 2938:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2292:in the 1890s, which prompted the writing of 1581:(written in 1901, first performed in 1907). 1085:. In 1887, they moved to Issigatsbühl, near 582: 508: 5858:Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY) 4680: 4575:(in Russian), RU: SPB, 2001, archived from 4548:"Brottningen med Gud präglade begravningen" 4207: 4187:"Brottningen med Gud präglade begravningen" 4045:Meyer (1985, 183) and Robinson (2009, xxi). 3781:, 29 July 1880; quoted by Meyer (1985, 85). 2703:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2220:Although he had been an early proponent of 1961:and rejected the convention of a dramatic " 1749:, (1907) have been viewed as precursors to 5886: 5872: 5786:"The Celestographs of August Strindberg", 4911:, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995, 4885: 4394: 4270: 3927:Meyer (1985, 126) and Robinson (2009, xx). 3331: 3102:Carlson (1993, 280) and Lane (1998, 1040). 2632:In the curious and experimental 1897 work 1647:Strindberg was pivotal in the creation of 1416:and he joined artistic circles in Berlin. 949:(the new artistic director of Stockholm's 573:play-writing career. He helped to run the 45: 5303: 4131: 4129: 2723:Learn how and when to remove this message 2483:Today, his best-known pieces are stormy, 1635:Learn how and when to remove this message 6767:Writers about activism and social change 6587:Expressionist dramatists and playwrights 6527:20th-century Swedish non-fiction writers 5442:Works by August Strindberg in eBook form 5229: 5207: 5181: 5055: 4822:Motherly Love, Pariah, The First Warning 4665: 3936:Meyer (129–141) and Robinson (2009, xx). 2909:The German Lieutenant, and Other Stories 2734: 2646:indicates that the author suffered from 2443: 2431: 2271: 2074: 1830: 1716: 1671:relinquished his role as head as of the 1497: 1436: 1342: 1227: 1194:in a matter of weeks, he sent a copy to 1022: 874: 726: 609: 6682:Swedish male dramatists and playwrights 5803:, British Theatre Guide, archived from 5419: 5291:Brita M. E. Mortensen, Brian W. Downs, 4685:. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. 4374:"Strindberg 2: Istappen och eftermälet" 4371: 4168:Lizzy Lind-af-Hageby (1 January 1913). 4123:Oland and Oland (1912a) and (1912b, v). 3110: 3108: 2204:, Strindberg espoused an older type of 2010:His most famous and produced plays are 2007:are well-known plays from this period. 805:and the first volume of Georg Brandes' 655:Strindberg spent the next few years in 6384: 5828: 5759:, Los Angeles, CA, USA, archived from 5645: 5630: 5615: 5499:Comrades, Facing Death, Pariah, Easter 5324: 4708:Adams, Ann-Charlotte Gavel, ed. 2002. 4494: 4444: 4419: 4342: 4299: 4297: 4245: 4138:"På Nya Kyrkogården vill jag ligga..." 4135: 4126: 2842:List of paintings by August Strindberg 2137:Influenced by the history of the 1871 813:. That same month, Strindberg offered 731:Portrait of Strindberg in 1874, age 25 16:Swedish writer and painter (1849–1912) 5893: 5867: 5086:, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 4925: 4545: 4184: 3089:Quoting from Strindberg's Preface to 2739:Strindberg's third wife, the actress 1509:1921 production of Strindberg's play 1064:." In the wake of the publication of 696:alphabet – Strindberg called himself 374: 5853:Biography of Johan August Strindberg 5364:August Strindberg and Visual Culture 4591:"Strindberg exhibition, Tate Modern" 4546:Krook, Caroline (18 December 2012). 4426:. Natur och Kultur. pp. 143–173 4271:Scheffauer, Herman (1 August 1913). 4106:(Strindberg's first wife), 1925 and 3105: 2791:(a son of one of August's cousins). 2701:adding citations to reliable sources 2668: 2392:("pharao worship"), the lauded poet 1826: 1617:adding citations to reliable sources 1588: 834:Early in the summer of 1875, he met 743:, as a one-act play in prose called 6567:Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen 6300:August Strindberg Repertory Theatre 5460:Works by or about August Strindberg 4294: 4223:Eugene O'Neill (10 December 1936). 2164:Little Catechism for the Underclass 2070: 1721:A portrait of August Strindberg by 499:– responded to the call-to-arms of 13: 6542:20th-century Swedish photographers 6467:19th-century Swedish photographers 5652:(in Swedish) (National ed.), 5543:Road To Damascus Parts 1, 2, and 3 5253: 4778:. London and New York: Routledge. 4776:A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre 4668:August Strindberg: Selected Essays 2453:– painting by Strindberg from 1903 925:. From 1881, at the invitation of 652:, where he began on 13 September. 14: 6783: 6757:Theorists on Western civilization 6522:20th-century Swedish male writers 5778:Productions of Strindberg's plays 5748:(in German), Saxen, Upper Austria 5414: 2609: 2104:opposed to conventional authority 2094:, tormented for defying the Gods. 1379:was just beginning at this time. 823:(the director of the newly built 6687:Swedish male non-fiction writers 6512:20th-century short story writers 6447:19th-century short story writers 6437:19th-century non-fiction writers 5476: 4710:Dictionary of Literary Biography 4689: 4674: 4659: 4645: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4583: 4562: 4539: 4513: 4488: 4463: 4438: 4413: 4388: 4321: 4309: 4264: 4239: 4216: 4161: 4117: 4089: 4071: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4022: 3993: 3984: 3219: 2884: 2870: 2673: 2664: 2642:spells on his daughter. Much of 2564: 2549: 2534: 2519: 2504: 2436:Self-portrait at Värmdö-Brevik, 2047:(The Confession of a Fool), and 1593: 1384:potential. These works include: 648:in May 1867 and enrolled at the 325: 310: 6662:Swedish critics of Christianity 5634:Collected works and manuscripts 5215:, London: Chatto & Windus, 5056:Robinson, Michael, ed. (2009), 4806:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. 4451:. Natur och Kultur. p. 151 4372:Kylberg, Martin (10 May 2012). 4343:Olsson, Jan (17 October 2017). 4185:Krook, Caroline (22 May 2012). 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3867: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3564: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3486:Merriam-Webster (1995), 1074–5. 3480: 3471: 3462: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3322: 3313: 3292: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3213: 3196: 3177: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3096: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 2847: 2832:, a park adjoining this house. 2411:of partially Swedish ancestry, 1819:, who attended the première of 1794:In 1907, Strindberg co-founded 1604:needs additional citations for 1487:, and a semi-dramatic novella, 901:, Strindberg swiftly completed 724:, both of whom influenced him. 459:rejected his first major play, 6602:Literacy and society theorists 6592:Swedish Expressionist painters 6532:20th-century Swedish novelists 6457:19th-century Swedish novelists 5399:, Edinburgh in April 1975, in 5367:, New York: Bloomsbury, 2018. 5237:, London and New York: Verso, 5078:; Strindberg, August (1987) , 4774:Innes, Christopher, ed. 2000. 4501:. Natur och Kultur. p. 46 4003:) has also been translated as 3047: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2926: 2854:August Strindberg bibliography 2808:traditional roles of the sexes 2604:Société astronomique de France 2578: 2090:, it represents Strindberg as 1781:Social Democrat Youth Alliance 1068:, he began to correspond with 376:[ˈǒːɡɵstˈstrɪ̂nːdbærj] 1: 6632:Psychological fiction writers 6627:People charged with blasphemy 6537:20th-century Swedish painters 6462:19th-century Swedish painters 5233:(1989), Pinkney, Tony (ed.), 5147:, New York and London: Putnam 4522:"Strindbergsfejden 1910–1912" 4136:Attius, Håkan (22 May 2012). 2920: 2065:August Strindberg in memoriam 1835:Strindberg in his later years 1446:Portrait of August Strindberg 1351:Portrait of August Strindberg 1047:, that presented women in an 905:, an historical drama set in 6582:Deaths from cancer in Sweden 6572:Critics of political economy 6477:19th-century Swedish writers 5745:Strindberg Museum in Austria 5506:Swanwhite, Advent, The Storm 5426:August Strindberg Collection 5403:2, Summer 1975, p. 56, 4930:, Lives, Oxford: Oxford UP, 4857:, Classics, Bath: Absolute, 4345:"Strindberg – En kooperatör" 4145:(in Swedish). Archived from 3954:Quoted by Meyer (1985, 142). 3230:(in Swedish). Archived from 2469:, painter, photographer and 1886:sent a wreath for the bier. 1060:am on my way to becoming an 600: 7: 6727:Swedish short story writers 6492:20th-century letter writers 6422:19th-century letter writers 5513:There are Crimes and Crimes 5475:(public domain audiobooks) 5270:University of Chicago Press 4759:Gunnarsson, Torsten. 1998. 4395:Strindberg, August (1999). 4246:Borges, Jorge-Luis (2000). 3981:Meyer (1985, 130, 146–147). 3858:Cultural-Historical Studies 3768:Quoted by Meyer (1985, 84). 3187:, warns against the use of 2998:Williams (1952), 75–6, 100. 2915:There Are Crimes and Crimes 2860:Novels by August Strindberg 2835: 2813:Strindberg's last home was 2602:and became a member of the 2480:works of 19th-century art. 2457:Strindberg, something of a 2427: 2082:'s statue of Strindberg in 2056:, is named for Strindberg. 1867:Strindberg was interred at 1817:Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke 943:Studies in Cultural History 751:Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger 21:Strindberg (disambiguation) 10: 6788: 6547:20th-century Swedish poets 6472:19th-century Swedish poets 5601:National Library of Sweden 5583:Internet Broadway Database 5469:Works by August Strindberg 5451:Works by August Strindberg 5189:Drama from Ibsen to Brecht 4909:Encyclopedia of Literature 4701: 4681:Lagercrantz, Olof (1979). 4666:Robinson, Michael (2006). 4607:Gunnarsson (1998, 256–60). 3675:Lagercrantz (1984), 69–70. 3602:Lagercrantz (1984), 54–58. 2864:Plays by August Strindberg 2857: 2851: 1535:had been, he was drawn to 1221:. Georg helped him put on 25: 18: 6762:Uppsala University alumni 6747:Swedish writers in French 6742:Swedish theatre directors 6552:Anti-militarism in Europe 6497:20th-century male artists 6427:19th-century male artists 6308: 6285:Strindbergs Intima Teater 6253: 6189: 6130: 6123: 6099: 6081: 6021: 5919: 5901: 5756:August Strindberg Society 5733:], SE, archived from 5597:Photographs by Strindberg 4789:Lagercrantz, Olof. 1984. 4742:Ekman, Hans-Göran. 2000. 4376:. Östgöta-Correspondenten 4277:The North American Review 4104:Strindbergs första hustru 3693:Lagercrantz (1984), 75–7. 3639:Lagercrantz (1984), 61–3. 2369:, who, in the shadows of 2102:who was often vehemently 1889: 1773:Nobel Prize in Literature 1729:His other works, such as 1450:National Museum in Warsaw 879:Strindberg's first wife, 785:. In September 1872, the 309: 304: 289: 260: 177: 151: 141: 131: 105: 95: 81: 56: 44: 37: 6752:Swedish-language writers 6677:Swedish literary critics 6647:Swedish anti-capitalists 5611:Theater for the New City 5572: 5565:The Confession of a Fool 5118:The Confession of a Fool 4926:Meyer, Michael (1987) , 4005:The Confession of a Fool 2858:See also the categories 1869:Norra begravningsplatsen 1584: 1565:The Saga of the Folkungs 1338: 1329:Strindberg och alkoholen 870: 675: 605: 100:Norra begravningsplatsen 6737:Swedish theatre critics 6657:Swedish autobiographers 6622:Painters from Stockholm 6507:20th-century occultists 6502:20th-century memoirists 6482:20th-century alchemists 6442:19th-century occultists 6432:19th-century memoirists 6412:19th-century alchemists 5639:Swedish Literature Bank 5379:Strindberg As Dramatist 5121:, London: Stephen Swift 4928:Strindberg: A Biography 4727:Carlson, Marvin. 1993. 4616:Gunnarsson (1998, 256). 4520:Andreas Nyblom (2011). 4498:Johan August Strindberg 4448:Johan August Strindberg 4423:Johan August Strindberg 4401:. Norstedt. p. 534 3711:Lagercrantz (1984), 79. 3657:Lagercrantz (1984), 71. 3621:Lagercrantz (1984), 57. 3561:Lagercrantz (1984), 49. 3513:Lagercrantz (1984), 73. 3447:Meyer (1985), 37, 40–1. 2828:'s, erected in 1942 in 2153:, mainly influenced by 2126:reputation as a genial 2039:(The People of Hemsö), 1741:(1907), and the novels 1704:The Last of the Knights 1272:survival of the fittest 1016:in 1883. He resided in 1012:enabled him to move to 903:The Secret of the Guild 803:History of Civilization 680:Strindberg returned to 666:Institute of Technology 321:Johan August Strindberg 60:Johan August Strindberg 6772:Writers from Stockholm 6692:Swedish male novelists 6562:Anti-poverty advocates 6487:20th-century essayists 6417:19th-century essayists 6295:Strindbergmuseum Saxen 5705:The Strindberg Society 5076:Sandbach, Mary, transl 5025:World Historical Plays 4824:, Oxford: Amber Lane, 4763:. New Haven: Yale UP. 4227:. The Nobel Foundation 4054:Meyer (1985, 183–185). 3402:Robinson (2009), xvii. 3039:: CS1 maint: others ( 2749: 2596: 2584:He produced a type of 2454: 2441: 2403:Strindberg's daughter 2379: 2346: 2277: 2202:Swedish labor movement 2095: 1836: 1789:Albert Bonniers förlag 1775:, but instead lost to 1726: 1516: 1452: 1361: 1266:. In the play he used 1243: 1038: 996:(1879), he also wrote 892: 868: 732: 646:graduation examination 619: 583: 509: 6697:Swedish male painters 6058:The Defence of a Fool 5846:World Digital Library 5821:Strindberg and Helium 5781:, Australia: AusStage 5731:The Strindberg museum 5707:], archived from 5700:Strindbergssällskapet 5674:Gothenburg University 4716:. Detroit, MI: Gale. 4248:Selected Non-Fictions 4001:Le Plaidoyer d'un Fou 3759:Robinson (2009, xix). 3071:Meyer (1985), 49, 95. 2989:Lane (1998), 1040–41. 2962:Meyer (1985), 3, 567. 2738: 2591: 2499:also did a portrait. 2447: 2435: 2394:Verner von Heidenstam 2355: 2337: 2275: 2235:The Defence of a Fool 2159:libertarian socialist 2078: 2059:The Swedish composer 1917:, upon receiving the 1834: 1720: 1708:Earl Birger of Bjalbo 1501: 1495:on his current work. 1440: 1381:Verner von Heidenstam 1370:Stockholm Archipelago 1346: 1316:The Bond and the Link 1262:, founded in 1887 by 1231: 1144:The Defence of a Fool 1125:Among French Peasants 1115:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1082:The Defence of a Fool 1026: 1010:Lucky Peter's Journey 969:Lucky Peter's Journey 878: 863: 730: 613: 507:'s newly established 6577:Critics of religions 6044:The Son of a Servant 5654:Stockholm University 5631:Strindberg, August, 5616:Strindberg, August, 5420:Archival collections 5260:Everdell, William R. 4597:on 30 December 2007. 4495:Myrdal, Jan (2003). 4445:Myrdal, Jan (2003). 4420:Myrdal, Jan (2003). 3900:Meyer (1985, 96–97). 3741:Meyer (1985, 79–80). 3328:Meyer (1985, 18–19). 3310:Meyer (1985, 13–15). 3298:Meyer (1985, 12–13). 3277:Meyer (1985, 11–13). 3190:The Son of a Servant 3171:The Son of a Servant 2980:Williams (1952, 75). 2971:Williams (1952), 75. 2903:The Growth of a Soul 2697:improve this section 2625:, and various other 2377:, 22 January 1909.) 2086:, Stockholm. Dubbed 2045:En dåres försvarstal 1796:The Intimate Theatre 1735:The Roofing Ceremony 1613:improve this article 1533:William Butler Yeats 1355:Museum of Modern Art 1166:The Son of a Servant 735:Taking his cue from 629:The Son of a Servant 295:Friedrich Strindberg 6717:Swedish republicans 6652:Swedish art critics 6051:The People of Hemsö 5850:Burkhart Brückner: 5430:Harry Ransom Center 5377:Sprinchorn, Evert, 5338:Prophets of Dissent 5193:, London: Hogarth, 4550:. Svenska Dagbladet 3666:Meyer (1985), 70–2. 3593:Meyer (1985), 55–6. 3572:The Swedish Citizen 3549:Meyer (1985, 46–7). 3504:Meyer (1985, 43–4). 3438:Meyer (1985), 38–9. 3420:Meyer (1985), 34–5. 3411:Meyer (1985, 32–4). 3373:Meyer (1985), 31–2. 3355:Meyer (1985), 30–2. 2438:Tyresö Municipality 2206:agrarian radicalism 2120:cultural radicalism 2043:(Getting Married), 1976:Friedrich Nietzsche 1951:The People of Hemsö 1525:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1442:Władysław Ślewiński 1188:. After completing 1140:Friedrich Nietzsche 1120:The People of Hemsö 799:Henry Thomas Buckle 741:Sven the Sacrificer 737:William Shakespeare 6732:Swedish socialists 6712:Swedish occultists 6707:Swedish memoirists 6702:Swedish male poets 6642:Swedish alchemists 6637:Surrealist writers 6607:Literary theorists 5991:The Dance of Death 5726:Strindbergs Museet 5680:on 24 January 2010 5660:on 31 October 2001 5536:To Damascus Part 1 5349:Strindberg: A Life 5166:Ward, John. 1980. 4633:. 10 February 2011 4349:Svensk kooperation 4149:on 11 October 2017 4067:. 2 December 2021. 4009:A Madman's Defence 3990:Meyer (1985, 147). 3972:Meyer (1985, 143). 3945:Meyer (1985, 135). 3150:Lane (1998, 1041). 3114:Lane (1998, 1040). 3062:Meˈyer (1985), 79. 2953:Lane (1998), 1040. 2787:He was related to 2750: 2648:paranoid delusions 2600:Camille Flammarion 2455: 2442: 2407:married a Russian 2278: 2096: 1992:The Dance of Death 1895:Tennessee Williams 1837: 1731:Days of Loneliness 1727: 1517: 1507:Moscow Art Theatre 1493:Emanuel Swedenborg 1453: 1402:The Keys of Heaven 1362: 1244: 1074:Utopias in Reality 1039: 980:anti-establishment 953:) agreed to stage 935:The Swedish People 893: 821:Edvard Stjernström 733: 710:Bertel Thorvaldsen 702:Eric XIV of Sweden 682:Uppsala University 650:Uppsala University 620: 587:, that staged his 548:Emanuel Swedenborg 515:(opened 1887). In 444:Swedish literature 234:The Dance of Death 6722:Swedish satirists 6672:Swedish humorists 6667:Swedish essayists 6617:Modernist writers 6612:Modernist theatre 6407:Strindberg family 6392:August Strindberg 6379: 6378: 6290:Strindberg Museum 6249: 6248: 6107:List of paintings 6012:The Great Highway 5895:August Strindberg 5711:on 12 August 2010 5588:August Strindberg 5579:August Strindberg 5455:Project Gutenberg 5373:978-1-5013-3800-7 5306:Black & White 5231:Williams, Raymond 5209:Williams, Raymond 5183:Williams, Raymond 5170:London: Athlone. 5067:978-0-521-60852-7 4901:978-1-85459-205-7 4855:The Great Highway 4791:August Strindberg 4737:978-0-8014-8154-3 4475:Strindbergsmuséet 4471:"Strindbergs liv" 4306:, Karneval förlag 4192:Svenska Dagbladet 4112:August Strindberg 3909:Meyer (1985, 99). 3847:Meyer (1985, 91). 3838:Meyer (1985, 90). 3820:Meyer (1985, 88). 3793:Meyer (1985, 82). 3750:Meyer (1985), 81. 3732:Meyer (1985, 79). 3720:Meyer (1985, 77). 3702:Meyer (1985, 76). 3684:Meyer (1985, 75). 3648:Meyer (1985, 63). 3584:Meyer (1985), 92. 3540:Meyer (1985, 44). 3522:Meyer (1985), 70. 3495:Meyer (1985, 49). 3477:Meyer (1985), 43. 3429:Meyer (1985), 37. 3382:Meyer (1985), 32. 3346:Meyer (1985), 30. 3289:Meyer (1985, 13). 3268:Meyer (1985, 10). 3259:Meyer (1985, 11). 3246:Norrtulls sjukhus 3227:Strindberg Museum 3206:, the park where 2819:Strindberg Museum 2733: 2732: 2725: 2385:Swedish opinion. 2375:Social-Demokraten 2286:Strindberg Museum 1923:Jorge Luis Borges 1827:Death and funeral 1673:Deutsches Theatre 1645: 1644: 1637: 1406:Playing with Fire 1400:(1893). His play 1398:The First Warning 1359:Stockholm, Sweden 1280:On Psychic Murder 1132:Otto von Bismarck 1093:. His next play, 945:, was published. 829:Bern's Restaurant 718:Søren Kierkegaard 559:The Great Highway 416:cultural analysis 318: 317: 152:Literary movement 91:Stockholm, Sweden 51:August Strindberg 39:August Strindberg 6779: 6557:Anti-monarchists 6356:Kerstin Dahlbäck 6336:Olof Lagercrantz 6205:Karin Månsdotter 6168:After Miss Julie 6141:The Sin of Julia 6128: 6127: 6082:Social criticism 6005:The Ghost Sonata 5888: 5881: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5844:(manuscript) at 5835: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5793: 5782: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5749: 5738: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5676:, archived from 5661: 5656:, archived from 5641: 5626: 5624:Projekt Runeberg 5480: 5479: 5464:Internet Archive 5397:Traverse Theatre 5344: 5342: 5333: 5321: 5247: 5225: 5203: 5192: 5162: 5156: 5148: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5085: 5070: 5051: 5045: 5037: 5018: 5012: 5004: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4940: 4921: 4904: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4683:Olof Lagercrantz 4678: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4593:. Archived from 4587: 4581: 4580: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4526:Litteraturbanken 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4225:"Banquet Speech" 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4108:Olof Lagercrantz 4093: 4087: 4086: 4085:on 1 April 2012. 4081:. Archived from 4075: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4026: 4020: 4013:A Fool's Apology 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3871: 3865: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3217: 3211: 3200: 3194: 3185:Olof Lagercrantz 3181: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3030: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2942: 2930: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2677: 2669: 2659:Olof Lagercrantz 2623:Swedenborgianism 2568: 2553: 2538: 2523: 2508: 2423: 2420: 2413:Vladimir Smirnov 2405:Karin Strindberg 2351:Hjalmar Branting 2226:women's suffrage 2071:Social criticism 2035:(The Red Room), 2004:The Ghost Sonata 1879:Nathan Söderblom 1785:Nathan Söderblom 1743:The Gothic Rooms 1640: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1597: 1589: 1552:Inferno, Legends 1529:Honoré de Balzac 1465:Olof Lagercrantz 1386:Debit and Credit 1217:and his brother 998:Sir Bengt's Wife 947:Ludvig Josephson 885:Sir Bengt's Wife 634:Stockholm Lyceum 624:a shipping agent 616:Klara, Stockholm 594:The Ghost Sonata 586: 575:Intimate Theatre 514: 386: 385: 384: 378: 373: 369: 368: 365: 364: 361: 358: 353: 352: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 314: 250:The Ghost Sonata 88: 68: 66: 49: 35: 34: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6597:Irony theorists 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6371:Alice Rasmussen 6326:Gunnar Brandell 6304: 6245: 6212:Play Strindberg 6185: 6119: 6095: 6077: 6037:Getting Married 6017: 5915: 5897: 5892: 5832:Selected essays 5818: 5810: 5808: 5807:on 3 March 2016 5797: 5785: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5763:on 28 July 2011 5753: 5742: 5737:on 11 June 1998 5723: 5714: 5712: 5697: 5683: 5681: 5666:"Concordance", 5665: 5649:Collected works 5575: 5477: 5446:Standard Ebooks 5438: 5422: 5417: 5347:Prideaux, Sue, 5256: 5254:Further reading 5251: 5245: 5223: 5201: 5150: 5149: 5124: 5123: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5082:By The Open Sea 5068: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5006: 5005: 4980: 4979: 4954: 4953: 4938: 4919: 4907: 4902: 4892:Nick Hern Books 4869: 4868: 4865: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4679: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4579:on 18 July 2010 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4341: 4334: 4328:Selected essays 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4174:. Stanley Paul. 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4094: 4090: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4027: 4023: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3876:Swedish Theatre 3872: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 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stories, 883:, as Margit in 873: 769:King Charles XV 692:of the ancient 678: 608: 603: 584:Kammerspielhaus 380: 379: 371: 355: 349: 328: 324: 285: 256: 173: 127: 90: 86: 70: 69:22 January 1849 64: 62: 61: 52: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6785: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6361:Egil Törnqvist 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321:John Landquist 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6261:Siri von Essen 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6226:Dance of Death 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5848: 5837: 5826: 5816: 5795: 5783: 5773: 5751: 5740: 5721: 5695: 5690: 5663: 5643: 5637:(in Swedish), 5628: 5622:(in Swedish), 5613: 5607:Strindberg Rep 5604: 5594: 5585: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:External links 5413: 5412: 5411: 5389: 5387:978-0300027310 5375: 5359: 5357:978-0300136937 5345: 5322: 5301: 5298: 5289: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5227: 5221: 5213:Modern Tragedy 5205: 5199: 5179: 5164: 5138: 5112: 5092: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5033: 5020: 4994: 4968: 4942: 4936: 4923: 4917: 4905: 4900: 4883: 4863: 4850: 4830: 4817: 4802: 4787: 4772: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4725: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4688: 4673: 4658: 4644: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4582: 4561: 4538: 4512: 4487: 4462: 4437: 4412: 4387: 4361: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4293: 4263: 4256: 4238: 4215: 4206: 4177: 4160: 4125: 4116: 4088: 4070: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4021: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3880:Mindre teatern 3866: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3783: 3779:Edvard Brandes 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3563: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3300: 3291: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3212: 3195: 3176: 3161: 3152: 3143: 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He needed a 1091:Lake Constance 1002:Grez-sur-Loing 993:A Doll's House 927:Edvard Brandes 923:Spring Harvest 887:(1882) at the 881:Siri von Essen 872: 869: 859:Edvard Brandes 836:Siri von Essen 686:Charles Darwin 677: 674: 614:The school in 607: 604: 602: 599: 556:, which, like 497:well-made play 316: 315: 307: 306: 302: 301: 291: 287: 286: 284: 283: 277: 271: 268:Siri von Essen 264: 262: 258: 257: 255: 254: 246: 238: 230: 222: 214: 206: 198: 190: 181: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 161: 155: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 109: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89:(aged 63) 83: 79: 78: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6784: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 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The 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Paris Commune 2135: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1987:Expressionism 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1963:slice of life 1960: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841:United States 1833: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Max Reinhardt 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:Marcel Proust 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:The Scapegoat 1736: 1732: 1724: 1723:Richard Bergh 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Royal Theatre 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Martin Luther 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:Max Reinhardt 1650: 1649:chamber plays 1639: 1636: 1628: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1602:This section 1600: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1569:Gustavus Vasa 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:William Blake 1514: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1412:(1898–1904). 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Motherly Love 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278:In the essay 1276: 1273: 1270:'s theory of 1269: 1265: 1264:André Antoine 1261: 1260:Théâtre Libre 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Georg Brandes 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206:The Wild Duck 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Royal Theatre 908: 904: 900: 899: 890: 886: 882: 877: 867: 862: 860: 856: 851: 850: 845: 844:Royal Theatre 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817: 812: 811:Royal Library 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 792:Town and Gown 788: 787:Royal Theatre 784: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 759: 756: 752: 748: 747: 742: 738: 729: 725: 723: 722:Georg Brandes 719: 715: 714:Royal Theatre 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 673: 671: 670:Royal Theatre 667: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 617: 612: 598: 596: 595: 590: 589:chamber plays 585: 580: 579:Max Reinhardt 576: 571: 567: 566: 561: 560: 555: 554: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 512: 511:Théâtre Libre 506: 505:André Antoine 502: 498: 494: 493:problem plays 490: 486: 485: 480: 479: 474: 473: 468: 464: 463: 458: 457:Royal Theatre 453: 451: 450: 445: 441: 437: 436:expressionist 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:autobiography 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 390: 383: 377: 367: 322: 313: 308: 303: 300: 299:Karin Smirnov 296: 293:7, including 292: 288: 281: 280:Harriet Bosse 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 263: 259: 252: 251: 247: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 227: 223: 220: 219: 215: 212: 211: 207: 204: 203: 199: 196: 195: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 180: 178:Notable works 176: 170: 167: 165: 164:Expressionism 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96:Resting place 94: 84: 80: 77: 73: 59: 55: 48: 43: 36: 33: 29: 22: 6341:Gunnar Ollén 6275:(third wife) 6263:(first wife) 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6198:The Stronger 6196: 6173: 6166: 6139: 6131: 6111: 6088: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6030:The Red Room 6028: 6010: 6003: 5998:A Dream Play 5996: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5970:The Stronger 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5906:Bibliography 5894: 5852: 5841:A Dream Play 5840: 5831: 5820: 5809:, retrieved 5805:the original 5799: 5788: 5777: 5765:, retrieved 5761:the original 5755: 5744: 5735:the original 5730: 5725: 5713:, retrieved 5709:the original 5704: 5699: 5682:, retrieved 5678:the original 5668: 5658:the original 5648: 5646:Strindberg, 5633: 5618: 5564: 5557:The Red Room 5556: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5521:The Stronger 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5400: 5392: 5378: 5363: 5348: 5337: 5326:Heller, Otto 5309: 5305: 5292: 5264: 5234: 5212: 5188: 5167: 5144:The Red Room 5143: 5117: 5081: 5057: 5024: 4999: 4973: 4947: 4927: 4908: 4887: 4854: 4821: 4805: 4790: 4775: 4760: 4743: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4647: 4635:. 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Retrieved 3232:the original 3225: 3220:Höök, Erik. 3215: 3204:Tegnérlunden 3198: 3188: 3179: 3169: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3098: 3090: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2936: 2933:"Strindberg" 2928: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2848:Bibliography 2830:Tegnérlunden 2823: 2812: 2796:misogynistic 2793: 2786: 2778: 2751: 2746:A Dream Play 2744: 2719: 2710: 2695:Please help 2683: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2613: 2597: 2592: 2582: 2571: 2557:The coast II 2556: 2541: 2526: 2511: 2493:Paul Gauguin 2489:Edvard Munch 2482: 2478: 2475: 2456: 2448: 2402: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2306:Schopenhauer 2293: 2282:Christianity 2279: 2257: 2239: 2234: 2231:misogynistic 2219: 2195: 2168: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2097: 2087: 2084:Tegnérlunden 2064: 2058: 2054:Augustpriset 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2002: 1998:A Dream Play 1996: 1990: 1980: 1969: 1967: 1959:Henrik Ibsen 1956: 1949: 1943: 1940:Henrik Ibsen 1936:Naturalistic 1931:The Red Room 1929: 1927: 1907:John Osborne 1899:Edward Albee 1893: 1866: 1855: 1851:Warner Oland 1844: 1838: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737:(1907), and 1734: 1730: 1728: 1711: 1710:(1909), and 1707: 1703: 1692:Jesus Christ 1677: 1664: 1661:The Stronger 1660: 1656: 1646: 1631: 1622: 1611:Please help 1606:verification 1603: 1578:A Dream Play 1576: 1572: 1571:(1899), and 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1518: 1510: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1462: 1454: 1445: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396:(1892), and 1393: 1390:Facing Death 1389: 1385: 1374: 1363: 1350: 1348:Edvard Munch 1328: 1326: 1321:The Stronger 1319: 1315: 1300: 1295: 1294:(1889), and 1292:The Stronger 1291: 1287: 1284:Nancy School 1279: 1277: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1234:naturalistic 1222: 1204: 1200: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1171:The Red Room 1170: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1156:(1889), and 1151: 1147: 1143: 1124: 1118: 1113:and he used 1094: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1057:Queen Sophia 1042: 1040: 1032: 1009: 997: 991: 988:Henrik Ibsen 983: 977: 968: 960: 954: 942: 934: 931:Morgenbladet 930: 922: 919:Carl Larsson 902: 898:The Red Room 896: 894: 884: 864: 855:The Red Room 854: 849:The Red Room 847: 833: 814: 806: 802: 796: 791: 780: 764: 760: 744: 740: 734: 705: 679: 654: 627: 621: 592: 565:A Dream Play 563: 557: 551: 543: 541: 536: 516: 489:Henrik Ibsen 482: 481:(1888), and 476: 470: 460: 454: 449:The Red Room 447: 320: 319: 248: 242:A Dream Play 240: 232: 224: 216: 208: 200: 192: 186:The Red Room 184: 169:Chamber play 87:(1912-05-14) 32: 28:Black Banner 6402:1912 deaths 6397:1849 births 6331:Sven Stolpe 6316:Martin Lamm 6309:Researchers 6240:Katha Sagar 6157:Alwyn opera 6152:Rorem opera 6124:Adaptations 6022:Prose works 5977:To Damascus 5935:Master Olof 5920:Drama works 5811:14 November 5669:Språkbanken 5393:To Damascus 5268:. 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