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890:, a Salvadoran who was formerly one of his most trusted lieutenants, and accused Martí of spying for the Communists. In February 1931, Sandino issued his "Manifest of Light and Truth", which reflected a new millenarian tone in his beliefs. The manifest proclaimed the coming of the Last Judgment, a time of "the destruction of injustice on the earth and the reign of the Spirit of Light and Truth, that is, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to play a central role in this struggle, and his army was an instrument of divine justice. "The honor has fallen to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen by Divine Justice to begin the prosecution of injustice on earth."
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January 1929, which resulted in cutting off the flow of arms to
Sandino's forces and leaving them increasingly isolated from potential supporters outside Nicaragua. Sandino's army suffered a major blow in February 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured by U.S. Marines. More defeats for Sandino's army at the hands of the Marines soon followed. In an effort to secure military and financial support, Sandino wrote letters appealing to various Latin American leaders. Sandino looked for aid from revolutionary Mexico, but the country had taken an anti-communist turn under the
690:, Turcios received and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests and reports; he also acted as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working with a number of prominent Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to build support for Sandino's struggle in other Central American nations and in Mexico, which had backed the Liberals during the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, Sandino's principal representative was the Nicaraguan exile Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between
882:, Trincado's brand of communism was based on a "spiritism of Light and Truth," which he believed would supersede all existing religions in the final stage of human history. This stage, which would arise from the political conflicts of the 20th century, would be the time of the founding of the "universal commune", in which private property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused by false religions would disappear, and all of humanity would be part of one race (Hispanic) and speak one language (Spanish).
967:'s inauguration as the country's president. During the Marines' tour of duty in Nicaragua, 130 of their men had been killed. After the Marines departed, Sandino said, "I salute the American people." He also vowed that he would never attack a working-class American who visited Nicaragua. Sandino met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1934, pledged his loyalty to him and agreed to order his forces to surrender their weapons within three months. In exchange, Sacasa agreed to give the soldiers who surrendered arms
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Albino mine. Afterward, he traveled to Puerto
Cabezas to meet with Moncada. Because of the guerrilla's hit-and-run operations against Conservative forces, conducted independently of the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so. Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and a military commission. But after he captured some rifles from fleeing Conservative soldiers, the other Liberal commanders agreed to grant Sandino a commission.
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Imperialists. I will fight for my cause as long as my heart beats. ... If through destiny I should lose, there are in my arsenal five tons of dynamite which I will explode with my own hand. The noise of the cataclysm will be heard 250 miles. All who hear will be witness that
Sandino is dead. Let it not be permitted that the hands of traitors or invaders shall profane his remains.
924:, killing over 2,000 people. The disruption and the losses the earthquake caused weakened the central government and gave Sandino leverage to revive his fight with the Americans. In the summer of 1931, Sandinista bands were active in every department north of Managua and conducted raids into the southern and western parts of the country, the departments of
761:. The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, supervised by the South American Bureau of the Comintern, issued a number of statements in support of Sandino. Within the United States, the U.S. branch of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized opposition to the actions of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived in
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reportedly thought
Sandino was finished and trying to evade capture. One month later, his army ambushed another Marine post and killed five troops. In December 1928 the Marines located Sandino's mother and convinced her to write a letter asking him to surrender. Sandino announced that he would continue to fight until the Marines left Nicaragua.
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claimed to have won the battle in three hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. In reality only 66 Marines were in the operation. He further boasted the capture of six Lewis machine guns, three M1921 Thompsons and 46 Lewis automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook for communicating with aircraft.
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Come, you pack of morphine addicts; come to kill us in our own land, and I will await you standing strong at the head of my patriotic soldiers, not caring about how many of you there are; bear in mind that when this happens, the destruction of your greatness will shake the
Capitol in Washington, with
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figure who opposed domination from wealthy elites and foreigners, such as the United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the love he said he felt toward
Americans like himself. His picture and silhouette, complete with the oversized cowboy hat, were adopted as recognized symbols of
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offered to pay for
Sandino to travel to Europe, but the offer was withdrawn after he refused to issue a statement condemning the Mexican government. In April 1930, as Sandino's relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information suggesting that Sandino was critical of Portes
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in
Chicago. Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Mr. Capone then hand delivered the letter to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader of the Purple Gang 1929 to 1935. Mr. Delduca had followed the stories of Sandino in the press and was very proud and honored to help Sandino. The Packard car
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during the height of the rainy season, often having to use native dugout canoes. While these patrols limited
Sandino's forces' movements and secured tenuous control over northern Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines failed to find Sandino or to effect a decisive victory. By April 1928 the Marines
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I will not abandon my resistance until the ... pirate invaders ... assassins of weak peoples ... are expelled from my country. ... I will make them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... There will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the patrimony of
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Later
Sandino took the more official title Augusto César Sandino and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to kill or capture him over the summer failed. In November 1927, U.S. aircraft succeeded in locating El Chipote, Sandino's
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Sandino's relations with Turcios soured, as Turcios disliked the Junta proposal. Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras in a border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as a distraction from the goal of Central American unification. Conflict between the two men led Turcios to resign in
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to be attended by all Latin American nations, which would work toward their political unification as an entity he called the "Indo-Latin American Continental and Antillean Federation". He proposed that the unified entity would resist further domination by the United States and be able to ensure that
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son of Gregorio Sandino, a wealthy landowner of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with the Sandino family. He lived with his mother until he was nine years old, when his father took him into his own home and arranged for his education. It was then that young Augusto took
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Venid, gleba de morfinómanos; venid a asesinarnos en nuestra propia tierra, que yo os espero a pie firme al frente de mis patriotas soldados, sin importarme el número de vosotros; pero tened presente que cuando esto suceda, la destrucción de vuestra grandeza trepidará en el Capitolio de Washington,
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biplanes. The Marine commander estimated that 300 of Sandino's men died (the actual number was about 80), while the Marines suffered two casualties, one dead and one wounded, and the Guardia three dead and four taken prisoner. Despite their heavy losses and the lopsided nature of these battles, the
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The following day, the National Guard attacked Sandino's army in force and, over a month, destroyed it. Two years later, General Somoza García forced Sacasa to resign and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and dynasty that dominated Nicaragua for the next four
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On 21 February 1934, Sandino; his father; his brother Sócrates; two of his favorite generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and the poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister of Agriculture, attended a new round of talks with Sacasa. On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in
536:. Sandino took over the mine, which held 500 pounds of dynamite he said was going to use to "kill Yankees", and forcibly drove out all foreigners. This led to foreigners criticizing America and how the Marines deployed in Nicaragua were ordered to protect only American property, not foreigners'.
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Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and declared himself president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a makeshift army composed largely of gold miners, and led a failed attack on the Conservative garrison nearest the San
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Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado only through a series of letters, after his return to Nicaragua, his manifests and his personal affiliations were increasingly shaped by his applying the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one of his official representatives and replaced the
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and, though they were ambushed in their approach, the American and Nicaraguan troops had no trouble in routing the 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's leadership. The Marines lost one man while killing 20. Sandino's penchant for exaggeration was evident in his personal report of the events: he
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and were ordered to leave their car. The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and his two generals to a crossroads section in Larreynaga and executed them. Sandino's remains were buried in the Larreynaga neighborhood of Managua by a
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and the sole military authority of the republic. Following the election of Moncada, Sandino ruled out negotiations with his former rival and declared the elections unconstitutional. In an attempt to outmanoeuvre the general, Sandino expanded his demands to include the restoration of the
543:("country-seller") Moncada. He declared war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus of the North" and "the enemy of our race". At the height of his guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed to have 3,000 soldiers in his army; in later years, officials estimated the number at 300.
979:, the National Guard leader, and his officers made Sandino unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops. Without consulting Sacasa, Somoza García ordered Sandino's assassination in the hope that it would help win him loyalty from the Guard's senior officers.
769:. The Sixth World Congress of the Comintern, meeting in Moscow in the summer of 1928, issued a statement "expressing solidarity with the workers and peasants of Nicaragua and the heroic army of national emancipation of General Sandino". In China, a division of the
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Having addressed his declaration of war to the whole of the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino saw his struggle in racial terms, as the defense not only of Nicaragua but of the whole of Latin America. At the beginning of his rebellion, Sandino appointed the
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Burial: witnesses to the execution claimed to have seen the guardsmen force Sandino and the three other captives to the ground and shoot and bury them. Sandino's followers are said to have later exhumed Sandino's body to rebury him in an undisclosed
474:. Having received arms and funding from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal army seemed on the verge of seizing the capital. But the United States, using the threat of military intervention, forced the Liberal generals to agree to a ceasefire.
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Sandino is revered in Nicaragua and in 2010 its congress unanimously named him a "national hero". His political descendants, the icons of his wide-brimmed hat and boots, and his writings from the years of warfare against the
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Cremated: in 1944, ten years after Sandino's assassination, the remains that had been buried in the La Calavera pit were exhumed and taken near the south side of the Tiscapa lagoon to be burned, then their ashes thrown into
470:, where he recruited local peasants for his army and attacked government troops with increasing success. In April Sandino's forces played a vital role in assisting the principal Liberal Army column, which was advancing on
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Sandino's body has never been found, and the full details of his assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories about the disposition of Sandino’s body include:
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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1927, Volume III, Assistance by the United States marines in the suppression of bandit activities in Nicaragua, United States, Department of State (U.S.G.P.O., 1942), Document
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on land in the Coco River Valley, require the area to be guarded by 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders, and give preference in employment to Sandinistas on public works in northern Nicaragua.
619:, the United States Ambassador to Italy. After destroying the Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines but also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."
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In 1921 at the age of 26, Sandino shot but failed to kill Dagoberto Rivas, the son of a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments about Sandino's mother. As a result, Sandino fled to
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Sandino remained opposed to the Nicaraguan National Guard, which he considered unconstitutional because of its ties to the U.S. military, and insisted on its dissolution. His attitude toward General
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remote mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Marines reached it, they found it abandoned and guarded by straw dummies. Sandino and his followers had long since escaped.
497:(National Guard). U.S. soldiers were to remain in the country to supervise the upcoming November presidential election. A battalion of U.S. Marines under the command of Major General
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Sandino's principal demands were the resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal of U.S. troops, new elections to be supervised by Latin American countries, and the abrogation of the
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and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, but were easily repulsed with the help of one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by five Marine
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Despite massive efforts, American forces never captured Sandino. His communiqués were regularly published in American media; for instance, he was frequently quoted during 1928 in
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former seal (with an image of a campesino beheading a U.S. Marine) with the symbol of EMECU. His distrust of his former Communist associates led him to break off relations with
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Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered Sandino and delivered his severed head to the U.S. government as a token of their loyalty.
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was elected as president, in a process supervised by the United States, which proved a major setback for Sandino's claim to be acting in defense of the Liberal revolution.
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two years later. After being elected president by an overwhelming margin in 1936, Somoza García resumed control of the National Guard and established a dictatorship and
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After the signing of the Espino Negro accord, Sandino refused to order his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them to the Segovia Mountains.
1026:. This occurred due to the student protests of the Central University of Managua that took place that year, against the re-election of Somoza to the presidency.
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in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade." The following June, Sandino appointed a representative to the Second Congress of the World Anti-Imperialist League in
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was drawing to an end. A new "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, driven by a wide array of popular movements to carry out the provisions of the
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In June 1927, Sandino organised a group of 50 men to march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American businessman
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and La Luz gold mines, the two largest mines in the country, both owned by three American brothers: James Gilmore, G. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, all of
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has created many portraits of Sandino—whose image was banned by the Somoza dictatorship—and of his associates, adding to the country's iconography.
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Sandino (center) Tony Eduardo Delduca 1910–1985, representing the Purple Gang (right) Mr. Delduca's body guard, Joe (far right) en route to Mexico
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In July 1912, when he was 17, Sandino witnessed an intervention of United States troops in Nicaragua to suppress an uprising against President
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The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama
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announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn after the 1932 election in the country. The newly created Nicaraguan
940:. They briefly managed to occupy several towns along the nation's principal railroad, linking Managua to the Pacific coastal port of
765:, was featured as a speaker at several rallies against American involvement in Nicaragua, which were organized by the League and the
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He made this demand a central component of his political platform. In a letter he wrote in March 1929 to the Argentine President
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enrojeciendo con vuestra sangre la esfera blanca que corona vuestra famosa White House, antro donde maquináis vuestros crímenes.
814:(left) and the Nicaraguan revolutionary Augusto C. Sandino (right), on the roof of the Gran Hotel. Mérida, Mexico, 23 July 1929.
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electrician, the EMECU blended the political ideals of anarchism with a cosmology which was an idiosyncratic synthesis of
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Sandino's radicalism was unwelcome. To appease the United States, the Mexican government confined Sandino to the city of
736:, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino outlined a more ambitious political project. He proposed a conference in
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260:. The United States troops withdrew from the country in 1933 after overseeing the election and inauguration of President
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At the beginning of July 1927, Sandino issued a manifesto condemning the betrayal of the Liberal revolution by the
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449:, who had recently been installed after a coup with United States involvement. The leader of this revolt, General
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on his father's surname, retaining his maternal surname, Calderón, as a middle name represented by the initial C.
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Sandino, Augusto César (1984). "Introduccion, Seleccion y Notas de Sergio Ramirez". In Ramirez, Sergio (ed.).
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your blood reddening the white sphere crowning your famous White House, the cavern where you plot your crimes.
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to stamp it out there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... one American boy for all the damn Nicaraguans."
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After failing to negotiate his surrender in exchange for a withdrawal of U.S. troops, the Mexican President
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did not share Coolidge's ambition to capture Sandino and declined to fund operations to do so. U.S. Senator
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had 25 deaths and 50 wounded while killing one Marine, wounding another and seriously injuring a guardsman.
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offered Sandino asylum. The leading guerrilla left Nicaragua in June 1929. In the political climate of the
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magazine during the Marines' offensive. At one point he staged a fake funeral to throw off pursuers. The
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Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, et al., New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004 (paperback edition), p. 163
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would be allowed to finish his term, and a new national army would be established, to be called the
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dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. Sandino's political legacy was claimed by the
264:, who had returned from exile. He fought alongside the commanders Diego Zapata and Cornelio Bravo.
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1162:) to the people of Nicaragua and to the American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:
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In 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed again the airport in honor of Sandino. Nicaraguan artist
1101:, was overthrown by the Sandinistas, political descendants of Sandino. In the 1980s, they renamed
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With aerial support, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up the
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Prior to the election, Sandino had attempted, with three other marginal factions, to organize a
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Gil's government. Put at risk in Mexico, Sandino left the country and returned to Nicaragua.
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as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm,
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rebels made other attempts to swarm a small post guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at
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made overseas military expeditions too costly for the United States. In January 1931,
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As Sandino's success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures of support from the
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argued that if American soldiers intended to "stamp out banditry, let's send them to
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1875:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo 1 (2nd ed.). Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua.
1846:(in Spanish). Mineral de San Albino, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua: www.sandinovive.org
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Although Sandino had been unable to secure any outside aid for his forces, the
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and met with Portes Gil, but his request for support was quickly rebuffed. The
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after him as "Augusto C. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President
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from rebels. The Marines carried Zeledón's body on an oxcart to be buried in
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Manifesto a los Nicaragüenses, a los Centroamericanos, a la Raza Indohispana
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Sandino became a hero to many in Nicaragua and much of Latin America as a
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in Managua is instantly recognizable by his emblematic broad-brimmed hat.
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renamed it Managua International Airport in 2001 after coming to power.
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On 4 May 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the
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Sandino has been idolized by notable Latin American figures including
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Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics For The Twenty-First Century.
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Sandino was assassinated in 1934 by National Guard forces of General
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The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
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Neugebauer, Rhonda L. (1988). "Augusto César Sandino, 1895–1934".
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Blake Schmidt, "Nourishing Family Roots to Help a Campaign Bloom"
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1947:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press Books. pp.
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Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot 1921–1934,
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In an address delivered on 1 July 1927 (now referred to as the
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detachment of National Guard troops under the command of Major
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During his period in Mexico, he had become a member of the
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in the picture is a present for Sandino from Mr. Delduca.
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Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua (
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In January 1928 U.S. Marines found Sandino's war base in
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Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution
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In April the Sandinistas destroyed the equipment of the
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Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional de Nicaragua
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Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Universal Commune
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began when Liberal soldiers in the Caribbean port of
1001:, Minister of Social Communication during President
598:, Sandino smuggled a message to Mexico City saying:
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Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921–1934,
1361:, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993
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718:. In an organizing pact, Sandino took the role of
244:, his exploits made him a hero throughout much of
240:. Despite being referred to as a "bandit" by the
19:"Sandino" redirects here. For the Cuban town, see
1914:Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans.,
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437:Shortly after Sandino returned to Nicaragua, the
293:continue to shape Nicaragua's national identity.
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16:Nicaraguan anti-US-occupation leader (1895–1934)
2058:Newspaper clippings about Augusto César Sandino
2045:Collection of articles and photos about Sandino
798:. Sandino also wrote a letter that was sent to
44: and the second or maternal family name is
1932:Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.
1609:translated by Robert Edgar Conrad, pp. 105–06
224:; 18 May 1895 – 21 February 1934), full name
2051:The Sandino Rebellion in Nicaragua 1927–1934
1925:: extensive discussion of Iran–Contra affair
1443:, 16 January 1928, accessed 12 December 2012
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558:was sent to apprehend him at the village of
445:revolted against the Conservative President
248:, where he became a symbol of resistance to
1939:(2001). "The Sandino Writings, 1970–1974".
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1320:"Esteban Pavletich y Augusto César Sandino"
745:would remain under Latin American control.
410:of Mexico's revolution and the ideology of
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1923:Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987
1822:Sandino – Miguel Littin (1990, in Spanish)
1308:, (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967) p. 49.
301:Augusto Calderón was born 18 May 1895, in
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2111:National Heroines and Heroes of Nicaragua
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1220:Sandinistas: The Party and the Revolution
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501:later arrived to enforce the agreement.
428:
1873:Augusto C. Sandino: el pensamiento vivo
1870:
1459:, 7 May 1928, accessed 12 December 2012
1318:Augusto Lostanau Moscol (22 May 2023).
1225:
337:died that year on 4 October during the
2073:
1254:
1090:in Colombia, the Sandinistas, and the
507:
321:, regarded by many as a United States
1838:Augusto César Sandino (1 July 1927).
1752:"Nicaragua: Murder at the Crossroads"
1737:
1715:
1555:A Companion to Latin American History
1526:American Foreign Relations: A History
1477:
1446:
1387:, 1 July 1927, Latin American Studies
1333:
238:United States occupation of Nicaragua
2121:Nicaraguan people of Spanish descent
1909:Sandino: Messiah of Light and Truth.
1519:
1429:
1179:Sandinista National Liberation Front
1057:Sandinista National Liberation Front
988:their car at the main gate by local
955:Somoza and Sandino in February 1933.
512:During this period, Sandino married
353:Attempted murder and exile in Mexico
283:Sandinista National Liberation Front
2053:: a collection of primary documents
727:United Provinces of Central America
13:
1966:
1240:. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
893:
528:Declaring war on the United States
271:, who went on to seize power in a
236:between 1927 and 1933 against the
14:
2152:
2004:
1918:Princeton University Press (1990)
1911:Syracuse University Press (2002).
1383:Augusto César Sandino's Manifesto
1067:, among others, and later led by
406:revolutionaries. He embraced the
1930:Sandino: Una biografía política,
1893:University of Texas Press (1992)
1693:"The Cabinet: Logtown and After"
1469:"Nicaragua: Pirates: Samaritans"
1295:, Expressions of Central America
1042:Sandino's 59-foot silhouette at
878:. Rejecting both capitalism and
594:After reaching the mountains of
546:On 16 July, Sandino's followers
464:By 1927 Sandino had returned to
386:. Sandino was involved with the
226:Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino
202:
74:Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino
1900:Duke University Press. (1985) .
1814:
1797:
1774:
1699:. 27 April 1931. Archived from
1685:
1669:. 20 April 1931. Archived from
1655:
1639:. 13 April 1931. Archived from
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749:Solidarity with foreign nations
682:poet, journalist and diplomat,
672:
143:Nicaraguan revolutionary leader
1758:. 5 March 1934. Archived from
1364:
1311:
1298:
1279:
1212:
1201:
656:Efforts at winning recognition
485:, appointed by U.S. President
1:
2131:People from Masaya Department
2106:1934 murders in North America
2011:Augusto C. Sandino, 1895–1934
1663:"Nicaragua: Man after Nature"
1631:"Nicaragua: End of a Capital"
1453:"Nicaragua: Brothers' Plight"
1194:
1103:Managua International Airport
810:The Salvadoran revolutionary
425:Emergence as guerrilla leader
296:
2136:People murdered in Nicaragua
1355:"US Intervention, 1909-1933"
922:earthquake destroyed Managua
694:and the Mexican government.
388:Seventh-day Adventist Church
252:. Sandino drew units of the
221:[awˈɣustosesanˈdino]
36:, the first or paternal
7:
2062:20th Century Press Archives
1172:
1119:The Chilean-Spanish biopic
556:Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional
421:heritage of Latin America.
370:, where he found work at a
10:
2157:
2126:Nicaraguan revolutionaries
2091:1930s murders in Nicaragua
1805:Sandino (1990) Trailer VHS
1543:American Foreign Relations
1359:Nicaragua: A Country Study
1189:Nicaragua v. United States
514:Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda
374:refinery near the port of
254:United States Marine Corps
191:Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda
31:
23:. Not to be confused with
18:
2141:People of the Banana Wars
2116:Nicaraguan murder victims
1976:Reference Services Review
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1099:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
982:
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309:, Nicaragua. He was the
242:United States government
2032:WAIS Forum on Nicaragua
1232:Musicant, Ivan (1990).
1218:Gilbert, Dennis, 1988.
1114:Róger Pérez de la Rocha
977:Anastasio Somoza García
959:In accordance with the
904:U.S. Secretary of State
839:Mexican Communist Party
615:, who were brothers of
562:. Armed primarily with
339:Battle of Coyotepe Hill
269:Anastasio Somoza García
217:Latin American Spanish:
2041:at Stanford University
2016:A.C. Sandino Biography
1903:Navarro-Génie, Marco.
1420:Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.
1168:
1097:In 1979 Somoza's son,
1047:
956:
815:
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434:
2024:Article about Sandino
1530:Since 1895, Volume 2,
1286:Augusto Cesar Sandino
1163:
1059:, founded in 1961 by
1041:
954:
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796:Plutarco Elías Calles
699:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
668:from Sandino's forces
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439:Constitutionalist War
432:
213:Augusto César Sandino
55:Augusto César Sandino
1208:sandinorebellion.com
1160:San Albino Manifesto
1125:(1990), directed by
999:Roberto Duarte Solis
965:Juan Bautista Sacasa
961:Good Neighbor Policy
854:(EMECU). Founded in
767:U.S. Communist Party
518:San Rafael del Norte
455:Juan Bautista Sacasa
417:which glorified the
262:Juan Bautista Sacasa
250:American imperialism
1928:Wünderich, Volker.
1898:The Sandino Affair.
1762:on 25 November 2010
1703:on 15 December 2008
1673:on 15 December 2008
1357:, Tim Merrill, ed.
664:A flag captured by
508:Marriage and family
479:Espino Negro accord
256:into an undeclared
228:, was a Nicaraguan
122:Cause of death
114:Larreynaga, Managua
2037:2012-10-21 at the
1889:Hodges, Donald C.
1794:, 19 February 2000
1786:2014-04-09 at the
1541:Patterson (2004),
1436:"Nicaragua: Defy!"
1306:The Sandino Affair
1291:2013-03-08 at the
1276:, 15 February 2011
1273:The New York Times
1135:Kris Kristofferson
1131:Joaquim de Almeida
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990:National Guardsmen
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703:José María Moncada
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451:José María Moncada
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380:Mexican Revolution
2096:1934 in Nicaragua
1643:on 6 January 2008
1247:978-0-02-588210-2
969:squatters' rights
820:Emilio Portes Gil
773:army that seized
734:Hipólito Yrigoyen
642:Burton K. Wheeler
617:Henry P. Fletcher
384:1917 Constitution
307:Masaya Department
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132:Years active
92:Masaya Department
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860:Joaquín Trincado
714:to be headed by
495:Guardia Nacional
483:Henry L. Stimson
481:, negotiated by
408:anti-clericalism
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2027:(in Polish)
1084:Hugo Chávez
1076:Che Guevara
1065:Tomás Borge
1005:'s tenure.
858:in 1911 by
835:Mexico City
688:Tegucigalpa
577:Sandinistas
541:vendepatria
447:Adolfo Díaz
413:Indigenismo
319:Adolfo Díaz
303:Niquinohomo
274:coup d'état
116:, Nicaragua
88:Niquinohomo
84:18 May 1895
2075:Categories
1781:"Cultural"
1403:, p. 236,
1195:References
1052:Robin Hood
946:Chinandega
880:Bolshevism
771:Kuomintang
624:Coco River
419:indigenous
394:gurus and
325:. General
297:Early life
163:, or EDSN)
80:1895-05-18
1996:0090-7324
1766:18 August
1707:18 August
1677:18 August
1647:18 August
1605:Sandino:
1184:Nicaragua
1018:location.
1009:decades.
938:Chontales
876:Spiritism
800:Al Capone
779:Frankfurt
759:Comintern
613:Manhattan
573:Telpaneca
404:communist
400:anarchist
392:spiritist
364:Guatemala
234:rebellion
197:Signature
168:Opponents
135:1927–1933
96:Nicaragua
2035:Archived
1905:Augusto
1784:Archived
1397:Max Boot
1289:Archived
1173:See also
930:Jinotega
872:Kabbalah
825:Maximato
792:de facto
757:and the
680:Honduran
564:machetes
554:and the
548:attacked
522:Jinotega
360:Honduras
347:Catarina
335:Jinotega
156:Movement
46:Calderón
32:In this
2064:of the
2060:in the
1850:8 March
1827:YouTube
1810:YouTube
1122:Sandino
942:Corinto
775:Beijing
650:Chicago
646:Montana
609:Bonanza
588:Quilalí
472:Managua
376:Tampico
362:, then
151:Liberal
42:Sandino
38:surname
1994:
1955:
1951:–161.
1426:p. 113
1407:
1244:
1153:Quotes
1034:Legacy
926:Estelí
864:Basque
831:Mérida
794:ruler
716:Zepeda
692:Sacasa
560:Ocotal
368:Mexico
343:Masaya
323:puppet
187:Spouse
25:Sandin
1907:César
1884:Texts
983:Death
846:EMECU
711:junta
1992:ISSN
1953:ISBN
1852:2014
1768:2014
1756:Time
1732:Time
1709:2014
1697:Time
1679:2014
1667:Time
1649:2014
1636:Time
1594:Time
1581:Time
1568:Time
1514:Time
1501:Time
1488:Time
1472:Time
1457:Time
1440:Time
1405:ISBN
1371:453.
1327:2023
1242:ISBN
1145:and
1092:FMLN
1088:FARC
1082:and
1063:and
1055:the
936:and
934:León
874:and
862:, a
633:Time
491:Díaz
402:and
291:USMC
103:Died
70:Born
2066:ZBW
1984:doi
1949:143
1825:on
1808:on
644:of
329:of
40:is
2077::
1990:.
1980:16
1978:.
1854:.
1790:,
1754:.
1739:^
1717:^
1695:.
1665:.
1633:.
1528:,
1479:^
1455:,
1422:,
1399:,
1335:^
1270:,
1256:^
1149:.
1141:,
1137:,
1078:,
1071:.
948:.
932:,
928:,
870:,
781:.
729:.
524:.
520:,
457:.
398:,
390:,
349:.
305:,
94:,
90:,
1998:.
1986::
1961:.
1844:"
1840:"
1770:.
1711:.
1681:.
1651:.
1385:"
1381:"
1329:.
1250:.
913:(
827:,
415:,
215:(
82:)
78:(
48:.
27:.
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