33:
798:
1013:
904:
499:
51:
421:
918:
518:
546:
523:
483:
468:
453:
436:
1087:(in a tuft). Spores are ejected from the underside of the fruit bodies with as many as several hundred thousand an hour, and the high rate continues when the bodies have been significantly dried. Even when they have lost some 90% of their weight through dehydration, the bodies continue to release a small number of spores. It is found all year, but is most common in autumn.
886:. The idea was criticised by the author Patrick Harding, who considered it "to be the result of political correctness where it is not necessary", and who "will continue to call Jew's ear", explaining that, while anti-Semitism was commonplace in Britain, the name "Jew's ear" is in reference to Judas, who was a Jew. However, the name is no longer favoured; the
1190:
943:(covered in tiny, grey, downy hairs). It can be smooth, as is typical of younger specimens, or undulating with folds and wrinkles. The colour becomes darker with age. The under surface is a lighter grey-brown and smooth, sometimes folded or wrinkled, and may have "veins", making it appear even more ear-like.
1239:
for a very specific use; other fungi were used more generally. He recommends the preparation of a liquid extract by boiling the fruit bodies in milk, or else leaving them steeped in beer, which would then be sipped slowly in order to cure a sore throat. The resultant broth was probably not dissimilar
1265:
by saying "It grows to the Trunk of the Elder-Tree. Being dried it will keep a good year. Boyl'd in Milk, or infus'd in
Vinegarm 'tis good to gargle the Mouth or Throat in Quinsies, and other inflammations of the Mouth and Throat. And being infus'd in some proper Water, it is good in Diseases of the
1142:
has a soft, jelly-like texture. Though edible, it is not held in high culinary regard. It has been likened to "eating an Indian rubber with bones in it", while in 19th-century
Britain, it was said that "it has never been regarded here as an edible fungus". The species is said to be commonly consumed
861:
of the fungus was originally "Judas's ear", but this was later shortened to "Judas ear" and then "Jew's ear". Common names for the fungus which refer to Judas can be traced back to at least the end of the 16th century; for instance, in the 17th century,
878:, or an excrescence about the roots of elder, and concerneth not the nation of the Jews, but Judas Iscariot, upon a conceit he hanged on this tree; and is become a famous medicine in quinsies, sore throats, and strangulations, ever since.
1160:
and rehydrated, sometimes swelling to 3 – 4 times in size. The species is not edible when raw, needing to be cooked thoroughly. A 100 g (3.5 oz) reference serving of dried fungus provides 1,500 kilojoules (370 kilocalories) of
1304:'s poem beginning "The Mushroom is the Elf of Plants", which depicts a mushroom as the "ultimate betrayer". Dickinson had both a religious and naturalistic background, and so it is more than likely that she knew of the common name of
754:
The species was long thought to be somewhat variable in colour, habitat, and microscopic features but cosmopolitan in distribution, though Lowy considered it a temperate species and doubted that it occurred in the tropics.
938:
laterally and sometimes by a very short stalk. Fruit bodies have a tough, gelatinous, elastic texture when fresh, but dry hard and brittle. The upper surface is a reddish-tan-brown with a purplish tint and finely
882:
While the term "Jew's meat" was a deprecatory term used for all fungi in the Middle Ages, the term is unrelated to the name "Jew's ear". A further change of name to "jelly ear" was recommended in the
775:
was originally described from Europe, the name is now restricted to the
European species. The commercially cultivated Chinese and East Asian species, still frequently marketed and described as
1270:
due to its ability to absorb water. There are recorded medicinal usages from
Scotland, where it was again used as a gargle for sore throats, and from Ireland, where, in an attempt to cure
1181:. Fresh mushrooms contain about 90% moisture. Dried specimens may be ground up into a powder and used to absorb excess liquid in soups and stews, as it rehydrates into tiny fragments.
934:
is normally up to 90 mm (3.5 in) across and up to 3 mm (0.12 in) thick. It is often reminiscent of a floppy ear, but can also be cup-shaped. It is attached to the
966:
are cylindrical, 65–85 × 4–5.5 μm, with three transverse septa (internal cross-walls). Hairs on the upper surface are 100-150 μm in length and 5-7.5 μm in diameter. They are
1090:
The species is widespread throughout Europe, but is not known to occur elsewhere. It was formerly thought to be a variable species with a worldwide distribution, but
1300:, where Ithamore proclaims: "The hat he wears, Judas left under the elder when he hanged himself". Later, the species was probably partially the inspiration for
267:
988:) from the Czech Republic, but probably more widespread in southern Europe. It can be distinguished by its dark grey to almost black fruit bodies. The Asian
980:
359:
2700:
2532:
2150:
1367:
1110:
839:. Folklore suggests that the ears are Judas's returned spirit, and are all that are left to remind us of his suicide. The medieval Latin name
2584:
2431:
420:
1895:
660:
231:
162:
2687:
2506:
2344:
2249:
2219:
2011:
1973:
1943:
1748:
1491:
2422:
1254:, writing in 1640, reported that boiling in milk or steeping in vinegar was "the onely use they are put unto that I know".
617:
The fungus can be found throughout the year in Europe, where it normally grows on wood of broadleaf trees and shrubs.
2274:
2190:
1876:
2769:
998:. It can be distinguished microscopically by its shorter basidia and shorter spores (11–13 × 4–5 μm). The American
2589:
1598:
Wu F, Yuan Y, He S, Bandara AR, Hyde KD, Malysheva VF, Li D, Dai Y (2015). "Global diversity and taxonomy of the
1102:, has shown that non-European species are distinct. The cultivated "A. auricula-judae" of China and East Asia is
747:, which was in turn used by the American mycologist Bernard Lowy in his monograph on the genus. Despite this,
2571:
1704:
Wu F, Yuan Y, Malysheva VF, Du P, Dai Y (2014). "Species clarification of the most important and cultivated
950:, but they are merely unpigmented forms and often occur in company with ordinary, pigmented fruit bodies.
743:, saying he "would probably not have known the Jew's ear from the calves' liver", he followed him in using
890:
recommends the name "jelly ear". Other common names include the "ear fungus" and the "common ear fungus".
602:(fruit bodies) are brown, gelatinous, and have a noticeably ear-like shape. They grow on wood, especially
1902:
1767:
887:
50:
1174:
1116:
1000:
208:
1565:
857:, the generic name for elder. The mistranslation "Jew's Ear" appeared in English by 1544. The English
2728:
2679:
2599:
2498:
1251:
255:
2145:
2095:
1789:
1513:
2779:
2774:
2563:
2789:
2784:
2764:
1091:
756:
740:
347:
909:
The upper surface of fruit bodies is covered in tiny, downy hairs and may be folded and wrinkled
2705:
2537:
2384:
708:
607:
1844:
1768:"Oxford English Dictionary. "Erroneous rendering of medieval Latin auricula Judae Judas' ear""
1396:
32:
1935:
1928:
1122:
372:
308:
278:
220:
145:
2612:
2467:
1906:
1250:, writing in 1601, also said that the species could be gargled to cure a sore throat, and
8:
2360:
1740:
1291:
1144:
1104:
1038:
990:
935:
843:(Judas's Ear) matches the vernacular name in most European languages, such as the French
785:
2317:
2309:
2211:
2117:
1823:
1678:
1647:
1619:
1547:
1242:
1056:
1050:
732:
671:
384:
174:
45:
2163:
2040:
946:
Entirely white fruit bodies are occasionally encountered and were once given the name
797:
704:
166:
2661:
2607:
2454:
2436:
2364:
2340:
2270:
2245:
2215:
2186:
2007:
1969:
1939:
1872:
1815:
1744:
1683:
1539:
1487:
1060:(spindle), and in one particular case, the sycamore draining board of an old sink in
771:
as previously understood comprises at least seven different species worldwide. Since
655:
459:
2321:
1623:
1012:
835:
because of the belief that he hanged himself on an elder tree after his betrayal of
2666:
2459:
2301:
2159:
2109:
2093:
2074:
2036:
1807:
1717:
1673:
1663:
1611:
1535:
1531:
1296:
1064:. It very rarely grows on conifers. It favours older branches, where it feeds as a
903:
489:
1963:
1427:
335:
2652:
2292:
1363:
1301:
1247:
1216:
1166:
1044:
685:
592:
552:
112:
2576:
1084:
1080:
2674:
2493:
1721:
1032:
1004:
is also similar, but also has shorter basidia and spores (13–15 × 4.8–5.5 μm).
832:
821:
813:
611:
595:
320:
102:
92:
1615:
874:
something is conceived extraordinary from the name, which is in propriety but
851:. The species was known as "fungus sambuca" among herbalists, in reference to
2758:
2407:
2003:
1868:
1819:
1543:
1483:
1279:
1189:
1157:
1099:
1061:
863:
764:
650:
622:
196:
82:
2741:
2625:
1646:
Wu F, Tohtirjap A, Fan L, Zhou L, Alvarenga RL, Gibertoni TB, Dai Y (2021).
739:
is cumbersome and in addition is a slander on the Jews". Though critical of
2027:
Reid DA (1970). "New or interesting records of
British hymenomycetes, IV".
1930:
Medicinal Plants in Folk
Tradition: An Ethnobotany of Britain & Ireland
1687:
1170:
1147:, is widely used in East Asian cooking and has often been misidentified as
836:
809:
530:
1965:
Wild Edible Fungi: A Global
Overview of their Use and Importance to People
2558:
2519:
2446:
2416:
1258:
1232:
1205:
1197:
1162:
858:
626:
599:
568:
505:
122:
917:
2692:
2511:
2313:
2305:
2267:
Medicinal
Mushrooms: An Exploration of Tradition, Healing & Culture
2121:
1827:
1668:
1551:
1267:
1228:
1069:
1065:
817:
668:
634:
603:
400:
2289:
2079:
2058:
2718:
2550:
2524:
2480:
2182:
2100:
1798:
1708:
mushroom "Heimuer": evidence from morphological and molecular data".
1522:
1220:
1194:
1095:
1073:
1027:
760:
536:
62:
2378:
2290:
Gilbert, Frank A.; Robinson, Radcliff F. (1957). "Food from fungi".
2113:
1811:
2736:
2713:
2646:
2620:
2545:
2485:
2401:
1404:
1282:; at the time, it was not considered edible in the United Kingdom.
1271:
1224:
1178:
853:
630:
473:
444:
426:
1925:
967:
963:
584:
2094:
Worrall, James J.; Anagnost, Susan E.; Zabel, Robert A. (1997).
2472:
1114:. The North American "A. auricula-judae" on broadleaf trees is
940:
676:
588:
72:
2205:
1156:
has a mild flavour, which may be considered bland. It can be
1019:
fruit bodies can often be found in large numbers on old wood.
2146:"Water and spore discharge in Ascomycetes and Hymenomycetes"
674:
accepted
Bulliard's epithet and transferred the species to
2239:
2096:"Comparison of wood decay among diverse lignicolous fungi"
1997:
1278:
continued until at least 1860, when it was still sold at
625:
as recently as the 19th century for complaints including
1737:
Mushrooms and
Toadstools of Britain and Northern Europe
1432:. Vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1153.
2179:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe
731:. The name was criticised by the American mycologist
2059:"Revealing the cryptic diversity of wood-inhabiting
2000:
Complete Guide to British Mushrooms & Toadstools
1007:
962:
are allantoid (sausage-shaped), 15-22 x 5-7 ÎĽm; the
2264:
1308:, and of the folklore surrounding Judas's suicide.
1927:
1645:
1703:
970:, thick-walled, and have acute to rounded tips.
2756:
1787:
1231:for throat problems. The 16th-century herbalist
1227:to treat inflammations of the eye, as well as a
994:is very similar and has long been confused with
2176:
2151:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
2029:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
1896:"Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK"
1890:
1888:
1597:
1862:
1425:
1274:, it was boiled in milk. The medicinal use of
2334:
1926:Allen, David E.; Hatfield, Gabrielle (2004).
1511:
40:A young fruit body on fallen wood in England
1885:
1558:
1079:Commonly growing solitarily, it can also be
2328:
2283:
1648:"Global diversity and updated phylogeny of
2063:(Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) in Europe"
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1602:complex (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)".
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
692:" takes priority over Linnaeus's earlier "
31:
2258:
2078:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1961:
1677:
1667:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
637:. It is edible, but not widely consumed.
2235:
2233:
2231:
2206:Conte, Anna Del; Læssøe, Thomas (2008).
2170:
2020:
1921:
1919:
1858:
1856:
1699:
1697:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1593:
1591:
1188:
1011:
827:and the common name Jew's ear originate.
796:
2359:
2353:
2128:
2087:
2056:
2052:
2050:
1839:
1837:
1774:
1477:
1419:
1407:. International Mycological Association
1382:
978:In Europe, the only similar species is
953:
923:As fruit bodies age, they become darker
2757:
2143:
2137:
1982:
1957:
1955:
1762:
1760:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1436:
1285:
1266:Eyes." The species also saw use as an
661:Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard
2383:
2382:
2240:Acton, Johnny; Sandler, Nick (2001).
2228:
2199:
1968:. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
1916:
1853:
1734:
1694:
1630:
1588:
2729:e8e066d9-c533-4712-ad7e-74daecab25e7
2600:47824a95-dcc2-4c85-853e-21f76eadba42
2047:
2026:
1998:Sterry, Paul; Hughes, Barry (2009).
1834:
1728:
688:, meaning that the species epithet "
1952:
1849:. Haskell House. 1882. p. 195.
1757:
1500:
1314:The Mushroom is the Elf of Plants —
884:List of Recommended Names for Fungi
792:
751:is the valid name for the species.
645:The species was first described as
614:hanged himself from an elder tree.
13:
2339:. Harper Collins UK. p. 146.
1341:I feel as if the Grass was pleased
1169:, 0.2 g of fat, 65 g of
1072:(on living wood), and it causes a
973:
14:
2801:
2269:. Culinary Arts Ltd. p. 73.
1368:The Mushroom is the Elf of Plants
1008:Habitat, ecology and distribution
2337:How to Identify Edible Mushrooms
1652:(Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)"
1184:
916:
902:
659:and later (1789) redescribed by
610:is derived from the belief that
544:
521:
516:
497:
481:
466:
451:
434:
419:
49:
1327:Is shorter than a Snake's Delay
1257:Writing in 1694, the herbalist
1235:, writing in 1597, recommended
1202:Auricularia auricula-judae
1134:
1030:trees and shrubs, particularly
699:The species was given the name
1536:10.1080/00275514.1952.12024226
1290:The species is referred to in
1240:to the Chinese soups that use
1036:(elder). It is also common on
893:
831:The fungus is associated with
1:
2164:10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80250-3
2041:10.1016/S0007-1536(70)80062-6
1375:
1318:At Morning, in a Truffled Hut
1143:in Poland. A related fungus,
984:, recently described on oak (
2265:Hobbs, Christopher. (1995).
476:attachment is not applicable
7:
1903:British Mycological Society
1356:That Mushroom — it is Him!
1336:Doth like a Bubble antedate
1332:'Tis Vegetation's Juggler —
1149:Auricularia auricula-judae.
888:British Mycological Society
767:, has, however, shown that
640:
427:Mycological characteristics
10:
2806:
2423:Auricularia auricula-judae
2393:Auricularia auricula-judae
1722:10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.1
1600:Auricularia auricula-judae
1568:Auricularia auricula-judae
1399:Auricularia auricula-judae
1352:Or could she one contemn —
1350:Had Nature any supple Face
1213:Auricularia auricula-judae
1154:Auricularia auricula-judae
1140:Auricularia auricula-judae
1117:Auricularia angiospermarum
1024:Auricularia auricula-judae
1017:Auricularia auricula-judae
1001:Auricularia angiospermarum
769:Auricularia auricula-judae
749:Auricularia auricula-judae
737:Auricularia auricula-Judae
701:Auricularia auricula-judae
619:Auricularia auricula-judae
564:Auricularia auricula-judae
328:Auricularia auricula-judae
155:Auricularia auricula-judae
25:Auricularia auricula-judae
2636:
2391:
1790:"Three common species of
1788:Barrett, Mary F. (1910).
1616:10.1007/s11557-015-1113-4
1478:Harding, Patrick (2008).
1329:And fleeter than a Tare —
1108:and, to a lesser extent,
1068:(on dead wood) or a weak
719:, the Latin word meaning
543:
515:
495:
480:
465:
450:
433:
417:
180:
173:
151:
144:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
2208:The Edible Mushroom Book
2177:Phillips, Roger (1981).
1934:. Timber Press. p.
1735:Kibby, Geoffrey (2003).
1401:(Bull.) J. Schröt. 1888"
1354:Had Nature an Apostate —
1347:Of Summer's circumspect.
1345:This surreptitious scion
1338:And like a Bubble, hie —
1325:And yet its whole Career
812:. It is from the belief
579:, or more historically,
2770:Fungi described in 1789
2638:Tremella auricula-judae
1863:Mabey, Richard (1984).
1426:Linnaeus, Carl (1753).
1323:As if it tarried always
1316:At Evening, it is not —
1177:, and 0.03% mg of
1129:
741:Lucien Marcus Underwood
667:. In 1822, the Swedish
665:Tremella auricula-judae
392:Hirneola auricula-judae
368:Auricularia auricularis
304:Hirneola auricula-judae
248:Tremella auricula-judae
228:Tremella auricula-judae
2335:Tomblin, Gill (2007).
2144:Ingold, C. T. (1985).
2057:Kout, J, Wu F (2022).
1512:Lowy, Bernard (1952).
1359:
1306:A. auricula-judae
1276:A. auricula-judae
1263:A. auricula-judae
1237:A. auricula-judae
1209:
1020:
960:A. auricula-judae
932:A. auricula-judae
880:
866:wrote of the species:
828:
713:A. auricula-judae
137:A. auricula-judae
1343:To have it intermit —
1311:
1192:
1123:Auricularia americana
1026:grows on the wood of
1015:
868:
816:hanged himself on an
800:
684:. In so doing, Fries
682:Exidia auricula-judae
286:Exidia auricula-judae
239:Peziza auricula-judae
2361:Marlowe, Christopher
1604:Mycological Progress
1574:(Paris): 207 (1886)"
954:Microscopic features
745:Auricularia auricula
380:Hirneola auricularis
343:Auricularia auricula
1480:Mushroom Miscellany
1334:The Germ of Alibi —
1320:It stop upon a Spot
1292:Christopher Marlowe
1286:Cultural depictions
1223:. It was used as a
1215:has been used as a
1145:Auricularia heimuer
1105:Auricularia heimuer
1094:research, based on
1039:Acer pseudoplatanus
991:Auricularia heimuer
981:Auricularia cerrina
806:Judas Hangs Himself
786:Auricularia heimuer
759:research, based on
686:sanctioned the name
295:Auricularia sambuci
275:Gyraria auricularis
2306:10.1007/BF02985303
2212:Dorling Kindersley
1962:Boa, Eric (2004).
1669:10.3390/jof7110933
1576:. Species Fungorum
1243:Auricularia cornea
1210:
1057:Euonymus europaeus
1051:Fraxinus excelsior
1021:
948:Auricularia lactea
930:The fruit body of
829:
789:(black wood ear).
733:Curtis Gates Lloyd
672:Elias Magnus Fries
355:Auricularia lactea
263:Tremella caraganae
2752:
2751:
2608:Open Tree of Life
2385:Taxon identifiers
2346:978-0-00-725961-8
2251:978-1-85626-739-7
2221:978-1-4053-3213-2
2134:Lowy 1952, p. 658
2080:10.3390/f13040532
2013:978-0-00-723224-6
1975:978-92-5-105157-3
1945:978-0-88192-638-5
1750:978-0-7537-1865-0
1493:978-0-00-728464-1
1429:Species Plantarum
1193:The 16th-century
1165:, 10.6 g of
996:A. auricula-judae
876:fungus sambucinus
777:A. auricula-judae
773:A. auricula-judae
656:Species Plantarum
647:Tremella auricula
560:
559:
412:Species of fungus
410:
409:
403:
387:
375:
363:
350:
338:
323:
316:Hirneola auricula
311:
299:
290:
281:
270:
258:
243:
234:
223:
216:Merulius auricula
211:
199:
193:Tremella auricula
186:
16:Species of fungus
2797:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2577:NHMSYS0001475388
2567:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2366:The Jew of Malta
2357:
2351:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1933:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1912:on 16 July 2011.
1911:
1905:. Archived from
1900:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1656:Journal of Fungi
1643:
1628:
1627:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1475:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1371:
1297:The Jew of Malta
1217:medicinal fungus
1083:(in a group) or
920:
906:
847:, or the German
845:oreille de Judas
822:specific epithet
793:Vernacular names
709:specific epithet
629:, sore eyes and
608:specific epithet
548:
547:
525:
524:
520:
519:
501:
500:
485:
484:
470:
469:
455:
454:
438:
437:
423:
415:
414:
398:
382:
370:
358:
345:
334:
318:
306:
297:
288:
277:
265:
254:
241:
230:
218:
206:
195:
185:Species synonymy
184:
157:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2780:Medicinal fungi
2775:Fungi of Europe
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2387:
2375:
2374:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2333:
2329:
2293:Economic Botany
2288:
2284:
2277:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2244:. Kyle Cathie.
2238:
2229:
2222:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:. p. 262.
2175:
2171:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2114:10.2307/3761073
2092:
2088:
2055:
2048:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:. p. 290.
1996:
1983:
1976:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1812:10.2307/3753627
1786:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1743:. p. 225.
1733:
1729:
1702:
1695:
1644:
1631:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1570:(Bull.) Quél.,
1564:
1563:
1559:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1476:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1364:Emily Dickinson
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1302:Emily Dickinson
1288:
1248:Carolus Clusius
1187:
1137:
1132:
1045:Fagus sylvatica
1010:
976:
974:Similar species
956:
928:
927:
926:
925:
924:
921:
912:
911:
910:
907:
896:
795:
705:Joseph Schröter
643:
545:
522:
517:
502:
498:
482:
467:
452:
435:
429:
424:
413:
406:
362:& H. Guill.
204:Peziza auricula
188:
187:
169:
159:
153:
140:
113:Auriculariaceae
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2790:Fungus species
2787:
2785:Judas Iscariot
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Auriculariales
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2594:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2441:
2428:
2413:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2345:
2327:
2282:
2275:
2257:
2250:
2227:
2220:
2214:. p. 91.
2198:
2191:
2169:
2158:(4): 575–583.
2136:
2127:
2108:(2): 199–219.
2086:
2046:
2035:(3): 413–441.
2019:
2012:
1981:
1974:
1951:
1944:
1915:
1884:
1877:
1871:. p. 54.
1852:
1846:Folk-Etymology
1833:
1773:
1756:
1749:
1727:
1716:(5): 241–253.
1693:
1629:
1587:
1557:
1499:
1492:
1435:
1418:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1312:
1310:
1287:
1284:
1252:John Parkinson
1186:
1183:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1033:Sambucus nigra
1009:
1006:
975:
972:
958:The spores of
955:
952:
922:
915:
914:
913:
908:
901:
900:
899:
898:
897:
895:
892:
841:auricula Judae
833:Judas Iscariot
825:auricula-judae
820:that both the
814:Judas Iscariot
794:
791:
690:auricula-judae
642:
639:
612:Judas Iscariot
596:Auriculariales
558:
557:
549:
541:
540:
526:
513:
512:
503:
496:
493:
492:
486:
478:
477:
471:
463:
462:
456:
448:
447:
439:
431:
430:
425:
418:
411:
408:
407:
405:
404:
388:
376:
364:
351:
339:
324:
312:
300:
291:
282:
271:
259:
244:
235:
224:
212:
200:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
171:
170:
160:
149:
148:
142:
141:
134:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
103:Auriculariales
100:
96:
95:
93:Agaricomycetes
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2802:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:(2): 126–45.
2299:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2276:1-884360-01-7
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2192:0-330-26441-9
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:HarperCollins
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1878:0-00-633470-9
1874:
1870:
1869:HarperCollins
1866:
1865:Food for Free
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1575:
1573:
1572:Enchir. fung.
1569:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:(5): 656–92.
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1484:HarperCollins
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1280:Covent Garden
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:for curing a
1203:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1185:Medicinal use
1182:
1180:
1176:
1173:, 5.8 g
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1127:
1126:on conifers.
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:DNA sequences
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Hatton Garden
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
982:
971:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
933:
919:
905:
891:
889:
885:
879:
877:
873:
867:
865:
864:Thomas Browne
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Judas se pend
799:
790:
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:DNA sequences
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
651:Carl Linnaeus
648:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:folk medicine
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
556:
555:
551:Edibility is
550:
542:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
514:
511:
507:
504:
494:
491:
487:
479:
475:
472:
464:
461:
457:
449:
446:
443:
440:
432:
428:
422:
416:
402:
397:
393:
389:
386:
381:
377:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
349:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
317:
313:
310:
305:
301:
296:
292:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:(Bull.) Bull.
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
222:
217:
213:
210:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
189:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
158:
156:
150:
147:
146:Binomial name
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:Basidiomycota
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2637:
2392:
2376:
2365:
2355:
2336:
2330:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2266:
2260:
2241:
2207:
2201:
2178:
2172:
2155:
2149:
2139:
2130:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2032:
2028:
2022:
1999:
1964:
1929:
1907:the original
1864:
1845:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1578:. Retrieved
1571:
1567:
1560:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1479:
1428:
1421:
1411:20 September
1409:. Retrieved
1398:
1360:
1313:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1236:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1200:recommended
1171:carbohydrate
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1135:Culinary use
1121:
1115:
1111:A. villosula
1109:
1103:
1098:analysis of
1089:
1078:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1042:(sycamore),
1037:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1016:
999:
995:
989:
985:
979:
977:
959:
957:
947:
945:
931:
929:
883:
881:
875:
871:
869:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:Jesus Christ
830:
824:
810:James Tissot
805:
801:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:analysis of
753:
748:
744:
736:
735:, who said "
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
700:
698:
693:
689:
681:
675:
664:
654:
653:in his 1753
646:
644:
633:, and as an
627:sore throats
621:was used in
618:
616:
600:Basidiocarps
580:
576:
572:
563:
562:
561:
553:
535:
531:saprotrophic
529:
509:
458:No distinct
441:
395:
391:
379:
367:
354:
342:
331:
327:
315:
303:
294:
285:
274:
262:
251:
247:
238:
227:
215:
203:
192:
154:
152:
136:
135:
123:
24:
18:
2559:NatureServe
2520:iNaturalist
2417:Wikispecies
2061:Auricularia
1806:(1): 12–8.
1792:Auricularia
1706:Auricularia
1662:(11): 933.
1650:Auricularia
1516:Auricularia
1514:"The genus
1259:John Pechey
1233:John Gerard
1206:sore throat
1198:John Gerard
1163:food energy
894:Description
859:common name
781:A. auricula
703:in 1888 by
528:Ecology is
506:Spore print
373:G.W. Martin
289:(Bull.) Fr.
124:Auricularia
2759:Categories
2073:(4): 532.
1376:References
1268:astringent
1261:described
1229:palliative
1221:herbalists
1085:caespitose
1081:gregarious
1066:saprotroph
872:Jews' ears
818:elder tree
727:, meaning
715:comprises
669:mycologist
635:astringent
79:Division:
2742:100435624
2653:Q64667999
2626:100435623
2183:Pan Books
2101:Mycologia
1820:0027-5514
1799:Mycologia
1710:Phytotaxa
1544:0027-5514
1523:Mycologia
1195:herbalist
1096:cladistic
1092:molecular
1074:white rot
1048:(beech),
1028:deciduous
936:substrate
761:cladistic
757:Molecular
581:Jew's ear
577:jelly ear
571:known as
537:parasitic
401:D.A. Reid
321:P. Karst.
252:caraganae
167:J.Schröt.
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
2737:Tropicos
2714:MycoBank
2706:10480412
2675:Fungorum
2647:Wikidata
2621:Tropicos
2564:2.921257
2546:MycoBank
2538:11432975
2494:Fungorum
2444:BioLib:
2437:60026798
2432:AusFungi
2402:Wikidata
2363:(1633).
2322:29535891
2242:Mushroom
1688:34829220
1624:16991202
1405:MycoBank
1294:'s play
1272:jaundice
1225:poultice
1219:by many
1179:carotene
1070:parasite
854:Sambucus
849:Judasohr
729:of Judas
717:auricula
694:auricula
641:Taxonomy
631:jaundice
573:wood ear
569:commonly
488:Lacks a
474:Hymenium
445:hymenium
399:(Quél.)
357:(Quél.)
307:(Bull.)
268:H. Mart.
266:(Pers.)
175:Synonyms
109:Family:
59:Domain:
2693:7239041
2512:5249271
2408:Q321342
2314:4287926
2122:3761073
2067:Forests
1828:3753627
1679:8625027
1580:20 July
1552:4547639
1167:protein
1120:, with
1054:(ash),
986:Quercus
968:hyaline
964:basidia
591:in the
585:species
583:, is a
383:(Gray)
371:(Gray)
360:Bigeard
348:Underw.
209:Lightf.
119:Genus:
99:Order:
89:Class:
2726:NZOR:
2719:218233
2680:218233
2613:567825
2597:NZOR:
2551:102281
2499:102281
2486:AURIAU
2473:152249
2343:
2320:
2312:
2273:
2248:
2218:
2189:
2120:
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1972:
1942:
1875:
1826:
1818:
1747:
1741:Hamlyn
1686:
1676:
1622:
1610:(10).
1550:
1542:
1490:
941:pilose
808:), by
723:, and
707:. The
677:Exidia
606:. The
589:fungus
554:edible
442:Smooth
396:lactea
332:lactea
2701:IRMNG
2667:583HP
2590:29892
2533:IRMNG
2525:50813
2460:5W9WJ
2447:59817
2318:S2CID
2310:JSTOR
2118:JSTOR
1910:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1824:JSTOR
1620:S2CID
1548:JSTOR
1362:From
1158:dried
783:, is
725:Judae
604:elder
593:order
510:white
490:stipe
394:var.
390:1970
378:1949
366:1943
353:1913
346:(L.)
341:1902
336:Quél.
330:var.
326:1886
319:(L.)
314:1880
309:Berk.
302:1860
298:Pers.
293:1822
284:1822
273:1821
261:1812
256:Pers.
250:var.
246:1801
237:1791
232:Bull.
226:1789
219:(L.)
214:1788
207:(L.)
202:1777
191:1753
163:Bull.
73:Fungi
2688:GBIF
2585:NCBI
2507:GBIF
2481:EPPO
2341:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1816:ISSN
1745:ISBN
1684:PMID
1582:2011
1540:ISSN
1488:ISBN
1413:2010
1366:'s "
1130:Uses
696:".
385:Donk
279:Gray
221:Roth
2662:CoL
2572:NBN
2468:EoL
2455:CoL
2302:doi
2160:doi
2110:doi
2075:doi
2037:doi
1808:doi
1718:doi
1714:186
1674:PMC
1664:doi
1612:doi
1532:doi
1175:ash
870:In
779:or
721:ear
711:of
680:as
663:as
649:by
587:of
534:or
508:is
460:cap
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