2982:
6911:
6279:
6212:, introducing significant reforms and expanding the federal budget. Welfare benefits were extended and payment rates increased, a national health insurance scheme was introduced, and divorce laws liberalised. Commonwealth expenditure on schools trebled in the two years to mid-1975 and the Commonwealth assumed responsibility for funding higher education, abolishing tuition fees. In foreign affairs, the new government prioritised the Asia Pacific region, formally abolishing the White Australia Policy, recognising Communist China and enhancing ties with Indonesia. Conscription was abolished and the remaining Australian troops in Vietnam withdrawn. The Australian national anthem was changed from God Save the Queen to Advance Australia Fair, the imperial honours system was replaced at the Commonwealth level by the Order of Australia, and Queen Elizabeth II was officially styled Queen of Australia. Relations with the US, however, became strained after government members criticised the resumption of the US bombing campaign in North Vietnam.
2203:
1793:
1652:
1710:
7400:
6298:
espoused a policy of administrative competence and economic austerity leavened by progressive humanitarian, social and environmental interventions. The government enacted the
Whitlam government's land rights bill with few changes, increased immigration, and resettled Indochinese refugees. It promoted multiculturalism and in 1978 established the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) as a multicultural broadcaster. In foreign policy, the government continued Labor's friendly relations with China and Indonesia, repaired the frayed relationship with the US and opposed white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia. Environmental policies included banning resource development on Fraser Island and the Great Barrier Reef, creating Kakadu National Park and banning whaling. However, the government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the
2524:
2157:
7101:
7419:, holding that Indigenous native title survived reception of English law and continued to exist unless extinguished by conflicting law or interests in land. The Keating government passed a Native Title Act in 1993 to regulate native title claims and established a Native Title Tribunal to hear those claims. In the subsequent Wik decision of 1996, the High Court found that a pastoral lease did not necessarily extinguish native title. In response, the Howard government amended the Native Title Act to provide better protection for pastoralists and others with an interest in land. By March 2019 the Native Titles Tribunal had determined that 375 Indigenous communities had established native title over 39 per cent of the Australian continent, with one third under exclusive title.
6433:
6327:
6645:
3602:
2637:
3765:
3213:
2047:) in 1803, partly to forestall a possible French settlement. The British settlement of the island soon centred on Launceston in the north and Hobart in the south. From the 1820s free settlers were encouraged by the offer of land grants in proportion to the capital the settlers would bring. Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony from New South Wales in December 1825 and continued to expand through the 1830s, supported by farming, sheep grazing and whaling. Following the suspension of convict transportation to New South Wales in 1840, Van Diemen's land became the main destination for convicts. Transportation to Van Diemen's Land ended in 1853 and in 1856 the colony officially changed its name to Tasmania.
5378:, formed in October 1941, that was largely responsible for "a complete revision of the whole Australian economic, domestic and industrial life". Rationing of fuel, clothing and some food was introduced, (although less severely than in Britain) Christmas holidays curtailed, "brown outs" introduced and some public transport reduced. From December 1941, the Government evacuated all women and children from Darwin and northern Australia, and more than 10,000 refugees arrived from South East Asia as Japan advanced. In January 1942, the Manpower Directorate was set up "to ensure the organisation of Australians in the best possible way to meet all defence requirements." Minister for War Organisation of Industry,
3061:
4545:, proposed a radical plan which repudiated overseas debt. The "Premier's Plan" finally accepted by federal and state governments in June 1931, followed the deflationary model advocated by Niemeyer and included a reduction of 20 per cent in government spending, a reduction in bank interest rates and an increase in taxation. In March 1931, Lang announced that interest due in London would not be paid and the Federal government stepped in to meet the debt. In May, the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales was forced to close. The Melbourne Premiers' Conference agreed to cut wages and pensions as part of a severe deflationary policy but Lang renounced the plan. The grand opening of the
4618:, Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and the Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economyβa shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery.
5702:
3994:
1553:
3292:
2387:
1145:
1231:
2950:
1329:
5544:
7055:
7905:, were written to influence public opinion and British policy in the colony. After the Australian colonies became self-governing in the 1850s, colonial governments commissioned histories aimed at promoting migration and investment from Britain. The beginning of professional academic history in Australian universities from 1891 saw the dominance of an Imperial framework for interpreting Australian history, in which Australia emerged from the successful transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. Typical of the imperial school of Australian history was the Australian volume of the
7151:
4484:
7519:
6809:
6526:
3975:
2867:
7444:
2920:
1567:
3839:
7584:
1872:
6982:
841:
6182:
7489:
2701:
2330:
1779:
6058:: "seemed shattering to most Australians, particularly to older people and conservatives." Carl Bridge, however, points out that Australia had been "hedging its British bets" for some time. The ANZUS treaty and Australia's decision to enter the Vietnam War did not involve Britain and by 1967 Japan was Australia's leading export partner and the US her largest source of imports. According to Bridge, Australia's decision not to follow Britain's devaluation of her currency in 1967 "marked the demise of British Australia."
5822:
dramatic increases in home ownership, and by the sixties, Australia had the most equitable spread of income in the world. By the beginning of the sixties, an
Australia-wide McNair survey estimated that 94% of homes had a fridge, 50% a telephone, 55% a television, 60% a washing machine, and 73% a vacuum cleaner. In addition, most households had now acquired a car. According to one study, "In 1946, there was one car for every 14 Australians; by 1960, it was one to 3.5. The vast majority of families had access to a car."
3590:
5314:
1832:, but a building program, assisted by convict labour, advanced steadily. Between 1788 and 1792, convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population; however, a free population soon began to grow, consisting of emancipated convicts, locally born children, soldiers whose military service had expired and, finally, free settlers from Britain. Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792, with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years.
4870:
6625:
3142:
6366:
6073:
4886:
4427:
8071:'s ideas on the relationship between memory and history influenced work in a number of fields including military history, ethnographic history, oral history and historical work in Australian museums. Interdisciplinary histories drawing on the insights of fields such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies and environmental studies have become more common since the 1980s. Transnational approaches which analyse Australian history in a global and regional context have also flourished in recent decades.
1967:
6759:
4988:
4810:
600:
7533:
2832:
5710:
3105:
4702:
and
Protection Boards with extensive powers to regulate the lives of Aboriginal Australians including their ownership of property, place of residence, employment, sexual relationships and custody of their children. Reserves were established, ostensibly for the protection of the Aboriginal population who had been dispossessed of their land. Church groups also ran missions throughout Australia providing shelter, food, religious instruction and elementary schooling for Indigenous people.
3957:, and Australia obtained a special League of Nations mandate over German New Guinea allowing Australia to control trade and immigration. Australia also gained a 42 per cent share of the formerly German-ruled island of Nauru, giving access to its rich superphosphate reserves. Australia argued successfully against a Japanese proposal for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant, as Hughes feared that it would jeopardise the White Australia policy. As a signatory to the
4763:
2685:
2768:
2051:
1445:
1045:
5786:
3138:, the most famous bushrangers, were the sons of impoverished small farmers). The exploits of Ned Kelly and his gang garnered considerable local community support and extensive national press coverage at the time. After Kelly's capture and execution for murder in 1880 his story inspired numerous works of art, literature and popular culture and continuing debate about the extent to which he was a rebel fighting social injustice and oppressive police, or a murderous criminal.
2125:
2086:
6003:
5912:
3674:, Labor won a majority in both houses of parliament and Fisher again became prime minister. The Labor government introduced a series of reforms including a progressive land tax (1910), invalid pensions (1910) and a maternity allowance (1912). The government established the Commonwealth Bank (1911) but referendums to nationalise monopolies and extend Commonwealth trade and commerce powers were defeated in 1911 and 1913. The Commonwealth took over responsibility for the
5450:
3023:
7561:
against
Australian Muslims and some other minority ethnic groups. The government increased funding for multicultural, citizenship and settlement programs, with an emphasis on the promotion of social cohesion and security. The annual immigration intake also increased substantially as the economy boomed, from 67,900 in 1998β99 to 148,200 in 2006β07. The proportion of migrants selected for their skills increased from 30 per cent in 1995β96 to 68 per cent in 2006β07.
7240:
7502:
disadvantage and should be encouraged to understand and embrace other cultures." In response to the report, the Fraser government expanded funding for settlement services, established the
Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs (AIMA), funded multicultural and community language education programs in schools and established the multi-lingual Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). State and territory government programs to support multiculturalism followed.
7226:
3434:
5209:
8101:
6310:
conditions were deteriorating. The second oil shock in 1979 increased inflation which was exacerbated by a boom in commodity prices and a sharp increase in real wages. An international recession, the collapse of the resources boom and a severe drought in eastern
Australia saw unemployment rise. The government responded with Keynesian deficit spending in its 1982 Budget, but by 1983 both unemployment and annual inflation exceeded 10 per cent. At the
5928:
4037:
6349:
an Accord with trade unions under which wage demands would be curtailed in return for increased social benefits. Welfare payments were increased and better targeted to those on low incomes, and a retirement benefits scheme (superannuation) was extended to most employees. A new universal health insurance scheme, Medicare, was introduced. The
Treasurer Paul Keating oversaw a program of deregulation and micro-economic reforms which broke with the
7674:
5133:
2275:
4225:
8087:
528:
3897:
2238:
118:
2787:
6239:, the Senate remained an obstacle to its political agenda. The government's popularity was also harmed by deteriorating economic conditions and a series of political scandals. Increased government spending, rapid wage growth, booming commodity prices and the first OPEC oil shock led to economic instability. The unemployment rate reached post-war high of 3.6 per cent in late 1974 and the annual inflation rate hit 17 per cent.
3321:
5099:
4598:
4649:, 41.3 per cent of men and 20.7 per cent of women were listed as unemployed. Geoffrey Spenceley stated that apart from variation between men and women, unemployment was also much higher in some industries, such as the building and construction industry, and comparatively low in the public administrative and professional sectors. In country areas, worst hit were small farmers in the wheat belts as far afield as north-east
5157:, to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of General MacArthur, who became "Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific". Curtin had thus presided over a fundamental shift in Australia's foreign policy. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. In late May 1942, Japanese
1636:(1775β1783) saw Britain lose most of its North American colonies and consider establishing replacement territories. Britain had transported about 50,000 convicts to the New World from 1718 to 1775 and was now searching for an alternative. The temporary solution of floating prison hulks had reached capacity and was a public health hazard, while the option of building more jails and workhouses was deemed too expensive.
1841:
1666:, who had also travelled with Cook, produced a new plan for colonising New South Wales in 1783. Matra argued that the country was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists. Following an interview with Secretary of State
7565:
head of population. India and China became the largest source countries of new migrants. The immigration intake was reduced to 160,000 in 2018β19 as some State governments complained that high immigration was adding to urban congestion. The opposition also linked high immigration with low wages growth while the One Nation party continued to oppose high immigration while proclaiming: "It's okay to be white.".
2887:
employment, education and place of residence of
Aboriginal Victorians, and closely managed the five reserves and missions established since self government in 1858. In 1886, the protection board gained the power to exclude "half caste" Aboriginal people from missions and stations. The Victorian legislation was the forerunner of the racial segregation policies of other Australian governments from the 1890s.
2221:. Emancipists were granted small plots of land for farming and a year of government rations. Later they were assigned convict labour to help them work their farms. Some convicts were assigned to military officers to run their businesses. These convicts learnt commercial skills which could help them work for themselves when their sentence ended or they were granted a "ticket of leave" (a form of parole).
1102:
4638:
third is far too low." Potts himself though suggested a peak national figure of 25 per cent unemployed. Measurement is difficult in part because there was great variation, geographically, by age and by gender, in the level of unemployment. Statistics collected by historian Peter
Spearritt show 17.8 per cent of men and 7.9 per cent of women unemployed in 1933 in the comfortable Sydney suburb of
4522:, and his largely inexperienced government were almost immediately faced with a series of crises. Hamstrung by their lack of control of the Senate, a lack of control of the banking system and divisions within their party about how best to deal with the situation, the government was forced to accept solutions that eventually split the party, as it had in 1917. Some gravitated to New South Wales
35:
5322:
4622:
3647:
3518:
1609:, no longer incognita, as this Map demonstrates, but the Southern Continent Discovered. It lies precisely in the richest climates of the World... and therefore whoever perfectly discovers and settles it will become infalliably possessed of Territories as Rich, as fruitful, and as capable of Improvement, as any that have hitherto been found out, either in the East Indies or the West.
4062:
7431:
report of the Royal
Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody in April 1991. The Keating government responded with $ 400 million in new spending to address some of the recommendations of the report. However, by 2001 Indigenous incarceration rates and deaths in custody had increased. Deaths in custody continued at an average of 15 per year during the decade to 2018.
7427:(or homelands), particularly in Arnhem Land and Central Australia. The movement to outstations was associated with a wider trend for the revival of traditional culture. However, the expense of providing infrastructure to small remote communities has seen pressure from federal, state and territory governments to redirect funding towards larger Indigenous communities.
5859:
has recalled life for a child in a new outer suburb of Melbourne as having a kind of joyous excitement. "Our imaginations saved us from finding life too humdrum, as did the wild freedom of being able to roam far and wide in different kinds of (neighbouring) bushland...Children in the suburbs found space in backyards, streets and lanes, playgrounds and reserves..."
4051:
2938:. campaigned for a greater degree of self-government, although there were divisions about the extent to which a future legislative body should be popularly elected. Other issues included traditional British political rights, land policy, transportation and whether a large population of convicts and former convicts could be trusted with self-government. The
7506:
social cohesion. In 1988, the opposition Leader, John Howard called for the abandonment of multiculturalism, a reduction in Asian immigration, and a focus on 'One Australia'. In the same year, the government's FitzGerald review of immigration recommended a sharper economic focus in the selection of immigrants. In 1989, the Hawke government released its
5095:
Government... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom."
4710:
Aboriginal people lived on reserves in the 1920s. The majority lived in camps on the fringes of country towns and a small percentage lived in cities. During the Great Depression more Aboriginal people moved to reserves and missions for food and shelter. By 1941 almost half of the Aboriginal population of New South Wales lived on reserves.
7922:(1921β42). Bean's earlier work as Australia's official war correspondent had helped establish the Anzac legend which, according to McKenna: "immediately supplanted all other narratives of nationhood β the march of the explorers, the advance of settlement, Eureka, Federation and Australia's record of progressive democratic legislation."
7262:
restricted. Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory banned Aboriginal people from voting and Queensland and Western Australia controlled their right to marry. Aboriginals were often subjected to unofficial "colour bars" restricting their access to many goods, services and public facilities, especially in country towns.
1690:
the navy, and the desirability of strategic ports in the region β were paramount. Christopher and Maxwell-Stewart argue that whatever the government's original motives were in establishing the colony, by the 1790s it had at least achieved the imperial objective of providing a harbour where vessels could be careened and resupplied.
3088:
suffrage, and the right to stand for office, was first won in South Australia in 1895. Women won the vote in Western Australia in 1899, with racial restrictions. Women in the rest of Australia only won full rights to vote and to stand for elected office in the decade after Federation, although there were some racial restrictions.
2229:
isolated penal settlements were established as places of secondary punishment, the rules for tickets of leave were tightened, and land grants were skewed to favour free settlers with large capital. As a result, convicts who arrived after 1820 were far less likely to become property owners, to marry, and to establish families.
4672:, a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. The rising star's world beating cricketing exploits were to provide Australians with much needed joy through the emerging
7335:
2424:
2364:, founded in 1838, provided hospitals, orphanages and asylums for the old and disabled. Religious organisations were also the main providers of school education in the first half of the nineteenth century, a notable example being Lang's Australian College which opened in 1831. Many religious associations, such as the
4190:, a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain. "In the five years from 1924. .. to ... 1928, Australia bought 43.4% of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7% of its exports. Wheat and wool made up more than two-thirds of all Australian exports", a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities.
6938:, boat turnbacks, the reintroduction of temporary protection visas, and the resettlement in third countries of those found to be refugees. The number of people arriving by boat fell from 20,587 in 2013 to none in 2015. The government continued Australia's economic engagement with Asia, signing trade agreements with
7369:, the first indigenous Australian to hold vice-regal office. By the 2020s, Aboriginal representation in the federal parliament had exceeded the proportion of Aboriginal people in the general population, and Australia had its first Aboriginal leader of a state or territory in 2016, when the Country Liberal Party's
5999:, in 1954. He made the following remarks during a light-hearted speech to an American audience in New York, while on his way to attend her coronation in 1953: "We in Australia, of course, are British, if I may say so, to the boot heels...but we stand together β our people stand together β till the crack of doom."
4642:. This is not to say that 81.9 per cent of women were working but that 7.9 per cent of the women interested/looking for work were unable to find it, a much lower figure than maybe first thought, as many women stayed home and were not in the job force in those years, especially if they were unable to find work.
7472:
qualification. 68 per cent of women aged 20β74 years old participated in the labour force, compared with 78 per cent of men. However, 43 per cent of employed women were working part-time, compared with 16 per cent of men, and the average earnings of women working full-time was 14 per cent below that of men.
1775:. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Phillip described as being, 'with out exception the finest Harbour in the World Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security'.
6037:, the dominant theme in Australia's foreign policy under Australia's LiberalβCountry Party governments of the 1950s and 1960s was anti-communism. Another former diplomat, Gregory Clark, suggested that it was specifically a fear of China that drove Australian foreign policy decisions for twenty years. The
4730:... efforts of all State authorities should be directed towards the education of children of mixed aboriginal blood at white standards, and their subsequent employment under the same conditions as whites with a view to their taking their place in the white community on an equal footing with the whites.
3000:. Further discoveries were made later that year in Victoria, where the richest gold fields were found. New South Wales and Victoria introduced a gold mining licence with a monthly fee, the revenue being used to offset the cost of providing infrastructure, administration and policing of the goldfields.
1804:
overseas were scarce. Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney. Many new arrivals were sick or unfit for work and the condition of healthy convicts also deteriorated due to the hard labour and poor food. The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the
7564:
Immigration continued to grow under the Labor government (2007β13) with prime minister Kevin Rudd proclaiming a "big Australia" policy. The immigration intake averaged around 190,000 a year from 2011β12 to 2015β16, a level based on research indicating the optimum level to increase economic output per
7422:
From 1960 the Indigenous population grew faster than the Australian population as a whole. The Aboriginal population was 106,000 in 1961 (1 per cent of the total population) but by 2016 had grown to 786,900 (3 per cent of the population) with a third living in major cities. Despite the drift to large
6819:
The government changed its predecessor's asylum seeker policy by closing the Nauru processing centre, abolished temporary protection visas and improving the legal rights and processing time for applicants for asylum. However, unauthorised arrivals by boat increased sharply from 2009 and the number in
6731:
By 2007, the Howard government was consistently trailing the Labor opposition in opinion polls, with key issues being rising interest rates, the unpopular Work Choices industrial relations reforms, and climate change policy. There were also leadership tensions between Howard and Costello, and opinion
6707:
In foreign affairs, the government advocated a policy of "Asia first, but not Asia only", emphasising traditional links to the Commonwealth and the US. Relations with Indonesia became strained over East Timor but generally improved after the Bali bombings. Australia's support of US policy during the
5389:
Manufacturing grew significantly because of the war. "In 1939, there were only three Australian firms producing machine tools, but by 1943 there were more than one hundred doing so." From having few front line aircraft in 1939, the RAAF had become the fourth largest allied Air force by 1945. A number
5094:
sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While demanding reinforcements from Churchill, on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement: "The Australian
4713:
In northern Australia, the majority of employed Aboriginal people worked in the pastoral industry where they lived in camps, often with their extended families. Many also camped on the margins of towns and reserves where they could avoid most of the controls imposed by the administrators of reserves,
4709:
The segregation of Aboriginal people on reserves and in institutions was never systematically accomplished due to funding constraints, differing policy priorities in the states and territories, and resistance from Aboriginal people. In the more densely settled areas of Australia, about 20 per cent of
4701:
Following federation Aboriginal affairs was a state responsibility, although the Commonwealth became responsible for the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory from 1911. By that date the Commonwealth and all states except Tasmania had passed legislation establishing Protectors of Aborigines
3238:
In 1890, a strike in the shipping industry spread to wharves, railways, mines and shearing sheds. Employers responded by locking out workers and employing non-union labour, and colonial governments intervened with police and troops. The strike failed, as did subsequent strikes of shearers in 1891 and
2894:
Foreign pearlers moved into the Torres Strait Islands from 1868 bringing exotic diseases which halved the Indigenous population. In 1871, the London Missionary Society began operating in the islands and most Torres Strait Islanders converted to Christianity which they considered compatible with their
2810:
units, and newly developed revolvers and breech-loaded guns. Conflict was particularly intense in NSW in the 1840s and in Queensland from 1860 to 1880. In central Australia, it is estimated that 650 to 850 Aboriginal people, out of a population of 4,500, were killed by colonists from 1860 to 1895. In
2665:
Other introduced diseases such as measles, influenza, typhoid and tuberculosis also resulted in high death rates in Aboriginal communities. Butlin estimates that the Aboriginal population in the area of modern Victoria was around 50,000 in 1788 before two smallpox outbreaks reduced it to about 12,500
2632:
When the First Fleet arrived in Sydney Cove with some 1,300 colonists in January 1788 the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region is estimated to have been about 3,000 people. The first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, arrived with instructions to: "endeavour by every possible means to
1673:
The major alternative to Botany Bay was sending convicts to Africa. From 1775 convicts had been sent to garrison British forts in west Africa, but the experiment had proved unsuccessful. In 1783, the Pitt government considered exiling convicts to a small river island in Gambia where they could form a
1172:
Aboriginal groups were semi-nomadic, generally ranging over a specific territory defined by natural features. Members of a group would enter the territory of another group through rights established by marriage and kinship or by invitation for specific purposes such as ceremonies and sharing abundant
7556:
In 1996, Pauline Hanson, a newly elected independent member of parliament, called for a cut in Asian immigration and an end to multiculturalism. In 1998, her One Nation Party gained 23 per cent of the vote in the Queensland elections. The Howard government (1996 to 2007) initially abolished a number
7496:
In 1961, just over 90 per cent of the Australian population had been born in Australia, New Zealand, the UK or Ireland. Another eight per cent had been born in continental Europe. The White Australia policy was in force and migrants were expected to assimilate into the Australian way of life. As the
7015:
In foreign affairs, Australia signed a refugee exchange deal with the US in September 2016, allowing those in detention on Manus Island and Nauru to be settled in the US. There was increased tension with China over its policies in the South China Sea, Australia's new laws targeting foreign influence
6723:
The economy continued its uninterrupted expansion since the early 1990s recession, with record jobs growth and the lowest unemployment rates since the 1970s. Exports, imports and foreign investment grew, and China became Australia's second largest trading partner after Japan. The coalition delivered
6309:
On the economic front, the Fraser government followed a "fight inflation first" strategy centred on budget cuts and wage restraint. Welfare benefits were restricted, the universal healthcare system was partially dismantled, and university funding per student cut. However, by the early 1980s economic
6215:
In Indigenous affairs, the government introduced a policy of self-determination for Aboriginal people in economic, social and political affairs. Federal expenditure on Aboriginal services increased from $ 23 million to $ 141 million during the three years of the government. One of the first acts of
6120:
expressed his government's support for the US and its role in Vietnam in particular. "I don't know where people would choose to look for the security of this country were it not for the friendship and strength of the United States." While on a visit in the same year to the US, Holt assured President
5962:
Summarising the policy of assimilation and forced removals of Aboriginal children of mixed descent, Richard Broome concludes: "Even though the children's material conditions and Western education may have been improved by removal, even though some removals were necessary, and even though some people
5939:
During this period, the policy of assimilation attracted increasing criticism from Aboriginal people and their supporters on the grounds of its negative effects on Aboriginal families and its denial of Aboriginal cultural autonomy. Removals of Aboriginal children of mixed descent from their families
5809:
In the 1960s, about 60 per cent of Australian manufacturing was protected by tariffs. Pressure from business interests and the union movement ensured these remained high. Historian Geoffrey Bolton suggests that this high tariff protection of the 1960s caused some industries to "lapse into lethargy",
5729:
wrote "If the experience of the Pacific War has taught us one thing, it surely is that seven million Australians cannot hold three million square miles of this earth's surface indefinitely." All political parties shared the view that the country must "populate or perish". Calwell stated a preference
5385:
In May 1942 uniform tax laws were introduced in Australia, ending state governments' control of income taxation. "The significance of this decision was greater than any other... made throughout the war, as it added extensive powers to the Federal Government and greatly reduced the financial autonomy
4734:
The following decades saw an increase in the number of Aboriginal Australians of mixed descent removed from their families, although the states and territories progressively adopted a policy of cultural, rather than biological, assimilation, and justified removals on the grounds of child welfare. In
3887:
By the time the war ended on 11 November 1918, 324,000 Australians had served overseas. Casualties included 60,000 dead and 150,000 woundedβthe highest casualty rate of any allied force. Australian troops also had higher rates of unauthorised absence, crime and imprisonment than other allied forces.
3625:
In July 1905, Deakin formed a Protectionist government with the support of Labor. The new government embarked on a series of social reforms and a program dubbed "new protection" under which tariff protection for Australian industries would be linked to their provision of "fair and reasonable" wages.
3487:
Referendums held in 1898 resulted in solid majorities for the constitution in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. However, the referendum failed to gain the required majority in New South Wales. The premiers of the other colonies agreed to a number of concessions to New South Wales (particularly
3174:
The size of the government sector almost doubled from 10 per cent of national expenditure in 1850 to 19 per cent in 1890. Colonial governments spent heavily on infrastructure such as railways, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services. Much of the money for this infrastructure was borrowed on the
3170:
By the 1880s half the Australian population lived in towns, making Australia more urbanised than the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Between 1870 and 1890 average income per person in Australia was more than 50 per cent higher than that of the United States, giving Australia one of the
3100:
In the 1860s, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia introduced Selection Acts intended to promote family farms and mixed farming and grazing. Improvements in farming technology and the introduction of crops adapted to Australian conditions eventually led to the diversification of
3079:
The constitutions for New South Wales, Victoria and Van Diemen's Land (renamed Tasmania in 1856) gained Royal Assent in 1855, that for South Australia in 1856. The constitutions varied, but each created a lower house elected on a broad male franchise and an upper house which was either appointed for
2858:
Governor Macquarie attempted to assimilate Aboriginal people, providing land grants, establishing Aboriginal farms, and founding a Native Institution to provide education to Aboriginal children. However, by the 1820s the Native Institution and Aboriginal farms had failed. Aboriginal people continued
2754:
broke out in 1824, following a rapid expansion of settler numbers and sheep grazing in the island's interior. Martial law was declared in November 1828 and in October 1830 a "Black Line" of around 2,200 troops and settlers swept the island with the intention of driving the Aboriginal population from
2500:
conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to follow up these previous expeditions. Mitchell employed three Aboriginal guides and recorded many Aboriginal place names. He also recorded a violent encounter with traditional owners on the Murray in 1836 in which his men pursued them, "shooting as
2249:
The Bigge reforms also aimed to encourage free settlers by offering them land grants in proportion to their capital. From 1831, the colonies replaced land grants with land sales by auction at a fixed minimum price per acre, the proceeds being used to fund the assisted migration of workers. From 1821
2228:
A series of reforms recommended by J. T. Bigge in 1822 and 1823 worsened conditions for convicts. The food ration was cut and their opportunities to work for wages restricted. More convicts were assigned to rural work gangs, bureaucratic control and surveillance of convicts was made more systematic,
2224:
Convicts soon established a system of piece work which allowed them to work for wages once their allocated tasks were completed. By 1821 convicts, emancipists and their children owned two-thirds of the land under cultivation, half the cattle and one-third of the sheep. They also worked in trades and
1995:
In 1825, the western boundary of New South Wales was extended to longitude 129Β° East, which is the current boundary of Western Australia. As a result, the territory of New South Wales reached its greatest extent, covering the area of the modern state as well as modern Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania,
1827:
region as a promising area for expansion, and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township, which became the main centre of the colony's economic life. This left Sydney Cove only as an important port and focus of social life. Poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate
1140:
Aboriginal society consisted of family groups organised into bands and clans averaging about 25 people, each with a defined territory for foraging. Clans were attached to tribes or nations, associated with particular languages and country. At the time of European contact there were about 600 tribes
7670:. Features of the new wave were the extensive use of Australian colloquial speech (including obscenities), the exploration of the Australian identity, and the critique of cultural myths. By the end of the 1970s new Australian plays were a feature of small and large theatre companies in most states.
7560:
Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, the Bali bombings and other terrorist incidents, some media and political commentary sought to link terrorism with Islam. In 2004, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) reported an increase in vilification and violence
7501:
and a policy of cultural pluralism based on principles of social cohesion, equality of opportunity and cultural identity soon gained bipartisan support. The Galbally Report on migrant services in 1978 recommended that: "every person should be able to maintain his or her culture without prejudice or
7467:
bought in no-fault divorce. From the 1980s there was an increase in government funding of women's refuges, health centres, rape crisis centres and information services. The Australian government began funding child care with the Child Care Act of 1972, although state, territory and local government
6719:
After initial cuts, the immigration intake increased steadily, with a bias towards skilled workers to meet the needs of a rapidly growing economy. Immigration also became more diverse, with the proportion of immigrants from South Asia increasing from 8 per cent in 1996β97 to 20 per cent in 2007β08.
6620:
Honouring an election commitment, the Howard government set up a people's convention on an Australian republic. The resulting 1999 referendum on a republic failed. Howard, a monarchist, became the only Australian Prime Minister to publicly oppose a constitutional amendment he had put to the people.
6479:
Under the Hawke government the annual migration intake had more than doubled from 54,500 in 1984β85 to more than 120,000 in 1989β90. The Keating government responded to community concerns about the pace of immigration by cutting the immigration intake and introducing mandatory detention for illegal
6348:
pursued a mixture of free market reforms and consensus politics featuring "summits" of government representatives, business leaders, trade unions and non-government organisations in order to reach consensus on key issues such as economic policy and tax reform. The centrepiece of this policy mix was
5971:
In the early 1950s, the Menzies government saw Australia as part of a "triple alliance" in concert with both the US and traditional ally Britain. At first, "the Australian leadership opted for a consistently pro-British line in diplomacy", while at the same time looking for opportunities to involve
4848:
said "The dependence of Australia upon the competence, let alone the readiness, of British statesmen to send forces to our aid is too dangerous a hazard upon which to found Australia's defence policy." According to John Robertson, "some British leaders had also realised that their country could not
4609:
Australia recovered relatively quickly from the financial downturn of 1929β1930, with recovery beginning around 1932. The Prime Minister, Joseph Lyons, favoured the tough economic measures of the Premiers' Plan, pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept the proposals of the Premier of
4193:
Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam, and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure. In 1918, there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia.
3642:
which grew from under 100,000 members in 1901 to more than half a million in 1914. The party also drew considerable support from clerical workers, Catholics and small farmers. In 1905, the Labor party adopted objectives at the federal level which included the "cultivation of an Australian sentiment
3178:
In 1856, building workers in Sydney and Melbourne were the first in the world to win the eight hour working day. The 1880s saw trade unions grow and spread to lower skilled workers and also across colonial boundaries. By 1890 about 20 per cent of male workers belonged to a union, one of the highest
2972:
The increasing number of free settlers and people born in the colonies led to further agitation for liberal and democratic reforms. In the Port Phillip District there was agitation for representative government and independence from New South Wales. In 1850, Britain granted Van Diemen's Land, South
2352:
The Bigge reports recommended that the status of the Anglican Church be enhanced. An Anglican archdeacon was appointed in 1824 and allocated a seat in the first advisory Legislative Council. The Anglican clergy and schools also received state support. This policy was changed under Governor Burke by
1689:
There has been a longstanding debate over whether the key consideration in the decision to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay was the pressing need to find a solution to the penal management problem, or whether broader imperial goals β such as trade, securing new supplies of timber and flax for
1156:
Aboriginal society was egalitarian with no formal government or chiefs. Authority rested with elders and group decisions were generally made through the consensus of elders. The traditional economy was cooperative, with males generally hunting large game while females gathered local staples such as
8336:
Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna; McNeil, Jessica; Cox, Delyth; Arnold, Lee J.; Hua, Quan; Huntley, Jillian; Brand, Helen E. A.; Manne, Tiina; Fairbairn,
7731:
became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. While there were only around twenty Australian novels published in 1973, this had grown to around 300 in 1988. By 1985 more than 1,000 writers had received grants and more than 1,000 books had been subsidised by the Literature Board.
7451:
Holmes and Pinto point out that in 1960 domesticity and motherhood were still the dominant conceptions of femininity. In 1961, women made up only 25 per cent of employed adults and twice as many women described their occupation as "home duties" compared with those in paid employment. The fertility
6858:
Following mounting leadership speculation and poor polling for the government, Rudd defeated Gillard in a leadership ballot in June 2013 and returned as prime minister, promising to replace the carbon tax with an emissions trading scheme and to ensure that people arriving without authority by boat
6021:
As British influence declined in South East Asia, the US alliance came to have greater significance for Australian leaders and the Australian economy. British investment in Australia remained significant until the late 1970s, but trade with Britain declined through the 1950s and 1960s. In the late
5858:
Some writers defended suburban life. Journalist Craig Macgregor saw suburban life as a "...solution to the needs of migrants..." Hugh Stretton argued that "plenty of dreary lives are indeed lived in the suburbs... but most of them might well be worse in other surroundings". Historian Peter Cuffley
5821:
The great housing boom of the post war period saw rapid growth in the suburbs of the major Australian cities. By the 1966 census, only 14 per cent lived in rural Australia, down from 31 per cent in 1933, and only 8 per cent lived on farms. Virtual full employment meant high standards of living and
5733:
Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Europeans to Australia for the first time. A 1958 government leaflet assured readers that unskilled non-British migrants were needed for "labour on rugged projects ... work which is not generally acceptable to Australians or British workers".
3083:
The secret ballot was adopted in Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia in 1856, followed by New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859) and Western Australia (1877). South Australia introduced universal male suffrage for its lower house in 1856, followed by Victoria in 1857, New South Wales (1858),
3075:
Elections for the semi-representative Legislative Councils, held in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Van Diemen's Land in 1851, produced a greater number of liberal members who agitated for full self-government. In 1852, the British Government announced that convict transportation to
3003:
The gold rush initially caused inflation and labour shortages as male workers moved to the goldfields. Immigrants als poured in from Britain, Europe, the United States and China. The Australian population increased from 430,000 in 1851 to 1,170,000 in 1861. Victoria became the most populous colony
2890:
In more densely settled areas, most Aboriginal people who had lost control of their land lived on reserves and missions, or on the fringes of cities and towns. In pastoral districts the British Waste Land Act of 1848 gave traditional landowners limited rights to live, hunt and gather food on Crown
1117:
The Aboriginal population faced significant changes in the climate and environment. About 30,000 years ago, sea levels began to fall, temperatures in the south-east of the continent dropped by as much as 9 degrees Celsius, and the interior of Australia became more arid. About 20,000 years ago, New
7505:
By the late 1980s Australia had a high migrant intake which included significant numbers of new arrivals from Asian and MiddleβEastern countries, leading to public debate on immigration policy. In 1984, the historian Geoffrey Blainey called for a reduction in Asian immigration in the interests of
7455:
The reforming drive of the 1960s and the increasing influence of the women's movement led to a series of legislative and institutional changes. These included the abolition of the "marriage bar" in the Australian public service in 1966, the Arbitration Commission's equal pay decisions of 1969 and
5958:
In 1997, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission estimated that between 10 per cent and one-third of Aboriginal children had been removed from their families from 1910 to 1970. Regional studies indicate that 15 per cent of Aboriginal children were removed in New South Wales from 1899 to
5817:
Prices for wool and wheat remained high, with wool the mainstay of Australia's exports. Sheep numbers grew from 113 million in 1950 to 171 million in 1965. Wool production increased from 518,000 to 819,000 tonnes in the same period. Wheat, wool and minerals ensured a healthy balance of trade
5346:
also brought the war close to home for Australians. Austerity measures, rationing and labour controls measures were all implemented to assist the war effort. Australian civilians dug air raid shelters, trained in civil defence and first aid, and Australian ports and cities were equipped with anti
4454:
and wheat. Exposed by continuous borrowing to fund capital works in the 1920s, the Australian and state governments were "already far from secure in 1927, when most economic indicators took a turn for the worse. Australia's dependence of exports left her extraordinarily vulnerable to world market
4170:
became Prime Minister in 1923, when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes. Speaking in early 1925, Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians, saying that "men, money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia" and
3617:
The government also introduced a tariff on imports, designed to raise revenue and protect Australian industry. However, disagreements over industrial relations legislation led to the fall of Deakin's Protectionist government in April 1904 and the appointment of the first national Labor government
3444:
An obstacle to federation was the fear of the smaller colonies that they would be dominated by New South Wales and Victoria. Queensland, in particular, although generally favouring a white Australia policy, wished to maintain an exception for South Sea Islander workers in the sugar cane industry.
2964:
Transportation to New South Wales was suspended in 1840. In 1842 Britain granted limited representative government to the colony by reforming the Legislative Council so that two-thirds of its members would be elected by male voters. However, a property qualification meant that only 20 per cent of
2818:
The spread of British settlement also led to an increase in inter-tribal Aboriginal conflict as more people were forced off their traditional lands into the territory of other, often hostile, tribes. Butlin estimated that of the 8,000 Aboriginal deaths in Victoria from 1835 to 1855, 200 were from
1819:
in the South Pacific where he hoped to obtain timber and flax for the navy. The island, however, had no safe harbour, which led the settlement to be abandoned and the settlers evacuated to Tasmania in 1807. The island was subsequently re-established as a site for secondary transportation in 1825.
8074:
In the 21st century, most historical works are not created by academic historians, and public conceptions of Australia's history are more likely to be shaped by popular histories, historical fiction and drama, the media, the internet, museums and public institutions. Popular histories by amateur
7866:
and others, have been able to establish careers both in Australia and abroad. The technical expertise developed in the Australian industry, and the increasing number of internationally successful Australian directors and actors, encouraged foreign producers to make more films in Australia. Major
7430:
From 1971 to 2006, indicators for Indigenous employment, median incomes, home ownership, education and life expectancy all improved, although they remained well below the level for those who were not indigenous. High rates of Indigenous incarceration and deaths in custody were highlighted by the
7096:
The Australian government made provision for $ 267 billion in economic stimulus measures, and $ 16.6 billion in health measures in response to COVID-19. As a result of the COVID-19 recession, the unemployment rate peaked at 7.5 per cent in July 2020 before falling to 5.6 per cent in March 2021.
6361:
The government's environmental interventions included stopping the Franklin Dam in Tasmania, banning new uranium mines at Jabiluka, and proposing Kakadu National park for world heritage listing. In foreign policy, the government maintained strong relations with the US and was instrumental in the
6112:
in addition to the advisers of the AATTV placed throughout Vietnam, and personnel reached a peak total of almost 8,000, comprising about one third of the Army's combat capacity. Between 1962 and 1972 almost 60,000 personnel served in Vietnam, including ground troops, naval forces and air assets.
4705:
Some officials were concerned by the growing number of Aboriginal children of mixed heritage, particularly in northern Australia where large Indigenous, South Sea Islander and Asian populations were seen as inconsistent with the white Australia policy. Laws concerning Aboriginal Australians were
4637:
in her collection of oral histories of the depression; however, David Potts argued that "over the last thirty years ...historians of the period have either uncritically accepted that figure (29% in the peak year 1932) including rounding it up to 'a third', or they have passionately argued that a
3705:
The prewar period saw strong growth in the population and economy. The economy grew by 75 per cent, with rural industries, construction, manufacturing and government services leading the way. The population increased from four million in 1901 to five million in 1914. From 1910 to 1914 just under
3395:
produced poetry and prose exploring the nature of bush life and themes of independence, stoicism, masculine labour, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism and mateship. Protagonists were often shearers, boundary riders and itinerant bush workers. In the following decade Lawson, Paterson and other
3383:
followed the example of the European Impressionists by painting in the open air. They applied themselves to capturing the light and colour of the Australian landscape and exploring the distinctive and the universal in the "mixed life of the city and the characteristic life of the station and the
2886:
In New South Wales, 116 Aboriginal reserves were established between 1860 and 1894. Most reserves allowed Aboriginal people a degree of autonomy and freedom to enter and leave. In contrast, the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines (created in 1869) had extensive power to regulate the
2696:
The British settlement was initially planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on agriculture. Karskens argues that conflict broke out between the settlers and the traditional owners of the land because of the settlers' assumptions about the superiority of British civilisation and their
2661:
There were further smallpox outbreaks devastating Aboriginal populations from the late 1820s (affecting south-eastern Australia), in the early 1860s (travelling inland from the Coburg Peninsula in the north to the Great Australian Bight in the south), and in the late 1860s (from the Kimberley to
2081:
The proclamation meant that from then, all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers. In 1836, Port Phillip was officially recognised as a district of New South Wales and opened for settlement. The main settlement of Melbourne was
1979:
in 1815 the transportation of convicts increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. From 1821 to 1840, 55,000 convicts arrived in New South Wales and 60,000 in Van Diemen's Land. However, by 1830, free settlers and the locally born exceeded the convict population of New South
1803:
Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. His intention was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony. Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from
7552:
Multicultural programs continued to expand between 1986 and 1996 with an emphasis on addressing disadvantage in migrant communities as well as settlement services for recent migrants. James Walter argues that the Hawke and Keating governments (1983β96) also promoted high migration as a means of
6353:
that had traditionally been favoured by the Labor party. These reforms included floating the Australian dollar, deregulating capital markets and allowing competition from foreign banks. Business regulation and competition policy was streamlined, tariffs and quotas on imports were reduced, and a
5954:
Controls over the daily lives of Aboriginal people and the removal of Aboriginal children of mixed descent continued under the policy of assimilation, although the control was now largely exercised by Welfare Boards and removals were justified on welfare grounds. The number of Aboriginal people
5805:
motor car came out of General Motors-Holden's Fisherman's Bend factory in November 1948. Car ownership rapidly increasedβfrom 130 owners in every 1,000 in 1949 to 271 owners in every 1,000 by 1961. By the early 1960s, four competitors to Holden had set up Australian factories, employing between
5341:
While the Australian civilian population suffered less at the hands of the Axis powers than did other Allied nations in Asia and Europe, Australia nevertheless came under direct attack by Japanese naval forces and aerial bombardments, particularly through 1942 and 1943, resulting in hundreds of
3914:
replaced Fisher as prime minister in October 1915, regulations under the act were increasingly used to censor publications, penalise public speech and suppress organisations that the government considered detrimental to the war effort. Anti-German leagues were formed and 7,000 Germans and other
3422:
Growing nationalist sentiment coincided with business concerns about the economic inefficiency of customs barriers between the colonies, the duplication of services by colonial governments and the lack of a single national market for goods and services. Colonial concerns about German and French
3045:
Following a Royal Commission, the monthly licence was replaced with a cheaper annual miner's right which gave holders the right to vote and build a dwelling on the goldfields. The administration of the Victorian goldfields was also reformed. The Eureka rebellion soon became a part of Australian
3033:
Faced with increasing competition, Victorian miners increasingly complaint about the licence fee, corrupt and heavy-handed officials, and the lack of voting rights for itinerant miners. Protests intensified in October 1854 when three miners were arrested following a riot at Ballarat. Protesters
2560:
only to discover the rest of their party had departed the location only a matter of hours previously. They became tragic heroes to the European settlers, their funeral attracting a crowd of more than 50,000 and their story inspiring numerous books, artworks, films and representations in popular
2298:
One of the goals of the assisted migration programs from the 1830s was to promote migration of women and families to provide a more even gender balance in the colonies. Caroline Chisholm established a shelter and labour exchange for migrant women in New South Wales in the 1840s and promoted the
2213:
Between 1788 and 1868, approximately 161,700 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies of New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia. The literacy rate of convicts was above average and they brought a range of useful skills to the new colony including building, farming,
2152:
included a guarantee of Aboriginal land rights. The colony, however, was badly hit by the depression of 1841β44. Conflict with Indigenous traditional landowners also reduced the protections they had been promised. In 1842, the settlement became a Crown colony administered by the governor and an
7471:
According to Holmes and Pinto, reliable birth control, increased employment opportunities, and improved family welfare and childcare provision increased opportunities for women outside motherhood and domesticity. In 2019β20, women were more likely than men to hold a bachelor's degree or higher
3230:
Falling wool prices and the collapse of a speculative property bubble in Melbourne heralded the end of the long boom. A number of major banks suspended business and the economy contracted by 20 per cent from 1891 to 1895. Unemployment rose to almost a third of the workforce. The depression was
3007:
Chinese migration was a particular concern for colonial officials due to the widespread belief that it represented a danger to white Australian living standards and morality. Colonial governments responded by imposing taxes and restrictions on Chinese migrants and residents. Anti-Chinese riots
2862:
Following escalating frontier conflict, Protectors of Aborigines were appointed in South Australia and the Port Phillip District in 1839, and in Western Australia in 1840. The aim was to extend the protection of British law to Aboriginal people, to distribute rations, and to provide education,
2720:
Conflict also arose from cross-cultural misunderstandings and from reprisals for previous actions such as the kidnapping of Aboriginal men, women and children. Reprisal attacks and collective punishments were perpetrated by colonists and Aboriginal groups alike. Sustained Aboriginal attacks on
1677:
In 1785, a parliamentary select committee chaired by Lord Beauchamp recommended against the Gambia plan, but failed to endorse the alternative of Botany Bay. In a second report, Beauchamp recommended a penal settlement at Das Voltas Bay in modern Namibia. The plan was dropped, however, when an
1125:
The warmer climate was associated with new technologies. Small back-bladed stone tools appeared 15β19 thousand years ago. Wooden javelins and boomerangs have been found dating from 10,000 years ago. Stone points for spears have been found dating from 5β7 thousand years ago. Spear throwers were
7261:
At the start of the decade, Aboriginal affairs were still regulated by state governments and, in the Northern Territory, by the Australian government. In most states Aboriginal Australians were banned from drinking alcohol and their freedom of association, movement and control of property was
6586:
and other multicultural agencies, and introduced citizenship tests for migrants. Following a sharp increase in unauthorised arrivals by boat from 1999, the government opened new mandatory detention centres in remote areas of Australia and issued temporary visas for those found to be refugees.
6297:
resulted in a landslide victory for the Liberal-Country Party coalition and Malcolm Fraser continued as prime minister. The coalition government won subsequent elections in 1977 and 1980, making Fraser the second longest serving Australian prime minister up to that time. The Fraser government
3803:
peninsula on 25 April 1915. The Australian and New Zealand position at Anzac Cove was vulnerable to attack and the troops suffered heavy losses in establishing a narrow beachhead. After it had become clear that the expeditionary force would be unable to achieve its objectives, the Anzacs were
3087:
Societies to promote women's suffrage were formed in Victoria in 1884, South Australia in 1888 and New South Wales in 1891. The Women's Christian Temperance Union also established branches in most Australian colonies in the 1880s, promoting votes for women and a range of social causes. Female
3197:
From the late 1870s trade unions, Anti-Chinese Leagues and other community groups campaigned against Chinese immigration and low-wage Chinese labour. Following intercolonial conferences on the issue in 1880β81 and 1888, colonial governments responded with a series of laws which progressively
2286:
Women comprised only about 15% of convicts transported. Due to the shortage of women in the colony they were more likely to marry than men and tended to choose older, skilled men with property as husbands. The early colonial courts enforced the property rights of women independently of their
6602:
In Indigenous affairs the Prime Minister rejected calls for a treaty with Indigenous Australians and an apology for past actions which had harmed them. Instead, the government pursued a policy of "practical reconciliation" involving specific measures to improve Indigenous education, health,
2822:
Broome estimates the total death toll from settler-Aboriginal conflict between 1788 and 1928 as 1,700 settlers and 17β20,000 Aboriginal people. Reynolds has suggested a higher "guesstimate" of 3,000 settlers and up to 30,000 Aboriginals killed. A project team at the University of Newcastle,
2143:
was to be planned with a generous provision of churches, parks and schools. Land was to be sold at a uniform price and the proceeds used to secure an adequate supply of labour through selective assisted migration. Various religious, personal and commercial freedoms were guaranteed, and the
1743:
withdrew the extensive territorial claim over the South Pacific, passing an act specifying that Tahiti, New Zealand and other islands of the South Pacific were not within His Majesty's dominions. However, it is unclear whether the claim ever extended to the current islands of New Zealand.
7949:
1930:
to a budding civil society. He established a bank, a currency and a hospital. He employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. He sent explorers out from Sydney and, in 1815, a road across the
5890:
The Menzies era (1949β1972) saw significant strides in civil rights for indigenous Australians. Over the period, Menzies and his successors dismantled remaining restrictions on voting rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples culminating in the Menzies Government's 1962
1129:
Aboriginal Tasmanians were isolated from the mainland from about 14,000 years ago. As a result, they only possessed one quarter of the tools and equipment of the adjacent mainland. Coastal Tasmanians switched from fish to abalone and crayfish and more Tasmanians moved to the interior.
7605:, the Australian Film Development Corporation (AFDC) and the National Film and Television Training School. The Whitlam government (1972β75) established the Australia Council with funding to promote crafts, Aboriginal arts, literature, music, visual arts, theatre, film and television.
7276:
In 1963, the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land sent a bark petition to the Australian parliament asking for recognition of their traditional land rights. They subsequently took their case to the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory which ruled against them in September 1971. In 1965,
6408:
The Keating government's first priority was economic recovery. In February 1992 it released the "One Nation" job creation package and later legislated tax cuts to corporations and individuals to boost economic growth. Unemployment reached 11.4 per cent in 1992βthe highest since the
18190:
Covering His Indian Report to the Dutch East India Company and the Wreck of the Ship 'Batavia' in 1629 Off the Coast of Western Australia Together With the Full Text of His Journals, Concerning the Rescue Voyages, the Mutiny On the Abrolhos Islands and the Subsequent Trials of the
7092:
to address the crisis. The national cabinet announced restrictions on non-essential business, travel and gatherings of people. These restrictions were eased from May, although individual states and territories reimposed restrictions in response to particular outbreaks of COVID-19.
2183:. A series of disputes between northern pastoralists and the government in Sydney led to increasing demands from the northern settlers for separation from New South Wales. In 1857, the British government agreed to the separation and in 1859 the colony of Queensland was proclaimed.
7681:
Support through the AFDC (from 1975 the Australian Film Commission) and state funding bodies, and generous tax concessions for investors introduced in 1981, led to a large increase in Australian produced films. Almost 400 were produced between 1970 and 1985. Notable films include
5825:
Car ownership flourished during the postwar period, with 1970/1971 census data estimating that 96.4 per cent of Australian households in the early Seventies owned at least one car; however, not all felt the rapid suburban growth was desirable. Distinguished Architect and designer
6358:. Paul Kelly concludes that, "In the 1980s both Labor and non-Labor underwent internal philosophical revolutions to support a new set of ideasβfaith in markets, deregulation, a reduced role for government, low protection and the creation of a new cooperative enterprise culture."
4975:
campaigns, Menzies re-approached the Labor Party to form a War Cabinet. Unable to secure their support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies resigned as prime minister. The coalition held office for another month, before the independents switched allegiance and
6041:
security treaty, which had been signed in 1951, had its origins in Australia's and New Zealand's fears of a rearmed Japan. Its obligations on the US, Australia and New Zealand are vague, but its influence on Australian foreign policy thinking, at times has been significant. The
3918:
The economy contracted by 10 per cent during the course of hostilities. Inflation rose in the first two years of war and real wages fell. Lower wages and perceptions of profiteering by some businesses led, in 1916, to a wave of strikes by miners, waterside workers and shearers.
3096:
From the 1850s to 1871 gold was Australia's largest export and allowed the colony to import a range of consumer and capital goods. The increase in population in the decades following the gold rush stimulated demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban infrastructure.
7763:
began using acrylic paints to make "dot" paintings based on the traditional Honey Ant Dreaming. Indigenous artists from other regions also developed distinctive styles based on a fusion of modern art materials and traditional stories and iconography. Indigenous writers such as
4593:
also points out that although Australian GDP grew from Β£386.9 million to Β£485.9 million between 1931 and 1932 and 1938β39, real domestic product per head of population was still "but a few shillings greater in 1938β39 (Β£70.12), than it had been in 1920β21 (Β£70.04)."
7497:
White Australia policy was gradually dismantled in the 1960s and formally abolished in 1973, governments developed a policy of multiculturalism to manage Australia's increasing cultural diversity. In August 1973 Labor's immigration minister Al Grassby announced his vision of
7434:
Richard Broome has concluded: "To close the gap on inequality and well being will take many years; some despairingly say generations. Compensation for lost wages, for missing out on native title settlements and for being removed from one's family and kin remain unresolved."
4471:
magazine described loans as occurring with a "disconcerting frequency" unrivalled in the British Empire: "It may be a loan to pay off maturing loans or a loan to pay the interest on existing loans, or a loan to repay temporary loans from the bankers..." Thus, well before the
3807:
The Australians suffered about 8,000 deaths in the campaign. Australian war correspondents variously emphasised the bravery and fighting qualities of the Australians and the errors of their British commanders. The 25 April soon became an Australian national holiday known as
2653:
The relative isolation of the Indigenous population for some 60,000 years meant that they had little resistance to many introduced diseases. An outbreak of smallpox in April 1789 killed about half the Aboriginal population of the Sydney region. The source of the outbreak is
7568:
By 2020, 30 per cent of the Australian population were born overseas. The top five countries of birth for those born overseas were England, China, India, New Zealand and the Philippines. Australia's population encompassed migrants born in almost every country in the world.
3934:
From August to October 1917 there was a major strike of New South Wales railway, transport, waterside and coal workers which was defeated after the Commonwealth and New South Wales governments arrested strike leaders and organised special constables and non-union labour. A
16900:
5842:
as a parody of a house-proud housewife of staid 1950s Melbourne suburbia (the character only later morphed into a critique of self-obsessed celebrity culture). It was the first of many of his satirical stage and screen creations based around quirky Australian characters:
5800:
Australia enjoyed significant growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s, with increases in both living standards and in leisure time. The manufacturing industry, previously playing a minor part in an economy dominated by primary production, greatly expanded. The first
4735:
1940, New South Wales became the first state to introduce a child welfare model whereby Aboriginal children of mixed descent were removed from their families under general welfare provisions by court order. Other jurisdictions introduced a welfare model after the war.
7384:
on the lawns of parliament house, Canberra and issued a number demands including land rights, compensation for past loss of land and self-determination. The leader of the opposition Gough Whitlam was among those who visited the tent embassy to discuss their demands.
2082:
established in 1837 as a planned town on the instructions of Governor Bourke. Squatters and settlers from Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales soon arrived in large numbers. In 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from New South Wales as the colony of Victoria.
6053:
As Britain struggled to enter the Common Market in the 1960s, Australia saw that its historic ties with the mother country were rapidly fraying. Canberra was alarmed but kept a low profile, not wanting to alienate London. Russel Ward states that the implications of
2434:
In 1798, the former convict John Wilson and two companions crossed the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, in an expedition ordered by Governor Hunter. Hunter suppressed news of the feat for fear that it would encourage convicts to abscond from the settlement. In 1813,
7973:
developed an idiosyncratic interpretation of Australian history telling the story of "epic tragedy" in which "the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavoured to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting".
4632:
The extent of unemployment in Australia, often cited as peaking at 29 per cent in 1932 is debated. "Trade union figures are the most often quoted, but the people who were there...regard the figures as wildly understating the extent of unemployment" wrote historian
3634:
of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court set a basic wage based on the needs of a male breadwinner supporting a wife and three children. By 1914 the Commonwealth and all the states had introduced systems to settle industrial disputes and fix wages and conditions.
2669:
Venereal diseases were also a factor in Indigenous depopulation, reducing Aboriginal fertility rates in south-eastern Australia by an estimated 40 per cent by 1855. By 1890 up to 50 per cent of the Aboriginal population in some regions of Queensland were affected.
1992:, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.
1851:
After the departure of Phillip, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade. Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding
7475:
In the five-to-ten years to 2020, the number of women in private sector leadership roles, female federal Justices and Judges, and federal parliamentarians have all increased gradually. However, between 1999 and 2021, Australia has fallen from ninth to 50th in the
2882:
at Lake Macquarie. In the 1830s and early 1840s there were also missions in the Wellington Valley, Port Phillip and Moreton Bay. The settlement for Aboriginal Tasmanians on Flinders Island operated effectively as a mission under George Robinson from 1835 to 1838.
2775:
The spread of settlers and pastoralists into the region of modern Victoria in the 1830s also sparked conflict with traditional landowners. Broome estimates that 80 settlers and 1,000β1,500 Aboriginal people died in frontier conflict in Victoria from 1835 to 1853.
16728:
2891:
land under pastoral leases. Many Aboriginal groups camped on pastoral stations where Aboriginal men were often employed as shepherds and stockmen. These groups were able to retain a connection with their lands and maintain aspects of their traditional culture.
2666:
in 1830. Between 1835 and 1853, the Aboriginal population of Victoria fell from 10,000 to around 2,000. It is estimated that about 60 per cent of these deaths were from introduced diseases, 18 per cent from natural causes and 15 per cent from settler violence.
7557:
of multicultural agencies and reduced funding to some migrant services as part of a general program of budget cuts. In 1999, the government adopted a policy of "Australian multiculturalism" with an emphasis on citizenship and adherence to "Australian values".
6855:, and school funding reforms. The government negotiated an agreement with Malaysia to process some asylum seekers there but the plan was struck down by the High Court. In response, the government reopened offshore processing centres on Manus Island and Nauru.
1730:
The territory of New South Wales claimed by Britain included all of Australia eastward of the meridian of 135Β° East. This included more than half of mainland Australia. The claim also included "all the Islands adjacent in the Pacific" between the latitudes of
1593:
sent a plan to the Dutch East India Company for the colonisation of an area in modern South Australia. The company rejected the plan with the comment that, "There is no prospect of use or benefit to the Company in it, but rather very certain and heavy costs".
1121:
About 19,000 years ago temperatures and sea levels began to rise. Tasmania became separated from the mainland some 14,000 years ago, and between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago thousands of islands in the Torres Strait and around the coast of Australia were formed.
6957:
The government's May 2014 Budget proved unpopular, with the perception that it had involved breaking a number of election promises. The government secured the passage of legislation abolishing the carbon tax (July 2014) and the mining tax (September 2014).
3084:
Queensland (1872), Western Australia (1893) and Tasmania (1900). Queensland excluded Aboriginal males from voting in 1885. In Western Australia a property qualification for voting existed for male Aboriginals, Asians, Africans and people of mixed descent.
7618:
became a local and international success. By 1969 eight of the twelve most popular television programs were Australian. With these successes, locally produced dramas became a staple of Australian television in the 1970s and 1980s. Notable examples include
4782:, both political parties advocated increased defence spending, in the context of increased Japanese aggression in China and Germany's aggression in Europe; however, there was a difference in opinion about how the defence spending should be allocated. The
2763:
led a series of "Friendly Missions" to the Aboriginal tribes which effectively ended the war. Around 200 settlers and 600 to 900 Aboriginal Tasmanians were killed in the conflict and the Aboriginal survivors were eventually relocated to Flinders Island.
4939:
and a citizen militia organised for local defence. Troubled by Britain's failure to increase defences at Singapore, Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe. By the end of June 1940, France, Norway, Denmark and the Low Countries had fallen to
2287:
husbands, and the ration system also gave women and their children some protection from abandonment. Women were active in business and agriculture from the early years of the colony, among the most successful being the former convict turned entrepreneur
7046:, a number of coalition members rebelled. The controversy harmed the government, which had already lost more than 30 consecutive Newspolls. The parliamentary Liberal Party elected Scott Morrison as its new leader and he was sworn in as prime minister.
6447:
In May 1994 a more ambitious "Working Nation" jobs program was introduced. The Keating government also pursued a number of "big picture" issues throughout its two terms including increased political and economic engagement in the Asia Pacific region,
3467:
In 1891, a National Australasian Convention was held in Sydney, with all the colonies and New Zealand represented. A draft constitutional Bill was adopted, but the worsening economic depression and opposition in colonial parliaments delayed progress.
3952:
in 1919, Hughes argued that Germany should pay the full cost of the war, but ultimately gained only Β£5 million in war reparations for Australia. Australia and the other self-governing British dominions won the right to become full members of the new
7929:
published a series of histories from 1939 to 1941 which sought to demonstrate the exploitative nature of Britain's economic relationship with Australia and the role of the labour movement in a struggle for social justice and economic independence.
5951:, the Commonwealth Minister for Territories, stated: "Assimilation means, in practical terms, that, in the course of time, it is expected that all persons of aboriginal blood or mixed blood in Australia will live like other white Australians do."
3277:, a forerunner of the White Australia Policy. However, after Britain and Japan voiced objections to the legislation, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia instead introduced European language tests to restrict "undesirable" immigrants.
16326:
2805:
The spread of sheep and cattle grazing after 1850 brought further conflict with Aboriginal tribes more distant from the closely settled areas. Aboriginal casualty rates in conflicts increased as the colonists made greater use of mounted police,
6831:
as leader: Australia's first female prime minister. The new leader was able to negotiate concessions on a new mining tax with large mining companies but failed to reach agreement with East Timor on a proposed migration processing centre there.
5746:
complex in south-east Australia consisted of sixteen major dams and seven power stations constructed between 1949 and 1974. It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia. Necessitating the employment of 100,000 people from
2933:
Imperial legislation in 1823 had provided for a Legislative Council nominated by the governor of New South Wales, and a new Supreme Court, providing additional limits to the power of governors. A number of prominent colonial figures, including
3947:
Hughes attended the Imperial War Conference and Imperial War Cabinet in London from June 1918 where Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa won British support for their separate representation at the eventual peace conference. At the
1974:
In 1820, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. The settler population was 26,000 on the mainland and 6,000 in Van Diemen's Land. Following the end of the
7468:
were still the main providers of funding. In 1984, the Australian government introduced standardised fee relief for child care, and funding was greatly expanded in 1990 by the decision to extend fee relief to commercial child care centres.
3922:
Enlistments in the military also declined, falling from 35,000 a month at its peak in 1915 to 6,000 a month in 1916. In response, Hughes decided to hold a referendum on conscription for overseas service. Following the narrow defeat of the
3483:
All of the colonies except Queensland sent representatives to a constitutional convention which held sessions in 1897 and 1898. The convention drafted a proposed constitution for a Commonwealth of federated states under the British Crown.
5350:
The Australian economy was markedly affected by World War II. Expenditure on war reached 37 per cent of GDP by 1943β44, compared to 4 per cent expenditure in 1939β1940. Total war expenditure was Β£2,949 million between 1939 and 1945.
5963:
were thankful for it in retrospect, overall it was a disaster....It was a rupturing of tens of thousands of Aboriginal families, aimed at eradicating Aboriginality from the nation in the cause of homogeneity and in fear of difference."
5571:, added to a sense of impending threat that politically favoured Menzies' Liberal-CP government, as the Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party on the trade union movement. The tensions led to another
4928:, undertaking bomber missions over Europe, engaging in naval battles in the Mediterranean. At home, Japanese attacks included mini-submarine raids on Sydney Harbour and very heavy air raids on and near the Northern Territory's capital,
4549:
in 1932 provided little respite to the growing crisis straining the young federation. With multimillion-pound debts mounting, public demonstrations and move and counter-move by Lang and then Scullin, then Lyons federal governments, the
1647:
on his 1770 voyage, recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site for a penal settlement. Banks's plan was to send 200 to 300 convicts to Botany Bay where they could be left to their own devices and not be a burden on the British taxpayer.
4589:, easily won office. They remained in power until September 1940. The Lyons government has often been credited with steering recovery from the depression, although just how much of this was owed to their policies remains contentious.
3883:
in August 1916. In 1917, they participated in the allied advance through the Sinai Peninsula and into Palestine. In 1918, they pressed on through Palestine and into Syria in an advance that led to the Ottoman surrender on 31 October.
9099:(ed.) The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772, St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, Hobart, 1992, p. 106,
4115:". The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers (operators of big sheep ranches) and small farmers, and secure subsidies for them. Enduring longer than any other major party save the Labor party, it has generally operated in
3622:. The Watson government itself fell in April and a Free Trade government under prime minister Reid successfully introduced legislation for a Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court to settle interstate industrial disputes.
7798:
Carter and Griffen-Foley state that by the end of the 1970s: "There was a widely shared sense of Australian culture as independent, no longer troubled by its relationship with Britain." However, by 1990 commentators as diverse as
7882:
Carter and Griffen-Follet conclude: "Australia is no longer a Dominion or client state within a closed imperial market, but a medium-sized player, exporter as well as importer, within globalised cultural industries and markets."
3363:
declared that all white men who left the religious and class divisions of the old world behind were Australians. A white Australia also meant the exclusion of cheap Asian labour, an idea strongly promoted by the labour movement.
3499:. Following negotiations with the British government, the federation Bill was passed by the imperial parliament on 5 July 1900 and gained Royal Assent on 9 July. Western Australia subsequently voted to join the new federation.
1015:
program received more than 7 million migrants from every continent. Supported by immigration of people from almost every country in the world since the end of World War II, the population increased to more than 25.5 million by
2462:
led an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony, and also to find out where New South Wales' western rivers flowed. Over 16 weeks in 1824β25, they journeyed to Port Phillip and back. They discovered the
1987:
increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, a system of annual licences authorising grazing on Crown Land was introduced in an attempt to control the
1180:
consists of hand-prints, hand-stencils, and engravings of circles, tracks, lines and cupules, and has been dated to 35,000 years ago. Around 20,000 year ago Aboriginal artists were depicting humans and animals. According to
6396:
Strong economic growth, falling unemployment, an unstable opposition, and Bob Hawke's popularity with the public contributed to the re-election of the Hawke government in 1984, 1987 and 1990. However, the economy went into
5294:
Of Australia's wartime population of seven million, almost one million men and women served in a branch of the services during the six years of warfare. By war's end, gross enlistments totalled 727,200 men and women in the
5192:
in June effectively defeated the Japanese navy and the Japanese army launched a land assault on Moresby from the north. Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the
3678:
from South Australia in 1911. The government increased defence spending, expanding the system of compulsory military training which had been introduced by the previous government and establishing the Royal Australian Navy.
7081:, calling for constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians and a "voice to parliament". In 2019, the government announced a process to ensure that Indigenous Australians would be heard at all levels of government.
5499:
As in the United States in the early 1950s, allegations of communist influence in society saw tensions emerge in politics. Refugees from Soviet dominated Eastern Europe immigrated to Australia, while to Australia's north,
5148:
Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were already steaming from the Middle East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin refused, and anxiously awaited their return to Australia. US President
2253:
Two-thirds of the migrants to Australia during this period received assistance from the British or colonial governments. Families of convicts were also offered free passage and about 3,500 migrants were selected under the
3575:. This centrepiece of the White Australia policy, the act used a dictation test in a European language to exclude Asian migrants, who were considered a threat to Australia's living standards and majority British culture.
1868:, and by 1803 the colony was self-sufficient in grain. Boat building developed in order to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements. Sealing and whaling became important industries.
3583:. When the British government asked for more troops from Australia in early 1902, the Australian government obliged with a national contingent. Some 16,500 men had volunteered for service by the war's end in June 1902.
6139:
Despite Holt's sentiments and his government's electoral success in 1966, the war became unpopular in Australia, as it did in the United States. The movements to end Australia's involvement gathered strength after the
990:
to Australia was phased out from 1840 to 1868. Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a
13144:
by Australia shows de facto recognition of sovereign nation status. See Sir Geoffrey Butler KBE, MA and Fellow, Librarian and Lecturer in International Law and Diplomacy of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge author of
5079:
With most of Australia's best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, on 8 December 1941 (eastern Australia time). The British battleship
3080:
life (New South Wales) or elected on a more restricted property franchise. When Queensland became a separate colony in 1859 it immediately became self-governing. Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890.
2121:, becoming the first convict-free and privatised colony in Australia. However, by 1850 there were a little more than 5,000 settlers. The colony accepted convicts from that year because of the acute shortage of labour.
8337:
Andrew; Shulmeister, James; Lyle, Lindsey; Salinas, Makiah; Page, Mara; Connell, Kate; Park, Gayoung; Norman, Kasih; Murphy, Tessa; Pardoe, Colin (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".
6354:
number of government enterprises were privatised. The higher education system was restructured and significantly expanded, partly funded by the reintroduction of fees in the form of student loans and "contributions"
5830:, a critic of Australia's built surroundings, described Australia as "'the constant sponge lying in the Pacific', following the fashions of overseas and lacking confidence in home-produced, original ideas". In 1956,
1678:
investigation of the site in 1786 found it to be unsuitable. Two weeks later, in August 1786, the Pitt government announced its intention to send convicts to Botany Bay. The Government incorporated the settlement of
6167:
The Australian military presence in Vietnam had lasted 10 years, and in purely human cost, more than 500 had been killed and more than 2,000 wounded. The war cost Australia $ 218 million between 1962 and 1972.
4171:
that he was seeking such from Britain. The migration campaign of the 1920s, operated by the Development and Migration Commission, brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia, although schemes to settle migrants and
3739:
When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, the declaration automatically involved all of Britain's colonies and dominions. Both major parties offered Britain 20,000 Australian troops. As the
3475:
in July 1893 they developed a new plan for federation involving a constitutional convention with directly elected delegates and a referendum in each colony to endorse the proposed constitution. The new NSW premier,
8793:
4688:
in 1932. Soon after, on the cusp of US success, Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died. Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and a devoted Australian public went into shock. The
3578:
With federation, the Commonwealth inherited the small defence forces of the six former Australian colonies. By 1901, units of soldiers from all six Australian colonies had been active as part of British forces in
2175:. In 1842, the penal colony was closed and the area was opened for free settlement. By 1850 the population of Brisbane had reached 8,000 and increasing numbers of pastoralists were grazing cattle and sheep in the
7937:(1958) which sought to trace the origins of a distinctive democratic national ethos from the experiences of the convicts, bushrangers, gold-diggers, drovers and shearers. In the 1960s, Marxist historians such as
7407:
Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that available for claim. In 1985, the Hawke government handed over
3662:
Deakin's Protectionist government remained in power, but following the passage of legislation for old age pensions and a new protective tariff in 1908, Labor withdrew its support for the government. In November,
5405:
Australia also created, virtually from nothing, a significant female workforce engaged in direct war production. Between 1939 and 1944 the number of women working in factories rose from 171,000 to 286,000. Dame
1526:, in command of two French ships, reached Van Diemen's land on his way to Tahiti and the South Seas. His party became the first recorded Europeans to encounter the Indigenous Tasmanians and to kill one of them.
6897:
challenged for and won the leadership of the Liberals within Abbott's first term. After Turnbull narrowly returned the coalition to office in 2016, Party dissatisfaction with his leadership saw him replaced by
5668:, but also launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.
4860:
increased the reserve militia to almost 80,000. The first division raised for war was designated the 6th Division, of the 2nd AIF, there being 5 Militia Divisions on paper and a 1st AIF in the First World War.
4706:
progressively tightened to make it easier for officials to remove Aboriginal children of mixed descent from their parents and place them in reserves, missions, institutions and employment with white employers.
5772:
which replaced the Immigration Restriction Act's arbitrarily applied dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. Further changes in the 1960s effectively ended the
3586:
In 1902, the government introduced female suffrage in the Commonwealth jurisdiction, but at the same time excluded Aboriginal people from the franchise unless they already had the vote in a state jurisdiction.
4721:
he destiny of the natives of aboriginal origin, but not of the full blood, lies in their ultimate absorption by the people of the Commonwealth and it therefore recommends that all efforts be directed to that
6777:
moved quickly to ratify the Kyoto protocols, dismantle the previous government's Work Choices industrial relations reforms, and issue an apology to Aboriginal Australians for past policies, particularly the
2658:; some researchers contend that it originated from contact with Indonesian fisherman in the far north while others argue that it is more likely to have been inadvertently or deliberately spread by settlers.
2153:
appointed Legislative Council. The economy recovered and by 1850 the settler population had grown to 60,000. In 1851, the colony achieved limited self-government with a partially elected Legislative Council.
6599:, which involved moving unauthorised immigrants to detention centres in Nauru and Papua New Guinea while their refugee status was determined, as well as a policy of turning back vessels intercepted at sea.
5899:
received overwhelming public support for the transfer of responsibility for Aboriginal Affairs to the Federal Government, and the removal of discriminatory provisions regarding the national census from the
4130:. Industrial disputes characterised the 1920s in Australia. Other major strikes occurred on the waterfront, in the coalmining and timber industries in the late 1920s. The union movement had established the
7255:
5262:, though clearly marked as a medical vessel, was sunk by Japanese raiders off the Queensland coast, killing 268, including all but one of the nursing staff, further enraging popular opinion against Japan.
4726:
The officials saw the policy of Aboriginal assimilation by absorption into the white community as progressive, aimed at eventually achieving civil and economic equality for mixed-descent Aboriginal people.
2214:
sailing, fishing and hunting. The small number of free settlers meant that early governors also had to rely on convicts and emancipists for professions such as lawyers, architects, surveyors and teachers.
18972:
Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy; Kaiser, Bruce; Megens, Luc; van Bronswijk, Wilhelm (2015), 'Pigments from the Zuiddorp (Zuytdorp) ship sculpture: red, white and blue?,'. Post-Medieval Archaeology 49(2): 268β290
15935:
2353:
the Church Acts of 1836 and 1837. The government now provided state support for the clergy and church buildings of the four largest denominations: Anglican, Catholic, Presbyterian and, later, Methodist.
16334:
7841:
In film, the number of Australian productions averaged 14 per year in the 1970s but grew to 31 per year in the 2000s and 37 per year in the 2010s. A number of Australian directors and actors, including
5579:(DLP). The DLP remained an influential political force, often holding the balance of power in the Senate, until 1974. Its preferences supported the Liberal and Country Party. The Labor party was led by
3273:
At an Intercolonial Conference in 1896, the colonies agreed to extend restrictions on Chinese immigration to "all coloured races". Labor supported the Reid government of New South Wales in passing the
1954:
as a magistrate. His policy on emancipists was opposed by many influential free settlers, officers and officials, and London became concerned at the cost of his public works. In 1819, London appointed
7388:
The Whitlam government came to power in December 1972 with a policy of self-determination for Aboriginal people. The government also passed legislation against racial discrimination and established a
6790:, responding with a series of economic stimulus measures worth A$ 75 billion. Although economic growth slowed in 2008, Australia was one of the few advanced economies in the world to avoid recession.
6104:
in 1971 indicated that the decision to commit troops was made by Australia and the US, not at the request of South Vietnam. By 1968, there were three Australian Army battalions at any one time at the
2541:
led three expeditions in northern Australia in the 1840s, sometimes with the help of Aboriginal guides. He and his party disappeared in 1848 while attempting to cross the continent from east to west.
16652:
7124:. The first initiative under AUKUS would be for Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarine technology. As a result of the agreement, Australia cancelled its 2016 contract for the diesel-electric
5255:, which persisted into 1945. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943β44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. On 14 May 1943, the
2250:
to 1850, Australia attracted 200,000 immigrants from the United Kingdom. However, the system of land allocations led to the concentration of land in the hands of a small number of affluent settlers.
16490:
2326:(various ministries 1795β1838) became known for his missionary work, the severity of his punishments as a magistrate, and the vehemence of his public denunciations of Catholicism and Irish convicts.
9284:
8687:
5734:
The Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe, and newly arrived migrants found employment in a booming manufacturing industry and government assisted programmes such as the
3038:
to support the arrested men and demanded manhood suffrage, reform of the mining licence and administration, and land reform to promote small farms. Further protests followed and protesters built a
2662:
Geraldton). According to Josphine Flood, the estimated Aboriginal mortality rate from smallpox was 60 per cent on first exposure, 50 per cent in the tropics, and 25 per cent in the arid interior.
1511:
He noted in his journal that he could "land no more upon this Eastern coast of New Holland, and on the Western side I can make no new discovery the honour of which belongs to the Dutch Navigators
7510:
which endorsed respect for cultural diversity and the need for settlement services, but indicated that pluralism was limited by the need for "an overriding and unifying commitment to Australia".
5751:, to many it denoted the birth of multicultural Australia. Some 4.2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1985, about 40 per cent of whom came from Britain and Ireland. The 1957 novel
6164:
was reduced to two battalions and in November 1971, 1ATF was withdrawn from Vietnam. The last military advisers of the AATTV were withdrawn by the Whitlam Labor government in mid-December 1972.
6262:
delayed passage of the government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused and the deadlock ended when his government was controversially
6136:
had stated that a Labor government might maintain regular army troops there. Arthur Calwell, who had been leader of the Labor Party since 1960, retired in favour of Whitlam a few months later.
1091:
in New South Wales, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago. The site suggests one of the world's oldest known cremations, indicating early evidence for religious ritual among humans.
4210:
pushed the new flying machines to the limit, completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean, via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft
7961:(1964) is a critique of a "dull and provincial" Australia that gets by on its abundance of natural resources. The book's title has been constantly misinterpreted since the book was published.
5299:(of whom 557,800 served overseas), 216,900 in the RAAF and 48,900 in the RAN. More than 39,700 were killed or died as prisoners of war, about 8,000 of whom died as prisoners of the Japanese.
1915:, staged the only successful armed takeover of government in Australian history, deposing Bligh and instigating a brief period of military rule prior to the arrival from Britain of Governor
18835:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2009), 'The Batavia Mutiny: Australia's first military conflict in 1629,'. Sabretache: Journal and Proceedings of the Military Historical Society of Australia 50(4): 5β10
7032:
3317:, campaigned for an Australian federation within the British Empire, promoted Australian literature and history, and successfully lobbied for the 26 January to be Australia's national day.
3101:
rural land use. The expansion of the railways from the 1860s allowed wheat to be cheaply transported in bulk, stimulating the development of a wheat belt from South Australia to Queensland.
2855:, a Kuringgai man, joined Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia from 1801 to 1803, playing an important role as emissary to the various Indigenous peoples they encountered.
2783:
in which some 15 to 30 Aboriginal people were killed. According to Neville Green, 30 settlers and 121 Aboriginal people died in violent conflict in Western Australia between 1826 and 1852.
7120:. On 16 September 2021, the government announced that Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States had agreed to the creation of an enhanced trilateral security partnership, dubbed
5567:, first by legislation in 1950 and later by referendum, in 1951. While both attempts were unsuccessful, further international events such as the defection of minor Soviet Embassy official
4794:
battle fleet "which, it was hoped, would use it in time of need". Defence spending in the inter-war years reflected this priority. In the period 1921β1936 totalled Β£40 million on the
17340:
7071:
6728:
to reduce the national debt. Income inequality and private debt increased as the economy expanded, with the biggest increase in incomes accruing to the top 10 per cent of income earners.
6511:
16067:
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) 2020, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2020, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Section 1.11
7989:
7819:
5355:
5117:, before surrendering on 15 February 1942. Around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. On 19 February,
3488:
that the future Commonwealth capital would be located in that state), and in 1899 further referendums were held in all the colonies except Western Australia. All resulted in yes votes.
16613:
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) 2020, Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2020, Productivity Commission, Canberra. Section 1.7
3643:
based upon the maintenance of racial purity" and "the collective ownership of monopolies". In the same year, the Queensland branch of the party adopted an overtly socialist objective.
2981:
2349:
of 1804. Only two Catholic priests operated temporarily in the colony before Governor Macquarie appointed official Catholic chaplains in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land in 1820.
7795:(1974β87) helped promote Australian music while radio station 2JJ (later JJJ) in Sydney promoted live performances and recordings by Australian independent artists and record labels.
4182:
In Australia, the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s. A
4084:
was formed in 1920 and, though remaining electorally insignificant, it obtained some influence in the trade union movement and was banned during World War II for its support for the
9603:
4912:
Thus began Australia's involvement in the six-year global conflict. Australians were to fight in an extraordinary variety of locations, including withstanding the advance of German
19027:
Australia's Women, a Documentary History: From a Selection of Personal Letters, Diary Entries, Pamphlets, Official Records, Government and Police Reports, Speeches, and Radio Talks
6859:
would not be settled in Australia. The opposition, promising to "stop the boats," abolish the carbon tax and mining tax, and reduce the Budget deficit and government debt, won the
6672:
to help establish democracy and independence for that nation, following political violence. Australia also committed to other peacekeeping and stabilisation operations: notably in
20291:
6617:
in order to create a safe environment for Indigenous children. The government's response was criticised by the co-chairs of the report, but was supported by the Labor opposition.
4717:
The 1937 Native Welfare conference of state and Commonwealth officials endorsed a policy of biological absorption of mixed-descent Aboriginal Australians into the white community.
2345:
About a quarter of convicts were Catholics. The lack of official recognition of Catholicism was combined with suspicion of Irish convicts which only increased after the Irish-led
1433:
Following Tasman's voyages, the Dutch were able to make almost complete maps of Australia's northern and western coasts and much of its southern and south-eastern Tasmanian coasts
6547:
from 1996 until 2007, winning re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004 to become the second-longest serving prime minister after Menzies. The Howard government introduced a nationwide
4806:(established in 1921, the "youngest" of the three services). In 1939, the Navy, which included two heavy cruisers and four light cruisers, was the service best equipped for war.
4480:
was already facing significant difficulties. As the economy slowed in 1927, so did manufacturing and the country slipped into recession as profits slumped and unemployment rose.
2217:
Convicts initially worked on government farms and public works such as land clearing and building. After 1792, the majority were assigned to work for private employers including
1999:
By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180,000, not including the 70β75 thousand living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851.
1169:. The extent to which some groups engaged in agriculture is controversial. Some Anthropologists describe traditional Aboriginal Australia as a "complex hunter-gatherer" society.
968:
population and the disruption of their cultures due to introduced diseases, violent conflict and dispossession of their traditional lands. From 1871, the Torres Strait Islanders
16704:
6910:
6362:
formation of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group. Australia contributed naval ships and troops to UN forces in the Gulf War after Iraq had invaded Kuwait in 1990.
2794:
consisted of native troopers under the command of white officers that was largely responsible for the 'dispersal' of Aboriginal tribes in eastern Australia, but particularly in
2139:. Convict labour was banned in the hope of making the colony more attractive to "respectable" families and promote an even balance between male and female settlers. The city of
1083:, in the north of the continent, is perhaps the oldest site of human occupation in Australia. From the north, the population spread into a range of very different environments.
18828:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2008), 'The landing site debate: Where were Australia's first European residents marooned in 1629?', pp. 105β129; in P. Hornsby & J. Maschke (eds.)
19021:
v.1. Colonial Australia, 1788β1840 β v.2. Colonial Australia, 1841β1874 -v.3. Colonial Australia, 1875β1900 -v.4. Modern Australia, 1901β1939 -v.5. Modern Australia, 1939β1970
15965:
Bongiorno, Frank (2019). "A tale of two leaders: Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison in Historical perspective". In Evans, Mark; Grattan, Michelle; McCaffrie, Brendan (eds.).
10139:
3194:
of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the 1870s and 1880s. Sugar plantations also expanded in northern Queensland during the same period.
16017:
15692:
12471:
7304:
to include all Aboriginal Australians in the national census and allow the Federal parliament to legislate on their behalf. A Council for Aboriginal Affairs was established.
3927:, Hughes and 23 of his supporters left the parliamentary Labor party and formed a new Nationalist government with the former opposition. The Nationalists comfortably won the
5265:
4684:, following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight. Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931, going on to win North America's richest race, the
18921:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1984), 'The Dutch Conception of New Holland in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,'. The Globe: Journal of the Australian Map Circle 22: 38β46
18780:
Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Shipwrecks, Sorrow, Shame and the Great Southland: The Use of Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Dutch East India Company Communicative Ritual,'. In
10325:
Haines, Robin, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Nineteenth century government-assisted and total immigration from the United Kingdom to Australia: quinquennial estimates by colony."
8019:(1976) analysed the role of women in Australian history. Others explored the history of those marginalised because of their sexuality or ethnicity. Oral histories, such as
6476:
to examine options for Australia becoming a republic. The government also introduced family payments and a superannuation guarantee with compulsory employer contributions.
3694:
became prime minister. The Cook government's attempt to pass legislation abolishing preferential treatment for union members in the Commonwealth Public Service triggered a
1489:. Unable to find this continent, Cook decided to survey the east coast of New Holland, the only major part of that continent that had not been charted by Dutch navigators.
15598:
8785:
6125:"...I hope there is corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend, a staunch friend, that will be all the way with LBJ."
3346:
A minority of nationalists saw a distinctive Australian identity rather than shared "Britishness" as the basis for a unified Australia. Some, such as the radical magazine
2811:
the Gulf Country of northern Australia five settlers and 300 Aboriginal people were killed before 1886. The last recorded massacre of Aboriginal people by settlers was at
4558:, had been examining Lang's instruction not to pay money into the Federal Treasury. Game judged it was illegal. Lang refused to withdraw his order and, on 13 May, he was
3751:
Public enthusiasm for the war was high, and the initial quota for the AIF was quickly filled. The troops left for Egypt on 1 November 1914, one of the escort ships, HMAS
1670:
in 1784, Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both "Economy to the Publick, & Humanity to the Individual".
18808:
Gentelli, Liesel (2016), 'Provenance Determination of Silver Artefacts from the 1629 VOC Wreck Batavia using LA-ICP-MS,'. Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 536β542.
8164:
4948:. Menzies called for "all-out war", increasing federal powers and introducing conscription. Menzies' minority government came to rely on just two independents after the
4905:, made a national radio broadcast: "My fellow Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you, officially, that, in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her
4752:
4328:
3560:(ALP) polling third. Labor declared it would support the party which offered concessions to its program, and Barton's Protectionists formed a government, with Deakin as
18848:
Green, Jeremy N. (1975), 'The VOC ship Batavia wrecked in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia,'. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4(1): 43β63.
18805:
Gaastra, Femme (1997), 'The Dutch East India Company: A Reluctant Discoverer,'. Great Circle β Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History 19(2): 109β123
7062:
enforcing the border closure between Queensland and New South Wales in April 2020 that was implemented by the Queensland Government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic
6464:
as a major forum for strategic and economic co-operation. A Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established and, following the High Court of Australia's historic
6132:, fought over national security issues including Vietnam. The opposition Labor Party had advocated the withdrawal of all conscripts from Vietnam, but its deputy leader
5730:
for ten British immigrants for each one from other countries; however, the numbers of British migrants fell short of what was expected, despite government assistance.
5532:. After fighting to a bitter standstill, the UN and North Korea signed a ceasefire agreement in July 1953. Australian forces had participated in such major battles as
4268:
7265:
The official policy of the Australian government and most state governments, however, was the assimilation of Aboriginal people into mainstream culture. In 1962, the
2556:. Lacking bushcraft and unwilling to learn from the local Aboriginal people, Burke and Wills died in 1861, having returned from the Gulf to their rendezvous point at
1903:
to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet. Officers of the Corps soon became involved in the corrupt and lucrative rum trade in the colony. Governor
19143:
8530:
8491:
8452:
7918:
7822:" which had influenced Australian arts and culture. Overseas cultural works could be more readily accessed in person or virtually. Australian performers such as the
6242:
In 1974β75 the government began negotiations for US$ 4 billion in foreign loans to fund state development of Australia's mineral and energy resources. Minister
16955:
15756:
8578:
17137:
16427:
3313:
By the late 1880s, a majority of people living in the Australian colonies were native born, although more than 90 per cent were of British and Irish heritage. The
2863:
instruction in Christianity, and occupational training. However, by 1857 the protection offices had been closed due to their cost and failure to meets their goals.
2747:
led a group of 50-100 Aboriginal men in raids which resulted in the death of 15-20 colonists. Estimates of Aboriginal deaths in the conflict range from 15 to 100.
6278:
18841:
Gibbs, Martin (2002), 'Maritime Archaeology and Behavior during Crisis: The Wreck of the VOC Ship Batavia (1629),'; in John Grattan & Robin Torrence (eds.),
18548:
The Dutch Explorations, 1605β1756, of the North and Northwest Coast of Australia. Extracts from Journals, Log-books and Other Documents Relating to These Voyages
15943:
8762:
6092:(AATTV), and in April the Government made a sudden announcement that "after close consultation with the United States", a battalion of troops was to be sent to
5317:
Australian women were encouraged to contribute to the war effort by joining one of the female branches of the armed forces or participating in the labour force.
4828:
Fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific, Menzies established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent advice about developments.
4605:
is chaired off the cricket pitch after scoring a world record 452 runs not out in 1930. Sporting success lifted Australian spirits through the Depression years.
3423:
ambitions in the region also led to British pressure for a federated Australian defence force and a unified, single-gauge railway network for defence purposes.
1173:
seasonal foods. As all natural features of the land were created by ancestral beings, a group's particular country provided physical and spiritual nourishment.
1133:
Around 4,000 years ago the first phase of occupation of the Torres Strait Islands began. By 2,500 years ago more of the islands were occupied and a distinctive
3823:, 23,000 Australians were killed or wounded in seven weeks of attacks on German positions. In Spring 1917, Australian troops suffered 10,000 casualties at the
2728:
people from 1794 to 1800 in which 26 settlers and up to 200 Darug were killed. Conflict also erupted in Dharawal country from 1814 to 1816, culminating in the
18907:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1976), 'Organisation and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century,'. Imago Mundi 28: 61β78
17315:
8271:"Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date"
7983:(1964) was scathing in its observations of a complacent, dull, anti-intellectual and provincial Australia, with a swollen suburbia and absence of innovation.
4693:
were held in Sydney from 5β12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia).
3367:
The growing nationalist sentiment in the 1880s and 1890s was associated with the development of a distinctively Australian art and literature. Artists of the
7273:
gave Indigenous people the right to vote at federal elections. In 1965, Queensland became the last state to confer state voting rights on Aboriginal people.
6712:
in 2004. Trade agreements with Singapore and Thailand were also secured and relations with China improved. Australia joined the US in refusing to ratify the
6235:
As the Whitlam government did not control the Senate, much of its legislation was rejected or amended. After Labor was re-elected with a reduced majority at
5000:
1812:
appalled Phillip. From 1791, however, the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies.
18865:
Guy, Richard (2015), 'Calamitous Voyages: the social space of shipwreck and mutiny narratives in the Dutch East India Company,'. Itinerario 39(1): 117β140.
6582:
by publicly criticising elites and political correctness and emphasising Australian values. The coalition initially cut immigration intakes, abolished the
2721:
settlers, the burning of crops and the mass killing of livestock were more obviously acts of resistance to the loss of traditional land and food resources.
20308:
16482:
15910:
9269:
7818:
In the new millennium, the globalisation of the Australian economy and society, and developments in jet travel and the internet have largely overcome the "
6801:, the government decided to postpone its ETS until 2013, a decision which saw Labor lose some electoral support to the Greens. The government's proposed a
6067:
5588:
5382:
introduced a degree of austerity and government control previously unknown, to such an extent that he was nicknamed "the man who killed Father Christmas".
4849:
fight Japan and Germany at the same time." But "this was never discussed candidly at...meeting(s) of Australian and British defence planners", such as the
2360:
also promoted sectarian divisions in the 1840s. State support, however, led to a growth in church activities. Charitable associations such as the Catholic
1157:
small animals, shellfish, vegetables, fruits, seeds and nuts. Food was shared within groups and exchanged across groups. Some Aboriginal groups engaged in
18773:
Broomhall, Susan (2017), 'Fire, Smoke and Ashes: Communications of Power and Emotions by Dutch East India Company Crews on the Australian Continent,'. In
18752:(2015), " 'Quite indifferent to these things': The Role of Emotions and Conversion in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,".
18541:. Extracts from Two Log-Books Concerning the Voyage to and Explorations on the Coast of Western Australia and from Other Documents Relating to this Voyage
8684:
4533:, a representative of the English banks who visited in mid-1930, proposed a deflationary plan, involving cuts to government spending and wages. Treasurer
11010:
4964:
4459:
accounted for almost half of Australia's accumulated debt by December 1927. The situation caused alarm amongst a few politicians and economists, notably
2156:
2135:
The Province of South Australia was established in 1836 as a privately financed settlement based on the theory of "systematic colonisation" developed by
7070:
committed to remaining in the Paris Agreement, but promised a greater focus on reduction of energy prices. In foreign affairs the government signed the
1087:
in the extreme south-west of the continent was occupied around 47,000 years ago and Tasmania by 39,000 years ago. The oldest human remains found are at
7254:
The 1960s proved a key decade for Indigenous rights in Australia, with the demand for change led by Indigenous activists and organisations such as the
7008:
saw the government returned with a majority on only one and a minority in the Senate. Following a national postal plebiscite, the government legalised
6947:
5947:
The 1951 Native Welfare Conference of state and Commonwealth officials had agreed on a policy of cultural assimilation for all Aboriginal Australians.
3356:, were republicans, while others were prepared to accept a fully independent country of Australia with only a ceremonial role for the British monarch.
1946:, whom he considered should be treated as social equals to free-settlers in the colony. He appointed emancipists to key government positions including
1533:, became the first Europeans to formally claim sovereignty over the west coast of Australia, but no attempt was made to follow this with colonisation.
18052:
5959:
1968, while the figure for Victoria was about 10 per cent. Robert Manne estimates that the figure for Australia as a whole was closer to 10 per cent.
3667:
became the second Labor prime minister. In response, opposition parties formed an anti-Labor coalition and Deakin became prime minister in June 1909.
2202:
21041:
15826:
15350:
7117:
4744:
4315:, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to
3939:
was also defeated in December. Enlistments in 1918 were the lowest for the war, leading to the disbandment of 12 battalions and mutinies in the AIF.
1792:
15396:
15272:
13665:
3182:
Economic growth was accompanied by expansion into northern Australia. Gold was discovered in northern Queensland in the 1860s and 1870s, and in the
1709:
221:
18215:
Mirror of the Australian Navigation by Jacob Le Maire: A Facsimile of the 'Spieghel der Australische Navigatie.' Being an Account of the Voyage of
17111:
15425:
15327:
Walter, James (2013). "Growth resumed, 1983β2000". In Bashford and MacIntyre (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. pp. 167β8, 179.
15114:
13816:
6951:
6716:
on greenhouse gas emissions, arguing that it would harm Australia's economy and would be ineffective without the participation of China and India.
6709:
5584:
3715:
2069:
and others negotiated the transfer of 100,000 acres of land from the Kulin people. However, the treaty was annulled the same year when the British
1141:
or nations and 250 distinct languages with various dialects. Estimates of the Aboriginal population at this time range from 300,000 to one million.
15165:
7608:
In 1966, a television drama quota was introduced requiring broadcasters to show 30 minutes of locally produced drama each week. The police series
7004:
The new Turnbull government announced a National Innovation and Science Agenda and delivered a Budget featuring cuts to company tax. However, the
6629:
1098:
was used in many parts of Australia to clear vegetation, make travel easier, and create open grasslands rich in animal and vegetable food sources.
20689:
20189:
9441:
Matra to Fox, 2 April 1784. British Library, Add. Ms 47568; an abridgement of this second version of Matra's proposal was published in issues of
2859:
to live on vacant waterfront land and on the fringes of the Sydney settlement, adapting traditional practices to the new semi-urban environment.
2113:, formally annexed the western third of the continent as a British colony. In 1829, the Swan River colony was established at the sites of modern
19149:
17348:
13739:
John Robertson (1984) p. 20. Thus Australian battalions of World War II carried the prefix 2/ to distinguish them from battalions of World War I
10526:
19361:
18679:
16357:
7399:
6685:
6654:
6614:
4198:, established in 1853, finally closed in 1924. In 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (to become the Australian airline
869:
556:
13169:
5276:
on 2,000 Australian and British prisoners of warβonly 6 survived. This was the single worst war crime perpetrated against Australians in war.
2633:
open an Intercourse with the Natives and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all Our Subjects to live in amity and kindness with them."
1515:
but the Eastern Coast from the Latitude of 38 South down to this place I am confident was never seen or viseted by any European before us and
21955:
20194:
19485:
19290:
19103:
16928:
16158:
14605:
13585:"Bringing them Home Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families"
6798:
4967:
for the duration of his visit. Returning to Australia, with the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the
4137:
The consumerism, entertainment culture, and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia.
1651:
18821:(2006), 'The evidence for cohabitation between Indigenous Australians, marooned Dutch mariners and VOC passengers,'; in Nonja Peters (ed.),
2618:
trekked from the north coast of Western Australia to the overland telegraph, discovering land suitable for grazing in the Kimberley region.
1759:
in January 1788. It consisted of more than a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts (192 women and 586 men). A few days after arrival at
21832:
21736:
20459:
19457:
19310:
18040:(Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) excerpt and text search DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563739.001.0001 online
17045:
15536:
1500:. Cook charted the coast to its northern extent and formally took possession of the east coast of New Holland on 21/22 August 1770 when on
16295:
16043:
14357:
11227:
9607:
917:
traditions they established are among the longest surviving in human history. The ancestors of today's ethnically and culturally distinct
22267:
19255:
18742:
Broomhall, Susan (2014), "Emotional Encounters: Indigenous Peoples in the Dutch East India Company's Interactions with the South Lands,"
15991:
13418:
2545:
led an expedition into what is now far-western Queensland in 1847 before being speared by Aborigines in the Cape York Peninsula in 1848.
405:
18893:
McCarthy, M. (2006), 'The Dutch on Australian shores: The Zuytdorp tragedy β unfinished business,'. In L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.),
18208:
The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772
19715:
19285:
18943:
16993:
Multiculturalism: a review of Australian policy statements and recent debates in Australia and overseas: Research Paper No. 6, 2010β11:
13877:
10019:
7942:
7835:
6023:
6022:
1950s the Australian Army began to re-equip using US military equipment. In 1962, the US established a naval communications station at
5713:
After World War II and by the 1950s, Australia had a population of 10 million, and the most populous urban centre was its oldest city,
5279:
MacArthur largely excluded Australian forces from the main push north into the Philippines and Japan. It was left to Australia to lead
3042:
at Ballarat. On 3 December troops overran the stockade, killing about 20 protesters. Five troops were killed and 12 seriously wounded.
1210:
296:
216:
144:
18766:
Broomhall, Susan (2016), 'Dishes, Coins and Pipes: The Epistemological and Emotional Power of VOC Material Culture in Australia,'. In
17467:
7597:
The 1960s and 1970s saw increased government support for the arts and the flourishing of distinctively Australian artistic works. The
7192:
that began in 2021, continued. The Australian inflation rate peaked at 7.5% at the end of 2022: a 32 year high. By November 2023, the
4786:
government emphasised co-operation with Britain in "a policy of imperial defence". The lynchpin of this was the British naval base at
3961:
and a full member of the League of Nations, Australia took an important step towards international recognition as a sovereign nation.
2179:
west of the town. Frontier violence between settlers and the Indigenous population became severe as pastoralism expanded north of the
21162:
21122:
19962:
19659:
19187:
18289:', Western Australia 1656. An Historical Background and Excavation Report With an Appendix On Similar Loss of the Fluit 'Lastdrager'
16382:
7297:
7088:
and the subsequent recession, Australia's first in 29 years. The government banned foreign nationals entering Australia and formed a
6965:β which had not been approved by cabinet and which were widely criticised in the media. By September 2015 the government had lost 30
6149:
5308:
2851:
led the survivors of several clans into Sydney, 18 months after the smallpox epidemic that had devastated the Aboriginal population.
1926:, from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales which saw it transition from a
1808:
which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its passengers through sickness, while the condition of the convicts of the
830:
366:
19127:
13499:
10143:
8075:
historians regularly outsell work by academic historians. Local histories and family histories have proliferated in recent decades.
6827:
In June 2010, with the government behind the opposition in polls and Rudd's popularity falling, the Labor caucus replaced Rudd with
6096:. In parliament, Menzies emphasised the argument that "our alliances made demands on us". The alliance involved was presumably, the
4134:(ACTU) in 1927 in response to the Nationalist government's efforts to change working conditions and reduce the power of the unions.
21792:
21752:
19157:
History of European settlement and relations with Aboriginal people of South Eastern Australia, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
15700:
13445:
12572:
Garton, Stephen; Stanley, Peter (2013). "The Great War and its aftermath, 1914-22". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
12479:
8406:
Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). "The past 50,000 years: an archaeological view". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
8314:
8055:
Post-structuralist ideas on the relationship between language and meaning were influential in the 1980s and 1990s, for example, in
7374:
7343:
6939:
6919:
6649:
6100:(SEATO), and Australia was providing military assistance because South Vietnam, a signatory to SEATO, had apparently requested it.
5920:
5896:
5576:
5343:
5334:
4748:
4331:, this was because Australians had little interest in redefining their relationship with Britain until the crisis of World War II.
3819:, the AIF suffered 5,533 casualties in 24 hours, the most costly single encounter in Australian military history. Elsewhere on the
2568:
succeeded in traversing central Australia from south to north. His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the
2365:
5268:
were at this time suffering severe ill-treatment in the Pacific Theatre. In 1943, 2,815 Australian Pows died constructing Japan's
1201:. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.
21888:
20993:
19631:
14312:
9196:
Cook, James, Journal of the HMS Endeavour, 1768β1771, National Library of Australia, Manuscripts Collection, MS 1, 22 August 1770
5844:
3936:
3924:
3263:
1039:
172:
16132:
15606:
13851:
13472:
9411:
Harold B. Carter, "Banks, Cook and the Eighteenth Century Natural History Tradition", in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge (eds.),
6609:, in 1996, the government amended native title legislation to limit native title claims. In 2007, following the release of the "
5402:, designed and built in four months of 1942, emphasised the desperate state Australia found itself in as the Japanese advanced.
21236:
20816:
20236:
20046:
19854:
19768:
19596:
19300:
19006:
17884:
17713:
16460:
6736:
with a swing of more than 5 per cent and Howard became only the second sitting prime minister to lose his seat in an election.
6692:. Following the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US and the subsequent War on Terror, Australia committed troops to the
4495:
3949:
3251:
2966:
2523:
961:
301:
149:
10781:
7296:
In 1966, the Australian government gave Aboriginal people the same rights to social security benefits as other Australians. A
6563:
legislation, which made it easier for small businesses to terminate employment. After the 1996 election, Howard and treasurer
5641:
produced little of its own content in the 1950s, but British and Hollywood studios produced a string of successful epics from
4995:
saw an Australian garrison halt the advance of Hitler's Panzer divisions for the first time since the commencement of the war.
21963:
20132:
19972:
18446:
18168:
17789:
16689:
15057:
14888:
14580:
14547:
14424:
14168:
13757:
11543:
11110:
10113:
10087:
9387:
8572:
8524:
8485:
8446:
8419:
7926:
7278:
6889:
to power after six years in opposition initially failed to restore stability to the office of prime minister. Prime Minister
6693:
6529:
6263:
6197:
6089:
6027:
5122:
4080:
in Russia posed a threat in the eyes of many Australians, although to a small group of socialists it was an inspiration. The
3776:
3729:
3545:
1667:
1426:. On his second voyage of 1644, he also contributed significantly to the mapping of the Australian mainland (which he called
17085:
16102:
12949:
10011:
7423:
cities, the period from 1965 to 1980 also saw a movement of Indigenous Australians away from towns and settlements to small
6704:
and other terrorist incidents, led to the creation of a National Security Committee and further anti-terrorist legislation.
6389:
in 1988 was the focus of year-long celebrations with multicultural themes. The World Expo 88 was held in Brisbane and a new
5113:
British Malaya quickly collapsed, shocking the Australian nation. British, Indian and Australian troops made a disorganised
2302:
Between 1830 and 1850 the female proportion of the Australian settler population increased from 24 per cent to 41 per cent.
22003:
21226:
21102:
20738:
20248:
19788:
19783:
19778:
18979:
of Human Skeletal Remains Associated with the Batavia Mutiny of 1629,'. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26: 98β108
18587:
Sailing for the East: History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602β1799
13386:
Spearritt cited in Henry Pook (1993) pp. 211β12. See Also Drew Cottle (1979) "The Sydney Rich and the Great Depression" in
10343:
Richards, Eric (July 1993). "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?".
6943:
6852:
6355:
5618:, who would become the musical embodiment of rural Australia, had Australia's first international music chart hit with his
5572:
4276:
4069:
3723:
3508:
3348:
2909:
1699:
256:
167:
162:
157:
18924:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1989), 'From Secret to Common Knowledge β The Dutch Discoveries,'; in John Hardy and Alan Frost (eds.),
16243:
7456:
1972, the introduction of paid maternity leave in the Australian public service in 1973, and the enactment of the federal
7038:
The government lost five by-elections in July 2018. When, in August, the government made a commitment to meet Australia's
4660:
Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn. In a
21241:
21082:
20682:
20635:
20579:
20474:
19980:
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19276:
19260:
19246:
19202:
19075:
14260:
9252:
Objects & History of the Voyage of Mm. Yves de Kerguelen and François Alesne de Saint Allouarn in the Australian Seas
8870:
Gammage, Bill (October 2011). The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia. Allen & Unwin. pp. 281β304.
7177:
was sworn in as Australia's new prime minister. His Labor Party defeated Scott Morrison's conservative government in the
6961:
The Prime Minister announced a number of decisions β most notably the reintroduction of knighthoods and a knighthood for
6334:
6303:
6302:
in Tasmania in 1982 and the resulting grassroots campaign against the dam contributed to the emergence of an influential
5867:
5696:
5602:
Menzies presided during a period of sustained economic boom and the beginnings of sweeping social change, which included
5415:
5330:
5126:
4156:
in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world's first feature film,
708:
494:
231:
196:
18791:, edited by Stephanie Downes, Sally Holloway and Sarah Randles. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 175β91
14256:
4856:
By September 1939 the Australian Army numbered 3,000 regulars. A recruiting campaign in late 1938, led by Major-General
4680:
dominated Australia's racing industry, at one stage winning fourteen races in a row. Famous victories included the 1930
2512:
in 1839 and, led by two Aboriginal guides, became the first European to ascend Australia's highest peak, which he named
22257:
21931:
21051:
20642:
19773:
19753:
19354:
19051:
18900:
Mutch, T. D. (1942), 'The First Discovery of Australia with an Account of the Voyages of the Duyfken and the Career of
18883:
18404:
18316:. (Published by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society in Commemoration of the XXVth Anniversary of Its Foundation, 1899)
14903:
Bridge, Carl (2013). "Australia, Britain and the British Commonwealth". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
13361:. Vol. 24, No. 7, p. 378. Also see David Potts (2006) "The Myth of the Great Depression." Scribe Press, Carlton North.
12835:
Bridge, Carl (2013). "Australia, Britain and the British Commonwealth". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
9084:
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3719:
3601:
3314:
2604:
2569:
2490:
862:
549:
17:
19062:
13712:
John Robertson "The Distant War: Australia and Imperial defence 1919β1914." In M. McKernan and M. Browne (1988) p. 225
7638:
From the late 1960s a "new wave" of Australian theatre emerged, initially centred on small theatre groups such as the
6797:(ETS) to address climate change, but the legislation was twice rejected in the Senate. After the failed December 2009
6644:
6270:
on 11 November 1975. Opposition leader Malcolm Fraser was installed as caretaker prime minister, pending an election.
5882:
being a major driving force behind the introduction of television to Australia. Colour TV began broadcasting in 1975.
4216:. He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935.
3831:. In the summer and autumn of 1917, Australian troops also sustained heavy losses during the British offensive around
2847:
In the first two years of settlement the Aboriginal people of Sydney mostly avoided the newcomers. In November 1790,
2636:
1958:
to conduct an inquiry into the colony, and Macquarie resigned shortly before the report of the inquiry was published.
20759:
20184:
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18955:
18709:
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17841:
17746:
17566:
17508:
17298:
16534:
16191:
15974:
15493:
15383:
15303:
15245:
David Lowe (2013) "Security". In Bashford and Macintyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, pp 511β12
15217:
14912:
14842:
14804:
14784:
14755:
14648:
14488:
14465:
14336:
14240:
14056:
13650:
13630:
13366:
13346:
13244:
13203:
13000:
12844:
12650:
12581:
12295:
12021:
11590:
10971:"The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepang industry across two centuries"
10940:
10849:
10225:
9862:
9754:
9690:
9579:
9164:
9104:
8968:
8917:
8892:
8754:
8728:
8669:
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7353:
was appointed Liberal Senator for QLD in 1971, becoming the first federal parliamentarian to identify as Aboriginal.
6794:
6783:
6673:
6221:
5748:
5692:
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4836:
opposition urged greater national self-reliance through a buildup of manufacturing and more emphasis on the Army and
4542:
4523:
4435:
4393:
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declined through the decade, despite more than 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues. A
3780:
3764:
3267:
3207:
2592:
2381:
2207:
Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth, England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay
1547:
1029:
1012:
429:
346:
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7780:
was established in Sydney in the early 1970s. The Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre was established in 1976 and the
6472:
was introduced to regulate claims and provide compensation for loss of native title. In 1993, Keating established a
4955:
In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences. Arriving in London during
4175:"on the land" were generally not a success. "The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of
3910:
which gave it the power to make regulations "for securing the public safety and defence of the Commonwealth". After
3343:
stated in 1890, "The crimson thread of kinship runs through us all...we must unite as one great Australian people."
2973:
Australia and the newly created colony of Victoria semi-elected Legislative Councils on the New South Wales model.
1589:
Although various proposals for the colonisation of Australia were made prior to 1788, none were attempted. In 1717,
22277:
22035:
21718:
21117:
21026:
20842:
19912:
19849:
19834:
19450:
19305:
17915:
17696:
14972:
Ashley Elkins, Australian War Memorial: Overview of Australian military involvement in the Vietnam War, 1962β1975.
14134:
8149:
8144:
7684:
7178:
7166:
7005:
6962:
6860:
6836:
6733:
6724:
budget surpluses in most years which, along with the proceeds of government asset sales, were partly invested in a
6552:
6484:
6432:
6422:
6311:
6294:
6236:
6145:
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in 1949, in part because of a Labor proposal to nationalise banks and following a crippling coal strike led by the
4949:
4779:
4578:
4503:
4339:
3928:
3699:
3687:
3671:
3659:
3568:
3553:
3243:
2939:
2927:
1932:
1617:(1744β1748, 1764) recommended exploration of the east coast of New Holland, with a view to a British colonisation.
371:
351:
306:
286:
266:
191:
18939:, edited by Michael Richards & Maura O'Connor. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993), pp. 10β16
18838:
Gerritsen, Rupert (2011), 'Australia's First Criminal Prosecutions in 1629'. (Canberra: Batavia Online Publishing)
18794:
Donaldson, Bruce (2006), 'The Dutch Contribution to the European Discovery of Australia,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
13669:
6017:
in Washington, D.C., 1963. By the 1960s, Australian defence policy had shifted from Britain to the US as key ally.
2823:
Australia, has reached a preliminary estimate of 8,270 Aboriginal deaths in frontier massacres from 1788 to 1930.
2372:
in 1866, continued their educational activities after the provision of secular state schools grew from the 1850s.
1459:, an English buccaneer and explorer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688 and again in 1699, and
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20915:
20812:
20353:
20152:
20142:
20078:
19819:
19793:
19636:
19500:
18333:
14204:
12070:
The federal government of Australasia : speeches delivered on various occasions (November, 1889 β May, 1890)
11097:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
9874:
9780:
9681:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
7602:
7393:
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6774:
6745:
6583:
6229:
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along the way. Meanwhile, in September, a separate Australian expeditionary force had captured German New Guinea.
3745:
3401:
2361:
1880:
1182:
1118:
Guinea and Tasmania were connected to the Australian continent, which was more than a quarter larger than today.
933:
236:
211:
6326:
3134:. The resurgence of bushranging from the 1850s drew on the grievances of the rural poor (several members of the
3076:
Van Diemen's Land would cease and invited the eastern colonies to draft constitutions enabling self-government.
21848:
21800:
21062:
20675:
20439:
20338:
20058:
20036:
19942:
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19708:
19137:
18692:
18422:
17940:
17764:
17439:
17388:
17225:
17178:
16622:
Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 190β94. The vote represented a record in terms of support for constitutional change.
16217:
12320:
12042:
9986:
9354:, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2005, pp. 3β20. Also through APAFT at: search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=200600250;res=APAFT
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There was also a growing recognition of Indigenous cultural movements. In the early 1970s Aboriginal elders at
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in the Northern Territory under Justice Woodward. Legislation based on its findings was passed into law by the
4574:
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4236:
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4005:
was one of the most expensive buildings and the second largest construction of the Inter-war period, after the
3427:
3212:
2949:
2709:
2032:
1984:
1501:
731:
339:
226:
130:
18787:
Broomhall, Susan (2018), 'Dirk Hartog's Sea Chest: An Affective Archaeology of VOC Objects in Australia,'; in
15194:
Tim Battin, "A Break from the Past: The Labor Party and the Political Economy of Keynesian Social Democracy",
12921:
7074:(IA-CEPA) in March 2019. The government was returned at the elections of May 2019 with a three-seat majority.
6401:
and by late 1991 the unemployment rate had risen above 10 per cent. With the government's popularity falling,
6152:
held across Australia in mid-1970 attracted large crowdsβthe Melbourne march of 100,000 being led by Labor MP
6046:
treaty, signed only three years later, clearly demonstrated Australia's position as a US ally in the emerging
5701:
5287:. Curtin suffered from ill health from the strains of office and died weeks before the war ended, replaced by
5169:. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.
5125:, the first time the Australian mainland had ever been attacked by enemy forces. For the following 19 months,
3175:
London financial markets, but land-rich governments also sold land to finance expenditure and keep taxes low.
2109:
to deter the French from establishing a settlement in Western Australia. In 1827, the head of the expedition,
1935:
was completed, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly wooded pastures west of the
22338:
22188:
22123:
21939:
21402:
20885:
20589:
20506:
20382:
20231:
20224:
20095:
20041:
19844:
19824:
19347:
19180:
19118:
13777:
David Littlewood, "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War,"
9707:
9535:
Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia",
9522:
Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia",
8880:
8169:
8124:
7690:
7307:
Popular acclaim for Aboriginal artists, sportspeople and musicians also grew over the period. In 1968, boxer
7185:
6787:
6410:
5374:
Although the peak of army enlistments occurred in JuneβJuly 1940, when more than 70,000 enlisted, it was the
5054:, the siege saw the advance of the German army halted for the first time and provided a morale boost for the
4936:
4673:
4654:
4421:
4350:
4244:
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3561:
3541:
3190:
regions of Western Australia in the 1880s. Sheep and cattle runs spread to northern Queensland and on to the
3183:
3060:
2180:
1912:
1137:
maritime culture emerged. Agriculture also developed on some islands and by 700 years ago villages appeared.
855:
819:
637:
575:
542:
356:
291:
281:
241:
18430:. (Sydney, 1942) Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. XXVIII., Part V
15537:"Official History of Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and PostβCold War Operations | Australian War Memorial"
12068:
11729:
10665:
6030:
were sent to help train South Vietnamese forces, in a developing conflict in which the British had no part.
5725:
Labor government instigated a massive programme of European immigration. In 1945, Minister for Immigration,
4396:(FCT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of
2779:
The growth of the Swan River Colony in the 1830s led to conflict with Aboriginal people, culminating in the
22237:
22232:
21979:
21463:
20574:
20368:
20105:
20068:
19947:
19937:
19809:
19646:
19235:
19090:
14308:
House of Representatives Hansard, 2 August 1945, pp. 4911β15. Arthur Calwell β White Paper on Immigration.
11414:"'A Halo of Protection': Colonial Protectors and the Principle of Aboriginal Protection through Punishment"
8786:"Friday essay: traps, rites and kurrajong twine β the incredible ingenuity of Indigenous fishing knowledge"
8139:
7902:
7875:
7827:
6556:
6267:
5955:
deemed to be wards of the state under Northern Territory welfare laws doubled to 11,000 from 1950 to 1965.
5866:
formally announced the introduction of the new two-tiered TV systemβa government-funded service run by the
5564:
4492:
4405:
4127:
4081:
4025:
and breakaway elements of Labor (of which he was the most prominent), after the deep and bitter split over
3987:
2168:
2090:
2016:
1523:
1460:
1166:
969:
688:
489:
334:
18111:. (Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Maritime Archaeology,
10728:
9506:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9493:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9467:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9454:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9398:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
9364:
Christopher, Emma; Maxwell-Stewart, Hamish (2013). "Convict transportation in global context c. 1700β88".
7807:
were complaining that the large increase in artistic works had led to the celebration of mediocrity. Poet
7016:
in domestic politics, and a ban, on national security grounds, on Chinese companies supplying Australia's
2986:
Mr E.H. Hargraves, The Gold Discoverer of Australia, Feb 12th 1851 returning the salute of the gold miners
1629:
had ambitions to establish a colony for his country at the Swan River in 1786 but the plan was stillborn.
1530:
21997:
21904:
21896:
21302:
21142:
20906:
20343:
20301:
20296:
20243:
19990:
19957:
19885:
19606:
19591:
19563:
19520:
19443:
19295:
18580:
In the Steps of Tasman and De Vlamingh. An Important Cartographic Document for the Discovery of Australia
18459:. Edited and translated by Marit van Huystee. (Fremantle, W.A.: Western Australian Maritime Museum, 1998)
16716:
15400:
15264:
14287:
14232:
10446:
9633:
7892:
7647:
7643:
7457:
7366:
7158:
6935:
6658:
6544:
6518:
6473:
6449:
6144:
of early 1968 and compulsory national service (selected by ballot) became increasingly unpopular. In the
5529:
5493:
5461:
5237:
5024:
4646:
4551:
4346:
4324:
4296:
4292:
4280:
4252:
4203:
4157:
4104:
4085:
4044:
3525:
2356:
Many Anglicans saw state support of the Catholic Church as a threat. The prominent Presbyterian minister
1923:
1786:
1621:
put forward a proposal in 1766 for Britain to found a colony of banished convicts in the South Sea or in
1552:
261:
17115:
15429:
15118:
13820:
13357:
David Potts. "A Reassessment of the extent of Unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression" in
12260:
9079:
5984:
after 1952. Australia was also the only Commonwealth country to offer support to the British during the
2322:, with improving "public morality" in the colony and was also heavily involved in health and education.
1682:
into their plan, with its attractions of timber and flax, proposed by Banks's Royal Society colleagues,
22307:
22292:
22262:
21387:
20749:
20409:
20313:
20167:
20122:
20026:
19530:
19220:
19210:
18932:
18664:
The Journal of Abel Jansz Tasman, 1642; with Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644
18651:
18520:
16077:
15173:
13998:, Australia in the War of 1939β1945, Series 1, Volume 7, pp. 622β37. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
8039:
7035:
trade agreement with 10 other nations in March 2018 after the US withdrew from the original agreement.
6954:
and Syria, joining the air campaign, sending special forces and providing training for the Iraqi army.
6886:
6844:
6802:
6610:
6390:
6370:
5757:
was a popular account of an Italian migrating to Australia, although written by Australian-born author
5485:
5477:
5457:
5419:
5233:
5118:
5020:
4929:
4837:
4803:
4639:
4538:
4467:, but most political, union and business leaders were reluctant to admit to serious problems. In 1926,
4450:
of the 1930s, particularly due to its heavy dependence on exports, especially primary products such as
4120:
4022:
3824:
3683:
3639:
3400:, Miles Franklin, and Joseph Furphy helped forge a distinctive national literature. Paterson's ballad "
3291:
2688:
Mounted police engaging Indigenous people during the Slaughterhouse Creek Massacre of 1838, during the
2497:
2315:
2022:
1633:
1380:
514:
453:
417:
271:
20876:
18253:: Betrayal, Shipwreck, Murder, Sexual Slavery, Courage: A Spine-Chilling Chapter in Australian History
18181:. Edited by GΓΌnter Schilder. 2 vols. "WLV," Vols. LXXVIII, LXXIX. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)
7116:
In June 2021, Australia and the United Kingdom announced that they had struck a preliminary deal on a
2532:
Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper's Creek, Sunday evening, 21 April 1861
2386:
1144:
928:
Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century and named the continent
22282:
22272:
21372:
21347:
21036:
20832:
20826:
20772:
20529:
20486:
20434:
20333:
20179:
20147:
20063:
20053:
20021:
19701:
19626:
19586:
19315:
18942:
Sheehan, Colin (2008), 'Strangers and Servants of the company: The United East India Company and the
18436:
18228:
18112:
17472:
16640:
16327:"Australia to pursue nuclear-powered submarines through new trilateral enhanced security partnership"
15561:
Goot, Murray (2013), In Bashford and MacIntye (eds) Cambridge History of Australia, Vol 2. pp. 200β02
13951:
13088:
10530:
9254:, Paris, 1934. Walter R. Bloom, "The role of a French ecu in the colonization of Western Australia",
8154:
8031:
7847:
7193:
6689:
6637:
6588:
6161:
6105:
5540:. 17,000 Australians had served and casualties amounted to more than 1,500, of whom 339 were killed.
4690:
4473:
4212:
4077:
4026:
3998:
2997:
2440:
1900:
1861:
1748:
1177:
887:
809:
788:
665:
361:
276:
201:
69:
14879:
See discussion on the role of ANZUS in Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War in Paul Ham (2007)
14682:
13973:
13924:
13275:
12801:
6989:
6805:
adversely affected Labor's support in the resource-rich states of Queensland and Western Australia.
1230:
22227:
22202:
21634:
21428:
21342:
21016:
20864:
20444:
20429:
20276:
20112:
20073:
19900:
19621:
19601:
19393:
19388:
19173:
18654:: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who Mapped the Earth's Greatest Ocean
15508:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. (2013). pp. 182, 207β09.
13584:
9582:
9122:, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2007, p. 32; this map is reproduced in Gunter Schilder,
8269:
Williams, Martin A. J.; Spooner, Nigel A.; McDonnell, Kathryn; O'Connell, James F. (January 2021).
7614:
7416:
7282:
7207:
called for a week of silence "to grieve this outcome and reflect on its meaning and significance".
6605:
5758:
5611:
5229:
5166:
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3114:
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2149:
1857:
1805:
1724:
1347:
983:
941:
632:
17500:
16166:
15827:"ony Abbott under fire from Cabinet colleagues over decision to grant knighthood to Prince Philip"
15208:
Walter, James (2013). "Growth resumed, 1983-2000". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14609:
7788:, which drew on traditional Aboriginal music and dance, achieved commercial and critical success.
6613:" report detailing widespread abuse in Aboriginal communities, the Howard government launched the
6160:
of the war and began the withdrawal of troops, so did the Australian Government. In November 1970
4873:
Australian troops at Milne Bay, Papua. The Australian army was the first to inflict defeat on the
4126:
Other significant after-effects of the war included ongoing industrial unrest, which included the
3556:
and resulted in a narrow plurality for the Protectionist Party over the Free Trade Party with the
3430:
was formed in 1885 but it had few powers and New South Wales and South Australia declined to join.
3270:. The world's first Labor government was formed in Queensland in 1899, but it lasted only a week.
2467:(which they named the Hume) and many of its tributaries, and good agricultural and grazing lands.
1907:(1806 β 1808) tried to suppress the rum trade and the illegal use of Crown Land, resulting in the
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22222:
22099:
21768:
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21561:
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20594:
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20404:
20157:
20127:
19952:
19829:
19758:
19384:
18911:
18684:
18233:
15679:
Wallace, Chris (2016) "Julia Eileen Gillard". In Grattan (ed) Australian Prime Ministers. p 498.
13318:
13173:
9051:
7769:
7381:
7328:
7301:
6848:
5901:
5743:
5661:
5543:
5505:
5363:
5248:
5185:
5177:
4611:
4412:
was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911.
4320:
4207:
4123:(since the 1940s), becoming a major party of government in Australiaβparticularly in Queensland.
4055:
3865:
3850:
3832:
3594:
3572:
3512:
3457:
3417:
3286:
3123:
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1865:
1809:
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992:
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918:
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61:
18260:
The Batavia Legacy: The Location of the First European Settlement in Australia, Hutt River, 1629
18109:(1727): An Analysis of the Potential for Finding the Dutch Castaways' Human Remains in Australia
16729:
Indigenous Australian parliamentarians in federal and state/territory parliaments: a quick guide
16133:"Australia blocks arrival of all non-citizens, non-residents in expanded coronavirus travel ban"
15540:
14973:
14188:
12860:
11011:"Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?"
7925:
Radical nationalist interpretations of Australian history became more prominent from the 1930s.
4935:
The recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced, the
972:, and the islands were later annexed by Queensland, choosing to remain a part of Australia when
936:
visited Australia's northern coasts from around 1720, and possibly earlier. In 1770, Lieutenant
925:
around 2,500 years ago, and settled the islands on the northern tip of the Australian landmass.
894:. The human history of Australia, however, commences with the arrival of the first ancestors of
22115:
22051:
21923:
21691:
21556:
21392:
20729:
20501:
20479:
20454:
20419:
20399:
20363:
20201:
20172:
20162:
20137:
20100:
20031:
19868:
19763:
19510:
18238:. Originally published in 1966. (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1966; HarperCollins, 2000)
18210:. (Hobart: St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, 1992, pp. 106)
18144:
16303:
14572:
14361:
14222:
12286:
Hirst, John (2013). "Nation building, 1901-14". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
11218:
10905:
8114:
8003:(1970) attacked radical nationalist historical narratives from a Marxist New Left perspective.
7781:
7777:
7773:
7733:
7651:
7312:
7248:
7233:
7150:
7125:
7054:
6753:
6386:
6374:
6205:
5827:
5793:
5774:
5753:
5735:
5465:
5284:
5269:
5069:
4981:
4921:
4874:
4833:
4821:
4783:
4685:
4582:
4570:
4566:
4507:
4487:
In 1931, more than 1,000 unemployed men marched from the Esplanade to the Treasury Building in
3876:
3869:
3828:
3606:
3557:
3549:
3480:, endorsed the "Corowa plan" and in 1895 convinced the majority of other premiers to adopt it.
3448:
Another major barrier was the free trade policies of New South Wales which conflicted with the
3035:
2871:
2505:
1061:
1017:
979:
965:
902:
between 50,000 and 65,000 years ago, and continues to the present day multicultural democracy.
895:
825:
814:
778:
621:
45:
18784:, edited by M. Bailey and K. Barclay. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 83β103
17488:
15048:
Strangio, Paul (2013). "Instability, 1966-82". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14537:
14441:
13422:
8514:
8475:
8436:
7912:
Military history received government support after the First World War, most prominently with
7342:
became the first indigenous Australian to head a state or territory government when he became
4991:
A patrol from the 2/13th Infantry Battalion at Tobruk in North Africa, (AWM 020779). The 1941
3339:
Many nationalists spoke of Australians sharing common blood as members of the British "race".
1064:
moved into what is now the Australian continent about 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the
22287:
22150:
21784:
21629:
21604:
21473:
20797:
20787:
20698:
20564:
20496:
20394:
20348:
20211:
20117:
20004:
19890:
19399:
19215:
15911:"What is the Quad, and how will it impact US-China relations under the Biden administration?"
15757:"Boat arrivals and boat 'turnbacks' in Australia since 1976: a quick guide to the statistics"
14669:
14029:
Bolton cited in John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 209
14018:
13300:
See for example John Close "The Depression Decade" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 318
9126:, Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976, p. 402; and in William Eisler and Bernard Smith,
8562:
8106:
7823:
7708:
6681:
6548:
6469:
6414:
6259:
5996:
5657:
5642:
5537:
5489:
5241:
5194:
5150:
4909:, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war."
4795:
4665:
4559:
4546:
4431:
4232:
4186:
was set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans, three-quarters of which came from overseas. Despite
4116:
4040:
4006:
3983:
3815:
In 1916, five infantry divisions of the AIF were sent to the Western Front. In July 1916, at
3651:
3055:
2713:
2627:
2575:
The completion of this telegraph line in 1872 was associated with further exploration of the
2346:
2334:
2314:
was the only recognised church before 1820 and its clergy worked closely with the governors.
2225:
small business. Emancipists employed about half of the convicts assigned to private masters.
2197:
2026:
1896:
1106:
960:. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and
905:
Aboriginal Australians settled throughout continental Australia and many nearby islands. The
771:
675:
649:
644:
441:
17985:
16876:. Canberra: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 1962. Table 9: Occupational Status
14414:
13881:
8408:
7077:
In 2017, a convention of 250 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander delegates had issued the
6483:
With foreign debt, inflation and unemployment still stubbornly high, Keating lost the March
4483:
3452:
policies dominant in Victoria and most of the other colonies. Nevertheless, the NSW premier
2716:. Tasmania suffered a higher level of conflict than the other British colonies in Australia.
2517:
1605:
It is impossible to conceive a Country that promises fairer from its Situation than this of
1361:
22173:
21971:
21776:
21744:
21448:
20981:
20628:
20599:
20521:
20358:
20328:
20264:
20219:
19932:
19927:
19895:
19880:
19154:
19110:
18858:
Green, Jeremy N. (2006), 'The Dutch Down Under: Sailing Blunders,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
18770:, edited by Anne Gerritsen & Giorgio Riello. (London: Routledge, 2016), pp. 145β61
18718:
13141:
9120:
Australia in Maps: Great Maps in Australia's History from the National Library's Collection
9118:
National Library of Australia, Maura O'Connor, Terry Birtles, Martin Woods and John Clark,
9089:
9023:
8346:
8282:
8222:
8184:
8129:
7838:, have increased the exposure of Australian art in the region and the wider global market.
7808:
7578:
7518:
6808:
6571:(GST) which they successfully took to the electorate in 1998 and implemented in July 2000.
6533:
6525:
6077:
5875:
5761:. The Australian population reached 10 million in 1959βwith Sydney its most populous city.
5273:
5162:
5055:
4787:
4650:
4358:
3958:
3491:
In March 1900, delegates were dispatched to London, including leading federation advocates
2736:
2705:
2565:
2369:
2040:
1936:
1736:
1714:
The perilous situation of The Guardian Frigate as she appeared striking on the rocks of ice
1626:
1415:
1336:
1267:
1049:
987:
703:
585:
482:
311:
18623:
Dutch Discoveries of Australia: Shipwrecks, Treasures and Early Voyages off the West Coast
16565:
16358:"China condemns AUKUS pact, Tony Abbott flags a 'common danger', Kevin Rudd urges caution"
15318:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2. pp. 182, 353β4
12945:
Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited", (Australian Political Science Association, 1990)
9315:
Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibilotheca or A Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels
7993:(1966) argued that Australia's distance from Britain had shaped its history and identity.
6559:
which promoted individual contracts and enterprise bargaining. In 2006, it introduced the
5796:(1949β1974). Construction necessitated the expansion of Australia's immigration programme.
5251:, between November 1942 and January 1943, set the tone for the bitter final stages of the
3974:
3548:
on 1 January 1901, and Barton was sworn in as Australia's first prime minister. The first
2866:
1397:
1328:
1105:
Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia.
8:
22302:
22075:
21880:
21609:
21494:
21443:
21199:
20549:
20491:
20323:
20286:
20016:
19495:
19230:
19225:
18768:
The Global Lives of Things: The Material Culture of Connections in the Early Modern World
18297:
18250:
18145:
Batavia's Graveyard: The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History's Bloodiest Mutiny
18102:
17444:
16018:"Scott Morrison contradicts energy advice, saying Paris targets can be met 'at a canter'"
15484:
Goot, Murray (2013). "The new millenium". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.).
14695:
13903:
13503:
9430:"In the Beginning..." The Story of the Creation of Australia, From the Original Writings,
9270:"A Useless Discovery? Australia and its People in the Eyes of Others from Tasman to Cook"
9183:, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1955, pp. 288β91; J.C. Beaglehole,
7831:
7696:
7464:
7358:
7203:
was held on the 14 October 2023 and was rejected nationally. The Yes23 campaign co-chair
7181:. Prime Minister Albanese formed Australia's first Labor government in almost a decade.
7145:
7067:
6880:
6876:
6453:
6440:
6418:
6350:
5252:
5202:
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4878:
4354:
4187:
4161:
4149:
3820:
3816:
3461:
3353:
3259:
3152:
3119:
2553:
2295:. One-third of the shareholders of the first colonial bank (founded in 1817) were women.
2292:
2279:
2095:
2012:
2008:
1732:
1505:
1405:
1249:
1065:
761:
736:
680:
477:
465:
458:
446:
410:
329:
57:
18564:. Translated from the German by Olaf Richter. (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1976)
18325:
and New Zealand in 1642: With Documents Relating to His Exploration of Australia in 1644
18132:. Translated from the Dutch by C.B. Bodde-Hodgkinson, with an introduction and notes by
15254:
Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, pp 178β9, 532
13449:
12502:
9445:
of 12, 13, 17 and 14October 1786, accessible at: www.nla.gov.au/app/eresources/item/3304
8350:
8286:
8270:
8226:
6429:. Keating campaigned strongly against the tax and was returned to office in March 1993.
6314:
the coalition government was comfortably defeated by Labor under its popular new leader
6254:
misled parliament about the issue. Arguing the government was incompetent following the
5935:, the first federal parliamentarian to identify as Aboriginal, joined the Senate in 1971
5488:. Menzies became the country's longest-serving prime minister and the Liberal party, in
4610:
New South Wales, Jack Lang, to default on overseas debt repayments. According to author
4311:
of the British empire in the following way: "They are autonomous Communities within the
1566:
22083:
22059:
22019:
21704:
21659:
21520:
21187:
21127:
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20802:
20709:
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19641:
19545:
19466:
19419:
19404:
18853:
18538:
18499:
18452:
18187:
18174:
18030:
17871:
16995:. Canberra: Parliament of Australia: Department of Parliamentary Services. pp. 4β8
15030:
14565:
11433:
11053:
10992:
10368:
10360:
8844:
8516:
Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects
8388:
8306:
8243:
8210:
8189:
8134:
8049:
7869:
7830:
frequently toured abroad. The growing number of international art exhibitions, such as
7800:
7765:
6779:
6749:
6701:
6405:
successfully challenged for the leadership and became prime minister in December 1991.
6382:
6217:
6193:
5941:
5769:
5280:
5181:
5088:
5047:
5046:
derided the defenders as 'rats', a term the soldiers adopted as an ironic compliment: "
4906:
4477:
4409:
4335:
4141:
was not implemented in Australia, though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having
4002:
3800:
3695:
3675:
3440:
delivering the first resolution at the federation conference in Melbourne, 1 March 1890
3376:
3295:
The origins of a distinctly Australian style of painting are often associated with the
3232:
2482:
2448:
2036:
1871:
1285:
1176:
Aboriginal Australians developed a unique artistic and spiritual culture. The earliest
1158:
1095:
1088:
783:
756:
746:
726:
698:
693:
65:
51:
16754:
14309:
9130:, Sydney, International Cultural Corporation of Australis, 1988, pp. 67β84. Image at:
7677:
Patrick White: In 1973, became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize in Literature
7131:
with the French company Naval Group. The decision drew rebukes from China and France.
6981:
5671:
When Menzies retired in 1965, he was replaced as Liberal leader and prime minister by
2831:
22212:
22183:
21864:
21697:
21594:
21377:
21137:
20954:
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19616:
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19408:
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19003:
18951:
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18442:
18400:
18164:
18149:
17995:
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17881:
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17692:
17562:
17504:
17384:
17294:
17221:
17174:
16685:
16530:
15970:
15730:
Grattan, Michelle (2013). "Kevin Michael Rudd". In Australian Prime Ministers. p 488.
15489:
15379:
15299:
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14908:
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13855:
13753:
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13199:
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12840:
12646:
12577:
12316:
12291:
12038:
12017:
11586:
11539:
11485:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11472:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11450:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11437:
11376:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11261:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11203:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11171:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations".
11057:
10936:
10878:
10845:
10372:
10221:
9982:
9858:
9750:
9686:
9627:
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8310:
8298:
8248:
7979:
7957:
7898:
7598:
7591:
7443:
6931:
6872:
6840:
6677:
6500:
6337:
6225:
6122:
5977:
5852:
5638:
5630:
5533:
5509:
5427:
5367:
5326:
5213:
5154:
5114:
5103:
5062:
5004:
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4814:
4771:
4511:
4455:
fluctuations", according to economic historian Geoff Spenceley. Debt by the state of
4112:
4030:
3954:
3472:
3368:
3305:
3296:
2935:
2923:
2879:
2812:
2780:
2615:
2538:
2444:
2420:, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate it.
2416:
led the first circumnavigation of Australia. Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer
2357:
2311:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2106:
1916:
1590:
1404:. In 1628, a squadron of Dutch ships explored the northern coast particularly in the
1376:
804:
741:
626:
470:
434:
422:
16664:
16452:
16408:
13140:
Cited in Jan Bassett (1986) p. 271. It has also been argued that the signing of the
11769:
11328:
Ryan, L. (2020). Digital map of colonial frontier massacres in Australia 1788β1930.
9952:
6181:
5904:. By 1971, the first Aboriginal Senator was sitting on the government benches, with
5637:" became the first local recording to reach the national charts, peaking at No. 20.
5390:
of aircraft were built under licence in Australia before the war's end, notably the
4291:
Australia achieved independent Sovereign Nation status after World War I, under the
4096:. Despite splits, the party remained active until its dissolution at the end of the
2919:
1360:, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606. Later that year,
890:. The modern nation came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a federation of former
22252:
22107:
21540:
21535:
21397:
21327:
21307:
20972:
20945:
20656:
20090:
19535:
19525:
19515:
19505:
18866:
18849:
18818:
18809:
18757:
18570:
18562:
Australia Unveiled: The Share of the Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia
18476:
18394:
18322:
18088:
17496:
16982:. Canberra: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 1962. Table 4: Birthplace
15020:
15012:
13334:
11425:
11045:
10982:
10352:
8836:
8362:
8354:
8290:
8238:
8230:
8092:
8030:
From the 1970s, histories of the Aboriginalβsettler relationship became prominent.
8020:
7996:
7984:
7745:
7720:
7655:
7639:
7583:
7316:
7244:
7174:
7154:
7089:
7039:
6985:
6970:
6894:
6596:
6579:
6345:
5739:
5675:. Holt drowned while swimming at a surf beach in December 1967 and was replaced by
5623:
5391:
5189:
5158:
4999:
From 1940 to 1941, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the
4968:
4894:
4661:
4634:
4615:
4590:
4447:
4386:
4382:
4256:
4153:
3880:
3857:
3838:
3405:
3332:
3255:
3039:
3017:
2815:
in the Northern Territory in 1928 where at least 31 Aboriginal people were killed.
2700:
2513:
2485:
into the Murray River. His party then followed this river to its junction with the
2436:
2427:
2402:
1989:
1947:
1797:
Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788
1640:
1601:, in 1747, promoted the benefits of exploring and colonising the country, writing:
1560:
1482:
1430:), making observations on the land and people of the north coast below New Guinea.
1321:
973:
922:
910:
891:
845:
532:
246:
18397:: How Dutch Sailors found Australia and an English Pirate almost beat Captain Cook
14416:
Something Rich and Strange: Sea Changes, Beaches and the Littoral in the Antipodes
9622:
8564:
Archaeological Dimension of World Heritage: From Prevention to Social Implications
6385:
eliminated the last vestiges of British legal authority at the federal level. The
6026:, the first of several built during the next decade. Most significantly, in 1962,
6002:
4778:
Until the late 1930s, defence was not a significant issue for Australians. At the
4345:
From 1 February 1927 until 12 June 1931, the Northern Territory was divided up as
3589:
1778:
1674:
self-governing community, a "colony of thieves", at no expense to the government.
1094:
The spread of the population also altered the environment. From 46,000 years ago,
22317:
22217:
22168:
22011:
21872:
21856:
21824:
21760:
21614:
21584:
21193:
21097:
21077:
20897:
20767:
19611:
19568:
19490:
19413:
19122:
19010:
18901:
18813:
18749:
18510:
18426:
18354:
18286:
18275:
18225:. Hordern House for the Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, 1999, 202 pp
18220:
18125:
17926:
Australia in international politics: an introduction to Australian foreign policy
17919:
17888:
17831:
17810:
17717:
16110:
14316:
12953:
12946:
12895:
11429:
11049:
10755:
10692:
10629:
10500:
10473:
10411:
10023:
9318:
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8691:
7945:
explored the relationship of the labour movement to radical nationalist politics.
7812:
7324:
7290:
7286:
7043:
7028:
6843:
and three independents. The Gillard government passed enabling legislation for a
6662:
6480:
immigrants arriving without a valid visa. Immigration fell to 67,900 in 1992β93.
6460:
and other regional partners, and successfully campaigned to increase the role of
6101:
6010:
5972:
the US in South East Asia. Thus, the government committed military forces to the
5835:
5680:
5607:
5423:
5296:
5137:
5031:
5030:
A garrison of around 14,000 Australian soldiers, commanded by Lieutenant General
5016:
5008:
4992:
4972:
4917:
4869:
4799:
4456:
4370:
4272:
3610:
3580:
3372:
3247:
3026:
2795:
2580:
2549:
2509:
2474:
2070:
1976:
1951:
1622:
1572:
1486:
1456:
1357:
1294:
1240:
1220:
1216:
1084:
19095:
18630:
Nederlanders ontdekken AustraliΓ«: Scheepsarcheologische vondsten op het Zuidland
14007:
11767:
10733:
Biography β Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell β Australian Dictionary of Biography
7488:
6732:
polls indicated a desire for a generational change in leadership. Labor won the
6624:
6365:
5480:
dominated much of the immediate post war era, defeating the Labor government of
4885:
4426:
3408:" (c. 1895) helped make it the unofficial national anthem for many Australians.
3141:
2697:
entitlement to land which they had "improved" through building and cultivation.
840:
22312:
22242:
22142:
22027:
21649:
21525:
21489:
21468:
21458:
21418:
21367:
21271:
21152:
21147:
21072:
20987:
20963:
20837:
20822:
20724:
20534:
18678:
The Batavia Shipwreck: An Archaeological Study of an Early Seventeenth-Century
18575:. Translated by C. de Heer. (Sydney: Royal Australian Historical Society, 1985)
18216:
17557:
Thomson, Alistair (2013). "Oral history". In Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (eds.).
16428:"Australia's central bank raises rates to 12-year high, tempers hawkish stance"
15936:"Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)"
11413:
11099:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
9683:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia
9075:
8827:
Williams, Elizabeth (2015). "Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia".
8410:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
7855:
7804:
7714:
7702:
7350:
7204:
6899:
6758:
6713:
6575:
6564:
6282:
6157:
5932:
5905:
5863:
5848:
5765:
5726:
5646:
5592:
5525:
5473:
5453:
5359:
5172:
In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of
4902:
4767:
4366:
4362:
4312:
4304:
4264:
4142:
4089:
3846:
3796:
3792:
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3627:
3388:
3328:
2840:
2729:
2542:
2527:
2459:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2145:
2110:
2076:
2065:
hinterland on the mainland in 1834, attracted by its rich grasslands. In 1835,
1966:
1888:
1816:
1782:
1756:
1740:
1679:
1618:
1388:
1053:
996:
906:
670:
18870:
15992:"Buses checked and motorists denied entry to Queensland amid border crackdown"
13939:
11941:
Macintyre, Stuart; Scalmer, Sean (2013). "Colonial states and civil society".
10760:
Biography β Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10117:
10091:
8840:
7392:
in the Northern Territory, which formed the basis for the Fraser government's
7327:" was the first No.1 hit by an Aboriginal artist. Women's Tennis World No. 1
7285:
into parts of Australia to expose discrimination and inequality. In 1966, the
5940:
slowed by the late 1960s and by 1973 the Commonwealth had adopted a policy of
5313:
5144:
in 1943. 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese; 8,000 died as POWs.
2245:
was a leading advocate for women's issues and family friendly colonial policy.
1828:
continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and
22332:
22297:
22067:
21840:
21808:
21644:
21515:
21453:
21332:
21256:
21221:
21216:
21181:
21132:
21107:
21087:
21067:
20936:
20921:
20891:
20714:
19674:
19661:
18196:
17603:
Boucher, Leigh (2013). "New cultural history and Australia's colonial past".
17043:
16269:
14264:
14115:
John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 211
14097:
John Close "Australians in Wartime" in Ray Willis et al. (eds.) (1982) p. 210
13794:
13264:
John Close "The Depression Decade" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 318
9096:
9046:
9018:
8376:
8302:
8211:"An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia"
8012:
7970:
7863:
7859:
7728:
7625:
7452:
rate fell from a post-war high of 3.5 to less than 2 in the 1970s and 1980s.
7362:
7256:
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders
6934:
began implementing its policies on unauthorised maritime arrivals, including
6828:
6766:
6465:
6381:
The government took other initiatives aimed at fostering national unity. The
6209:
6189:
6185:
6141:
6133:
6093:
6081:
5627:
5603:
5596:
5568:
5555:
on her 1954 Royal Tour. Huge crowds greeted the Royal party across Australia.
5399:
5398:, although the majority of aircraft were from Britain and later, the US. The
5035:
4857:
4841:
4681:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4248:
4240:
4167:
3664:
3631:
3529:
3521:
3496:
3492:
3449:
3104:
2943:
2576:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2455:
2176:
2102:
1908:
1904:
1845:
1772:
1598:
1471:
1365:
1198:
19326:
19150:
European discovery and the colonisation of Australia β Australian Government
19081:
19029:(2nd ed. U of Queensland Press, 1989) 335pp. The first edition was entitled
18761:
17968:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 3: 1860β1900 Glad, Confident Morning
17293:(Third ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. pp. 268β69.
16483:"Indigenous yes advocates have called for a week of silence post-referendum"
10447:"3105.0.65.001 Australian Historical Population Statistics, 2014, Table 1.1"
9131:
8234:
7258:, and embraced by the wider population as citizenship rights were extended.
7023:
In 2017, the United States, Japan, India and Australia agreed to revive the
6072:
4762:
3864:
took over command. The Australian Corps was heavily involved in halting the
3804:
evacuated in December, followed by the British and French in early January.
3359:
A unified Australia was usually associated with a white Australia. In 1887,
3008:
erupted on the Victorian goldfields in 1856 and in New South Wales in 1860.
2767:
2684:
2447:
crossed the mountains by a different route and a road was soon built to the
2050:
599:
21639:
21624:
21589:
21530:
21438:
21382:
21352:
21286:
21276:
21112:
21003:
20792:
18976:
18962:
18876:
18462:
18425:β With an Account of the Voyage of the "Duyfken" and the Career of Captain
18300:', Western Australia, 1629. An Excavation Report and Catalogue of Artefacts
15486:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
15210:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
14905:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
14567:
The Myth of Home-ownership: Private Versus Public Choices in Housing Tenure
12837:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
12574:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
10987:
10970:
9415:, London, Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, 1988, pp. 4β23.
8384:
8252:
8004:
7975:
7952:
7938:
7913:
7843:
7760:
7749:
7737:
7667:
7663:
7480:'s ranking of countries by women's representation in national parliaments.
7334:
7320:
6993:
6769:
in 2006. Gillard went on to become Australia's first female Prime Minister.
6592:
6436:
6402:
6299:
6286:
6255:
6247:
5992:
5948:
5839:
5709:
5548:
5411:
5173:
5043:
5039:
4987:
4941:
4809:
4586:
4534:
4460:
4378:
4183:
4014:
3979:
3911:
3619:
3453:
3437:
3340:
3191:
3148:
2712:, which explains the precepts of British justice in pictorial form for the
2584:
2557:
2464:
2423:
2062:
1927:
1911:
of 1808. The Corps, working closely with the newly established wool trader
1764:
1583:
An Historical Narrative of the Discovery of New Holland and New South Wales
1444:
1401:
1393:
made the first recorded rounding of the southwest corner of the continent.
1162:
1044:
995:
in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought as part of
957:
18967:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of AustralianβDutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18895:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of AustralianβDutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18616:
Dutch Connections: 400 Years of Australian-Dutch Maritime Links, 1606β2006
18120:
De zeven reizen van de Jonge Lieve: Biografie van een VOC-schip, 1760β1781
15050:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Voume 2, The Commonwealth of Australia
13974:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war | Australian War Memorial"
13952:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war | Australian War Memorial"
13339:
Weevils in the Flour: an oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia.
7412:(Ayers Rock) to traditional owners with a lease back to the Commonwealth.
6820:
mandatory detention stretched capacity. The new leader of the opposition,
6340:
in 1987. Hawke went on to become the longest-serving Labor Prime Minister.
5911:
5885:
5785:
4565:
May 1931 had seen the creation of a new conservative political force, the
3799:. The Anzacs, along with French, British and Indian troops, landed on the
2552:
led the first southβnorth crossing of the continent from Melbourne to the
2124:
2085:
1823:
Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils, fixed on the
22178:
21816:
21566:
21423:
21362:
21357:
21337:
21281:
21266:
21261:
21251:
21011:
20858:
20807:
20782:
20777:
20604:
20464:
19069:
18659:
18179:
De ontdekkingsreis van Willem Hesselsz. de Vlamingh in de jaren 1696β1697
18133:
18092:
17912:
17777:
17316:"Why Australian artists find it so hard to get international recognition"
16956:"More women will fix Parliament's 'culture' problem. Here's how to do it"
16677:
13694:. Vol. 1. Series One; Army. pp. 22β23. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
12861:"Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations)"
11715:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11699:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11605:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11567:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11533:
11508:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
11101:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781107011533.
10174:
Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government".
8068:
8056:
7931:
7785:
7741:
7587:
7524:
The Pai Lau Gate in the ethnically diverse suburb of Cabramatta in Sydney
7354:
7308:
7229:
7059:
6915:
6890:
6821:
6725:
6560:
6540:
6514:
6488:
6117:
6034:
6014:
6006:
5985:
5916:
5722:
5676:
5672:
5650:
5619:
5610:
and, in the late 1950s, the arrival of television broadcasting. In 1958,
5552:
5517:
5513:
5481:
5449:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5288:
5256:
5221:
5107:
4977:
4845:
4669:
4602:
4555:
4439:
4361:
comprising 6,677 hectares, in 1915. The external territories were added:
4195:
4138:
4108:
4065:
3861:
3784:
3691:
3477:
3397:
3380:
3325:
3300:
3022:
2608:
2398:
2288:
2066:
1876:
1768:
1752:
1663:
1485:. Cook also carried secret Admiralty instructions to locate the supposed
1419:
1411:
1372:
1332:
1312:
1276:
1258:
1080:
1069:
953:
20667:
18782:
Emotion, Ritual and Power in Europe, 1200β1920: Family, State and Church
15034:
14138:
13904:"Wartime Issue 23 β New Guinea Offensive | Australian War Memorial"
10996:
9027:. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 9 October 1923. p. 5
8358:
7532:
7239:
5810:
neglecting research and development and the search for new markets. The
4518:, the former prime minister, lost his own seat. The new Prime Minister,
3433:
2621:
2131:
in 1839. South Australia was founded as a free-colony, without convicts.
22091:
21654:
21599:
21317:
20719:
19339:
19165:
18797:
18468:
18389:
17383:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 31β35.
16383:"France withdraws ambassadors to Australia and US over submarines deal"
15025:
12313:
The Oxford History of Australia, Volume 4, The Succeeding Age 1901β1942
11036:
Warren Christopher (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove β Who, When, Why".
8367:
7867:
international productions made in Australia in the past decade include
7851:
7753:
7631:
7370:
7339:
6997:
6923:
6762:
6720:
Inbound tourism also grew, helped by the Sydney Olympic games in 2000.
6510:
6251:
6243:
6153:
5973:
5615:
5580:
5560:
5501:
5407:
5208:
5198:
5051:
4829:
4791:
4657:, who saw more and more of their income absorbed by interest payments.
4404:
was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927). The FCT was renamed the
4176:
4093:
3131:
2799:
2744:
2588:
2218:
1955:
1943:
1853:
1829:
1824:
1760:
1644:
1576:
1497:
1467:
1449:
1303:
1076:
945:
937:
18914:: The Dutch Discoveries,'; in Glyndwr Williams and Alan Frost (eds.),
18307:
Het aandeel der Nederlanders in de ontdekking van AustraliΓ«, 1606β1765
17982:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901β42, the Succeeding Age
11345:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
10364:
9424:
James Matra, 23 August 1783, National Archives, Kew, Colonial Office,
9005:
Manning Clark; A Short History of Australia; Penguin Books; 2006; p. 6
8294:
7590:
in 1970. As Prime Minister, Gorton revitalised government support for
6574:
The government responded to the populist anti-immigration policies of
6148:, the government hung on despite a significant decline in popularity.
5927:
5354:
4434:
on 20 March 1932. Breaking protocol, the soon to be dismissed Premier
4036:
1452:, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
956:
of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a
21947:
21664:
21433:
21246:
19724:
19693:
19435:
19000:
Speaking for Australia: Parliamentary Speeches That Shaped Our Nation
18666:. Edited by G.H. Kenihan. (Adelaide: Australian Heritage Press, 1960)
18139:
16759:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
16409:"Anthony Albanese: Australia's new PM sworn in ahead of Quad meeting"
15016:
14661:
13782:
11389:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
10316:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). pp. 122, 126β7, 131, 135β36
9905:
Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788β1822". In
9329:, Cambridge University Press and the Hakluyt Society, 1955, p. lxxvi.
8268:
7732:
Writers who published their first book between 1975 and 1985 include
7673:
7659:
7543:
7415:
In 1992, the High Court of Australia handed down its decision in the
7189:
7109:
6866:
6839:, Gillard formed a minority Labor government with the support of the
6330:
6315:
5879:
5871:
5806:
80,000 and 100,000 workers, "at least four-fifths of them migrants".
5132:
4956:
4401:
4316:
4224:
4145:
closed after 6 pm, and closed altogether in a few city suburbs.
4072:
in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament.
3809:
3757:
3537:
3160:
3156:
3135:
2848:
2760:
2751:
2740:
2274:
2114:
2054:
1771:
on 26 January 1788. This date later became Australia's national day,
1683:
1496:
reached the east coast of New Holland and ten days later anchored at
1384:
1149:
1148:
A Luritja man demonstrating his method of attack with a large curved
1110:
914:
206:
18897:(Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006), pp. 94β109
18314:
The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia, 1606β1765
17868:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942β1995. The Middle Way
15374:
Day, David (2016). "Paul John Keating". In Grattan, Michelle (ed.).
15294:
Day, David (2016). "Paul John Keating". In Grattan, Michelle (ed.).
14835:
A suitable piece of real estate; American Installations in Australia
13059:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 273
13041:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 253
13032:
Josie Castle, "The 1920s" in R. Willis, et al. (eds.) (1982), p. 285
7948:
7553:
improving Australia's competitive advantage in a globalised market.
6603:
employment and housing. In response to the High Court's decision in
5717:. It has retained its status as Australia's largest city ever since.
5205:
in August 1942 was the first Allied defeat of Japanese land forces.
4676:
and post-World War II recovery. Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse
4357:. New South Wales has had one further territory surrendered, namely
3896:
3246:
led trade unions to form political parties. In New South Wales, the
2258:. Various special-purpose and charitable schemes, such as those of
2237:
117:
22043:
18489:
17432:
17193:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). "Culture and media".
17154:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). "Culture and media".
16901:"Childcare in Australia: current provision and recent developments"
14443:
Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World
10356:
9658:
King, Robert J. "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770β1814."
9480:
Robert J. King, "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770β1814",
9413:
Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788
9213:, Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1955, p. 387.
8912:(2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. pp. 237β38.
7361:(NT) followed at a state and territory level in 1974. In 1976, Sir
7225:
7108:
founders Prime Minister Boris Johnston of the UK and US President
6966:
6697:
6521:
held office from 1996 to 2007, the second-longest tenure in history
6047:
5591:(1948). Evatt retired in 1960 amid signs of mental ill-health, and
5141:
4945:
4677:
4625:
4397:
4308:
4228:
4097:
2852:
2836:
2786:
2417:
2406:
2172:
2160:
2140:
2128:
2044:
1660:
1414:'s voyage of 1642 was the first known European expedition to reach
1340:
1008:
19115:
18530:
Changing Coastlines: Putting Australia on the World Map, 1493β1993
18370:
Before the First Fleet: European Discovery of Australia, 1606β1777
17493:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography
17403:
Stuart McIntyre, "Australia and the Empire," in Robin Winks, ed.,
12576:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41β42, 48.
10416:
Biography β Caroline Chisholm β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10303:
McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
9839:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). "Expansion, 1820β1850".
9824:
McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
9055:. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 24 May 1927. p. 11
6128:
The Liberal-CP Government was returned with a massive majority in
5524:
request for military aid for South Korea and diverted forces from
5333:
during 1942β43 killed hundreds of servicemen and civilians, while
5098:
4597:
3856:
In November 1917 the five Australian divisions were united in the
3744:
precluded sending conscripts overseas, a new volunteer force, the
3706:
300,000 migrants arrived, all white, and almost all from Britain.
3320:
2430:
led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801β02.
2409:, thus proving it to be an island. In 1801β02 Matthew Flinders in
1615:
Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca, or Voyages and Travels
18739:
42#1 (2023) pp. 99β121 doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485
18717:
Abel Janszoon Tasman: His Life and Voyages, and The Discovery of
18481:
The Wreck of the Zuytdorp on the Western Australian Coast in 1712
18412:
18344:
18106:
17954:
The End of Certainty: Power, Politics & Business in Australia
17909:
Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister
14483:, Volume 5, 1942β1988, p. 99 Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
12035:
The Sentimental Nation, the making of the Australian Commonwealth
10807:
Gascoigne, John; Maroske, Sara (2013). "Science and technology".
9236:
Konishi, Shino; Nugent, Maria (2013). "Newcomers, c. 1600β1800".
9142:
Konishi, Shino; Nugent, Maria (2013). "Newcomers, c. 1600β1800".
8704:
McCalman, Janet; Kipen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health".
7612:(1964β67) became the highest rating program and the family drama
6457:
6109:
5831:
5789:
5106:, Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific, with Prime Minister
3812:, centring on themes of "nationhood, brotherhood and sacrifice".
3187:
3164:
2878:
In 1825, the NSW governor granted 10,000 acres for an Aboriginal
2732:(April 1816) in which at least 14 Aboriginal people were killed.
1352:
1186:
18875:
Ketelaar, Eric (2008), 'Exploration of the Archived World: From
18348:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1999, 232pp)
17975:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 2: 1770β1860 Possessions
17902:
No charity there: A short history of social welfare in Australia
15003:
Lavelle, Ashley (May 2006). "Labor and Vietnam: A Reappraisal".
13608:
13606:
11535:
William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son
9013:
9011:
7072:
IndonesiaβAustralia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
6456:. The government engaged closely with the Indonesian President,
5358:
1942 Australian propaganda poster. Australia feared invasion by
4206:, the world's first air ambulance in 1928. Daredevil pilot, Sir
2870:
Aboriginal farmers at Loddon Aboriginal Protectorate Station at
1840:
944:. He returned to London with accounts favouring colonisation at
19031:
Uphill All the Way: A Documentary History of Women in Australia
18832:. (International Federation of Hydrographic Societies, Belrose)
18483:. (Nedlands: Royal Western Australian Historical Society, 1960)
16980:
Census of the Commonwealth 30 June 1961, Census Bulletin No. 21
16874:
Census of the Commonwealth 30 June 1961, Census Bulletin No. 21
12839:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 522β24.
7539:
6824:, promised that a coalition government would "stop the boats."
5802:
5714:
4913:
4199:
3835:. Overall, almost 22,000 Australian troops were killed in 1917.
3609:
was one of the first acts of the new parliament. Pictured: The
3471:
Citizen Federation Leagues were formed, and at a conference in
2953:
The opening of Australia's first elected Parliament in Sydney (
2903:
2338:
1478:
949:
18975:
Yahya, Padillah; Gaudieri, Silvana; Franklin, Daniel (2010), '
18296:
The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Retourschip '
18027:
Australia in peace and war : external relations 1788β1977
16300:
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
15940:
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
14898:
14896:
14608:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 February 2007. Archived from
14066:
14064:
10912:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
10885:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
10697:
Biography β Charles Sturt β Australian Dictionary of Biography
10670:
Biography β Hamilton Hume β Australian Dictionary of Biography
9323:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
9207:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
9177:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
5232:
played a crucial role in some of the heaviest fighting of the
4061:
4033:
of 1919, almost certainly brought home by returning soldiers.
1559:(1784), lithograph based on 1770 sketch by Cook's illustrator
18918:. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 83β115
18879:
to Digital Realities,'. Archives and Manuscripts 36(2): 13β33
18728:
16953:
16705:
Indigenous parliamentarians, federal and state: a quick guide
16192:"One year of COVID-19: Aussie jobs, business and the economy"
14929:
A Nation for a Continent: the history of Australia, 1901β1975
13660:
13658:
13603:
9008:
8335:
7654:
in Sydney. Playwrights associated with the new wave included
7409:
7121:
7105:
6494:
6043:
6038:
5811:
5665:
5225:
4890:
3915:"enemy aliens" were sent to internment camps during the war.
3335:" (1895), regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.
2725:
2600:
2118:
1899:
was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment of the
1655:
Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770
1194:
1101:
1004:
964:
ventured into its interior. This period saw a decline in the
16885:
Holmes, Katie; Pinto, Sarah (2016). "Gender and sexuality".
16860:
Holmes, Katie; Pinto, Sarah (2016). "Gender and sexuality".
16529:(fifth ed.). Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 219β25.
16324:
15212:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166, 179.
14360:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 20 March 2008. Archived from
14329:
There Goes the Neighbourhood! Australia's Migrant Experience
13645:. p. 33 Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
12993:
History and Heartburn; The Saga of Australian Film 1896β1978
12037:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 38β39.
10634:
Biography β George Bass β Australian Dictionary of Biography
9981:(Fifth ed.). London: Faber and Faber. pp. 118β19.
9572:
Who Cooked the Last Supper: The Women's History of the World
9074:
8910:
The Original Australians: The Story of the Aboriginal People
5321:
5228:. A turning point came between July and November 1942, when
5212:
Australian soldiers display Japanese flags they captured at
3904:
In October 1914, the Fisher Labor government introduced the
1704:
18948:
Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia
18702:
Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia
17861:
The Europeans in Australia: A History. Volume 2: Democracy.
15693:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Julia Gillard: During Office"
14893:
14350:
14061:
13421:. Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. 7 April 2008. Archived from
12705:
12703:
12538:
9317:, revised by John Campbell, London, 1764, p. 332; cited in
8165:
List of towns and cities in Australia by year of foundation
6461:
6196:
was responsible for significant reforms, but went on to be
4753:
Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II
4621:
4451:
4050:
3646:
3517:
2061:
Pastoralists from Van Diemen's land began squatting in the
1423:
19085:
18514:. (Canberra: Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005)
17173:. NSW: Brandl and Schlesinger. pp. 12, 16β19, 34β64.
15969:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 325β26.
15588:
Grattan, Michelle (2013). "John Winston Howard". pp 462β67
14815:
cited in Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) pp. 36β38
13994:
Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 228β29. Also see Gavin Long (1963)
13655:
12476:
Australian Prime Ministers, National Archives of Australia
10519:
9749:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118β19.
9685:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90β114.
9363:
8208:
6648:
The Australian-led multinational force in response to the
5520:. The Menzies government responded to a United States led
4029:. An estimated 12,000 Australians died as a result of the
3775:
After arriving in Egypt, the AIF was incorporated into an
2481:. Leading a second expedition in 1829, Sturt followed the
2163:(Moreton Bay Settlement), 1835; watercolour by H. Bowerman
886:
is the history of the land and peoples which comprise the
19160:
18493:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1996)
18473:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18338:. (Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press, 1980)
17070:
Allen, Liz (2019). "Population, immigration and policy".
16788:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16740:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16550:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
16511:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
15488:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 203β4.
15079:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australians".
15052:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145β7.
12290:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21β23.
12197:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
12183:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
12108:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth".
11585:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40β41.
7293:
in a quest for equal pay and recognition of land rights.
6812:
Australian special forces wait for extraction during the
5444:
4980:
was sworn in as prime minister. Eight weeks later, Japan
2946:
to promote representative government for New South Wales.
2739:, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in
1072:
and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.
18890:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18862:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18825:. (University of WA Press, Sydney, 2006), pp. 38β55
18802:. (Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006)
18644:
The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade
18285:
The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht '
18161:
The A to Z of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia
18130:
Memorable Description of the East Indian Voyage, 1618β25
17755:
Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds.
17707:
What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788.
17405:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography
15599:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Kevin Rudd: During Office"
12700:
11960:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 56β94.
11029:
8438:
People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory
4202:) was established. The Reverend John Flynn, founded the
3464:
in 1889 was pivotal in gathering support for the cause.
3404:(1890) achieved popularity, and his lyrics to the song "
1815:
In 1788, Phillip established a subsidiary settlement on
1396:
In 1627, the south coast of Australia was discovered by
1003:
in the two world wars and was to become a long-standing
19076:
History of the Australian nation β State Library of NSW
18931:
Schilder, GΓΌnter (1993), 'A Continent Takes Shape: The
18704:. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press, 2008,
17731:
The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary of Australian History
17274:
Beyond the Cringe: Australia's Cultural Overconfidence?
17218:
Beyond the Cringe: Australia's Cultural Overconfidence?
15670:
Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Kevin Michael Rudd." p 483-8
15526:
Grattan, Michelle (2016). "John Winston Howard". p. 457
15109:
15107:
13525:
Haebich, Anna; Kinnane, Steve. "Indigenous Australia".
12865:
Documenting a Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy
12315:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 123β25.
11927:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11814:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11668:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11655:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11642:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
11619:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s".
10333:, www.jstor.org/stable/41110599. Accessed 20 July 2021.
7017:
6204:
Elected in December 1972 after 23 years in opposition,
5886:
Indigenous civil rights, assimilation and child removal
3997:
Built between 1920 and 1930, a cultural masterpiece of
3217:"The labor crisis. β The riot in George Street, Sydney"
3198:
restricted Chinese immigration and citizenship rights.
3151:
operated between 1863 to 1904 saw tens of thousands of
2771:
Fighting near Creen Creek, Queensland in September 1876
2299:
settlement of single and married women in rural areas.
1942:
Central to Macquarie's policy was his treatment of the
1126:
probably developed more recently than 6,500 years ago.
940:
charted the east coast of Australia and claimed it for
19038:
Colonial Eve: Sources On Women in Australia, 1788β1914
17263:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 254-60
17245:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 256-57
14907:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 531.
14008:
Home front: Second World War | Australian War Memorial
12093:
Russell, Penny (2013). "Gender and colonial society".
11768:
Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House.
10465:
10142:. Parliament.sa.gov.au. 21 August 2006. Archived from
9919:
Russell, Penny (2013). "Gender and colonial society".
9556:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1β2.
7811:
questioned whether Australia had overcome its former "
7492:
Malcolm Fraser: Committed to a multicultural Australia
7196:
had raised interest rates to 4.35%, a 12-year high.
7084:
In 2020, the government was confronted with the world
5780:
5418:
in 1943, joining the Robert Menzies' new centre-right
4529:
Various "plans" to resolve the crisis were suggested;
2724:
There were intense conflicts between settlers and the
1557:
Two of the Natives of New Holland, Advancing To Combat
1513:
and as such they may lay Claim to it as their property
19111:"State Library of New South Wales Online Collections"
18969:. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
18777:, edited by G. Moore. (New York: Punctum Books, 2017)
18735:
Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography"
18618:. (Sydney: Australian National Maritime Museum, 2006)
18386:. (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2006)
18236:: Murder, Mayhem and Mutiny: The Story of the Batavia
17776:
16274:
Johns Hopkins University, Coronavirus Resource Centre
16044:"IA-CEPA deal to take IR-Australia ties to new level"
13226:, London, 1926, cited in Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 14
10842:
Art of Australia, Volume I, exploration to Federation
9570:, Melbourne, Black Inc., 2011. Rosalind Miles (2001)
9222:
Bill Gammage, "Early Boundaries of New South Wales",
8414:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
7463:
Single mothers' benefits were introduced in 1973 and
7319:
was honoured with a postage stamp. Singer-songwriter
7210:
7139:
5656:
Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the
5042:
between April and August 1941. The Nazi propagandist
4537:
proposed a mildly inflationary plan, while the Labor
3502:
3145:
The seizure of the blackbirder ship 'Daphne' ca.1869;
2622:
Impact of British settlement on Indigenous population
2493:, where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia.
2391:
Flinders prepares to circumnavigate Terra Australis -
2318:, (chief chaplain 1788β1802) was charged by Governor
2035:
French naval expedition in Sydney in 1802, Governor
1541:
18789:
Feeling Things: Objects and Emotions through History
18351:
Hiatt, Alfred; Wortham, Christopher; et al. (eds.):
15990:
Rendall, Jessica; Cansdale, Dominic (2 April 2020).
15780:
Grattan, Michelle (2016), "Anthony John Abbott". In
15104:
14347:
cited in Michael Dugan and Josef Swarc (1984) p. 139
13579:
13577:
13575:
13237:
Windows on our Past; Constructing Australian History
11170:
11111:
The Amazing 250-Year Adventure of Australian History
10935:(Fifth ed.). NSW: Allen and Unwin. p. 15.
10565:
10563:
10080:
10065:
Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). pp. 139β40
8755:"How Aboriginal burning changed Australia's climate"
8082:
7776:
produced significant work in the 1970s and 1980s. A
6068:
Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War
5589:
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4889:
An Australian light machine gun team in action near
4323:
of Nations."; however, Australia did not ratify the
4231:
with his prime ministers. Standing (left to right):
4194:
By 1929 there were 500,000. The stage coach company
2926:
advocated for greater self-government, establishing
2914:
2002:
1579:
with The Adjacent Countries and New Discovered Lands
1020:, with 30 per cent of the population born overseas.
976:
gained independence from Australia a century later.
18321:Abel Janszoon Tasman's Journal of His Discovery of
18059:
Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land
17739:
Island Nation: A History of Australians and the Sea
17369:
Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget (2013). p 261
17153:
17044:Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs.
14408:
14406:
12123:Dixon, Robert; Hoorn (2013). "Art and literature".
11370:
11220:
Frontier Conflict in Van Diemen's Land (PhD thesis)
10863:
10861:
9155:Admiralty instructions cited in A.G.L. Shaw (1972)
8999:
8694:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 January 2002.
5583:after Chifley's death in 1951. Evatt had served as
5342:fatalities and fuelling fear of Japanese invasion.
4562:. At June elections, Lang Labor's seats collapsed.
2405:set out from Sydney in a sloop and circumnavigated
1970:
Map of the south eastern portion of Australia, 1850
1517:
therefore by the same Rule belongs to great Brittan
1463:influential descriptions of the Aboriginal people.
1113:
have been practised for tens of thousands of years.
18441:. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2013,
17642:Lake, Marilyn (2013). "Histories across borders".
16453:"Australia rejects historic Indigenous referendum"
16325:Senator the Hon Marise Payne (16 September 2021).
15645:Grattan, Michelle (2016) "Kevin Michael Rudd." In
15474:Bashford and MacIntyre (eds) (2013). pp 178, 205β7
15420:
15418:
14698:; Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate
14564:
13014:, 9 April 1925, cited in Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 76
12635:
11989:Bellanta, Melissa (2013). "Rethinking the 1890s".
11754:Bellanta, Melissa (2013). "Rethinking the 1890s".
11035:
10073:
10071:
9350:Robert J. King, "Gustaf III's Australian Colony",
9256:Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia
8407:
7483:
7331:was celebrated as Australian of the Year in 1971.
7049:
6976:
6867:Liberal-National Coalition governments (2013β2022)
6780:removal of Aboriginal children from their families
6543:with a LiberalβNational Party coalition served as
6176:
5792:power station was constructed as part of the vast
5153:ordered his commander in the Philippines, General
3064:A polling booth in Melbourne β David Syme and Co (
1225:
1056:in Australia can be traced back some 30,000 years.
18950:. (Canberra: National Museum of Australia Press,
18555:The Cartographic Eye: How Explorers Saw Australia
18532:. (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1993)
18509:Great Southern Land: The Maritime Exploration of
17933:The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding
17590:Read, Peter (2013). "Making Aboriginal History".
16558:
15859:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15811:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15797:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15792:
15790:
15740:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "Anthony John Abbott".
15666:
15664:
15460:Grattan, Michelle (2016). "John Winston Howard".
14750:, pp. 35β49. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Sydney.
13940:Centaur (Hospital ship) | Australian War Memorial
13572:
13116:"Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897β1935)"
11711:
11709:
10560:
10106:
9740:
9738:
9547:
9545:
8329:
7897:The first Australian histories, such as those by
7380:In January 1972, Aboriginal activists erected an
6657:(2003β2017) became Australia's largest effort in
6171:
6088:By 1965, Australia had increased the size of the
5814:was expected to fulfil research and development.
4745:Military history of Australia during World War II
3650:Procession in support of an eight-hour work day,
2895:beliefs. Queensland annexed the islands in 1879.
1439:
122:Painting of 1851 bushfires in Victoria, Australia
22330:
19040:(Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1978)
18830:Hydro 2007 Conference Proceedings: Focus on Asia
18525:. (Lanham, MD and Oxford: Scarecrow Press, 2005)
18457:The Batavia Journal of Francisco Pelsaert (1629)
18302:. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989)
18291:. (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1977)
18015:(1970) University of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
17895:Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia
17284:
17282:
16331:Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister for Women
15265:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Keating in Office"
14958:See discussion in E.M. Andrews (1979) pp. 172β73
14542:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 174β.
14535:
14458:Australia and the World in the Twentieth Century
14403:
14019:Australia under attack | Australian War Memorial
13565:
13563:
12252:
11940:
11507:
10858:
10806:
10327:Journal of the Australian Population Association
10173:
10132:
9187:, London, The Hakluyt Society, 1955, pp. 273β74.
8885:Farmers or Hunter-Gatherers? The Dark Emu Debate
8655:
8653:
8428:
8405:
8209:Rasmussen, M.; et al. (22 September 2011).
7460:in 1984 and the Affirmative Action Act of 1986.
6905:
5919:with Aboriginal rights campaigners ahead of the
5585:President of the United Nations General Assembly
5058:, which was then standing alone against Hitler.
4092:unsuccessfully tried to ban it again during the
3969:
3724:Economic history of World War I Β§ Australia
3716:Military history of Australia during World War I
3049:
2186:
1693:
1011:to the present. Trade with Asia increased and a
18946:,'; in Peter Veth, Margo Neale, et al. (eds.),
18557:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
18417:. Artarmon, N.S.W.: Antipodean Publishers, 1974
17581:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 43β45
17523:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 39β40
17429:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 38β39
17241:
17239:
17237:
17003:
17001:
16856:
16854:
16852:
16296:"Australia-United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement"
15989:
15415:
15344:
15342:
14724:
14722:
14536:Crawford, Robert; Humphery, Kim (9 June 2010).
14475:
14473:
14439:
13809:
13497:
12245:
12243:
12073:. Sydney: Turner and Henderson. pp. 71β76.
11934:
10955:Governor Phillips Instructions, 25 April 1787,
10623:
10621:
10619:
10068:
9887:Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). p.138
9606:. SL/nsw.gov.au. 9 October 2009. Archived from
8743:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 27, 189β91, 194β97
6739:
6505:
6321:
5855:, a vulgar parody of a Whitlam-era politician.
4844:also advocated. In November 1936, Labor leader
3091:
2976:
2826:
2375:
1585:, London, Fielding and Stockdale, November 1786
18961:Sigmond, Peter (2006), 'Cultural Heritage and
17547:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004). pp 41β2
17378:
17313:
17215:
16954:Rachel Nolan and James Pawluk (3 March 2021).
16905:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
16810:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 216, 320β21, 352β3
15787:
15761:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
15661:
15355:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
15166:"Australia's Prime Ministers, Hawke in Office"
14883:. pp. 86β87 HarperCollins Publishers, Sydney.
13692:To Benghazi. Australia in the War of 1939β1945
11770:"Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA)"
11706:
10729:"Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone (1792β1855)"
10044:Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). p.73
9823:
9735:
9542:
9428:CO 201/1: 57 61; reproduced in Jonathan King,
8887:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing.
8607:
8605:
8467:
7791:In music, ABC television's popular music show
7134:
6686:Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
5705:Postwar migrants arriving in Australia in 1954
5563:, the Liberal government attempted to ban the
4757:
4389:transferred to Australia from Britain (1947).
4107:) formed in 1920 to promulgate its version of
3720:Home front during World War I Β§ Australia
3118:(1887), scene of frequent hold-ups during the
2898:
2644:(1850) depicts German settlers with Aborigines
2057:Landing, 1840; watercolor by W. Liardet (1840)
1835:
20683:
19709:
19451:
19355:
19331:
19181:
18845:. (New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 66β86
18646:. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2017)
18537:The Explorations, 1696β1697, of Australia by
18258:Gerritsen, Rupert; Cramer, Max; Slee, Colin:
18101:Databases of the People Aboard the VOC Ships
17655:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17533:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17416:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety".
17341:"Australian Feature Film Production Activity"
17279:
17086:"30% of Australia's population born overseas"
16747:
16717:Sir Douglas Ralph (Doug) Nicholls (1906β1988)
15687:
15685:
14984:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 79
14949:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 74
14824:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 63
14766:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976) p. 35
14660:"Australian Television: the first 24 years".
14641:Australian Houses of the Forties and Fifties.
13880:. Awm.gov.au. 23 October 1942. Archived from
13878:"Encyclopedia | Australian War Memorial"
13795:"Encyclopedia | Australian War Memorial"
13560:
13239:. p. 195 Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
12571:
11958:History of the White Australia Policy to 1920
11391:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.
11347:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1.
9907:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I.
9235:
8703:
8650:
8551:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 19, 23
7815:" only to fall into cultural overconfidence.
7650:in Melbourne and the Jane Street Theatre and
7508:National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia
7403:Uluru: returned to traditional owners in 1985
7027:in order to counter Chinese ambitions in the
6273:
6156:. As the Nixon administration proceeded with
5991:Menzies oversaw an effusive welcome to Queen
3795:which had entered the war on the side of the
3275:Coloured Races Restriction and Regulation Act
2673:
2595:and called it Mount Olga. The following year
2583:. While exploring central Australia in 1872,
1529:In the same year, a French expedition led by
1204:
863:
550:
68:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
18504:. . (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1998)
17958:The End of Certainty: The Story of the 1980s
17657:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17535:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17418:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
17234:
17220:. London: University of London. p. 10.
17195:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
17156:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
17142:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16998:
16923:
16921:
16887:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16862:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 2
16849:
16790:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16742:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16676:
16552:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16513:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
16186:
16184:
15902:
15339:
15234:The end of certainty: The story of the 1980s
15160:
15158:
15156:
15154:
15081:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
14777:Maralinga; British A-Bomb, Australian legacy
14719:
14470:
12802:"Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862β1952)"
12799:
12288:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
12240:
12199:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12185:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12125:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12110:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
12095:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11991:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11943:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11929:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11880:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11830:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11816:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11756:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11717:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11701:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11670:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11657:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11644:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11621:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11607:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11569:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11531:
11510:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11487:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11474:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11452:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11378:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11263:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11205:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
11173:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10933:Aboriginal Australians, A history since 1788
10809:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10756:"Strzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de (1797β1873)"
10616:
10611:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10571:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10554:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10397:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10305:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10176:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
10061:
10059:
9921:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9878:, Series III, Vol. V, 1922, pp. 743β47, 770.
9841:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9826:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9518:
9516:
9508:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9495:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9469:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9456:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9400:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9366:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9238:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
9144:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
8879:
8835:(232). Cambridge University Press: 310β321.
8706:The Cambridge History of Australia, volume 1
8638:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 34β35
8611:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). pp. 29β32
8434:
7919:History of Australia in the War of 1914β1918
6973:successfully challenged for the leadership.
6782:. The government was soon confronted by the
6710:Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement
5870:, and two commercial services in Sydney and
3978:Australian soldiers carrying Prime Minister
3571:was one of the first laws passed by the new
3331:penned a number of classic works including "
2904:Colonial self-government and the gold rushes
1996:South Australia and the Northern Territory.
1643:, the eminent scientist who had accompanied
18604:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963)
18528:Richards, Michael; O'Connor, Maura (eds.):
18519:Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and
18223:(1615β1616), published in Amsterdam in 1622
17769:Galligan, Brian, and Winsome Roberts, eds.
17561:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. p. 75.
17114:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15967:From Turnbull to Morrison: The trust divide
15872:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). pp 179β81, 321β23
15428:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15399:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15117:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
15075:
15073:
15071:
15069:
14775:See Adrian Tame and F.P.J. Robotham (1982)
14539:Consumer Australia: Historical Perspectives
14285:
14051:p. 474. Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
13819:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
13668:. Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Archived from
13470:
13443:
13167:
12173:Hirst, John (2000). pp. 107, 171β73, 204β11
11226:, University of Tasmania, pp. 329β31,
10551:
9838:
8941:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 213β14, 235β37
8723:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. pp. 30β35.
8602:
8554:
8519:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
8506:
8480:. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 111β.
8473:
3748:(AIF), was raised to meet this commitment.
3734:
2191:
2171:was established on the site of present-day
1755:of 11 vessels under the command of Captain
20690:
20676:
19716:
19702:
19458:
19444:
19362:
19348:
19188:
19174:
19091:Bush Poetry a source of Australian History
18729:Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays
18700:Veth, Peter; Sutton, Peter; Neale, Margo:
18498:Voyage of Discovery to Terra Australis by
18280:. (Perth: Western Australian Museum, 1974)
17780:; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006).
17759:(2001) online at many academic libraries;
17757:The Oxford Companion to Australian History
16819:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 247β48, 367β68
16549:
15682:
15591:
14968:
14966:
14964:
14526:The New Rulers of the World by John Pilger
14413:Hosking, Susan; et al., eds. (2009).
14163:. pp. 222β26. Wren Publishing, Melbourne.
13841:Cited in Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 51
13524:
12122:
11411:
10844:. Sydney: Pan Macmillan. pp. 271β80.
10529:. Catholicaustralia.com.au. Archived from
10020:State Records Authority of New South Wales
9953:"Governor Bourke's proclamation 1835 (UK)"
9778:
9380:1788; The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet.
8441:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 250β253.
7836:Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art
7289:people of Wave Hill station commenced the
6952:intervention against Islamic State in Iraq
6799:UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen
6495:Australia in a globalised world: 1996β2022
5337:threatened shipping between 1940 and 1945.
4319:, and freely associated as members of the
3771:with a kangaroo as regimental mascot, 1914
3254:and held the balance of power between the
2755:the settled districts. From 1830 to 1834,
2603:and named it Ayers Rock, in honour of the
2282:helped establish the merino wool industry.
2101:In 1826, the governor of New South Wales,
1961:
1211:European maritime exploration of Australia
870:
856:
557:
543:
20697:
18926:Studies from Terra Australis to Australia
18673:. . (The Hague: Nationaal Archief, 2006)
18632:. (Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 1988)
18379:. (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2005)
18365:. (Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2000)
18193:. . (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963)
18136:. (London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1929)
18073:
18036:Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds.
17773:(2007); online at many academic libraries
17616:Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (eds.) (2013).
17501:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.003.0009
17486:
16918:
16837:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 274β78, 363β4
16244:"Hours worked recover to pre-COVID level"
16218:"Policy responses to COVID-19, Australia"
16181:
15964:
15151:
15024:
13323:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister
12991:Also see for example β Eric Reade (1979)
12310:
11252:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 44β45, 54, 77
10986:
10968:
10654:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 102, 108, 116
10056:
9631:
9513:
9341:, Edinburgh, 1766, Vol. I, pp. 10, 20β23.
9267:
9205:J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
9175:J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
8366:
8242:
7220:
5496:, won every federal election until 1972.
5362:following the invasion of the Australian
5309:Australian home front during World War II
5050:". Vital in the defence of Egypt and the
4901:On 3 September 1939, the prime minister,
3942:
3860:, and in May 1918 the Australian general
3698:of parliament. Labor comfortably won the
3130:The period 1850 to 1880 saw a revival in
2965:males were eligible to vote in the first
2735:In the 1820s, the colony spread over the
1705:Establishment of the colony: 1788 to 1792
1571:A General Chart of New Holland including
1387:, Western Australia. In 1622β23 the ship
1364:sailed to the north of Australia through
21793:The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole
19369:
19195:
19128:"Some Inspirational (Australian) People"
18965:,'; in L. Shaw & W. Wilkins (eds.),
18267:The First and Last Voyage of the Batavia
18255:. (Sydney: Random House Australia, 2011)
17994:(2nd. ed. 2009) excerpt and text search
17495:. Oxford University Press. p. 175.
16898:
16356:Dalzell, Stephanie (17 September 2021).
16041:
15754:
15198:, July 1993, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp. 221β41
15066:
15047:
14748:Australian American Relations Since 1945
14746:Glen Barclay and Joseph Siracusa (1976)
14653:
14440:Hodge, Brian; Whitehurst, Allen (1967).
14161:Modern Australia in Documents, 1939β1970
13527:Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2
12083:Hirst, John (2000). pp. 11β13, 69β71, 76
11988:
11860:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 47, 107β08
11802:
11292:Flood, Josephine (2019), pp. 125β30, 138
11216:
10839:
10726:
10690:
10498:
10342:
10294:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 116, 122β125
9744:
9680:
9551:
8959:J.P. Sigmond and L.H. Zuiderbaan (1979)
8826:
8629:Veth, Peter; O'Connor, Sue (2013). p. 32
8560:
8512:
8435:Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2018).
7947:
7672:
7582:
7487:
7442:
7398:
7375:Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
7344:Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
7333:
7238:
7224:
7149:
7099:
7053:
6980:
6909:
6807:
6757:
6643:
6623:
6524:
6509:
6431:
6364:
6325:
6277:
6180:
6071:
6001:
5926:
5910:
5784:
5708:
5700:
5542:
5528:to begin Australia's involvement in the
5448:
5422:, formed in 1945. At the same election,
5414:, became the first woman elected to the
5353:
5344:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
5335:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
5320:
5312:
5302:
5207:
5131:
5097:
5038:, by the German-Italian army of General
4986:
4884:
4868:
4808:
4761:
4749:Axis naval activity in Australian waters
4620:
4596:
4482:
4425:
4338:removed any remaining links between the
4223:
4060:
4049:
4035:
3992:
3973:
3931:and Hughes continued as prime minister.
3895:
3837:
3763:
3645:
3600:
3588:
3516:
3432:
3319:
3290:
3280:
3211:
3140:
3103:
3059:
3029:Riot. J. B. Henderson (1854) watercolour
3021:
2980:
2948:
2918:
2865:
2830:
2785:
2766:
2699:
2683:
2635:
2522:
2504:The Polish scientist and explorer Count
2422:
2385:
2328:
2273:
2236:
2201:
2155:
2123:
2084:
2049:
1965:
1922:Macquarie served as the last autocratic
1870:
1839:
1791:
1777:
1751:was established with the arrival of the
1708:
1650:
1565:
1551:
1443:
1375:, sailing off course, en route from the
1327:
1229:
1143:
1109:religious practices associated with the
1100:
1043:
1023:
21889:The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce
18671:Het Journaal van Abel Tasman, 1642β1643
18433:Nichols, Robert; Woods, Martin (eds.):
18008:(2 vol 1993β99), online at ACLS e-books
17833:The Australian frontier wars, 1788β1838
17771:Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
17724:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia
17668:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004).
17556:
17532:
17379:MacIntyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004).
17288:
17254:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 248β52, 280
16355:
15824:
15796:
15739:
15459:
15196:Australian Journal of Political Science
15002:
14961:
14799:, p. 144, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.
14571:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp.
14412:
14235:, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book, 2005.
13750:Modern Australia in Documents 1939β1970
13502:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13475:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13448:. Museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from
13170:"Australia, 1930: An inaugural lecture"
13161:
12219:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 259β61.
12092:
11955:
11618:
11580:
9918:
9705:
9382:pp. 9,11. William Heinemann, Australia
8861:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 25β27, 146
8753:Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz (11 January 2012).
8752:
8664:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 12.
7907:Cambridge History of the British Empire
7499:A MultiβCultural Society for the Future
6595:in 2001, the government introduced the
5895:, while the Holt Government's landmark
5851:a naive Australian expat in London and
5686:
3779:(ANZAC). The Anzacs formed part of the
3171:highest living standards in the world.
1040:Aboriginal history of Western Australia
96:This article is part of a series on the
14:
22331:
19723:
19465:
18993:Select Documents in Australian History
18656:. (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2004)
18637:De Oostindische Compagnie en AustraliΓ«
18614:Shaw, Lindsey; Wilkins, Wendy (eds.):
18415:and the First Discoveries of Australia
18377:The Wreck of the Batavia. A True Story
18045:A short political history of Australia
17829:
17736:
17468:"Forever misquoted, Donald Horne dies"
16524:
16016:Murphy, Katherine (3 September 2018).
16015:
15570:Groot, Murray (2013). pp 191, 195, 205
15348:
15207:
14902:
14797:A History of Australian Foreign Policy
14707:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 215-17, 230
14643:p. 26. The Five Mile Press, Victoria.
14630:Cited in Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 124
14562:
13643:An Outline of Australian Naval History
13276:"Lang, John Thomas (Jack) (1876β1975)"
12834:
12500:
12182:
12107:
12066:
10930:
10471:
10240:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 91β97, 104
9853:W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick (1982)
9250:Ducksey C. C. Cowan and John C. Camm,
9181:The Voyage of the Endeavour, 1768β1771
8659:
8647:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 21β22, 37
8477:Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World
8052:" of Aboriginal children are notable.
7215:
5966:
5595:succeeded him as leader, with a young
5445:Menzies and Liberal dominance: 1949β72
5426:became the first woman elected to the
5272:. In 1944, the Japanese inflicted the
3411:
3262:. Labor parties also won seats in the
3011:
2266:, also provided migration assistance.
1767:where a settlement was established at
1234:Exploration by Europeans until 1812:
21964:The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant
20671:
19697:
19439:
19343:
19330:
19169:
19116:"Australian War Memorial Collections"
18843:Natural Disasters and Cultural Change
18327:. (Amsterdam: Frederick Muller, 1898)
17947:Class Structure in Australian History
17852:
17314:O'Sullivan, Jane (25 February 2016).
17168:
17069:
17034:Koleth, Elsa (2010). pp. 15β16, 31β32
15908:
15389:
14331:. p. 138 Macmillan, South Melbourne.
14215:
14202:
14189:Biography β Herbert Vere (Bert) Evatt
13341:p. 14, Scribe Publications, Fitzroy.
12285:
12258:
12210:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 255β59
12032:
11878:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
11828:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
11827:
11730:"Women's right to vote in Queensland"
11525:
10906:"Gosse, William Christie (1842β1881)"
10903:
10876:
10395:Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy".
10394:
10215:
10116:. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
10090:. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
10004:
9327:The Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768β1771
9211:The Voyage of the Endeavor, 1768β1771
8907:
8822:
8820:
8796:from the original on 11 February 2024
8783:
8718:
8264:
8262:
8048:(1981) and Peter Reid's work on the "
8036:The Destruction of Aboriginal Society
6090:Australian Army Training Team Vietnam
5995:on the first visit to Australia by a
5794:Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme
4446:Australia was deeply affected by the
3777:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
3730:World War I conscription in Australia
2967:Legislative Council elections in 1843
2759:and Aboriginal ambassadors including
2039:decided to establish a settlement in
1763:the fleet moved to the more suitable
1659:Under Banks's guidance, the American
1368:, along New Guinea's southern coast.
18998:Kemp, Rod, and Marion Stanton, eds.
18723:. (Hobart: Government Printer, 1896)
18697:. (Perth: Rio Bay Enterprises, 1997)
18343:Sent Forth a Dove: The Discovery of
17949:(1992), Longman Cheshire: Melbourne.
17800:Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia
17686:
17440:"China and the Tyranny of Proximity"
16719:; Australian Dictionary of Biography
16655:; Australian Dictionary of Biography
16493:from the original on 19 October 2023
16463:from the original on 14 October 2023
16425:
15881:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020), pp 516β19.
15483:
15298:. Sydney: New Holland. p. 424.
14779:, p. 179, Fontana Books, Melbourne,
14460:. pp. 123β24 McGraw Hill Australia.
14327:Michal Dugan and Josef Swarc (1984)
14221:
14159:See Menzies in Frank Crowley (1973)
13752:. p. 1. Wren Publishing, Melbourne.
13641:Department of Defence (Navy) (1976)
13086:
12688:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 40β45
12679:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 46β47
12596:Garton and Stanley (2013). pp. 42β43
11979:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 131β34
11970:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 138β39
11463:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 31β32,72
11243:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 105-107
10663:
10385:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 94, 112.
10220:. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 31.
9976:
9290:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8685:"1301.0 β Year Book Australia, 2002"
8581:from the original on 3 December 2023
8533:from the original on 3 December 2023
8494:from the original on 3 December 2023
8455:from the original on 3 December 2023
6920:ChinaβAustralia Free Trade Agreement
6853:National Disability Insurance Scheme
6688:(RAMSI) in the early 2000s; and the
6670:United Nations force into East Timor
6557:industrial relations reforms in 1996
6246:conducted secret discussions with a
5908:becoming a Liberal Senator for QLD.
5587:during 1948β49 and helped draft the
5512:in 1949 and in June 1950, Communist
4696:
4526:, others to Prime Minister Scullin.
4070:West Australian Legislative Assembly
3925:October 1916 conscription referendum
3638:The base of the Labor Party was the
3159:plantations of Queensland either as
2942:was formed in 1835 by Wentworth and
257:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
28:
19161:Royal Australian Historical Society
18628:Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.:
18621:Sigmond, J. P.; Zuiderbaan, L. H.:
18609:The Voyages of Abel Janszoon Tasman
18488:Carpet of Silver: The Wreck of the
18262:. (Geraldton: Sun City Print, 2007)
18096:. (Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2001)
17945:Irving, Terry and Connell, Raewyn.
16653:Albert (Elea) Namatjira (1902β1959)
16604:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 193, 195
16445:
15899:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). pp 422β35
15755:Phillips, Janet (17 January 2017).
15349:Spinks, Harriet (29 October 2010).
15293:
13147:A Handbook to the League of Nations
13023:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) pp. 200β201
12661:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 44-46
12137:Macintyre, Stuart (2020), p. 140-41
12016:. p. 33. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.
12014:National Identity and Consciousness
11633:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). pp. 95β96
11185:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 120β23
11125:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 124β25
11070:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 153β55
9128:Terra Australis: The Furthest Shore
8950:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 163β69
8944:
8935:
8932:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 161β62
8926:
8901:
8873:
8864:
8855:
8814:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 239β40
8808:
8777:
8746:
8737:
8712:
8697:
8678:
8641:
8632:
8623:
8620:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 233β35
8614:
8599:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 229β30
8593:
8399:
8317:from the original on 4 October 2023
7572:
6950:. The government also embraced the
6304:environmental movement in Australia
5781:Economic growth and suburban living
5697:History of immigration to Australia
5575:and the emergence of the breakaway
5127:Australia was attacked from the air
4738:
4569:formed by breakaway members of the
4415:
4327:until 1942. According to historian
3900:Prime Minister W. M. Hughes in 1919
3787:to allied battleships, threatening
3352:and the Tasmanian Attorney-General
3239:1894, and miners in 1892 and 1896.
3201:
2489:. Sturt continued down river on to
1193:is a sacred era in which ancestral
1152:under cover of a thin shield (1920)
24:
19146:, State Library of New South Wales
19052:Bibliography of Australian history
19045:
19017:A Documentary History of Australia
18984:
18854:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1975.tb00902.x
18550:. . (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1973)
18543:. . (Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1972)
18068:(Routledge, 2020), historiography.
18022:(2nd ed. 2008), politics 1990β2008
17807:Dictionary of Australian Biography
17679:
17629:Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul (2013).
16779:Broome, Richard (2109). pp. 237β44
16631:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 190β94.
15825:Uhlmann, Chris (27 January 2015).
15275:from the original on 15 March 2011
14192:Australian Dictionary of Biography
13569:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 210β11
13557:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 122β36
13539:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 195β98
13113:
12893:
12806:Australian Dictionary of Biography
12507:Australian Dictionary of Biography
11367:Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 69β70
10910:Australian Dictionary of Biography
10883:Australian Dictionary of Biography
10664:Hume, Stuart H. (17 August 1960).
10627:
10609:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10569:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10552:O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion".
10329:, vol. 8, no. 1, 1991, pp. 50β61.
9769:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115β17
9662:, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20β41.
9484:, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 20β41.
9432:Melbourne, Macmillan, 1985, p. 18.
9226:, Vol.19, No.77, 1981, pp. 524β31.
9085:Dictionary of Australian Biography
8963:. Rigby Ltd, Australia. pp. 19β30
8817:
8545:
8259:
8175:Territorial evolution of Australia
7211:Society and culture: 1960sβpresent
7140:Albanese government (2022βpresent)
6425:, including the introduction of a
6295:Federal elections of December 1975
6098:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
4920:, turning back the advance of the
4824:in the Indian Ocean, November 1941
4579:Federal elections in December 1931
4219:
4132:Australian Council of Trade Unions
4017:led a new conservative force, the
3964:
3709:
3503:From federation to war (1901β1914)
3391:and other writers associated with
2605:Chief Secretary of South Australia
2570:Australian Overland Telegraph Line
1723:) β Robert Dighton; depicting the
1542:Plans for colonisation before 1788
988:Transportation of British convicts
598:
25:
22350:
19311:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
19144:From Terra Australis to Australia
19056:
18611:. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968)
18245:. (Adelaide: Rigby Limited, 1970)
17620:. pp. 81β82, 101, 114β15, 143β44.
17206:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) pp. 229β30
16828:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 353-54
16595:Broome, Richard (2021). pp. 227β9
15378:. Sydney: New Holland. pp 432β4.
14716:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 212-13
14203:Laing, Dave (20 September 2003).
14088:Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 55
13273:
13198:p. 14, Thomas Nelson, Australia.
11690:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 126β27
11402:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 52β53
11319:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 54β55
11310:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 74β77
11152:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 25β26
11134:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 46β47
11079:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 76β77
10753:
10409:
10249:Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 91β97
10218:Australian History in 7 Questions
10188:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 137β38
9539:, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35β55, 48β49.
9159:. p. 32 Faber and Faber, London.
8765:from the original on 15 July 2023
8140:History of broadcasting#Australia
7886:
7834:and the Queensland Art Gallery's
7390:Royal Commission into land rights
6708:War on Terror was followed by an
6419:ambitious plan of economic reform
6264:dismissed by the Governor-General
6222:Royal Commission into land rights
6116:In July 1966, new Prime Minister
6056:British entry into Europe in 1973
5693:Post-war immigration to Australia
5410:, widow of former Prime Minister
5061:The war came closer to home when
4840:, as Chief of the General Staff,
4377:transferred from Britain (1933);
4307:leaders in London, which defined
3937:second referendum on conscription
3891:
3781:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
3208:Australian banking crisis of 1893
2928:Australia's first political party
2915:Towards representative government
2382:European exploration of Australia
2003:Establishment of further colonies
1548:European exploration of Australia
1335:, the first European to discover
1030:History of Indigenous Australians
22036:For the Term of His Natural Life
21956:For the Term of His Natural Life
21833:For the Term of His Natural Life
21737:For the Term of His Natural Life
19067:, by John Hirst, February 2008,
19019:(5 vol. Melbourne: Wren, 1973);
18639:. (Amsterdam: Van Kampen, 1937)
18582:. (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1988)
18423:The First Discovery of Australia
18186:Voyage to Disaster: The Life of
18047:. In Peter J. Chen, et al. eds.
17956:(2008); originally published as
17662:
17649:
17636:
17623:
17610:
17597:
17584:
17575:
17550:
17541:
17526:
17517:
17480:
17460:
17423:
17410:
17397:
17372:
17363:
17333:
17307:
17266:
17257:
17248:
17209:
17200:
17187:
17162:
17147:
17130:
17104:
17078:
17063:
17037:
17028:
17019:
17010:
16985:
16973:
16947:
16892:
16879:
16867:
16840:
16831:
16822:
16813:
16804:
16801:Broom, Richard (2019). p. 361-62
16795:
16782:
16773:
16734:
16722:
16710:
16698:
16670:
16667:; Encyclopedia Britannica online
16658:
16646:
16634:
16625:
16616:
16607:
16598:
16589:
16580:
16543:
16518:
16505:
16475:
16419:
16401:
16375:
16349:
16318:
16288:
16262:
16236:
16210:
16159:"Update on Coronavirus measures"
16151:
16125:
16095:
16070:
16061:
16035:
16009:
15983:
15958:
15928:
15909:Power, John (24 February 2021).
15893:
15884:
15875:
15866:
15853:
15850:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 319
15844:
15818:
15805:
15774:
15748:
15733:
15724:
15715:
15673:
15652:
15639:
15630:
15621:
15582:
15573:
15564:
15555:
15529:
15520:
15511:
15502:
15477:
15468:
15453:
15444:
15368:
15330:
15321:
15312:
15287:
15257:
15248:
15239:
15226:
15201:
15188:
15142:
15133:
15095:
15086:
15041:
14996:
14987:
14978:
14952:
14943:
14934:
14921:
14873:
14860:
14847:
14827:
14818:
14809:
14789:
14769:
14760:
14740:
14731:
14710:
14701:
14689:
14664:: Nelsen/Cinema Papers. 1980: 3.
14633:
14624:
14598:
14589:
14556:
14529:
14520:
14511:
14502:
14493:
14450:
14433:
14419:. Wakefield Press. pp. 6β.
14394:
14385:
14376:
14341:
14321:
14302:
14279:
14249:
14196:
14182:
14173:
14153:
14127:
14118:
14109:
14100:
14091:
14082:
14079:John Robertson (1984) pp. 202β03
14073:
14041:
14032:
14023:
14012:
14001:
13988:
13966:
13944:
13933:
13918:
13896:
13870:
13854:. Home.st.net.au. Archived from
13844:
13835:
13787:
13771:
13762:
13742:
13733:
13724:
13715:
13706:
13697:
13684:
13635:
13623:Australia goes to War, 1939β1945
13615:
13551:
13542:
13533:
13518:
13498:Museum Victoria (6 April 1932).
13491:
13464:
13437:
13411:
13402:
13393:
13380:
13371:
13351:
13328:
13312:
13303:
13294:
13267:
13258:
13249:
13229:
13217:
13214:Geoff Spenceley (1981) pp. 15β17
13208:
13188:
13152:
13134:
13107:
13080:
13071:
13062:
13053:
13044:
13035:
13026:
13017:
13005:
12985:
12976:
12967:
12958:
12939:
12914:
12887:
12878:
12853:
12828:
12825:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 39
12819:
12793:
12790:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 47
12784:
12775:
12766:
12763:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 52
12757:
12748:
12739:
12736:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 51
12730:
12721:
12712:
12709:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 49
12691:
12682:
12673:
12664:
12655:
12632:Garton and Stanley (2013). p. 43
12626:
12617:
12608:
12599:
12590:
12565:
12556:
12547:
12529:
12520:
12494:
12464:
12455:
12446:
12437:
12428:
12419:
12410:
12401:
12392:
12383:
12374:
12365:
12356:
12347:
12338:
12329:
12304:
12279:
12249:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 263β65
12231:
12222:
12213:
12204:
12191:
12176:
12167:
12164:Irving, Helen (2013). pp. 250β51
12158:
12149:
12140:
12131:
12116:
12101:
12086:
12077:
12060:
12051:
12026:
12006:
12003:Willard, Myra (1967). pp. 109β17
11997:
11982:
11973:
11964:
11949:
11921:
11918:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 134
11912:
11903:
11900:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 103
11894:
11885:
11872:
11869:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 118
11863:
11854:
11851:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 108
11845:
11836:
11821:
11808:
11796:
11787:
11761:
11748:
11722:
11693:
11684:
11675:
11662:
11649:
11636:
11627:
11612:
11599:
11574:
11561:
11552:
11522:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 89β93
11516:
11501:
11492:
11479:
11466:
11457:
11444:
11405:
11396:
11383:
11361:
11352:
11339:
11322:
11313:
11304:
11295:
11286:
11277:
11268:
11255:
11246:
11237:
11233:from the original on 18 May 2015
11210:
11197:
11188:
11179:
11164:
11155:
11146:
11137:
11128:
11119:
11104:
11091:
11082:
11073:
11064:
11003:
10962:
10949:
10924:
10897:
10870:
10833:
10824:
10815:
10800:
10774:
10747:
10720:
10711:
10684:
10657:
10648:
10603:
10594:
10585:
10576:
10545:
10492:
10439:
10430:
10412:"Chisholm, Caroline (1808β1877)"
10403:
10388:
10379:
10336:
10319:
10310:
10297:
10288:
10279:
10270:
10261:
10252:
10243:
10234:
10209:
10200:
10191:
10182:
10167:
10158:
10012:"King George's Sound Settlement"
9814:Macintrye (2020). pp. 55, 60, 77
9781:"Macquarie, Lachlan (1762β1824)"
8567:. Springer Science. p. 41.
8150:Immigration history of Australia
8145:History of monarchy in Australia
8099:
8085:
7965:In the first two volumes of his
7784:in 1989. In 1991, the rock band
7685:The Adventures of Barry McKenzie
7531:
7517:
6963:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
6793:The Rudd government proposed an
5847:, a morose elderly suburbanite,
5433:
5220:Meanwhile, in North Africa, the
3569:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
3509:History of Australia (1901β1945)
3004:and Melbourne the largest city.
2940:Australian Patriotic Association
2910:History of Australia (1851β1900)
2516:in honour of the Polish patriot
2508:conducted surveying work in the
2232:
1700:History of Australia (1788β1850)
839:
526:
116:
48:to read and navigate comfortably
33:
19064:Australia: The Official History
18888:The Dutch Down Under, 1606β2006
18860:The Dutch Down Under, 1606β2006
18823:The Dutch Down Under: 1606β2006
18573:, Willem de Vlamingh, 1696β1697
18243:The Wreck on the Half-Moon Reef
17824:The Atlas of Australian History
17817:Collins Australian Encyclopedia
17689:A Maritime History of Australia
17347:. December 2020. Archived from
17090:Australian Bureau of Statistics
17025:Goot, Murray (2013). pp. 205β06
16933:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16426:Cole, Wayne (7 November 2023).
16248:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16196:Australian Bureau of Statistics
16109:. 13 March 2020. Archived from
16042:Septiari, Dian (4 March 2019).
15890:Turnbull, Malcolm (2020). p 400
15351:"Australia's Migration Program"
14737:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 285
14481:The Oxford History of Australia
14228:Australian Chart Book 1940β1970
14106:John Robertson (1984) pp.189β90
13548:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 172
11681:Macintyre, Stuart (2020), p. 97
11283:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 127
11115:Adventure of Australian History
11088:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 156
10957:Historical records of Australia
10451:Australian Bureau of Statistics
10047:
10038:
9995:
9970:
9945:
9936:
9927:
9912:
9899:
9890:
9881:
9875:Historical Records of Australia
9867:
9847:
9832:
9817:
9808:
9799:
9772:
9763:
9726:
9699:
9674:
9665:
9652:
9596:
9587:
9568:The First Fleet: The Real Story
9560:
9529:
9500:
9487:
9474:
9461:
9448:
9435:
9418:
9405:
9392:
9372:
9357:
9344:
9332:
9307:
9294:
9261:
9258:, Vol. 9, July 1998, pp. 34β42.
9244:
9229:
9216:
9199:
9190:
9169:
9149:
9136:
9112:
9067:
9039:
8973:
8953:
7603:Australian Council for the Arts
7484:Migrants and cultural diversity
7447:A female police officer in 2008
7394:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
7050:Morrison government (2018β2022)
7025:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
6977:Turnbull government (2015β2018)
6700:. These events, along with the
6615:Northern Territory Intervention
6584:Office of Multicultural Affairs
6312:Federal elections in March 1983
6260:Liberal-Country Party Coalition
6230:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
6200:in controversial circumstances.
6177:The Whitlam government: 1972β75
6130:elections held in December 1966
5666:alliance with the United States
5522:United Nations Security Council
5440:History of Australia since 1945
5331:Japanese air raids on Australia
4944:. Britain stood alone with its
4645:In the working class suburb of
4465:University of Western Australia
4438:cuts the ribbon while Governor
4068:(1861β1932) was elected to the
3879:brigades were prominent at the
3640:Australian Trade Union movement
3309:(1890) being an iconic example.
1536:
1226:Dutch discovery and exploration
1183:Australian Aboriginal mythology
970:welcomed Christian Missionaries
50:. When this tag was added, its
19486:Federated States of Micronesia
19291:Australian Antarctic Territory
19086:Project Gutenberg of Australia
18884:Dutch place names in Australia
18372:. Kangaroo Press, 1995, 192 pp
18049:Australian politics and policy
17992:A Concise History of Australia
17272:Wallace-Crabbe, Chris (1990).
17216:Wallace-Crabbe, Chris (1990).
17046:"Migration program statistics"
16929:"Gender Indicators, Australia"
16846:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 378
16302:. 15 June 2021. Archived from
15697:National Archives of Australia
15636:Goot, Murray (2003). pp 202β03
15627:Goot, Murray (2013). pp 188β89
15603:National Archives of Australia
15579:Goot, Murray (2013), pp 188β94
15269:National Archives of Australia
15170:National Archives of Australia
14837:. Hale and Iremonger. Sydney.
14728:Broome, Richard (2015). p. 215
14563:Kemeny, Jim (1 January 1981).
14456:Lynn Kerr and Ken Webb (1989)
14446:. Hicks, Smith. pp. 184β.
13852:"Midget Submarines history at"
13768:John Robertson (1984) pp. 9β11
13612:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 212
13309:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 287
13050:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 204
12896:"Thornton, Ernest (1907β1969)"
12645:pp. 158β162 Penguin Australia
12503:"Cook, Sir Joseph (1860β1947)"
12472:"Andrew Fisher, during office"
12398:Stuart MacIntyre (1986) p. 86.
12127:. Jeanette. pp. 500, 508.
11358:Broome, Richard. (2019). p. 33
11301:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 202
11274:Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 44
11161:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 70
11143:Flood, Josephine (2019). p. 66
10474:"Johnson, Richard (1753β1827)"
10267:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 104
10258:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 113
9957:Museum of Australian Democracy
9185:The Life of Captain James Cook
9019:"Interesting Historical Notes"
8961:Dutch Discoveries of Australia
8784:Clark, Anna (31 August 2023).
8202:
8180:Timeline of Australian history
8160:List of conflicts in Australia
8120:Australian telegraphic history
8045:The Other Side of the Frontier
8027:(1978) became more prominent.
8009:Damned Whores and God's Police
7201:Indigenous Voice to Parliament
7079:Uluru Statement from the Heart
7031:. Australia signed a modified
6814:War in Afghanistan (2001β2021)
6172:Reform and reaction: 1972β1996
6061:
4504:elections held in October 1929
4375:Australian Antarctic Territory
4299:, a report resulting from the
4013:After the war, Prime Minister
3428:Federal Council of Australasia
3315:Australian Natives Association
3250:won a quarter of seats in the
2105:, sent a military garrison to
1440:British and French exploration
13:
1:
22124:Parrot and Olivier in America
19155:Looking For Blackfellas Point
19097:Australian Historical Studies
18744:Australian Historical Studies
18687:, Dept of Anthropology, 2008)
18585:Schilder, GΓΌnter; Kok, Hans:
18334:Western Australian Shipwrecks
18203:. (Melbourne: AE Press, 1987)
18087:The Merchant of the Zeehaen:
17741:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
17291:Australia, a cultural history
17171:Contemporary Australian Drama
17140:(2013). "Culture and media".
15721:Goot, Murray (2013) pp 204β05
15658:Goot, Murray (2013). pp 204β5
14833:Also see Desmond Ball (1980)
14606:"Cultureandrecreation.gov.au"
14595:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 123
14517:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 122
14382:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 138β39
14286:+ updated + (30 April 2010).
14038:John Robertson (1984) p. 198.
13419:"Cultureandrecreation.gov.au"
13359:Australian Historical Studies
13168:L.F. Giblin (28 April 1930).
12697:Mcintyre (1993). pp. 142, 161
12146:Hirst, John (2020). pp. 45β61
11909:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 82β86
11891:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 79β81
11842:Hirst, John (2014), pp. 74β77
11558:Hirst, John (2014), pp. 51β54
11418:Australian Historical Studies
11194:Broome, Richard (2019). p. 42
11038:Journal of Australian Studies
10501:"Marsden, Samuel (1765β1838)"
10285:Hirst, John (2014). pp. 39β40
10206:Karskens, Grace (2013). p. 93
9857:p. 147-48. Rigby, Australia.
9634:"Phillip, Arthur (1738β1814)"
9302:Complete System of Geography.
8474:Oppenheimer, Stephen (2013).
8195:
8170:Military history of Australia
8125:Economic history of Australia
6906:Abbott government (2013β2015)
6411:Great Depression in Australia
6078:RAAF Transport Flight Vietnam
5645:, featuring home grown stars
4937:2nd Australian Imperial Force
4674:Great Depression in Australia
4585:, led by former Labor member
4422:Great Depression in Australia
3970:1920s: men, money and markets
3783:with the task of opening the
3755:, sinking the German cruiser
3220:
3065:
3050:Self-government and democracy
2954:
2209:(published in London in 1792)
2187:Convicts and colonial society
1717:
1694:The colony of New South Wales
22238:Darlington Probation Station
22233:Commissariat Store, Brisbane
21753:It Is Never Too Late to Mend
21464:Thomas Griffiths Wainewright
19256:Australian Capital Territory
18916:Terra Australis to Australia
18814:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.044
18754:Journal of Religious History
18652:Early Mapping of the Pacific
18517:Quanchi, Max; Robson, John:
17782:Events That Shaped Australia
17007:Koleth, Elsa (2010). pp.9β11
16586:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p.190
16165:. 8 May 2020. Archived from
15539:. Awm.gov.au. Archived from
14508:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 97
14499:Geoffrey Bolton (1990) p. 92
14358:"The Snowy Mountains Scheme"
14179:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 75β76
14137:. AWM.gov.au. Archived from
14070:John Robertson (1984) p. 195
13625:. p. 12. Doubleday, Sydney.
13408:Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 52
13399:Geoff Spenceley (1981) p. 46
13255:Jan Bassett(1986) pp. 118β19
13068:Jan Bassett (1986) pp. 56β57
12922:"Australian Communist Party"
12800:Fitzhardinge, L. F. (2006).
12772:Macintyre (1993). pp. 162β67
12754:Macintyre (1993). pp. 161β63
12727:Macintyre (1993). pp. 155β57
12670:Macintyre (1993). pp. 175β76
12605:Macintyre (1993). pp. 147β49
12553:Macintyre (2020). pp. 166β67
12461:Macintyre (1993). pp. 139β40
12425:Macintyre (1993). pp. 92β93.
12344:Macintyre (1993). pp. 130β32
12261:"Deakin, Alfred (1856β1919)"
12237:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 263
12228:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 262
12155:Irving, Helen (2013). p. 252
11430:10.1080/1031461X.2012.706621
11050:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750
10969:MacKnight, Campbell (2011).
10830:Macintyre (2020). pp. 109β10
10693:"Sturt, Charles (1795β1869)"
10666:"Hume, Hamilton (1797β1873)"
10600:Macintyre (2020), pp. 123β27
10582:O'Brien, Anne (2013). p. 421
9896:Macintyre (2020). pp. 46β48,
9747:A History of New South Wales
9708:"Bligh, William (1754β1817)"
9554:A History of New South Wales
9268:Macknight, Campbell (2008).
7828:Australian Chamber Orchestra
7169:of Elizabeth II, 4 June 2022
6837:August 2010 federal election
6740:Labor governments: 2007β2013
6553:mass shooting at Port Arthur
6506:Howard government: 1996β2007
6468:in 1992, the first national
6322:Labor governments: 1983β1996
5944:for Indigenous Australians.
5777:. It legally ended in 1973.
5721:Following World War II, the
5565:Communist Party of Australia
5224:had driven Allies back into
5184:engaged the Japanese in the
4430:Ribbon ceremony to open the
4406:Australian Capital Territory
4160:(1906), atrophied until its
4128:1923 Victorian Police strike
4082:Communist Party of Australia
3988:Paris Peace Conference, 1919
3982:, the 'little digger', down
3769:Australian soldiers in Egypt
3268:Queensland elections of 1893
3122:by bushrangers known as the
3092:The long boom (1860 to 1890)
3040:stockade on the Eureka Field
2977:The gold rushes of the 1850s
2827:Accommodation and protection
2473:led an expedition along the
2376:Exploration of the continent
2169:Moreton Bay penal settlement
2091:The Foundation of Perth 1829
2017:History of Western Australia
1524:Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne
7:
22004:It's Never Too Late to Mend
21998:Journals of the First Fleet
19286:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
18886:,'. In Nonja Peters (ed.),
18184:Drake-Brockman, Henrietta:
17320:Australian Financial Review
17112:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
17016:Walter, James (2013). p.177
16643:; The Guardian; 11 May 2011
16222:International Monetary Fund
16163:Prime Minister of Australia
16107:Prime Minister of Australia
15647:Australian Prime Ministers.
15517:Walter, James (2013). p 179
15450:Walter (2013). pp. 169, 178
15426:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
15397:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
15115:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
14881:Vietnam; The Australian War
14400:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 358
13817:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
13721:John Robertson (1984) p. 17
13703:John Robertson (1984) p. 12
13666:"Primeministers.naa.gov.au"
13158:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 417
12781:Mcintyre (1993). pp. 170β72
12718:Mcintyre (2020). pp. 172β73
12623:Macintyre (2020). p. 168-69
12544:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 214
12535:Macintyre (1993). pp. 34β35
12526:Macintyre (1993). pp. 26β34
12434:Macintyre (1993). pp. 93β95
11412:Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012).
11217:Clements, Nicholas (2013),
10879:"Giles, Ernest (1835β1897)"
10782:"Paul Edmund de Strzelecki"
10717:Macintyre (2020). pp. 64β65
10077:Macintyre (2020). pp. 87β88
10053:Macintyre (2020). pp. 86β87
10001:Macintyre (2020). pp. 85-86
9942:Macintyre (2020). pp. 84β85
9805:Macintyre (2020). pp. 54β59
9745:Kingston, Beverley (2006).
9593:Peter Hill (2008) pp.141β50
9552:Kingston, Beverley (2006).
8078:
7893:Historiography of Australia
7648:Australian Performing Group
7367:Governor of South Australia
7159:Prime Minister of Australia
7135:Post-pandemic: 2022βpresent
7104:Scott Morrison with fellow
6936:Operation Sovereign Borders
6803:Resources Super Profits Tax
6746:Rudd government (2007β2010)
6555:. The coalition introduced
6519:Prime Minister of Australia
6474:Republic Advisory Committee
6415:Liberal-National opposition
5838:performed the character of
5462:Prime Minister of Australia
5347:aircraft and sea defences.
5266:Australian prisoners of war
5238:Second Battle of El Alamein
5188:and halted the attack. The
5068:was lost with all hands in
5025:Second Battle of El Alamein
4959:, Menzies was invited into
4877:during World War II at the
4802:and Β£6 million on the
4770:and British Prime Minister
4758:Defence policy in the 1930s
4552:Governor of New South Wales
4342:and the Australian states.
4297:Balfour Declaration of 1926
4204:Royal Flying Doctor Service
4158:The Story of the Kelly Gang
4103:The Country Party (today's
4045:Royal Flying Doctor Service
3829:Second Battle of Bullecourt
3702:and Fisher resumed office.
3532:, the second Prime Minister
3526:Prime Minister of Australia
3387:In the 1890s Henry Lawson,
2899:From autonomy to federation
2743:country. From 1822 to 1824
2477:in 1828 and discovered the
2305:
1924:Governor of New South Wales
1836:Consolidation: 1793 to 1821
1787:Governor of New South Wales
150:European exploration (land)
60:content into sub-articles,
10:
22355:
22308:The Old Windmill, Brisbane
22268:Kingston and Arthur's Vale
20994:Anti-Transportation League
19105:Historical Primary Sources
19049:
18944:Dutch Voyages to Australia
18933:Dutch mapping of Australia
18910:Schilder, GΓΌnter (1988), '
18602:The Discovery of Australia
18521:Exploration of the Pacific
18363:De schepen van Abel Tasman
18358:. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011)
18163:. (Scarecrow Press, 2009,
18148:. (New York: Crown, 2002,
18126:Bontekoe, Willem Ysbrandsz
17489:"Australia and the Empire"
17487:Macintyre, Stuart (1999).
15861:Australian Prime Ministers
15813:Australian Prime Ministers
15799:Australian Prime Ministers
15782:Australian Prime Ministers
15742:Australian Prime Ministers
15462:Australian Prime Ministers
15376:Australian Prime Ministers
15296:Australian Prime Ministers
14940:E.M. Andrews (1979) p. 160
12995:. Harper and Row, Sydney.
12416:McMullin (1991). pp. 55β57
12335:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 22
12311:MacIntyre, Stuart (1993).
11581:Blainey, Geoffrey (2013).
10630:"Bass, George (1771β1803)"
10527:"Catholicaustralia.com.au"
10345:Journal of British Studies
9526:, No. 47, 1998, pp. 35β55.
7890:
7601:(1968β71) established the
7576:
7438:
7271:Commonwealth Electoral Act
7143:
6887:Liberal-National Coalition
6870:
6845:National Broadband Network
6743:
6611:Little Children are Sacred
6498:
6274:Fraser government: 1975β83
6076:Personnel and aircraft of
6065:
5893:Commonwealth Electoral Act
5690:
5486:Australian Communist Party
5478:Liberal Party of Australia
5458:Liberal Party of Australia
5437:
5420:Liberal Party of Australia
5306:
5283:against Japanese bases in
4804:Royal Australian Air Force
4798:, Β£20 million on the
4742:
4560:dismissed by Governor Game
4539:Premier of New South Wales
4510:was swept into power in a
4419:
3986:after his return from the
3868:of 1918 and in the allied
3825:First Battle of Bullecourt
3727:
3713:
3684:Commonwealth Liberal Party
3506:
3415:
3284:
3205:
3053:
3015:
2988:β Thomas Tyrwhitt Balcombe
2907:
2750:In Van Diemen's land, the
2710:Lieutenant-Governor Arthur
2677:
2674:Conflict and dispossession
2648:
2642:A Scene in South Australia
2625:
2379:
2195:
2023:History of South Australia
2020:
2006:
1950:as colonial architect and
1697:
1634:American Revolutionary War
1545:
1481:to observe and record the
1383:, landed on an island off
1214:
1208:
1205:Early European exploration
1048:Rock painting at Ubirr in
1033:
1027:
515:List of years in Australia
145:European exploration (sea)
22283:Parramatta Female Factory
22201:
22161:
22134:
21990:
21915:
21728:
21684:
21677:
21575:
21549:
21508:
21482:
21411:
21316:
21295:
21209:
21174:
21161:
21050:
21002:
20851:
20758:
20705:
20622:
20520:
20390:
20381:
20272:
20263:
20210:
20086:Intelligence and security
20012:
20003:
19971:
19876:
19867:
19802:
19744:
19735:
19577:
19554:
19473:
19375:
19337:
19332:Links to related articles
19274:
19244:
19201:
18871:10.1017/S0165115315000157
18715:Walker, James Backhouse:
18676:Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy:
18625:. (Adelaide: Rigby, 1979)
18269:. (Perth: Abrolhos, 1994)
18113:Western Australian Museum
17709:Allen & Unwin. 2000.
17491:. In Winks, Robin (ed.).
17473:The Sydney Morning Herald
17072:From Turnbull to Morrison
16731:; Parliament of Australia
16707:; Parliament of Australia
16082:Reserve Bank of Australia
15336:Walter (2013). pp. 177β78
15148:Strangio (2013) pp 159β60
15101:Strangio (2013) pp 149β51
14993:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 265
14866:See Gregory Clark (1967)
14391:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 273
13976:. Awm.gov.au. 20 May 1945
13929:| Australian War Memorial
13089:"Flynn, John (1880β1951)"
13077:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 213
12982:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 48
12973:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 45
12964:Lloyd Robson (1980) p. 18
12884:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 236
12057:Hirst, John (2000). p. 16
10276:Hirst, John (2014). p. 44
10197:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 258
9321:and R.A. Skelton (eds.),
8908:Flood, Josephine (2019).
8841:10.1017/S0003598X00052182
8719:Flood, Josephine (2019).
8561:Castillo, Alicia (2015).
8155:LGBT history in Australia
7478:Inter-Parliamentary Union
7382:Aboriginal "tent embassy"
7315:. That same year, artist
7194:Reserve Bank of Australia
7033:Trans-Pacific Partnership
6690:2006 East Timorese crisis
6668:In 1999, Australia led a
6589:Children Overboard affair
6450:Indigenous reconciliation
6248:loan broker from Pakistan
6162:1st Australian Task Force
6106:1st Australian Task Force
5559:During the course of the
5257:Australian Hospital Ship
5244:in favour of the Allies.
4881:of AugustβSeptember 1942.
4691:1938 British Empire Games
4474:Wall Street Crash of 1929
4394:Federal Capital Territory
3746:Australian Imperial Force
3538:Commonwealth of Australia
3456:was a strong advocate of
3402:The Man from Snowy River"
2998:Bathurst, New South Wales
2333:A painting depicting the
1749:colony of New South Wales
1739:(Tasmania). In 1817, the
1531:Louis Aleno de St AloΓΌarn
1005:ally of the United States
921:arrived from what is now
888:Commonwealth of Australia
19632:Northern Mariana Islands
19009:23 November 2011 at the
19002:Allen & Unwin, 2004
18904:,'. JRAHS 28(5): 303β352
18695:: Discovery of Australia
18685:Texas A&M University
18353:European Perceptions of
18309:. (Leiden: Brill, 1899)
18122:. (Nijmegen: SUN, 1999)
18078:
17918:23 November 2011 at the
17887:24 February 2012 at the
17878:The History of Australia
17716:23 November 2011 at the
16525:Broome, Richard (2019).
15915:South China Morning Post
15139:Strangio (2013) pp 156β9
15092:Strangio (2013) pp 148β9
14124:Jan Bassett (1986) p. 18
13390:magazine, September 1979
12745:Macintyre (1993). p. 155
12614:Macintyre (2020). p. 168
12389:Macintyre (1993). p. 101
11793:Hirst, John (2014. p. 58
11498:Flood (2019) pp. 199-200
11489:. p. 355β58, 358β60
11476:. p. 355β58, 363β64
10931:Broome, Richard (2019).
10867:Macintyre (2020). p. 110
10821:Macintyre (2020). p. 109
9732:Macintyre (2020). p. 65.
9426:Original Correspondence,
8883:; Walshe, Keryn (2021).
8721:The Original Australians
8660:Broome, Richard (2019).
7615:Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
7020:communications network.
6932:Tony Abbott's government
6795:emissions trading scheme
6680:(1998β2003); as well as
6650:Solomon Islands conflict
6606:Wik Peoples v Queensland
6470:Native Title legislation
6393:in Canberra was opened.
6371:the new Parliament House
6028:Australian Army advisors
5679:(1968β1971) and then by
5612:Australian country music
5416:House of Representatives
5230:Australia's 9th Division
4851:1937 Imperial Conference
4714:compounds and missions.
4489:Perth, Western Australia
4301:1926 Imperial Conference
3875:In the Middle East, the
3735:Australia at war 1914β18
3700:September 1914 elections
3690:and former Labor leader
2792:Australian native police
2757:George Augustus Robinson
2690:Australian frontier wars
2680:Australian frontier wars
2291:and the agriculturalist
2269:
2192:Convicts and emancipists
2150:South Australia Act 1834
1735:and the southern tip of
1348:Dutch East India Company
574:This article is part of
22248:Experiment Farm Cottage
22223:Cascades Female Factory
21769:The Life of Rufus Dawes
21712:Jim Jones at Botany Bay
21620:Laurence Hynes Halloran
20916:Norfolk Island mutinies
19597:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
19301:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
19138:"The Australian Empire"
19132:Laurence MacDonald Muir
19121:7 December 2013 at the
18762:10.1111/1467-9809.12267
18746:45(3): pp. 350β367
18384:1606: An Epic Adventure
18361:Hoving, Ab; Emke, Cor:
18234:Islands of Angry Ghosts
17631:Australian History Now.
17169:Radic, Leonard (2006).
17158:. pp. 253β54, 258.
16899:McIntosh, Greg (1998).
16682:Australians of the Year
16103:"Advice on Coronavirus"
16078:"Explainers: Recession"
14479:Geoffrey Bolton (1990)
13730:Gavin Long (1952) p. 26
13500:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13473:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13446:"Museumvictoria.com.au"
13194:Geoff Spenceley (1981)
12562:Lowe (2013). pp. 506β08
12443:Hirst (2013). pp. 35β37
12380:Hirst (2013). pp. 29β31
12371:Hirst (2013). pp. 25β26
12353:Hirst (2013). pp. 20β21
11774:Documenting a Democracy
10904:Gosse, Fayette (1972).
10840:McDonald, John (2008).
10591:Macintyre (2020), p. 90
10436:Macintyre (2020). p. 89
10164:Macintyre (2020). p. 88
9977:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983).
9933:Macintyre (2020). p. 65
9787:. ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9714:. ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9671:Macintyre (2020). p. 78
9339:Terra Australis Cognita
8690:16 January 2022 at the
8235:10.1126/science.1211177
8061:Mr Bligh's Bad Language
7990:The Tyranny of Distance
7465:the Family Law Act 1975
7329:Evonne Goolagong Cawley
7302:Australian constitution
6861:September 2013 election
6784:Global Financial Crisis
6684:and the Australian-led
5902:Australian Constitution
5818:between 1950 and 1966.
5662:Commonwealth of Nations
5506:Chinese Communist Party
5376:Curtin Labor government
5364:Territory of New Guinea
5186:Battle of the Coral Sea
5178:Territory of New Guinea
5121:suffered a devastating
5115:last stand at Singapore
5072:with the German raider
4208:Charles Kingsford Smith
4086:MolotovβRibbentrop Pact
4056:Charles Kingsford Smith
3999:Australian architecture
3866:German Spring Offensive
3660:December 1906 elections
3595:Parliament of Australia
3513:Federation of Australia
3418:Federation of Australia
3287:Federation of Australia
3242:The defeat of the 1890
3124:St Kilda Road robberies
3046:nationalist mythology.
2819:inter-tribal violence.
2704:Proclamation issued in
2137:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
1962:Expansion: 1821 to 1850
1167:semi-permanent shelters
1036:Prehistory of Australia
984:agricultural industries
919:Torres Strait Islanders
900:Maritime Southeast Asia
22052:Bring Larks and Heroes
21932:The Devil Makes Sunday
21924:The Devil Makes Sunday
21692:Transportation ballads
20480:Indigenous Australians
19981:States and territories
18882:McCarthy, M. (2006), '
18546:Robert, Willem C. H.:
18535:Robert, Willem C. H.:
18206:Duyker, Edward (ed.):
18201:The Dutch in Australia
18074:Early recorded history
18006:Robert Menzies: A Life
17836:. Sydney: UNSW Press.
17737:Broeze, Frank (1998).
17644:Australian History Now
17618:Australian History Now
17605:Australian History Now
17592:Australian History Now
17559:Australian History Now
17289:Rickard, John (2017).
17138:Griffen-Foley, Bridget
16527:Aboriginal Australians
14855:The Frightened Country
14677:Cite journal requires
13621:John Robertson (1984)
13282:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13196:The Depression Decade.
13122:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13095:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12902:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12501:Crowly, F. K. (2006).
12452:McMullin (1991). p. 64
12267:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12067:Parkes, Henry (1890).
11956:Willard, Myra (1967).
11719:. pp. 160β65, 168
10988:10.22459/AH.35.2011.06
10762:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10735:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10699:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10672:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10636:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10507:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10480:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10418:. Adbonline.anu.edu.au
10140:"Parliament.sa.gov.au"
9979:The Story of Australia
9640:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
9443:The General Advertiser
9300:Bowen, Emanuel (1747)
9157:The Story of Australia
8987:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au
8981:"Torres, Luis Vaez de"
8662:Aboriginal Australians
8513:Gilligan, Ian (2018).
8115:Australian archaeology
7962:
7782:Bangarra Dance Theatre
7778:National Black Theatre
7718:trilogy (1979β85) and
7691:Picnic at Hanging Rock
7678:
7652:Nimrod Theatre Company
7594:
7493:
7458:Sex Discrimination Act
7448:
7404:
7347:
7313:Australian of the Year
7251:
7249:Australian of the Year
7236:
7234:Australian of the Year
7221:Indigenous Australians
7170:
7113:
7063:
7006:elections of July 2016
7001:
6927:
6816:
6770:
6754:Rudd government (2013)
6734:November 2007 election
6665:
6641:
6569:Goods and Services Tax
6537:
6522:
6444:
6427:Goods and Services Tax
6387:Australian Bicentenary
6378:
6375:Australian Bicentenary
6341:
6290:
6201:
6085:
6033:According to diplomat
6018:
5936:
5924:
5797:
5775:White Australia Policy
5768:Government passed the
5749:more than 30 countries
5736:Snowy Mountains Scheme
5718:
5706:
5577:Democratic Labor Party
5556:
5469:
5371:
5338:
5318:
5270:Burma-Thailand Railway
5217:
5197:, in the highlands of
5145:
5110:
5021:SyriaβLebanon Campaign
4996:
4922:Imperial Japanese Army
4898:
4882:
4875:Imperial Japanese Army
4864:
4825:
4784:United Australia Party
4775:
4732:
4724:
4686:Agua Caliente Handicap
4629:
4606:
4583:United Australia Party
4567:United Australia Party
4499:
4443:
4325:Statute of Westminster
4295:. This formalised the
4293:Statute of Westminster
4288:
4073:
4058:
4047:
4021:, formed from the old
4010:
3990:
3950:Paris Peace Conference
3943:Paris peace conference
3901:
3877:Australian Light Horse
3853:
3772:
3655:
3614:
3607:White Australia policy
3598:
3558:Australian Labor Party
3540:was proclaimed by the
3533:
3441:
3336:
3310:
3248:Labor Electoral League
3227:
3167:
3127:
3072:
3036:Ballarat Reform League
3030:
2989:
2961:
2930:
2875:
2872:Franklinford, Victoria
2844:
2839:at Sydney in 1826, by
2802:
2772:
2717:
2693:
2645:
2534:
2506:Paul Edmund Strzelecki
2431:
2394:
2342:
2283:
2246:
2210:
2164:
2132:
2098:
2058:
1971:
1892:
1848:
1800:
1789:
1727:
1686:and Sir George Young.
1656:
1611:
1586:
1563:
1504:off the west coast of
1492:On 19 April 1770, the
1453:
1343:
1325:
1153:
1135:Torres Strait Islander
1114:
1062:Aboriginal Australians
1057:
896:Aboriginal Australians
603:
21785:One Hundred Years Ago
21635:William Smith O'Brien
20886:Castle Hill Rebellion
20699:Convicts in Australia
19774:Territorial evolution
19580:and other territories
19140:by Rob Robinson, 2009
19100:, a scholarly journal
18051:(Sydney UP, 2019). .
18018:Megalogenis, George.
17830:Connor, John (2002).
17805:Serle. Percival, ed.
17691:. Melbourne: Nelson.
16991:Koleth, Elsa (2010).
16960:Sydney Morning Herald
14639:Peter Cuffley (1993)
14257:"Long Way to the Top"
13748:Frank Crowley (1973)
11734:Queensland Government
11583:A History of Victoria
11538:. Allen & Unwin.
11532:Tink, Andrew (2009).
10877:Green, Louis (1972).
10114:"Foundingdocs.gov.au"
10088:"Foundingdocs.gov.au"
9785:ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9712:ADB.online.anu.edu.au
9090:Angus & Robertson
8107:British Empire portal
7951:
7935:The Australian Legend
7676:
7586:
7491:
7446:
7402:
7337:
7323:'s 1963 Gospel song "
7242:
7228:
7153:
7103:
7057:
6984:
6913:
6849:carbon pricing scheme
6811:
6761:
6682:Operation Helpem Fren
6647:
6627:
6528:
6513:
6435:
6368:
6329:
6281:
6237:elections in May 1974
6184:
6075:
6005:
5930:
5914:
5788:
5712:
5704:
5643:Australian literature
5546:
5492:with the rural based
5452:
5357:
5324:
5316:
5303:Australian home front
5242:North Africa Campaign
5216:, New Guinea in 1943.
5211:
5151:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5136:Dutch and Australian
5135:
5101:
5001:Mediterranean theatre
4990:
4982:attacked Pearl Harbor
4888:
4872:
4812:
4796:Royal Australian Navy
4765:
4728:
4719:
4666:Sydney Cricket Ground
4664:cricket match at the
4624:
4600:
4547:Sydney Harbour Bridge
4486:
4432:Sydney Harbour Bridge
4429:
4261:Union of South Africa
4227:
4064:
4053:
4039:
4007:Sydney Harbour Bridge
3996:
3984:George Street, Sydney
3977:
3899:
3872:of August that year.
3849:. A depiction of the
3841:
3791:, the capital of the
3767:
3728:Further information:
3672:elections of May 1910
3652:George Street, Sydney
3649:
3618:under prime minister
3604:
3593:Opening of the first
3592:
3573:Australian parliament
3520:
3436:
3323:
3294:
3281:Growth of nationalism
3235:" from 1895 to 1903.
3215:
3206:Further information:
3144:
3107:
3063:
3056:Suffrage in Australia
3025:
2996:discovered gold near
2984:
2952:
2922:
2869:
2834:
2789:
2770:
2714:Tasmanian Aboriginals
2703:
2687:
2639:
2628:Smallpox in Australia
2626:Further information:
2591:from a location near
2537:The German scientist
2526:
2501:many as they could."
2496:Surveyor General Sir
2426:
2389:
2347:Castle Hill Rebellion
2335:Castle Hill Rebellion
2332:
2277:
2240:
2205:
2198:Convicts in Australia
2159:
2127:
2088:
2053:
2027:History of Queensland
1969:
1897:New South Wales Corps
1874:
1843:
1795:
1781:
1712:
1654:
1603:
1569:
1555:
1447:
1418:(later Tasmania) and
1331:
1233:
1197:spirit beings formed
1147:
1107:Aboriginal Australian
1104:
1047:
1024:Indigenous prehistory
645:Monarchy of Australia
602:
22339:History of Australia
22278:Old Government House
22174:Port Jackson Painter
22100:Gould's Book of Fish
21777:The Mark of the Lash
21745:The Assigned Servant
21500:Kevin Izod O'Doherty
21449:William Buelow Gould
20982:Cooking Pot Uprising
20898:Capture of the brig
20735:History of Australia
20220:Cabinet of Australia
20195:Government ministers
19963:World Heritage Sites
19769:European exploration
19370:History by continent
19277:External territories
19261:Jervis Bay Territory
19247:Mainland territories
19196:History of Australia
19015:Crowley, Frank, ed.
18410:Murdoch, Priscilla:
18399:. (ABC Books, 2016,
18332:Unfinished Voyages:
18319:Heeres J. E. (ed.):
18274:Treasures from the '
17798:O'Shane, Pat et al.
17722:Bambrick, Susan ed.
16641:Lionel Rose obituary
16337:on 24 September 2021
16270:"Mortality analysis"
14795:E.M. Andrews (1979)
14315:6 March 2011 at the
13280:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13142:Treaty of Versailles
13120:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
13093:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12952:23 July 2011 at the
12900:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12641:Bill Gammage (1974)
12265:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
12033:Hirst, John (2000).
10811:. pp. 444, 449.
10505:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10478:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
10216:Hirst, John (2014).
9638:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
9574:Three Rivers Press.
9497:. pp. 70, 83β89
9047:"Nuyts Tercentenary"
8985:ADBonline.anu.edu.au
8185:Whaling in Australia
8130:Europeans in Oceania
8025:Weevils in the Flour
7967:History of Australia
7809:Chris Wallace-Crabbe
7579:Culture of Australia
7118:free-trade agreement
6988:takes a selfie with
6534:2000 Summer Olympics
5876:1956 Summer Olympics
5687:Post-war immigration
5551:inspecting sheep at
5329:, 19 February 1942.
5274:Sandakan Death March
5176:, in the Australian
5165:in a daring raid on
5163:accommodation vessel
5056:British Commonwealth
4359:Jervis Bay Territory
4321:British Commonwealth
4162:revival in the 1970s
4078:Bolshevik Revolution
4054:Pioneer aviator Sir
4031:Spanish flu pandemic
3959:Treaty of Versailles
3179:rates in the world.
2737:Great Dividing Range
2708:around 1828β1830 by
2640:Alexander Schramm's
2566:John McDouall Stuart
2366:Sisters of St Joseph
2111:Major Edmund Lockyer
1937:Great Dividing Range
1613:John Harris, in his
1466:In 1769, Lieutenant
1268:Frederick de Houtman
1050:Kakadu National Park
1013:post-war immigration
986:brought prosperity.
884:history of Australia
831:World Heritage Sites
533:Australia portal
132:Timeline and periods
22303:Ross Female Factory
22076:Remembering Babylon
21881:Journey Among Women
21610:Elizabeth Callaghan
21495:William Henry Groom
21393:John Boyle O'Reilly
20292:Gross state product
19671: /
18937:Changing Coastlines
18877:De Vlamingh's Plate
18690:Van Zanden, Henry:
18680:Dutch East Indiaman
18642:Stein, Stephen K.:
18496:Playford, Phillip:
18486:Playford, Phillip:
18453:Pelsaert, Francisco
18435:Mapping Our World:
18330:Henderson, Graeme:
18248:Fitzsimons, Peter:
18175:De Vlamingh, Willem
18091:and the Voyages of
18085:Anderson, Grahame:
18066:Inventing Australia
18011:McQueen, Humphrey.
17990:Macintyre, Stuart.
17980:Macintyre, Stuart.
17687:Bach, John (1976).
17476:. 9 September 2005.
16459:. 14 October 2023.
16389:. 18 September 2021
16306:on 3 September 2021
15176:on 14 November 2011
14853:Alan Renouf (1979)
13996:The Final Campaigns
13925:The sinking of the
13672:on 13 November 2013
13114:Howard, Frederick.
12407:Hirst (2013). p. 35
12362:Hirst (2013). p. 24
9843:. pp. 128β135.
9378:David Hill. (2008)
8359:10.1038/nature22968
8351:2017Natur.547..306C
8287:2021Gearc..36...92W
8227:2011Sci...334...94R
8067:Memory studies and
7909:published in 1933.
7832:Art Basel Hong Kong
7820:tyranny of distance
7697:My Brilliant Career
7359:Hyacinth Tungutalum
7216:Social developments
7199:A referendum on an
7146:Albanese government
7068:Morrison government
6881:Morrison government
6877:Turnbull government
6454:Australian republic
6443:on 10 December 1992
6441:Redfern Park Speech
6351:Keynesian economics
6220:was to establish a
5980:and hosted British
5967:Alliances 1950β1972
5754:They're a Weird Mob
5608:rock and roll music
5281:amphibious assaults
5253:New Guinea campaign
5249:Battle of BunaβGona
5240:, which turned the
5203:Battle of Milne Bay
5180:. In May 1942, the
4965:British War Cabinet
4926:New Guinea Campaign
4879:Battle of Milne Bay
4573:combining with the
4408:(ACT) in 1938. The
4188:Imperial Preference
4179:proved disastrous"
4111:, which it called "
4076:The success of the
4041:The Revd John Flynn
3907:War Precautions Act
3462:Tenterfield Oration
3412:Federation movement
3354:Andrew Inglis Clark
3260:Protectionist Party
3153:South Sea Islanders
3149:Pacific Slave trade
3120:Victorian gold rush
3113:Bushrangers on the
3012:The Eureka stockade
2554:Gulf of Carpentaria
2293:Elizabeth Macarthur
2280:Elizabeth Macarthur
2096:George Pitt Morison
2037:Phillip Gidley King
2013:History of Victoria
2009:History of Tasmania
1506:Cape York Peninsula
1406:Gulf of Carpentaria
1250:Luis Vaez de Torres
1178:Aboriginal rock art
1066:last glacial period
934:Macassan trepangers
658:Arts and literature
52:readable prose size
22263:Hyde Park Barracks
22189:Twenty Dollar Note
22151:Our Country's Good
22084:The Potato Factory
22060:A Fringe of Leaves
22020:Great Expectations
21849:Red Sky at Morning
21801:Sentenced for Life
21660:Elizabeth Thackery
21521:Margaret Catchpole
21242:William Hutchinson
21188:Arthur Bowes Smyth
20931:Bathurst Rebellion
20610:Australian studies
20545:Australian English
20354:Telecommunications
20190:Government leaders
20133:Political ideology
19675:25.350Β°S 131.233Β°E
19467:History of Oceania
19266:Northern Territory
19082:Australian History
19025:Daniels, Kay, ed.
18991:Clark, C.M.H. ed.
18928:. (Canberra, 1989)
18578:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18567:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18560:Schilder, GΓΌnter:
18539:Willem de Vlamingh
18507:Pearson, Michael:
18500:Willem de Vlamingh
18294:Green, Jeremy N.:
18283:Green, Jeremy N.:
18272:Green, Jeremy N.:
18265:Godard, Philippe:
18188:Francisco Pelsaert
18038:Australia's Empire
18020:The Longest Decade
17964:Kingston, Beverley
17928:(Routledge, 2020).
17904:(Routledge, 2020).
17866:Bolton, Geoffrey.
17853:Historical surveys
17050:homeaffairs.gov.au
16935:. 16 December 2020
16022:Guardian Australia
15801:. pp. 513β15.
15744:. pp. 512β13.
15403:on 2 December 2010
14870:. Lansdowne Press.
14310:john.curtin.edu.au
14047:Gavin Long (1973)
13823:on 17 January 2012
13690:Gavin Long (1952)
13589:humanrights.gov.au
13529:. pp. 333β34.
13377:David Potts p. 395
13235:Henry Pook (1993)
13224:Australian Finance
13087:Bucknall, Graeme.
12482:on 25 October 2021
12187:. pp. 249β51.
12097:. pp. 479β80.
11993:. pp. 229β30.
11945:. pp. 213β16.
11832:. pp. 327β28.
11818:. pp. 180β81.
11703:. pp. 159β60.
11623:. pp. 170β76.
11609:. pp. 157β58.
11571:. pp. 155β56.
11512:. pp. 152β55.
10975:Aboriginal History
10959:, series I, vol, I
10556:. pp. 417β18.
10178:. pp. 163β64.
9923:. pp. 464β65.
9610:on 3 February 2013
9224:Historical Studies
9124:Australia Unveiled
8190:Women in Australia
8135:History of Oceania
8050:stolen generations
7963:
7870:Mad Max: Fury Road
7766:Oodgeroo Noonuccal
7679:
7595:
7494:
7449:
7405:
7348:
7281:, helped organise
7267:Menzies Government
7252:
7237:
7171:
7114:
7064:
7012:in December 2017.
7002:
6928:
6885:The return of the
6851:, a mining tax, a
6817:
6771:
6750:Gillard government
6702:2002 Bali Bombings
6666:
6642:
6549:gun control scheme
6538:
6523:
6445:
6383:Australia Act 1986
6379:
6342:
6291:
6218:Whitlam government
6202:
6194:Whitlam government
6150:Moratorium marches
6102:Documents released
6086:
6019:
5942:self-determination
5937:
5925:
5864:Menzies Government
5798:
5770:Migration Act 1958
5719:
5707:
5664:and formalised an
5557:
5470:
5454:Sir Robert Menzies
5372:
5339:
5319:
5218:
5146:
5129:almost 100 times.
5111:
5087:and battlecruiser
5076:in November 1941.
5048:The Rats of Tobruk
4997:
4907:invasion of Poland
4899:
4883:
4826:
4813:The light cruiser
4776:
4630:
4607:
4500:
4496:Sir James Mitchell
4478:Australian economy
4469:Australian Finance
4444:
4410:Northern Territory
4340:British Parliament
4336:Australia Act 1986
4289:
4279:), King George V,
4090:Menzies Government
4074:
4059:
4048:
4011:
4003:Brisbane City Hall
3991:
3929:May 1917 elections
3902:
3854:
3773:
3696:double dissolution
3688:May 1913 elections
3676:Northern Territory
3656:
3615:
3599:
3534:
3524:(left), the first
3442:
3377:Frederick McCubbin
3337:
3311:
3233:Federation Drought
3228:
3168:
3161:indentured workers
3128:
3073:
3031:
2992:In February 1851,
2990:
2962:
2931:
2876:
2845:
2803:
2773:
2718:
2694:
2646:
2535:
2518:Tadeusz KoΕciuszko
2483:Murrumbidgee River
2449:Central Tablelands
2432:
2395:
2362:Sisters of Charity
2343:
2284:
2247:
2211:
2165:
2133:
2099:
2059:
1972:
1893:
1849:
1801:
1790:
1741:British government
1728:
1657:
1587:
1564:
1487:Southern Continent
1454:
1362:LuΓs Vaz de Torres
1344:
1326:
1286:Willem de Vlamingh
1159:fire-stick farming
1154:
1115:
1058:
962:European explorers
604:
430:Northern Territory
340:Chinese Australian
330:African Australian
297:Telecommunications
217:Capital punishment
18:Australian History
22326:
22325:
22213:Brickendon Estate
22197:
22196:
22184:Sydney punchbowls
21897:Van Diemen's Land
21719:Van Diemen's Land
21673:
21672:
21595:James Bloodsworth
21378:Lawrence Kavenagh
21042:Western Australia
20843:Western Australia
20813:Macquarie Harbour
20665:
20664:
20618:
20617:
20440:Human trafficking
20377:
20376:
20259:
20258:
20059:Foreign relations
19999:
19998:
19863:
19862:
19810:Asian Australians
19691:
19690:
19655:
19654:
19647:Wallis and Futuna
19555:Associated states
19433:
19432:
19324:
19323:
19306:Coral Sea Islands
19236:Western Australia
19036:Teale, Ruth, ed.
18963:a Piece of Pewter
18819:Gerritsen, Rupert
18737:War & Society
18719:Van Diemen's Land
18477:Playford, Phillip
18447:978-0-642-27809-8
18169:978-0-8108-6810-6
18043:Taflaga, Marija.
17876:Clarke, Frank G.
17791:978-1-74110-492-9
17705:Barker, Anthony.
17670:The History Wars.
17448:. 28 October 2020
16691:978-1-74196-809-5
15863:. pp. 516β20
15464:. pp. 452β3.
15059:978-1-107-01154-0
14889:978-0-7322-8237-0
14582:978-0-7100-0634-9
14549:978-1-4438-2305-0
14426:978-1-86254-870-1
14364:on 30 August 2007
14169:978-0-17-005300-6
14141:on 7 January 2012
14049:The Six Years War
13758:978-0-17-005300-6
13471:Museum Victoria.
13444:Museum Victoria.
13325:; NewSouth; 2011.
12643:The Broken Years.
12201:. pp. 252β55
12012:D.M. Gibb (1982)
11672:. pp. 177β78
11659:. pp. 182β84
11646:. pp. 180β81
11545:978-1-74175-192-5
10786:Australian Museum
9855:Birth of A Nation
9402:. pp. 78, 81
9388:978-1-74166-797-4
9368:. pp. 70β74.
9240:. pp. 60β61.
8574:978-1-4939-0283-5
8526:978-1-1084-7008-7
8487:978-1-7803-3753-1
8448:978-1-3517-5764-5
8421:978-1-1070-1153-3
8345:(7663): 306β310.
8295:10.1002/gea.21822
7980:The Lucky Country
7958:The Lucky Country
7927:Brian Fitzpatrick
7899:William Wentworth
7824:Australian Ballet
7599:Gorton government
7592:Australian cinema
7086:COVID-19 pandemic
7010:same-sex marriage
6873:Abbott government
6841:Australian Greens
6678:Operation Bel Isi
6640:from 1999 to 2002
6638:East Timor crisis
6501:Howard government
6487:to the Liberals'
6399:recession in 1990
6338:Mikhail Gorbachev
6285:and US President
6258:, the opposition
6226:Fraser government
6208:won office under
6188:and US President
6123:Lyndon B. Johnson
6009:and US President
5978:Malayan Emergency
5853:Sir Les Patterson
5764:In May 1958, the
5639:Australian cinema
5510:Chinese Civil War
5456:, founder of the
5400:Boomerang fighter
5368:Fall of Singapore
5327:Bombing of Darwin
5159:midget submarines
5155:Douglas MacArthur
5104:Douglas MacArthur
5005:Operation Compass
4961:Winston Churchill
4772:Winston Churchill
4697:Indigenous policy
4655:Western Australia
4575:Nationalist Party
4531:Sir Otto Niemeyer
4512:landslide victory
4351:Central Australia
4173:returned soldiers
4113:Countrymindedness
4043:, founder of the
4019:Nationalist Party
3955:League of Nations
3870:counter-offensive
3605:Implementing the
3550:Federal elections
3369:Heidelberg School
3306:Shearing the Rams
3297:Heidelberg School
3252:elections of 1891
3231:followed by the "
2936:William Wentworth
2924:William Wentworth
2880:Christian mission
2781:Pinjarra massacre
2706:Van Diemen's Land
2616:Alexander Forrest
2539:Ludwig Leichhardt
2445:William Wentworth
2358:John Dunmore Lang
2312:Church of England
2264:John Dunmore Lang
2260:Caroline Chisholm
2256:English Poor Laws
2243:Caroline Chisholm
2241:The humanitarian
2107:King George Sound
2041:Van Diemen's Land
2033:Nicholas Baudin's
1990:pastoral industry
1917:Lachlan Macquarie
1737:Van Diemen's Land
1608:
1591:Jean-Pierre Purry
1502:Possession Island
1416:Van Diemen's Land
1398:François Thijssen
1377:Cape of Good Hope
1337:Van Diemen's Land
1096:firestick farming
1060:The ancestors of
880:
879:
589:
567:
566:
500:
499:
490:Western Australia
352:Jewish Australian
347:Indigenous people
107:
87:
86:
54:was 35,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
22346:
22258:Great North Road
22253:Fremantle Prison
22108:The Secret River
21980:The Secret River
21940:Against the Wind
21682:
21681:
21630:JΓΈrgen JΓΈrgensen
21541:John Acton Wroth
21536:James Hardy Vaux
21403:William Westwood
21398:Alexander Pearce
21328:Charlotte Badger
21308:Francis Greenway
21200:D'Arcy Wentworth
21172:
21171:
21168:
21163:Notable convicts
20725:Female factories
20692:
20685:
20678:
20669:
20668:
20645:
20638:
20631:
20507:Waste management
20388:
20387:
20309:Household income
20270:
20269:
20232:Governor-General
20042:Electoral system
20010:
20009:
19874:
19873:
19742:
19741:
19718:
19711:
19704:
19695:
19694:
19686:
19685:
19683:
19682:
19681:
19680:-25.350; 131.233
19676:
19672:
19669:
19668:
19667:
19664:
19637:Pitcairn Islands
19607:French Polynesia
19592:Christmas Island
19521:Papua New Guinea
19501:Marshall Islands
19474:Sovereign states
19460:
19453:
19446:
19437:
19436:
19364:
19357:
19350:
19341:
19340:
19328:
19327:
19296:Christmas Island
19279:
19249:
19190:
19183:
19176:
19167:
19166:
18750:Broomhall, Susan
18649:SuΓ‘rez, Thomas:
18589:. (BRILL, 2010,
18571:Great South Land
18395:Great South Land
18323:Van Diemens Land
18213:Duyker, Edward:
18099:Ariese, Csilla:
18064:White, Richard.
17931:Hughes, Robert.
17924:Firth, Stewart.
17859:Atkinson, Alan.
17847:
17815:Shaw, John, ed.
17795:
17752:
17702:
17673:
17666:
17660:
17653:
17647:
17640:
17634:
17627:
17621:
17614:
17608:
17601:
17595:
17588:
17582:
17579:
17573:
17572:
17554:
17548:
17545:
17539:
17538:
17530:
17524:
17521:
17515:
17514:
17484:
17478:
17477:
17464:
17458:
17457:
17455:
17453:
17436:
17430:
17427:
17421:
17414:
17408:
17401:
17395:
17394:
17381:The History Wars
17376:
17370:
17367:
17361:
17360:
17358:
17356:
17345:Screen Australia
17337:
17331:
17330:
17328:
17326:
17311:
17305:
17304:
17286:
17277:
17270:
17264:
17261:
17255:
17252:
17246:
17243:
17232:
17231:
17213:
17207:
17204:
17198:
17191:
17185:
17184:
17166:
17160:
17159:
17151:
17145:
17134:
17128:
17127:
17125:
17123:
17118:on 15 March 2011
17108:
17102:
17101:
17099:
17097:
17082:
17076:
17075:
17067:
17061:
17060:
17058:
17056:
17041:
17035:
17032:
17026:
17023:
17017:
17014:
17008:
17005:
16996:
16989:
16983:
16977:
16971:
16970:
16968:
16966:
16951:
16945:
16944:
16942:
16940:
16925:
16916:
16915:
16913:
16911:
16896:
16890:
16883:
16877:
16871:
16865:
16858:
16847:
16844:
16838:
16835:
16829:
16826:
16820:
16817:
16811:
16808:
16802:
16799:
16793:
16786:
16780:
16777:
16771:
16770:
16768:
16766:
16751:
16745:
16738:
16732:
16726:
16720:
16714:
16708:
16702:
16696:
16695:
16684:. Pier 9 Press.
16674:
16668:
16662:
16656:
16650:
16644:
16638:
16632:
16629:
16623:
16620:
16614:
16611:
16605:
16602:
16596:
16593:
16587:
16584:
16578:
16577:
16575:
16573:
16562:
16556:
16555:
16547:
16541:
16540:
16522:
16516:
16509:
16503:
16502:
16500:
16498:
16479:
16473:
16472:
16470:
16468:
16449:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16438:
16423:
16417:
16416:
16405:
16399:
16398:
16396:
16394:
16379:
16373:
16372:
16370:
16368:
16353:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16342:
16333:. Archived from
16322:
16316:
16315:
16313:
16311:
16292:
16286:
16285:
16283:
16281:
16266:
16260:
16259:
16257:
16255:
16240:
16234:
16233:
16231:
16229:
16214:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16203:
16188:
16179:
16178:
16176:
16174:
16169:on 19 April 2021
16155:
16149:
16148:
16146:
16144:
16129:
16123:
16122:
16120:
16118:
16099:
16093:
16092:
16090:
16088:
16074:
16068:
16065:
16059:
16058:
16056:
16054:
16048:The Kakarta Post
16039:
16033:
16032:
16030:
16028:
16013:
16007:
16006:
16004:
16002:
15987:
15981:
15980:
15962:
15956:
15955:
15953:
15951:
15946:on 30 April 2021
15942:. Archived from
15932:
15926:
15925:
15923:
15921:
15906:
15900:
15897:
15891:
15888:
15882:
15879:
15873:
15870:
15864:
15857:
15851:
15848:
15842:
15841:
15839:
15837:
15822:
15816:
15809:
15803:
15802:
15794:
15785:
15778:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15767:
15752:
15746:
15745:
15737:
15731:
15728:
15722:
15719:
15713:
15712:
15710:
15708:
15703:on 14 April 2021
15699:. Archived from
15689:
15680:
15677:
15671:
15668:
15659:
15656:
15650:
15643:
15637:
15634:
15628:
15625:
15619:
15618:
15616:
15614:
15609:on 14 April 2021
15605:. Archived from
15595:
15589:
15586:
15580:
15577:
15571:
15568:
15562:
15559:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15548:
15533:
15527:
15524:
15518:
15515:
15509:
15506:
15500:
15499:
15481:
15475:
15472:
15466:
15465:
15457:
15451:
15448:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15437:
15432:on 15 March 2011
15422:
15413:
15412:
15410:
15408:
15393:
15387:
15372:
15366:
15365:
15363:
15361:
15346:
15337:
15334:
15328:
15325:
15319:
15316:
15310:
15309:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15280:
15261:
15255:
15252:
15246:
15243:
15237:
15230:
15224:
15223:
15205:
15199:
15192:
15186:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15172:. Archived from
15162:
15149:
15146:
15140:
15137:
15131:
15130:
15128:
15126:
15121:on 15 March 2011
15111:
15102:
15099:
15093:
15090:
15084:
15077:
15064:
15063:
15045:
15039:
15038:
15028:
15017:10.2307/27516117
15000:
14994:
14991:
14985:
14982:
14976:
14970:
14959:
14956:
14950:
14947:
14941:
14938:
14932:
14925:
14919:
14918:
14900:
14891:
14877:
14871:
14868:In fear of China
14864:
14858:
14851:
14845:
14831:
14825:
14822:
14816:
14813:
14807:
14793:
14787:
14773:
14767:
14764:
14758:
14744:
14738:
14735:
14729:
14726:
14717:
14714:
14708:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14687:
14686:
14680:
14675:
14673:
14665:
14657:
14651:
14637:
14631:
14628:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14617:
14612:on 10 April 2011
14602:
14596:
14593:
14587:
14586:
14570:
14560:
14554:
14553:
14533:
14527:
14524:
14518:
14515:
14509:
14506:
14500:
14497:
14491:
14477:
14468:
14454:
14448:
14447:
14437:
14431:
14430:
14410:
14401:
14398:
14392:
14389:
14383:
14380:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14369:
14354:
14348:
14345:
14339:
14325:
14319:
14306:
14300:
14299:
14297:
14295:
14283:
14277:
14276:
14274:
14272:
14263:. Archived from
14253:
14247:
14246:
14219:
14213:
14212:
14200:
14194:
14186:
14180:
14177:
14171:
14157:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14146:
14131:
14125:
14122:
14116:
14113:
14107:
14104:
14098:
14095:
14089:
14086:
14080:
14077:
14071:
14068:
14059:
14045:
14039:
14036:
14030:
14027:
14021:
14016:
14010:
14005:
13999:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13983:
13981:
13970:
13964:
13963:
13961:
13959:
13948:
13942:
13937:
13931:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13911:
13900:
13894:
13893:
13891:
13889:
13874:
13868:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13858:on 13 April 2010
13848:
13842:
13839:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13828:
13813:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13802:
13791:
13785:
13775:
13769:
13766:
13760:
13746:
13740:
13737:
13731:
13728:
13722:
13719:
13713:
13710:
13704:
13701:
13695:
13688:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13662:
13653:
13639:
13633:
13619:
13613:
13610:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13581:
13570:
13567:
13558:
13555:
13549:
13546:
13540:
13537:
13531:
13530:
13522:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13495:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13484:
13468:
13462:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13441:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13430:
13415:
13409:
13406:
13400:
13397:
13391:
13384:
13378:
13375:
13369:
13355:
13349:
13335:Wendy Lowenstein
13332:
13326:
13316:
13310:
13307:
13301:
13298:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13271:
13265:
13262:
13256:
13253:
13247:
13233:
13227:
13221:
13215:
13212:
13206:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13183:
13181:
13172:. Archived from
13165:
13159:
13156:
13150:
13138:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13127:
13111:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13100:
13084:
13078:
13075:
13069:
13066:
13060:
13057:
13051:
13048:
13042:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13024:
13021:
13015:
13009:
13003:
12989:
12983:
12980:
12974:
12971:
12965:
12962:
12956:
12943:
12937:
12936:
12934:
12932:
12918:
12912:
12911:
12909:
12907:
12894:Murray, Robert.
12891:
12885:
12882:
12876:
12875:
12873:
12871:
12857:
12851:
12850:
12832:
12826:
12823:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12812:
12797:
12791:
12788:
12782:
12779:
12773:
12770:
12764:
12761:
12755:
12752:
12746:
12743:
12737:
12734:
12728:
12725:
12719:
12716:
12710:
12707:
12698:
12695:
12689:
12686:
12680:
12677:
12671:
12668:
12662:
12659:
12653:
12639:
12633:
12630:
12624:
12621:
12615:
12612:
12606:
12603:
12597:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12569:
12563:
12560:
12554:
12551:
12545:
12542:
12536:
12533:
12527:
12524:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12513:
12498:
12492:
12491:
12489:
12487:
12478:. Archived from
12468:
12462:
12459:
12453:
12450:
12444:
12441:
12435:
12432:
12426:
12423:
12417:
12414:
12408:
12405:
12399:
12396:
12390:
12387:
12381:
12378:
12372:
12369:
12363:
12360:
12354:
12351:
12345:
12342:
12336:
12333:
12327:
12326:
12308:
12302:
12301:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12272:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12238:
12235:
12229:
12226:
12220:
12217:
12211:
12208:
12202:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12180:
12174:
12171:
12165:
12162:
12156:
12153:
12147:
12144:
12138:
12135:
12129:
12128:
12120:
12114:
12113:
12105:
12099:
12098:
12090:
12084:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12058:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12030:
12024:
12010:
12004:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11986:
11980:
11977:
11971:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11953:
11947:
11946:
11938:
11932:
11925:
11919:
11916:
11910:
11907:
11901:
11898:
11892:
11889:
11883:
11876:
11870:
11867:
11861:
11858:
11852:
11849:
11843:
11840:
11834:
11833:
11825:
11819:
11812:
11806:
11800:
11794:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11765:
11759:
11752:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11741:
11726:
11720:
11713:
11704:
11697:
11691:
11688:
11682:
11679:
11673:
11666:
11660:
11653:
11647:
11640:
11634:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11616:
11610:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11578:
11572:
11565:
11559:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11529:
11523:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11505:
11499:
11496:
11490:
11483:
11477:
11470:
11464:
11461:
11455:
11448:
11442:
11441:
11409:
11403:
11400:
11394:
11387:
11381:
11380:. p. 344β45
11374:
11368:
11365:
11359:
11356:
11350:
11343:
11337:
11330:Teaching History
11326:
11320:
11317:
11311:
11308:
11302:
11299:
11293:
11290:
11284:
11281:
11275:
11272:
11266:
11259:
11253:
11250:
11244:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11225:
11214:
11208:
11201:
11195:
11192:
11186:
11183:
11177:
11176:
11168:
11162:
11159:
11153:
11150:
11144:
11141:
11135:
11132:
11126:
11123:
11117:
11113:4 February 2024
11108:
11102:
11095:
11089:
11086:
11080:
11077:
11071:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11007:
11001:
11000:
10990:
10966:
10960:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10928:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10901:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10874:
10868:
10865:
10856:
10855:
10837:
10831:
10828:
10822:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10804:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10767:
10751:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10724:
10718:
10715:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10688:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10677:
10661:
10655:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10641:
10625:
10614:
10607:
10601:
10598:
10592:
10589:
10583:
10580:
10574:
10567:
10558:
10557:
10549:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10533:on 24 March 2012
10523:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10487:
10485:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10443:
10437:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10392:
10386:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10340:
10334:
10323:
10317:
10314:
10308:
10307:. p. 296β97
10301:
10295:
10292:
10286:
10283:
10277:
10274:
10268:
10265:
10259:
10256:
10250:
10247:
10241:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10213:
10207:
10204:
10198:
10195:
10189:
10186:
10180:
10179:
10171:
10165:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10125:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10099:
10084:
10078:
10075:
10066:
10063:
10054:
10051:
10045:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10022:. Archived from
10008:
10002:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9949:
9943:
9940:
9934:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9916:
9910:
9903:
9897:
9894:
9888:
9885:
9879:
9871:
9865:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9821:
9815:
9812:
9806:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9779:N.D. McLachlan.
9776:
9770:
9767:
9761:
9760:
9742:
9733:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9719:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9678:
9672:
9669:
9663:
9660:The Great Circle
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9629:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9600:
9594:
9591:
9585:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9549:
9540:
9533:
9527:
9520:
9511:
9504:
9498:
9491:
9485:
9482:The Great Circle
9478:
9472:
9471:. pp. 77β78
9465:
9459:
9458:. pp. 75β77
9452:
9446:
9439:
9433:
9422:
9416:
9409:
9403:
9396:
9390:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9361:
9355:
9352:The Great Circle
9348:
9342:
9336:
9330:
9311:
9305:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9274:
9265:
9259:
9248:
9242:
9241:
9233:
9227:
9220:
9214:
9203:
9197:
9194:
9188:
9173:
9167:
9153:
9147:
9146:. pp. 49β50
9140:
9134:
9116:
9110:
9093:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9015:
9006:
9003:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8977:
8971:
8957:
8951:
8948:
8942:
8939:
8933:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8877:
8871:
8868:
8862:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8824:
8815:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8790:The Conversation
8781:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8759:The Conversation
8750:
8744:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8701:
8695:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8657:
8648:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8630:
8627:
8621:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8600:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8413:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8370:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8266:
8257:
8256:
8246:
8206:
8109:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8095:
8093:Australia portal
8090:
8089:
8088:
8021:Wendy Lowenstein
8017:The Real Matilda
7997:Humphrey McQueen
7985:Geoffrey Blainey
7876:The Great Gatsby
7746:Elizabeth Jolley
7721:Crocodile Dundee
7656:David Williamson
7635:(1985βpresent).
7573:Arts and culture
7535:
7521:
7338:Country Liberal
7317:Albert Namatjira
7245:Evonne Goolagong
7175:Anthony Albanese
7173:On 23 May 2022,
7167:Platinum Jubilee
7163:Federation Guard
7155:Anthony Albanese
7129:-class submarine
7090:National Cabinet
7040:emissions target
7000:, November 2017.
6986:Malcolm Turnbull
6971:Malcolm Turnbull
6895:Malcolm Turnbull
6788:global recession
6597:Pacific Solution
6580:One Nation party
6530:Opening ceremony
6417:had proposed an
6391:Parliament House
6346:Hawke government
6250:, and Treasurer
6228:in 1976, as the
5997:reigning monarch
5931:Liberal Senator
5740:hydroelectricity
5624:Pub With No Beer
5386:of the states."
5190:Battle of Midway
5034:was besieged in
4895:Papua New Guinea
4832:argues that the
4739:Second World War
4662:Sheffield Shield
4635:Wendy Lowenstein
4616:Sydney Institute
4591:Stuart Macintyre
4448:Great Depression
4416:Great Depression
4387:Macquarie Island
4383:McDonald Islands
4269:Irish Free State
4154:Royal Commission
3881:Battle of Romani
3858:Australian Corps
3851:Battle of Amiens
3742:Defence Act 1903
3654:, 4 October 1909
3562:Attorney-General
3542:Governor-General
3438:Sir Henry Parkes
3406:Waltzing Matilda
3396:writers such as
3333:Waltzing Matilda
3264:South Australian
3256:Free Trade Party
3225:
3222:
3202:1890s depression
3070:
3067:
3018:Eureka Rebellion
2994:Edward Hargraves
2959:
2956:
2514:Mount Kosciuszko
2491:Lake Alexandrina
2437:Gregory Blaxland
2428:Matthew Flinders
2403:Matthew Flinders
2368:, co-founded by
2075:Proclamation of
1948:Francis Greenway
1722:
1719:
1641:Sir Joseph Banks
1625:. Sweden's King
1606:
1561:Sydney Parkinson
1483:transit of Venus
1400:and named after
1322:Matthew Flinders
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1079:rock shelter in
974:Papua New Guinea
923:Papua New Guinea
892:British colonies
872:
865:
858:
846:Australia portal
843:
820:National colours
638:Multiculturalism
592:
587:
579:
569:
568:
559:
552:
545:
531:
530:
529:
390:
389:
335:Asian Australian
247:Eureka Rebellion
133:
120:
110:
105:
97:
91:
90:
82:
79:
73:
37:
36:
29:
21:
22354:
22353:
22349:
22348:
22347:
22345:
22344:
22343:
22329:
22328:
22327:
22322:
22318:Woolmers Estate
22293:Richmond Bridge
22218:Cadmans Cottage
22204:
22193:
22169:Charlotte Medal
22157:
22130:
22012:The Broad Arrow
21986:
21911:
21905:The Nightingale
21857:Under Capricorn
21825:The Tenth Straw
21761:The Lady Outlaw
21724:
21678:Popular culture
21669:
21615:Margaret Dawson
21585:Esther Abrahams
21577:
21571:
21545:
21504:
21478:
21407:
21348:William Buckley
21320:
21312:
21303:James Blackburn
21291:
21205:
21194:William Redfern
21166:
21165:
21157:
21055:
21046:
21027:New South Wales
20998:
20847:
20833:Saltwater River
20768:Cockatoo Island
20754:
20701:
20696:
20666:
20661:
20648:
20641:
20634:
20627:
20614:
20575:Public holidays
20516:
20460:Life expectancy
20373:
20255:
20206:
19995:
19967:
19953:Protected areas
19859:
19798:
19731:
19722:
19692:
19687:
19679:
19677:
19673:
19670:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19658:
19657:
19656:
19651:
19579:
19573:
19556:
19550:
19531:Solomon Islands
19469:
19464:
19434:
19429:
19371:
19368:
19333:
19325:
19320:
19275:
19270:
19245:
19240:
19221:South Australia
19211:New South Wales
19197:
19194:
19123:Wayback Machine
19059:
19054:
19048:
19046:Further reading
19043:
19011:Wayback Machine
18987:
18985:Primary sources
18982:
18756:39(4): 524β44.
18731:
18726:
18607:Sharp, Andrew:
18600:Sharp, Andrew:
18511:Terra Australis
18437:Terra Incognita
18355:Terra Australis
18341:Henderson, J.:
18312:Heeres, J. E.:
18305:Heeres, J. E.:
18287:Vergulde Draeck
18278:' (Gilt Dragon)
18276:Vergulde Draeck
18241:Edwards, Hugh:
18221:Willem Schouten
18089:Isaac Gilsemans
18081:
18076:
18071:
18013:A New Britannia
17973:Kociumbas, Jan
17920:Wayback Machine
17907:Edwards, John.
17900:Dickey, Brian.
17889:Wayback Machine
17863:(2005). 440 pp.
17855:
17850:
17844:
17822:Taylor, Peter.
17792:
17784:. New Holland.
17749:
17718:Wayback Machine
17699:
17682:
17680:Reference books
17677:
17676:
17667:
17663:
17654:
17650:
17641:
17637:
17628:
17624:
17615:
17611:
17602:
17598:
17589:
17585:
17580:
17576:
17569:
17555:
17551:
17546:
17542:
17531:
17527:
17522:
17518:
17511:
17485:
17481:
17466:
17465:
17461:
17451:
17449:
17438:
17437:
17433:
17428:
17424:
17415:
17411:
17407:(1999) 5:163β81
17402:
17398:
17391:
17377:
17373:
17368:
17364:
17354:
17352:
17339:
17338:
17334:
17324:
17322:
17312:
17308:
17301:
17287:
17280:
17271:
17267:
17262:
17258:
17253:
17249:
17244:
17235:
17228:
17214:
17210:
17205:
17201:
17192:
17188:
17181:
17167:
17163:
17152:
17148:
17136:Carter, David;
17135:
17131:
17121:
17119:
17110:
17109:
17105:
17095:
17093:
17092:. 23 April 2021
17084:
17083:
17079:
17068:
17064:
17054:
17052:
17042:
17038:
17033:
17029:
17024:
17020:
17015:
17011:
17006:
16999:
16990:
16986:
16978:
16974:
16964:
16962:
16952:
16948:
16938:
16936:
16927:
16926:
16919:
16909:
16907:
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16276:. 17 April 2021
16268:
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16250:. 15 April 2021
16242:
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16198:. 17 March 2021
16190:
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16140:
16139:. 19 March 2020
16131:
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16113:on 8 April 2020
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15543:on 23 June 2011
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14317:Wayback Machine
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13793:
13792:
13788:
13779:History Compass
13776:
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13547:
13543:
13538:
13534:
13523:
13519:
13509:
13507:
13496:
13492:
13482:
13480:
13479:on 11 July 2011
13469:
13465:
13455:
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13442:
13438:
13428:
13426:
13425:on 8 April 2011
13417:
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12959:
12954:Wayback Machine
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11406:
11401:
11397:
11388:
11384:
11375:
11371:
11366:
11362:
11357:
11353:
11349:pp. 106, 117β19
11344:
11340:
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11069:
11065:
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11030:
11020:
11018:
11017:. 17 April 2014
11009:
11008:
11004:
10967:
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10954:
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10913:
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10875:
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10859:
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10779:
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10763:
10752:
10748:
10738:
10736:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10702:
10700:
10689:
10685:
10675:
10673:
10662:
10658:
10653:
10649:
10639:
10637:
10628:Macrae, Keith.
10626:
10617:
10608:
10604:
10599:
10595:
10590:
10586:
10581:
10577:
10568:
10561:
10550:
10546:
10536:
10534:
10525:
10524:
10520:
10510:
10508:
10497:
10493:
10483:
10481:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10445:
10444:
10440:
10435:
10431:
10421:
10419:
10410:Iltis, Judith.
10408:
10404:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10380:
10341:
10337:
10324:
10320:
10315:
10311:
10302:
10298:
10293:
10289:
10284:
10280:
10275:
10271:
10266:
10262:
10257:
10253:
10248:
10244:
10239:
10235:
10228:
10214:
10210:
10205:
10201:
10196:
10192:
10187:
10183:
10172:
10168:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10147:
10138:
10137:
10133:
10123:
10121:
10112:
10111:
10107:
10097:
10095:
10086:
10085:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10064:
10057:
10052:
10048:
10043:
10039:
10029:
10027:
10026:on 24 June 2014
10010:
10009:
10005:
10000:
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9946:
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9917:
9913:
9904:
9900:
9895:
9891:
9886:
9882:
9872:
9868:
9852:
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9822:
9818:
9813:
9809:
9804:
9800:
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9777:
9773:
9768:
9764:
9757:
9743:
9736:
9731:
9727:
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9715:
9704:
9700:
9693:
9679:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9657:
9653:
9643:
9641:
9632:B.H. Fletcher.
9630:
9623:
9613:
9611:
9604:"SL/nsw.gov.au"
9602:
9601:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9565:
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9530:
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9410:
9406:
9397:
9393:
9377:
9373:
9362:
9358:
9349:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9319:J.C. Beaglehole
9312:
9308:
9299:
9295:
9287:
9272:
9266:
9262:
9249:
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9234:
9230:
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9204:
9200:
9195:
9191:
9174:
9170:
9154:
9150:
9141:
9137:
9117:
9113:
9076:Serle, Percival
9072:
9068:
9058:
9056:
9045:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9028:
9017:
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9009:
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8809:
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8778:
8768:
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8751:
8747:
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8738:
8731:
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8713:
8702:
8698:
8692:Wayback Machine
8683:
8679:
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8433:
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8404:
8400:
8334:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8267:
8260:
8221:(6052): 94β98.
8207:
8203:
8198:
8105:
8100:
8098:
8091:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8001:A New Britannia
7903:James Macarthur
7895:
7889:
7813:cultural cringe
7801:P. P. McGuiness
7768:(Kath Walker),
7581:
7575:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7486:
7441:
7325:Royal Telephone
7311:was proclaimed
7298:1967 referendum
7291:Gurindji strike
7279:Charles Perkins
7223:
7218:
7213:
7148:
7142:
7137:
7058:A barricade in
7052:
7044:Paris Agreement
7029:South China Sea
6979:
6930:Prime Minister
6926:, November 2014
6922:with President
6914:Prime Minister
6908:
6883:
6871:Main articles:
6869:
6786:and subsequent
6775:Rudd government
6756:
6744:Main articles:
6742:
6694:Afghanistan War
6663:nation-building
6655:Operation RAMSI
6653:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6439:delivering the
6421:to take to the
6324:
6276:
6179:
6174:
6108:(1ATF) base at
6084:in August 1964.
6070:
6064:
6024:North West Cape
6011:John F. Kennedy
5969:
5921:1967 Referendum
5915:Prime Minister
5897:1967 Referendum
5888:
5836:Barry Humphries
5783:
5699:
5691:Main articles:
5689:
5681:William McMahon
5628:rock and roller
5599:as his deputy.
5569:Vladimir Petrov
5447:
5442:
5436:
5424:Dorothy Tangney
5311:
5305:
5297:Australian Army
5084:Prince of Wales
5032:Leslie Morshead
5017:Battle of Crete
5009:Siege of Tobruk
4993:Siege of Tobruk
4918:Siege of Tobruk
4867:
4800:Australian Army
4766:Prime Minister
4760:
4755:
4743:Main articles:
4741:
4699:
4457:New South Wales
4424:
4418:
4371:Cartier Islands
4347:North Australia
4222:
4220:Dominion status
3972:
3967:
3965:Inter-war years
3945:
3894:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3714:Main articles:
3712:
3710:First World War
3611:Melbourne Punch
3515:
3507:Main articles:
3505:
3420:
3414:
3373:Arthur Streeton
3289:
3283:
3244:Maritime Strike
3223:
3210:
3204:
3155:brought to the
3146:
3094:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3027:Eureka Stockade
3020:
3014:
2979:
2957:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2829:
2796:New South Wales
2682:
2676:
2651:
2630:
2624:
2581:Nullarbor Plain
2550:Burke and Wills
2510:Australian Alps
2498:Thomas Mitchell
2475:Macquarie River
2384:
2378:
2316:Richard Johnson
2308:
2272:
2235:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2077:Governor Bourke
2071:Colonial Office
2029:
2021:Main articles:
2019:
2007:Main articles:
2005:
1983:From the 1820s
1977:Napoleonic Wars
1964:
1952:William Redfern
1838:
1720:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1623:Terra Australis
1607:TERRA AUSTRALIS
1581:, published in
1573:New South Wales
1550:
1544:
1539:
1477:, travelled to
1457:William Dampier
1442:
1422:, and to sight
1358:Willem Janszoon
1356:, captained by
1339:, now known as
1324:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:William Dampier
1290:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:Willem Janszoon
1236:
1228:
1223:
1221:Terra Australis
1217:Terra incognita
1213:
1207:
1189:framework, the
1042:
1032:
1026:
876:
844:
824:
689:Performing arts
687:
629:
590:
586:
573:
563:
527:
525:
520:
519:
510:
502:
501:
454:South Australia
418:New South Wales
394:State/Territory
387:
379:
378:
325:
317:
316:
187:
179:
178:
177:
135:
131:
123:
108:
104:
95:
83:
77:
74:
55:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22352:
22342:
22341:
22324:
22323:
22321:
22320:
22315:
22313:Vaucluse House
22310:
22305:
22300:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22275:
22270:
22265:
22260:
22255:
22250:
22245:
22243:Elizabeth Farm
22240:
22235:
22230:
22225:
22220:
22215:
22209:
22207:
22199:
22198:
22195:
22194:
22192:
22191:
22186:
22181:
22176:
22171:
22165:
22163:
22159:
22158:
22156:
22155:
22147:
22143:The Transports
22138:
22136:
22132:
22131:
22129:
22128:
22120:
22116:The Lieutenant
22112:
22104:
22096:
22088:
22080:
22072:
22064:
22056:
22048:
22040:
22032:
22028:The Wild Goose
22024:
22016:
22008:
22000:
21994:
21992:
21988:
21987:
21985:
21984:
21976:
21968:
21960:
21952:
21944:
21936:
21928:
21919:
21917:
21913:
21912:
21910:
21909:
21901:
21893:
21885:
21877:
21869:
21861:
21853:
21845:
21837:
21829:
21821:
21813:
21805:
21797:
21789:
21781:
21773:
21765:
21757:
21749:
21741:
21732:
21730:
21726:
21725:
21723:
21722:
21715:
21708:
21701:
21694:
21688:
21686:
21679:
21675:
21674:
21671:
21670:
21668:
21667:
21662:
21657:
21652:
21650:Joseph Potaski
21647:
21642:
21637:
21632:
21627:
21622:
21617:
21612:
21607:
21602:
21597:
21592:
21587:
21581:
21579:
21573:
21572:
21570:
21569:
21564:
21559:
21553:
21551:
21547:
21546:
21544:
21543:
21538:
21533:
21528:
21526:Frank the Poet
21523:
21518:
21512:
21510:
21506:
21505:
21503:
21502:
21497:
21492:
21490:William Cuffay
21486:
21484:
21480:
21479:
21477:
21476:
21471:
21469:Thomas Watling
21466:
21461:
21459:Charles Rodius
21456:
21451:
21446:
21441:
21436:
21431:
21429:Richard Browne
21426:
21421:
21419:Joseph Backler
21415:
21413:
21409:
21408:
21406:
21405:
21400:
21395:
21390:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21368:William Chopin
21365:
21360:
21355:
21350:
21345:
21343:William Bryant
21340:
21335:
21330:
21324:
21322:
21314:
21313:
21311:
21310:
21305:
21299:
21297:
21293:
21292:
21290:
21289:
21284:
21279:
21274:
21272:Robert Sidaway
21269:
21264:
21259:
21254:
21249:
21244:
21239:
21234:
21229:
21224:
21219:
21213:
21211:
21207:
21206:
21204:
21203:
21196:
21191:
21184:
21178:
21176:
21169:
21159:
21158:
21156:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21115:
21110:
21105:
21103:Eardley-Wilmot
21100:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21070:
21065:
21059:
21057:
21048:
21047:
21045:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21032:Norfolk Island
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21008:
21006:
21000:
20999:
20997:
20996:
20991:
20988:Catalpa rescue
20985:
20979:
20970:
20961:
20952:
20943:
20934:
20928:
20919:
20913:
20904:
20895:
20889:
20883:
20874:
20868:
20862:
20855:
20853:
20849:
20848:
20846:
20845:
20840:
20838:Sullivans Cove
20835:
20830:
20823:Norfolk Island
20820:
20810:
20805:
20800:
20795:
20790:
20785:
20780:
20775:
20770:
20764:
20762:
20760:Penal colonies
20756:
20755:
20753:
20752:
20747:
20742:
20732:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20706:
20703:
20702:
20695:
20694:
20687:
20680:
20672:
20663:
20662:
20660:
20659:
20654:
20647:
20646:
20639:
20632:
20624:
20623:
20620:
20619:
20616:
20615:
20613:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20597:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20572:
20567:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20547:
20542:
20537:
20532:
20526:
20524:
20518:
20517:
20515:
20514:
20509:
20504:
20499:
20494:
20489:
20484:
20483:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20462:
20457:
20452:
20447:
20442:
20437:
20432:
20427:
20422:
20417:
20412:
20407:
20402:
20397:
20391:
20385:
20379:
20378:
20375:
20374:
20372:
20371:
20369:Welfare system
20366:
20361:
20356:
20351:
20346:
20344:Superannuation
20341:
20339:Stock exchange
20336:
20331:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20311:
20306:
20305:
20304:
20302:Public housing
20297:Home ownership
20294:
20289:
20284:
20279:
20273:
20267:
20261:
20260:
20257:
20256:
20254:
20253:
20252:
20251:
20244:Prime Minister
20241:
20240:
20239:
20229:
20228:
20227:
20216:
20214:
20208:
20207:
20205:
20204:
20202:Shadow Cabinet
20199:
20198:
20197:
20192:
20182:
20180:Public Service
20177:
20176:
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20155:
20150:
20145:
20140:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20109:
20108:
20103:
20098:
20088:
20083:
20082:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20061:
20056:
20054:Federal budget
20051:
20050:
20049:
20044:
20039:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20013:
20007:
20001:
20000:
19997:
19996:
19994:
19993:
19988:
19983:
19977:
19975:
19969:
19968:
19966:
19965:
19960:
19955:
19950:
19945:
19940:
19935:
19930:
19925:
19920:
19915:
19910:
19909:
19908:
19898:
19893:
19888:
19886:Climate change
19883:
19877:
19871:
19865:
19864:
19861:
19860:
19858:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19842:
19837:
19832:
19827:
19822:
19817:
19815:Constitutional
19812:
19806:
19804:
19800:
19799:
19797:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19745:
19739:
19733:
19732:
19721:
19720:
19713:
19706:
19698:
19689:
19688:
19653:
19652:
19650:
19649:
19644:
19639:
19634:
19629:
19627:Norfolk Island
19624:
19619:
19614:
19609:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19589:
19587:American Samoa
19583:
19581:
19575:
19574:
19572:
19571:
19566:
19560:
19558:
19557:of New Zealand
19552:
19551:
19549:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19477:
19475:
19471:
19470:
19463:
19462:
19455:
19448:
19440:
19431:
19430:
19428:
19427:
19417:
19411:
19402:
19397:
19391:
19382:
19376:
19373:
19372:
19367:
19366:
19359:
19352:
19344:
19338:
19335:
19334:
19322:
19321:
19319:
19318:
19316:Norfolk Island
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19282:
19280:
19272:
19271:
19269:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19252:
19250:
19242:
19241:
19239:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19207:
19205:
19199:
19198:
19193:
19192:
19185:
19178:
19170:
19164:
19163:
19158:
19152:
19147:
19141:
19135:
19125:
19113:
19108:
19101:
19093:
19088:
19078:
19073:
19058:
19057:External links
19055:
19050:Main article:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19041:
19034:
19023:
19013:
19004:online edition
18996:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18980:
18973:
18970:
18959:
18940:
18929:
18922:
18919:
18908:
18905:
18902:William Jansz.
18898:
18891:
18880:
18873:
18863:
18856:
18846:
18839:
18836:
18833:
18826:
18816:
18806:
18803:
18792:
18785:
18778:
18771:
18764:
18747:
18740:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18724:
18713:
18698:
18688:
18683:. (PhD diss.,
18674:
18669:Tasman, Abel:
18667:
18657:
18647:
18640:
18635:Stapel, F.W.:
18633:
18626:
18619:
18612:
18605:
18598:
18583:
18576:
18569:Voyage to the
18565:
18558:
18551:
18544:
18533:
18526:
18515:
18505:
18494:
18484:
18474:
18460:
18450:
18431:
18420:Mutch, T. D.:
18418:
18408:
18405:978-0733332371
18387:
18382:McHugh, Evan:
18380:
18373:
18366:
18359:
18349:
18339:
18328:
18317:
18310:
18303:
18292:
18281:
18270:
18263:
18256:
18246:
18239:
18226:
18217:Jacob Le Maire
18211:
18204:
18197:Duyker, Edward
18194:
18182:
18172:
18157:
18137:
18123:
18116:
18097:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18069:
18062:
18057:Welsh, Frank.
18055:
18041:
18034:
18025:Millar, T. B.
18023:
18016:
18009:
18004:Martin, A. W.
18002:
17988:
17978:
17971:
17961:
17950:
17943:
17929:
17922:
17913:online edition
17905:
17898:
17891:
17882:online edition
17874:
17864:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17848:
17842:
17827:
17820:
17813:
17811:online edition
17803:
17796:
17790:
17774:
17767:
17753:
17747:
17734:
17727:
17720:
17711:online edition
17703:
17697:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17675:
17674:
17661:
17648:
17635:
17622:
17609:
17596:
17583:
17574:
17567:
17549:
17540:
17537:. p. 573.
17525:
17516:
17509:
17479:
17459:
17431:
17422:
17409:
17396:
17389:
17371:
17362:
17332:
17306:
17299:
17278:
17265:
17256:
17247:
17233:
17226:
17208:
17199:
17186:
17179:
17161:
17146:
17129:
17103:
17077:
17074:. p. 180.
17062:
17036:
17027:
17018:
17009:
16997:
16984:
16972:
16946:
16917:
16891:
16878:
16866:
16848:
16839:
16830:
16821:
16812:
16803:
16794:
16781:
16772:
16746:
16733:
16721:
16709:
16697:
16690:
16669:
16657:
16645:
16633:
16624:
16615:
16606:
16597:
16588:
16579:
16557:
16554:. p. 344.
16542:
16535:
16517:
16504:
16474:
16444:
16418:
16415:. 23 May 2022.
16400:
16374:
16348:
16317:
16287:
16261:
16235:
16224:. 4 March 2021
16209:
16180:
16150:
16124:
16094:
16069:
16060:
16034:
16008:
15982:
15975:
15957:
15927:
15901:
15892:
15883:
15874:
15865:
15852:
15843:
15817:
15815:. pp. 514
15804:
15786:
15773:
15747:
15732:
15723:
15714:
15681:
15672:
15660:
15651:
15638:
15629:
15620:
15590:
15581:
15572:
15563:
15554:
15528:
15519:
15510:
15501:
15494:
15476:
15467:
15452:
15443:
15414:
15388:
15367:
15338:
15329:
15320:
15311:
15304:
15286:
15256:
15247:
15238:
15225:
15218:
15200:
15187:
15150:
15141:
15132:
15103:
15094:
15085:
15065:
15058:
15040:
15011:(90): 119β36.
15005:Labour History
14995:
14986:
14977:
14960:
14951:
14942:
14933:
14927:Russell Ward,
14920:
14913:
14892:
14872:
14859:
14846:
14826:
14817:
14808:
14788:
14768:
14759:
14739:
14730:
14718:
14709:
14700:
14696:Neville Bonner
14688:
14679:|journal=
14652:
14632:
14623:
14597:
14588:
14581:
14555:
14548:
14528:
14519:
14510:
14501:
14492:
14469:
14449:
14432:
14425:
14402:
14393:
14384:
14375:
14349:
14340:
14320:
14301:
14278:
14267:on 30 May 2008
14248:
14241:
14214:
14195:
14181:
14172:
14152:
14126:
14117:
14108:
14099:
14090:
14081:
14072:
14060:
14040:
14031:
14022:
14011:
14000:
13987:
13965:
13943:
13932:
13917:
13895:
13884:on 14 May 2011
13869:
13843:
13834:
13808:
13786:
13770:
13761:
13741:
13732:
13723:
13714:
13705:
13696:
13683:
13654:
13634:
13614:
13602:
13571:
13559:
13550:
13541:
13532:
13517:
13506:on 6 July 2011
13490:
13463:
13452:on 6 July 2011
13436:
13410:
13401:
13392:
13379:
13370:
13350:
13327:
13319:Anne Henderson
13311:
13302:
13293:
13266:
13257:
13248:
13228:
13216:
13207:
13187:
13176:on 4 June 2012
13160:
13151:
13133:
13106:
13079:
13070:
13061:
13052:
13043:
13034:
13025:
13016:
13004:
12984:
12975:
12966:
12957:
12947:online edition
12938:
12926:Britannica.com
12913:
12886:
12877:
12852:
12845:
12827:
12818:
12792:
12783:
12774:
12765:
12756:
12747:
12738:
12729:
12720:
12711:
12699:
12690:
12681:
12672:
12663:
12654:
12634:
12625:
12616:
12607:
12598:
12589:
12582:
12564:
12555:
12546:
12537:
12528:
12519:
12493:
12463:
12454:
12445:
12436:
12427:
12418:
12409:
12400:
12391:
12382:
12373:
12364:
12355:
12346:
12337:
12328:
12321:
12303:
12296:
12278:
12251:
12239:
12230:
12221:
12212:
12203:
12190:
12175:
12166:
12157:
12148:
12139:
12130:
12115:
12112:. p. 248.
12100:
12085:
12076:
12059:
12050:
12043:
12025:
12005:
11996:
11981:
11972:
11963:
11948:
11933:
11931:. pp. 187
11920:
11911:
11902:
11893:
11884:
11871:
11862:
11853:
11844:
11835:
11820:
11807:
11795:
11786:
11760:
11747:
11736:. 4 April 2019
11721:
11705:
11692:
11683:
11674:
11661:
11648:
11635:
11626:
11611:
11598:
11591:
11573:
11560:
11551:
11544:
11524:
11515:
11500:
11491:
11478:
11465:
11456:
11443:
11424:(3): 396β411.
11404:
11395:
11382:
11369:
11360:
11351:
11338:
11321:
11312:
11303:
11294:
11285:
11276:
11267:
11254:
11245:
11236:
11209:
11196:
11187:
11178:
11175:. p. 344.
11163:
11154:
11145:
11136:
11127:
11118:
11103:
11090:
11081:
11072:
11063:
11028:
11002:
10961:
10948:
10941:
10923:
10896:
10869:
10857:
10850:
10832:
10823:
10814:
10799:
10788:. 11 June 2021
10773:
10754:Heney, Helen.
10746:
10727:D.W.A. Baker.
10719:
10710:
10691:H.J. Gibbney.
10683:
10656:
10647:
10615:
10602:
10593:
10584:
10575:
10559:
10544:
10518:
10499:A.T. Yarwood.
10491:
10464:
10438:
10429:
10402:
10399:. p. 323.
10387:
10378:
10357:10.1086/386032
10351:(3): 250β279.
10335:
10318:
10309:
10296:
10287:
10278:
10269:
10260:
10251:
10242:
10233:
10226:
10208:
10199:
10190:
10181:
10166:
10157:
10146:on 6 July 2011
10131:
10120:on 2 June 2011
10105:
10094:on 2 June 2011
10079:
10067:
10055:
10046:
10037:
10003:
9994:
9987:
9969:
9944:
9935:
9926:
9911:
9898:
9889:
9880:
9866:
9846:
9831:
9828:. p. 297.
9816:
9807:
9798:
9771:
9762:
9755:
9734:
9725:
9698:
9691:
9673:
9664:
9651:
9621:
9595:
9586:
9559:
9541:
9528:
9512:
9499:
9486:
9473:
9460:
9447:
9434:
9417:
9404:
9391:
9371:
9356:
9343:
9331:
9306:
9293:
9260:
9243:
9228:
9215:
9198:
9189:
9168:
9148:
9135:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9080:"Tasman, Abel"
9066:
9038:
9007:
8998:
8972:
8952:
8943:
8934:
8925:
8918:
8900:
8893:
8872:
8863:
8854:
8816:
8807:
8776:
8745:
8736:
8729:
8711:
8708:. p. 294.
8696:
8677:
8670:
8649:
8640:
8631:
8622:
8613:
8601:
8592:
8573:
8553:
8544:
8525:
8505:
8486:
8466:
8447:
8427:
8420:
8398:
8328:
8275:Geoarchaeology
8258:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8096:
8080:
8077:
8040:Henry Reynolds
8032:Charles Rowley
7976:Donald Horne's
7914:Charles Bean's
7891:Main article:
7888:
7887:Historiography
7885:
7856:Cate Blanchett
7805:Geoffrey Serle
7703:Breaker Morant
7629:(1976β83) and
7577:Main article:
7574:
7571:
7537:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7485:
7482:
7440:
7437:
7365:was appointed
7351:Neville Bonner
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7205:Rachel Perkins
7144:Main article:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7051:
7048:
6990:TrαΊ§n ΔαΊ‘i Quang
6978:
6975:
6907:
6904:
6900:Scott Morrison
6868:
6865:
6835:Following the
6741:
6738:
6714:Kyoto Protocol
6630:Australian-led
6587:Following the
6576:Pauline Hanson
6565:Peter Costello
6545:Prime Minister
6507:
6504:
6499:Main article:
6496:
6493:
6323:
6320:
6283:Malcolm Fraser
6275:
6272:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6158:Vietnamization
6146:1969 elections
6066:Main article:
6063:
6060:
5968:
5965:
5933:Neville Bonner
5906:Neville Bonner
5887:
5884:
5849:Barry McKenzie
5782:
5779:
5727:Arthur Calwell
5688:
5685:
5647:Chips Rafferty
5631:Johnny O'Keefe
5593:Arthur Calwell
5526:occupied Japan
5474:Robert Menzies
5446:
5443:
5438:Main article:
5435:
5432:
5370:in early 1942.
5360:Imperial Japan
5307:Main article:
5304:
5301:
5167:Sydney Harbour
5140:at Tarsau, in
5013:Greek campaign
4903:Robert Menzies
4897:, in June 1945
4866:
4863:
4780:1937 elections
4768:Robert Menzies
4759:
4756:
4740:
4737:
4698:
4695:
4612:Anne Henderson
4420:Main article:
4417:
4414:
4367:Ashmore Island
4363:Norfolk Island
4313:British Empire
4305:British Empire
4221:
4218:
4213:Southern Cross
4148:The fledgling
4105:National Party
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3944:
3941:
3893:
3892:The home front
3890:
3847:Will Longstaff
3797:Central Powers
3793:Ottoman Empire
3789:Constantinople
3736:
3733:
3711:
3708:
3628:Harvester case
3504:
3501:
3416:Main article:
3413:
3410:
3389:Banjo Paterson
3329:Banjo Paterson
3326:bush balladeer
3285:Main article:
3282:
3279:
3203:
3200:
3109:William Strutt
3093:
3090:
3054:Main article:
3051:
3048:
3016:Main article:
3013:
3010:
2978:
2975:
2916:
2913:
2908:Main article:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2841:Augustus Earle
2828:
2825:
2730:Appin massacre
2678:Main article:
2675:
2672:
2650:
2647:
2623:
2620:
2543:Edmund Kennedy
2528:John Longstaff
2460:William Hovell
2441:William Lawson
2380:Main article:
2377:
2374:
2370:Mary MacKillop
2324:Samuel Marsden
2320:Arthur Phillip
2307:
2304:
2278:Businesswoman
2271:
2268:
2234:
2231:
2196:Main article:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2146:Letters Patent
2031:After hosting
2004:
2001:
1963:
1960:
1933:Blue Mountains
1913:John Macarthur
1889:Thomas Watling
1837:
1834:
1817:Norfolk Island
1799:β Thomas Gosse
1783:Arthur Phillip
1757:Arthur Phillip
1706:
1703:
1698:Main article:
1695:
1692:
1680:Norfolk Island
1619:John Callander
1546:Main article:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1522:In March 1772
1470:in command of
1441:
1438:
1320: 1801β03
1316:
1311: 1797β99
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1068:, arriving by
1054:Aboriginal art
1052:. Evidence of
1028:Main article:
1025:
1022:
997:British Empire
878:
877:
875:
874:
867:
860:
852:
849:
848:
836:
835:
834:
833:
828:
822:
817:
812:
807:
799:
798:
794:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
744:
739:
734:
729:
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
685:
684:
683:
673:
668:
660:
659:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
641:
640:
635:
624:
619:
611:
610:
606:
605:
595:
594:
582:
581:
565:
564:
562:
561:
554:
547:
539:
536:
535:
522:
521:
518:
517:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
498:
497:
492:
486:
485:
480:
474:
473:
468:
462:
461:
456:
450:
449:
444:
438:
437:
432:
426:
425:
420:
414:
413:
408:
402:
401:
396:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
359:
354:
349:
344:
343:
342:
332:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
302:Rail transport
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
262:Historiography
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
136:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
113:
112:
100:
99:
85:
84:
64:it, or adding
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22351:
22340:
22337:
22336:
22334:
22319:
22316:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22298:Richmond Gaol
22296:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22273:Lennox Bridge
22271:
22269:
22266:
22264:
22261:
22259:
22256:
22254:
22251:
22249:
22246:
22244:
22241:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22210:
22208:
22206:
22205:Convict Sites
22200:
22190:
22187:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22166:
22164:
22160:
22153:
22152:
22148:
22145:
22144:
22140:
22139:
22137:
22133:
22126:
22125:
22121:
22118:
22117:
22113:
22110:
22109:
22105:
22102:
22101:
22097:
22094:
22093:
22089:
22086:
22085:
22081:
22078:
22077:
22073:
22070:
22069:
22068:The Playmaker
22065:
22062:
22061:
22057:
22054:
22053:
22049:
22046:
22045:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22033:
22030:
22029:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22017:
22014:
22013:
22009:
22006:
22005:
22001:
21999:
21996:
21995:
21993:
21989:
21982:
21981:
21977:
21974:
21973:
21969:
21966:
21965:
21961:
21958:
21957:
21953:
21950:
21949:
21945:
21942:
21941:
21937:
21934:
21933:
21929:
21926:
21925:
21921:
21920:
21918:
21914:
21907:
21906:
21902:
21899:
21898:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21886:
21883:
21882:
21878:
21875:
21874:
21870:
21867:
21866:
21862:
21859:
21858:
21854:
21851:
21850:
21846:
21843:
21842:
21841:To New Shores
21838:
21835:
21834:
21830:
21827:
21826:
21822:
21819:
21818:
21814:
21811:
21810:
21806:
21803:
21802:
21798:
21795:
21794:
21790:
21787:
21786:
21782:
21779:
21778:
21774:
21771:
21770:
21766:
21763:
21762:
21758:
21755:
21754:
21750:
21747:
21746:
21742:
21739:
21738:
21734:
21733:
21731:
21727:
21720:
21716:
21713:
21709:
21706:
21702:
21699:
21695:
21693:
21690:
21689:
21687:
21683:
21680:
21676:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21645:Isaac Nichols
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21626:
21623:
21621:
21618:
21616:
21613:
21611:
21608:
21606:
21603:
21601:
21598:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21582:
21580:
21574:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21558:
21555:
21554:
21552:
21548:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21532:
21529:
21527:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21516:Denis Cashman
21514:
21513:
21511:
21507:
21501:
21498:
21496:
21493:
21491:
21488:
21487:
21485:
21481:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21467:
21465:
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21454:Joseph Lycett
21452:
21450:
21447:
21445:
21442:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21432:
21430:
21427:
21425:
21422:
21420:
21417:
21416:
21414:
21410:
21404:
21401:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21333:Matthew Brady
21331:
21329:
21326:
21325:
21323:
21319:
21315:
21309:
21306:
21304:
21301:
21300:
21298:
21294:
21288:
21285:
21283:
21280:
21278:
21275:
21273:
21270:
21268:
21265:
21263:
21260:
21258:
21257:Solomon Levey
21255:
21253:
21250:
21248:
21245:
21243:
21240:
21238:
21237:William Field
21235:
21233:
21230:
21228:
21227:Daniel Cooper
21225:
21223:
21222:Daniel Connor
21220:
21218:
21217:Enoch Barratt
21215:
21214:
21212:
21210:Entrepreneurs
21208:
21202:
21201:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21189:
21185:
21183:
21182:William Bland
21180:
21179:
21177:
21173:
21170:
21167:and personnel
21164:
21160:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21144:
21141:
21139:
21136:
21134:
21131:
21129:
21126:
21124:
21121:
21119:
21116:
21114:
21111:
21109:
21106:
21104:
21101:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21074:
21071:
21069:
21066:
21064:
21061:
21060:
21058:
21053:
21049:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21009:
21007:
21005:
21004:Convict ships
21001:
20995:
20992:
20989:
20986:
20983:
20980:
20977:
20976:
20973:Wreck of the
20971:
20968:
20967:
20964:Wreck of the
20962:
20959:
20958:
20955:Wreck of the
20953:
20950:
20948:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20935:
20932:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20920:
20917:
20914:
20911:
20910:disappearance
20909:
20905:
20902:
20901:
20896:
20893:
20892:Rum Rebellion
20890:
20887:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20875:
20872:
20869:
20866:
20863:
20860:
20857:
20856:
20854:
20850:
20844:
20841:
20839:
20836:
20834:
20831:
20828:
20824:
20821:
20818:
20814:
20811:
20809:
20806:
20804:
20801:
20799:
20796:
20794:
20791:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20776:
20774:
20771:
20769:
20766:
20765:
20763:
20761:
20757:
20751:
20748:
20746:
20743:
20740:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20715:Australia Day
20713:
20711:
20708:
20707:
20704:
20700:
20693:
20688:
20686:
20681:
20679:
20674:
20673:
20670:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20649:
20644:
20640:
20637:
20633:
20630:
20626:
20625:
20621:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20541:
20538:
20536:
20533:
20531:
20528:
20527:
20525:
20523:
20519:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20475:Ethnic groups
20473:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20456:
20453:
20451:
20448:
20446:
20443:
20441:
20438:
20436:
20433:
20431:
20428:
20426:
20423:
20421:
20418:
20416:
20413:
20411:
20408:
20406:
20403:
20401:
20398:
20396:
20393:
20392:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20380:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20340:
20337:
20335:
20332:
20330:
20327:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20314:Manufacturing
20312:
20310:
20307:
20303:
20300:
20299:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20285:
20283:
20280:
20278:
20275:
20274:
20271:
20268:
20266:
20262:
20250:
20247:
20246:
20245:
20242:
20238:
20235:
20234:
20233:
20230:
20226:
20223:
20222:
20221:
20218:
20217:
20215:
20213:
20209:
20203:
20200:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20187:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20168:Republicanism
20166:
20164:
20161:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20135:
20134:
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20123:National debt
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20107:
20104:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20093:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20066:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20034:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20014:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20002:
19992:
19989:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19978:
19976:
19974:
19970:
19964:
19961:
19959:
19956:
19954:
19951:
19949:
19946:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19929:
19926:
19924:
19921:
19919:
19916:
19914:
19911:
19907:
19904:
19903:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19878:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19866:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19836:
19833:
19831:
19828:
19826:
19823:
19821:
19818:
19816:
19813:
19811:
19808:
19807:
19805:
19801:
19795:
19792:
19790:
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19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
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19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
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19747:
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19730:
19726:
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19714:
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19707:
19705:
19700:
19699:
19696:
19684:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19622:New Caledonia
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19602:Easter Island
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19582:
19576:
19570:
19567:
19565:
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19561:
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19468:
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19438:
19425:
19421:
19418:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19395:
19394:South America
19392:
19390:
19389:North America
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19377:
19374:
19365:
19360:
19358:
19353:
19351:
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19345:
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19336:
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19312:
19309:
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19278:
19273:
19267:
19264:
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19259:
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19254:
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19251:
19248:
19243:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
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19214:
19212:
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19159:
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19129:
19126:
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19112:
19109:
19107:
19106:
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19099:
19098:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19083:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19071:
19066:
19065:
19061:
19060:
19053:
19039:
19035:
19032:
19028:
19024:
19022:
19018:
19014:
19012:
19008:
19005:
19001:
18997:
18995:(2 vol. 1950)
18994:
18990:
18989:
18978:
18974:
18971:
18968:
18964:
18960:
18957:
18956:9781876944636
18953:
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18938:
18934:
18930:
18927:
18923:
18920:
18917:
18913:
18909:
18906:
18903:
18899:
18896:
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18885:
18881:
18878:
18874:
18872:
18868:
18864:
18861:
18857:
18855:
18851:
18847:
18844:
18840:
18837:
18834:
18831:
18827:
18824:
18820:
18817:
18815:
18811:
18807:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18793:
18790:
18786:
18783:
18779:
18776:
18772:
18769:
18765:
18763:
18759:
18755:
18751:
18748:
18745:
18741:
18738:
18734:
18733:
18722:
18720:
18714:
18711:
18710:9781876944636
18707:
18703:
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18696:
18694:
18689:
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18675:
18672:
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18631:
18627:
18624:
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18617:
18613:
18610:
18606:
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18596:
18595:9789061942603
18592:
18588:
18584:
18581:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18566:
18563:
18559:
18556:
18553:Ryan, Simon:
18552:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18534:
18531:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18516:
18513:
18512:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18495:
18492:
18491:
18485:
18482:
18478:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18464:
18463:Peters, Nonja
18461:
18458:
18454:
18451:
18448:
18444:
18440:
18438:
18432:
18429:
18428:
18424:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18409:
18406:
18402:
18398:
18396:
18391:
18388:
18385:
18381:
18378:
18375:Leys, Simon:
18374:
18371:
18368:Kenny, John:
18367:
18364:
18360:
18357:
18356:
18350:
18347:
18346:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18318:
18315:
18311:
18308:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18271:
18268:
18264:
18261:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18247:
18244:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18230:
18229:Edwards, Hugh
18227:
18224:
18222:
18218:
18212:
18209:
18205:
18202:
18198:
18195:
18192:
18189:
18183:
18180:
18176:
18173:
18170:
18166:
18162:
18158:
18155:
18154:9780609607664
18151:
18147:
18146:
18141:
18138:
18135:
18131:
18127:
18124:
18121:
18117:
18114:
18110:
18108:
18105:(1629) &
18104:
18098:
18095:
18094:
18090:
18084:
18083:
18067:
18063:
18060:
18056:
18054:
18050:
18046:
18042:
18039:
18035:
18032:
18028:
18024:
18021:
18017:
18014:
18010:
18007:
18003:
18001:
18000:0-521-60101-0
17997:
17993:
17989:
17987:
17983:
17979:
17976:
17972:
17969:
17965:
17962:
17959:
17955:
17952:Kelly, Paul.
17951:
17948:
17944:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17927:
17923:
17921:
17917:
17914:
17910:
17906:
17903:
17899:
17896:
17892:
17890:
17886:
17883:
17879:
17875:
17873:
17869:
17865:
17862:
17858:
17857:
17845:
17843:0-86840-756-9
17839:
17835:
17834:
17828:
17825:
17821:
17818:
17814:
17812:
17808:
17804:
17801:
17797:
17793:
17787:
17783:
17779:
17775:
17772:
17768:
17766:
17762:
17758:
17754:
17750:
17748:9781864484243
17744:
17740:
17735:
17732:
17728:
17725:
17721:
17719:
17715:
17712:
17708:
17704:
17700:
17694:
17690:
17685:
17684:
17671:
17665:
17659:. pp. 579β80.
17658:
17652:
17646:. pp. 270β73.
17645:
17639:
17632:
17626:
17619:
17613:
17607:. pp. 288β294
17606:
17600:
17593:
17587:
17578:
17570:
17568:9781742233710
17564:
17560:
17553:
17544:
17536:
17529:
17520:
17512:
17510:9780191542411
17506:
17502:
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17490:
17483:
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17469:
17463:
17447:
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17441:
17435:
17426:
17419:
17413:
17406:
17400:
17392:
17386:
17382:
17375:
17366:
17351:on 7 May 2021
17350:
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17317:
17310:
17302:
17300:9781921867606
17296:
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16888:
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16857:
16855:
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16843:
16834:
16825:
16816:
16807:
16798:
16791:
16785:
16776:
16761:. 3 June 2015
16760:
16756:
16755:"Land rights"
16750:
16743:
16737:
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16718:
16713:
16706:
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15495:9781107011540
15491:
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15305:9781742579337
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15236:(1992) p. 660
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14843:0-908094-47-7
14840:
14836:
14830:
14821:
14812:
14806:
14805:0-582-68253-3
14802:
14798:
14792:
14786:
14785:0-00-636391-1
14782:
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14756:0-03-900122-9
14753:
14749:
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14723:
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14514:
14505:
14496:
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14489:0-19-554613-X
14486:
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14467:
14466:0-07-452615-4
14463:
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14337:0-333-35712-4
14334:
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13651:0-642-02255-0
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13632:
13631:0-86824-155-5
13628:
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13347:0-908011-06-7
13344:
13340:
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13297:
13281:
13277:
13274:Nairn, Bede.
13270:
13261:
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13246:
13245:0-19-553544-8
13242:
13238:
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13001:0-06-312033-X
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12651:0-14-003383-1
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11992:
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11805:, p. 220
11804:
11803:Bellanta 2013
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11592:9781107691612
11588:
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11577:
11570:
11564:
11555:
11547:
11541:
11537:
11536:
11528:
11519:
11511:
11504:
11495:
11488:
11482:
11475:
11469:
11460:
11454:. p. 345
11453:
11447:
11439:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11408:
11399:
11392:
11386:
11379:
11373:
11364:
11355:
11348:
11342:
11335:
11331:
11325:
11316:
11307:
11298:
11289:
11280:
11271:
11265:. p. 350
11264:
11258:
11249:
11240:
11229:
11222:
11221:
11213:
11206:
11200:
11191:
11182:
11174:
11167:
11158:
11149:
11140:
11131:
11122:
11116:
11112:
11107:
11100:
11094:
11085:
11076:
11067:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11032:
11016:
11012:
11006:
10998:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10965:
10958:
10952:
10944:
10942:9781760528218
10938:
10934:
10927:
10911:
10907:
10900:
10884:
10880:
10873:
10864:
10862:
10853:
10851:9781405038690
10847:
10843:
10836:
10827:
10818:
10810:
10803:
10787:
10783:
10777:
10761:
10757:
10750:
10734:
10730:
10723:
10714:
10698:
10694:
10687:
10671:
10667:
10660:
10651:
10635:
10631:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10612:
10606:
10597:
10588:
10579:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10555:
10548:
10532:
10528:
10522:
10506:
10502:
10495:
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10475:
10468:
10452:
10448:
10442:
10433:
10417:
10413:
10406:
10398:
10391:
10382:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10328:
10322:
10313:
10306:
10300:
10291:
10282:
10273:
10264:
10255:
10246:
10237:
10229:
10227:9781863956703
10223:
10219:
10212:
10203:
10194:
10185:
10177:
10170:
10161:
10145:
10141:
10135:
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10115:
10109:
10093:
10089:
10083:
10074:
10072:
10062:
10060:
10050:
10041:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10016:State Records
10013:
10007:
9998:
9990:
9984:
9980:
9973:
9958:
9954:
9948:
9939:
9930:
9922:
9915:
9908:
9902:
9893:
9884:
9877:
9876:
9870:
9864:
9863:0-85179-697-4
9860:
9856:
9850:
9842:
9835:
9827:
9820:
9811:
9802:
9786:
9782:
9775:
9766:
9758:
9756:9780521833844
9752:
9748:
9741:
9739:
9729:
9713:
9709:
9706:A.G.L. Shaw.
9702:
9694:
9692:9781107011533
9688:
9684:
9677:
9668:
9661:
9655:
9639:
9635:
9628:
9626:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9580:0-609-80695-5
9577:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9555:
9548:
9546:
9538:
9532:
9525:
9519:
9517:
9510:. pp. 89
9509:
9503:
9496:
9490:
9483:
9477:
9470:
9464:
9457:
9451:
9444:
9438:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9414:
9408:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9375:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9347:
9340:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9313:John Harris,
9310:
9303:
9297:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9253:
9247:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9219:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9193:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9172:
9166:
9165:0-571-04775-0
9162:
9158:
9152:
9145:
9139:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9115:
9106:
9105:0-7246-2241-1
9102:
9098:
9097:Edward Duyker
9095:
9094:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9042:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9002:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8969:0-7270-0800-5
8966:
8962:
8956:
8947:
8938:
8929:
8921:
8919:9781760527075
8915:
8911:
8904:
8896:
8894:9780522877854
8890:
8886:
8882:
8881:Sutton, Peter
8876:
8867:
8858:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8823:
8821:
8811:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8749:
8740:
8732:
8730:9781760527075
8726:
8722:
8715:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8689:
8686:
8681:
8673:
8671:9781760528218
8667:
8663:
8656:
8654:
8644:
8635:
8626:
8617:
8608:
8606:
8596:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8557:
8548:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8509:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8454:
8450:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8431:
8423:
8417:
8412:
8411:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8332:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8281:(1): 92β108.
8280:
8276:
8272:
8265:
8263:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8097:
8094:
8083:
8076:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8013:Miriam Dixson
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7981:
7977:
7972:
7971:Manning Clark
7969:(1962, 1968)
7968:
7960:
7959:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7932:Russel Ward's
7928:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7884:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7864:Geoffrey Rush
7861:
7860:Nicole Kidman
7857:
7853:
7849:
7848:George Miller
7845:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7774:Kevin Gilbert
7771:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7730:
7729:Patrick White
7725:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7675:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7627:
7626:The Sullivans
7622:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7545:
7541:
7534:
7520:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7490:
7481:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7461:
7459:
7453:
7445:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7413:
7411:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7386:
7383:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7363:Doug Nicholls
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7283:freedom rides
7280:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7250:
7246:
7243:Tennis No. 1
7241:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6974:
6972:
6969:in a row and
6968:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6903:
6901:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6830:
6829:Julia Gillard
6825:
6823:
6815:
6810:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6768:
6767:Julia Gillard
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:1996 Election
6481:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6466:Mabo decision
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:1993 Election
6420:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6336:
6335:Soviet leader
6332:
6328:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6210:Gough Whitlam
6207:
6199:
6195:
6192:in 1973. The
6191:
6190:Richard Nixon
6187:
6186:Gough Whitlam
6183:
6169:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6142:Tet Offensive
6137:
6135:
6134:Gough Whitlam
6131:
6126:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6094:South Vietnam
6091:
6083:
6082:South Vietnam
6079:
6074:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:nuclear tests
5979:
5975:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5862:In 1954, the
5860:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5711:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5683:(1971β1972).
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:youth culture
5600:
5598:
5597:Gough Whitlam
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5494:Country Party
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5472:Politically,
5468:) and 1949β66
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5434:Post-war boom
5431:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5036:Tobruk, Libya
5033:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4950:1940 election
4947:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4862:
4859:
4858:Thomas Blamey
4854:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4842:John Lavarack
4839:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4682:Melbourne Cup
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:James Scullin
4517:
4516:Stanley Bruce
4513:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:latitude 20Β°S
4352:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4329:Frank Crowley
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4168:Stanley Bruce
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4150:film industry
4146:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4121:Liberal Party
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:Liberal party
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
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3885:
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3878:
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3848:
3844:
3843:8 August 1918
3840:
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3707:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3665:Andrew Fisher
3661:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3632:H. B. Higgins
3629:
3623:
3621:
3613:(c. May 1888)
3612:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:were held in
3551:
3547:
3546:Lord Hopetoun
3543:
3539:
3531:
3530:Alfred Deakin
3527:
3523:
3522:Edmund Barton
3519:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3497:Alfred Deakin
3494:
3493:Edmund Barton
3489:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:protectionist
3446:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3409:
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3399:
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3257:
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3209:
3199:
3195:
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3180:
3176:
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3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:St Kilda Road
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3062:
3057:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:William Bland
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2873:
2868:
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2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:Native Police
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:controversial
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:Willian Gosse
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Gibson Desert
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2558:Coopers Creek
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:Darling River
2484:
2480:
2479:Darling River
2476:
2472:
2471:Charles Sturt
2468:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2456:Hamilton Hume
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2233:Free settlers
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:Darling Downs
2174:
2170:
2167:In 1824, the
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:enabling the
2147:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:Ralph Darling
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Rum Rebellion
1906:
1905:William Bligh
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1846:William Bligh
1842:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:Australia Day
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:Sir John Call
1681:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1599:Emanuel Bowen
1597:In contrast,
1595:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1534:
1532:
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1490:
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1476:
1475:
1469:
1464:
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1458:
1451:
1446:
1437:
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1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1366:Torres Strait
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
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1200:
1196:
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1179:
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1164:
1160:
1151:
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1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Great Britain
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
854:
853:
851:
850:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
829:
827:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
796:
795:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
722:
718:
717:
710:
709:Pro wrestling
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
657:
656:
651:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
608:
607:
601:
597:
596:
593:
584:
583:
580:
577:
571:
570:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
540:
538:
537:
534:
524:
523:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
383:
382:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
341:
338:
337:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
321:
320:
313:
312:Unfree labour
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
183:
182:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
134:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:
102:
101:
98:
93:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
47:
42:This article
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
22149:
22141:
22122:
22114:
22106:
22098:
22090:
22082:
22074:
22066:
22058:
22050:
22042:
22034:
22026:
22018:
22010:
22002:
21978:
21970:
21962:
21954:
21946:
21938:
21930:
21922:
21903:
21895:
21887:
21879:
21873:Adam's Woman
21871:
21863:
21855:
21847:
21839:
21831:
21823:
21815:
21807:
21799:
21791:
21783:
21775:
21767:
21759:
21751:
21743:
21735:
21640:Robert Palin
21625:Mark Jeffrey
21590:John Baughan
21562:James Meehan
21531:Henry Savery
21439:Edmund Edgar
21383:John Mitchel
21373:Michael Howe
21353:Moondyne Joe
21321:and escapees
21287:Samuel Terry
21277:James Squire
21198:
21186:
21017:Second Fleet
20974:
20965:
20956:
20946:
20937:
20922:
20907:
20899:
20877:
20865:Second Fleet
20793:Maria Island
20734:
20720:Emancipation
20643:Bibliography
20530:Architecture
20487:Prostitution
20470:Demographics
20435:Homelessness
20334:Reserve Bank
20148:Conservatism
20096:Constitution
20064:Human rights
20022:Constitution
19973:Subdivisions
19754:Bibliography
19736:
19578:Dependencies
19564:Cook Islands
19480:
19423:
19130:Profiled by
19104:
19096:
19068:
19063:
19037:
19030:
19026:
19020:
19016:
18999:
18992:
18977:DNA Analysis
18966:
18947:
18936:
18925:
18915:
18894:
18887:
18859:
18842:
18829:
18822:
18795:
18788:
18781:
18775:Fire Stories
18774:
18767:
18753:
18743:
18736:
18716:
18701:
18691:
18677:
18670:
18663:
18660:Tasman, Abel
18650:
18643:
18636:
18629:
18622:
18615:
18608:
18601:
18586:
18579:
18568:
18561:
18554:
18547:
18536:
18529:
18518:
18508:
18497:
18487:
18480:
18466:
18456:
18439:to Australia
18434:
18427:Willem Jansz
18421:
18411:
18393:
18383:
18376:
18369:
18362:
18352:
18342:
18331:
18320:
18313:
18306:
18295:
18284:
18273:
18266:
18259:
18249:
18242:
18232:
18214:
18207:
18200:
18185:
18178:
18160:
18143:
18129:
18119:
18100:
18086:
18065:
18058:
18048:
18044:
18037:
18026:
18019:
18012:
18005:
17991:
17981:
17974:
17967:
17957:
17953:
17946:
17932:
17925:
17908:
17901:
17894:
17893:Day, David.
17877:
17867:
17860:
17832:
17823:
17816:
17806:
17799:
17781:
17778:Lewis, Wendy
17770:
17756:
17738:
17730:
17729:Basset, Jan
17723:
17706:
17698:0-17005087-4
17688:
17669:
17664:
17656:
17651:
17643:
17638:
17630:
17625:
17617:
17612:
17604:
17599:
17591:
17586:
17577:
17558:
17552:
17543:
17534:
17528:
17519:
17492:
17482:
17471:
17462:
17450:. Retrieved
17443:
17434:
17425:
17417:
17412:
17404:
17399:
17380:
17374:
17365:
17353:. Retrieved
17349:the original
17344:
17335:
17323:. Retrieved
17319:
17309:
17290:
17273:
17268:
17259:
17250:
17217:
17211:
17202:
17194:
17189:
17170:
17164:
17155:
17149:
17141:
17132:
17120:. Retrieved
17116:the original
17106:
17094:. Retrieved
17089:
17080:
17071:
17065:
17053:. Retrieved
17049:
17039:
17030:
17021:
17012:
16992:
16987:
16979:
16975:
16963:. Retrieved
16959:
16949:
16937:. Retrieved
16932:
16908:. Retrieved
16904:
16894:
16886:
16881:
16873:
16869:
16864:. pp.324β28.
16861:
16842:
16833:
16824:
16815:
16806:
16797:
16792:. pp. 352β54
16789:
16784:
16775:
16763:. Retrieved
16758:
16749:
16741:
16736:
16724:
16712:
16700:
16681:
16678:Lewis, Wendy
16672:
16665:Jimmy Little
16660:
16648:
16636:
16627:
16618:
16609:
16600:
16591:
16582:
16570:. Retrieved
16568:. AEC.gov.au
16566:"AEC.gov.au"
16560:
16551:
16545:
16526:
16520:
16512:
16507:
16495:. Retrieved
16486:
16477:
16465:. Retrieved
16456:
16447:
16435:. Retrieved
16431:
16421:
16412:
16403:
16393:24 September
16391:. Retrieved
16386:
16377:
16367:24 September
16365:. Retrieved
16361:
16351:
16341:24 September
16339:. Retrieved
16335:the original
16330:
16320:
16308:. Retrieved
16304:the original
16299:
16290:
16278:. Retrieved
16273:
16264:
16252:. Retrieved
16247:
16238:
16226:. Retrieved
16221:
16212:
16200:. Retrieved
16195:
16171:. Retrieved
16167:the original
16162:
16153:
16141:. Retrieved
16136:
16127:
16115:. Retrieved
16111:the original
16106:
16097:
16085:. Retrieved
16081:
16072:
16063:
16051:. Retrieved
16047:
16037:
16025:. Retrieved
16021:
16011:
16001:23 September
15999:. Retrieved
15995:
15985:
15966:
15960:
15948:. Retrieved
15944:the original
15939:
15930:
15918:. Retrieved
15914:
15904:
15895:
15886:
15877:
15868:
15860:
15855:
15846:
15836:12 September
15834:. Retrieved
15830:
15820:
15812:
15807:
15798:
15781:
15776:
15764:. Retrieved
15760:
15750:
15741:
15735:
15726:
15717:
15705:. Retrieved
15701:the original
15696:
15675:
15654:
15646:
15641:
15632:
15623:
15611:. Retrieved
15607:the original
15602:
15593:
15584:
15575:
15566:
15557:
15545:. Retrieved
15541:the original
15531:
15522:
15513:
15504:
15485:
15479:
15470:
15461:
15455:
15446:
15434:. Retrieved
15430:the original
15405:. Retrieved
15401:the original
15391:
15375:
15370:
15358:. Retrieved
15354:
15332:
15323:
15314:
15295:
15289:
15277:. Retrieved
15268:
15259:
15250:
15241:
15233:
15232:Paul Kelly,
15228:
15209:
15203:
15195:
15190:
15178:. Retrieved
15174:the original
15169:
15144:
15135:
15123:. Retrieved
15119:the original
15097:
15088:
15080:
15049:
15043:
15008:
15004:
14998:
14989:
14980:
14954:
14945:
14936:
14931:(1977) p 343
14928:
14923:
14904:
14880:
14875:
14867:
14862:
14854:
14849:
14834:
14829:
14820:
14811:
14796:
14791:
14776:
14771:
14762:
14747:
14742:
14733:
14712:
14703:
14691:
14670:cite journal
14655:
14640:
14635:
14626:
14614:. Retrieved
14610:the original
14600:
14591:
14566:
14558:
14538:
14531:
14522:
14513:
14504:
14495:
14480:
14457:
14452:
14442:
14435:
14415:
14396:
14387:
14378:
14366:. Retrieved
14362:the original
14352:
14343:
14328:
14323:
14304:
14292:. Retrieved
14290:. ABC.net.au
14288:"ABC.net.au"
14281:
14269:. Retrieved
14265:the original
14251:
14227:
14217:
14209:The Guardian
14208:
14205:"Slim Dusty"
14198:
14191:
14184:
14175:
14160:
14155:
14143:. Retrieved
14139:the original
14135:"AWM.gov.au"
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13954:. Awm.gov.au
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13908:. Retrieved
13906:. Awm.gov.au
13898:
13886:. Retrieved
13882:the original
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13860:. Retrieved
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13797:. Awm.gov.au
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13781:18#4 (2020)
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13591:. April 1997
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11207:. pp. 346β49
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10669:
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10638:. Retrieved
10633:
10613:. pp. 422β23
10610:
10605:
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10587:
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10573:. pp. 419β20
10570:
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10547:
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10531:the original
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10482:. Retrieved
10477:
10472:K.J. Cable.
10467:
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9637:
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9608:the original
9598:
9589:
9583:google books
9571:
9567:
9566:Alan Frost,
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9052:The Register
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8005:Anne Summers
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7953:Donald Horne
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7844:Baz Luhrmann
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7750:Helen Garner
7738:David Malouf
7726:
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7713:
7712:(1981), the
7707:
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7689:
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7668:John Romeril
7664:Jack Hibberd
7640:Pram Factory
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7321:Jimmy Little
7306:
7300:changed the
7295:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7198:
7186:global surge
7183:
7172:
7161:reviews the
7126:
7115:
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7083:
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7014:
7003:
6994:Donald Trump
6960:
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6918:signing the
6884:
6857:
6834:
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6792:
6772:
6730:
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6706:
6676:, including
6674:Bougainville
6667:
6652:(1999β2003).
6619:
6604:
6601:
6593:Tampa Affair
6573:
6551:following a
6539:
6482:
6478:
6446:
6437:Paul Keating
6407:
6403:Paul Keating
6395:
6380:
6360:
6343:
6308:
6300:Franklin Dam
6292:
6287:Jimmy Carter
6256:Loans Affair
6241:
6234:
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6127:
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6087:
6052:
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5993:Elizabeth II
5990:
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5946:
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5840:Edna Everage
5824:
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5808:
5799:
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5759:John O'Grady
5752:
5732:
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5670:
5655:
5601:
5573:bitter split
5558:
5549:Elizabeth II
5498:
5471:
5412:Joseph Lyons
5404:
5388:
5384:
5373:
5349:
5340:
5293:
5278:
5264:
5258:
5246:
5219:
5195:Kokoda Track
5174:Port Moresby
5171:
5147:
5112:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5044:Lord Haw Haw
5040:Erwin Rommel
5029:
5003:, including
4998:
4954:
4942:Nazi Germany
4934:
4911:
4900:
4855:
4827:
4820:, lost in a
4816:
4777:
4733:
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4704:
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4659:
4644:
4631:
4608:
4601:21-year-old
4587:Joseph Lyons
4564:
4535:Ted Theodore
4528:
4524:Premier Lang
4501:
4468:
4461:Edward Shann
4445:
4391:
4379:Heard Island
4373:(1931); the
4344:
4333:
4290:
4237:Newfoundland
4211:
4192:
4184:Loan Council
4181:
4166:
4147:
4136:
4125:
4102:
4075:
4027:Conscription
4015:Billy Hughes
4012:
3980:Billy Hughes
3946:
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3912:Billy Hughes
3905:
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3741:
3738:
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3669:
3657:
3637:
3624:
3620:Chris Watson
3616:
3585:
3581:the Boer War
3577:
3566:
3535:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3454:Henry Parkes
3447:
3443:
3425:
3421:
3393:The Bulletin
3392:
3386:
3366:
3361:The Bulletin
3360:
3358:
3349:The Bulletin
3347:
3345:
3341:Henry Parkes
3338:
3312:
3304:
3274:
3272:
3241:
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3229:
3216:
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3192:Gulf Country
3181:
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2846:
2835:Portrait of
2821:
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2734:
2723:
2719:
2695:
2668:
2664:
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2631:
2613:
2593:Kings Canyon
2585:Ernest Giles
2574:
2563:
2547:
2536:
2531:
2503:
2495:
2469:
2465:Murray River
2453:
2433:
2413:Investigator
2412:
2396:
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2344:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2285:
2252:
2248:
2227:
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2166:
2134:
2100:
2089:
2074:
2063:Port Phillip
2060:
2030:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1973:
1941:
1928:penal colony
1921:
1901:British Army
1894:
1884:
1850:
1822:
1814:
1806:Second Fleet
1802:
1796:
1765:Port Jackson
1746:
1729:
1725:Second Fleet
1713:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1658:
1638:
1631:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1570:
1556:
1537:Colonisation
1528:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1493:
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1473:
1465:
1455:
1434:
1432:
1410:
1402:Pieter Nuyts
1395:
1389:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1199:The Creation
1175:
1171:
1165:, and built
1163:fish farming
1155:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1093:
1085:Devil's Lair
1074:
1070:land bridges
1059:
1007:through the
1001:Commonwealth
978:
958:penal colony
927:
904:
898:by sea from
883:
881:
810:Coat of arms
789:Video gaming
666:Architecture
616:
572:
398:
393:
232:Constitution
222:Civil rights
202:Antisemitism
173:1945βpresent
103:
94:
88:
75:
43:
26:
22288:Port Arthur
22179:Rajah Quilt
21817:Transported
21705:Moreton Bay
21605:John Cadman
21567:Joseph Wild
21557:John Baxter
21509:Chroniclers
21483:Politicians
21474:James Walsh
21424:Thomas Bock
21388:Thomas Muir
21363:Martin Cash
21358:John Caesar
21338:Mary Bryant
21318:Bushrangers
21282:John Tawell
21267:Mary Reibey
21262:Simeon Lord
21252:Henry Kable
21232:John Davies
21056:commandants
21022:Third Fleet
21012:First Fleet
20918:(1826β1846)
20871:Third Fleet
20859:First Fleet
20808:Risdon Cove
20798:Port Arthur
20783:Moreton Bay
20778:Sydney Cove
20745:New Holland
20605:Anglosphere
20445:Immigration
20410:Citizenship
20277:Agriculture
20163:Nationalism
20106:Enforcement
20079:Transgender
19913:Earthquakes
19901:Environment
19835:Immigration
19764:Archaeology
19678: /
19511:New Zealand
19070:The Monthly
18912:New Holland
18800:, 1606β2006
18471:, 1606β2006
18390:Mundle, Rob
18336:, 1622β1850
18159:Day, Alan:
18134:Pieter Geyl
18118:Bonke, H.:
18093:Abel Tasman
17594:. p. 38-39
17197:. pp.257β58
16744:. p. 345-49
16310:4 September
15784:. pp 513β15
15026:10072/13911
14223:Kent, David
12259:R. Norris.
11758:. p. 233-34
11021:21 December
9024:The Mercury
8368:2440/107043
8069:Pierre Nora
8057:Greg Dening
8011:(1975) and
7786:Yothu Yindi
7742:Murray Bail
7734:Peter Carey
7623:(1973β76),
7588:John Gorton
7425:outstations
7355:Eric Deeral
7309:Lionel Rose
7230:Lionel Rose
7165:during the
7157:, the 31st
7060:Coolangatta
6944:South Korea
6916:Tony Abbott
6891:Tony Abbott
6726:Future Fund
6636:during the
6567:proposed a
6561:WorkChoices
6541:John Howard
6517:, the 25th
6515:John Howard
6489:John Howard
6377:, May 1988.
6373:during the
6369:Opening of
6118:Harold Holt
6062:Vietnam War
6035:Alan Renouf
6015:Oval Office
6007:Harold Holt
5986:Suez Crisis
5917:Harold Holt
5874:, with the
5845:Sandy Stone
5677:John Gorton
5673:Harold Holt
5651:Peter Finch
5620:bush ballad
5553:Wagga Wagga
5538:Maryang San
5518:South Korea
5514:North Korea
5482:Ben Chifley
5396:Beaufighter
5380:John Dedman
5289:Ben Chifley
5222:Axis Powers
5108:John Curtin
5102:US General
4978:John Curtin
4846:John Curtin
4670:Don Bradman
4603:Don Bradman
4571:Labor Party
4556:Philip Game
4508:Labor Party
4440:Philip Game
4271:). Seated:
4245:New Zealand
4196:Cobb and Co
4139:Prohibition
4109:agrarianism
4066:Edith Cowan
3862:John Monash
3785:Dardanelles
3692:Joseph Cook
3478:George Reid
3398:Steele Rudd
3381:Tom Roberts
3301:Tom Roberts
3224: 1890
3132:bushranging
3069: 1880
3034:formed the
2958: 1843
2609:Henry Ayers
2399:George Bass
2397:In 1798β99
2289:Mary Reibey
2219:emancipists
2181:Tweed River
2073:issued the
2067:John Batman
1956:J. T. Bigge
1944:emancipists
1891:, 1794β1796
1877:Sydney Cove
1810:Third Fleet
1769:Sydney Cove
1753:First Fleet
1721: 1790
1668:Lord Sydney
1664:James Matra
1448:Lieutenant
1428:New Holland
1420:New Zealand
1412:Abel Tasman
1373:Dirk Hartog
1333:Abel Tasman
1313:George Bass
1302: 1770
1293: 1699
1284: 1696
1277:Abel Tasman
1275: 1644
1266: 1619
1259:Dirk Hartog
1257: 1616
1248: 1606
1239: 1606
1081:Arnhem Land
980:Gold rushes
954:First Fleet
930:New Holland
633:Immigration
588:Culture of
372:Transgender
267:Immigration
197:Agriculture
106:History of
66:subheadings
22228:Coal Mines
22203:Australian
22092:Jack Maggs
21991:Literature
21916:Television
21865:Botany Bay
21698:Botany Bay
21655:James Ruse
21600:Billy Blue
21296:Architects
20957:George III
20878:Lady Shore
20710:Assignment
20595:Television
20565:Literature
20450:Irreligion
20430:Healthcare
20425:Euthanasia
20405:Censorship
20212:Government
20158:Liberalism
20128:Parliament
19840:Indigenous
19830:Federation
19820:Diplomatic
19794:Since 1945
19759:Prehistory
19400:Antarctica
19216:Queensland
18798:Down Under
18796:The Dutch
18502:in 1696β97
18469:Down Under
18467:The Dutch
18140:Dash, Mike
17941:0099448548
17765:019551503X
17672:pp. 20β23.
17452:20 January
17420:. p. 564-7
17390:0522851282
17227:1855070162
17180:1876040432
16515:. p. 344-5
16497:20 October
16467:14 October
16437:8 November
14974:AWM.gov.au
14857:. pp. 2β3.
14233:Turramurra
13180:21 October
12870:5 November
12811:5 November
12512:25 October
12486:25 October
12322:0195535189
12044:0195506200
11740:20 January
11393:pp. 117β19
11336:(3), p. 18
11015:ABC listen
10981:: 121β43.
9988:0571180744
9325:, Vol. 1,
9209:, Vol. 1,
9179:, Vol. 1,
9088:. Sydney:
9059:31 January
9031:29 January
8800:1 November
8769:1 November
8321:16 October
8196:References
7943:Ian Turner
7939:Bob Gollan
7916:12 volume
7852:Peter Weir
7770:Jack Davis
7754:Tim Winton
7632:Neighbours
7371:Adam Giles
7357:(QLD) and
7340:Adam Giles
7042:under the
6998:Xi Jinping
6924:Xi Jinping
6822:Tony Abbot
6763:Kevin Rudd
6632:coalition
6536:in Sydney.
6252:Jim Cairns
6244:Rex Connor
6154:Jim Cairns
6080:arrive in
5974:Korean War
5828:Robin Boyd
5744:irrigation
5616:Slim Dusty
5581:H.V. Evatt
5561:Korean War
5530:Korean War
5502:Mao Zedong
5408:Enid Lyons
5199:New Guinea
5063:HMAS
5052:Suez Canal
4830:Gavin Long
4815:HMAS
4792:Royal Navy
4647:Paddington
4177:Queensland
4094:Korean War
3658:After the
3554:March 1901
3458:federation
3299:movement,
3136:Kelly gang
2800:Queensland
2745:Windradyne
2589:Kata Tjuta
1881:Aboriginal
1830:Toongabbie
1825:Parramatta
1761:Botany Bay
1645:James Cook
1627:Gustav III
1577:Botany Bay
1498:Botany Bay
1468:James Cook
1450:James Cook
1304:James Cook
1215:See also:
1089:Lake Mungo
1077:Madjedbebe
1034:See also:
999:and later
993:federation
966:Aboriginal
946:Botany Bay
938:James Cook
752:Newspapers
676:Literature
442:Queensland
252:Federation
140:Prehistory
62:condensing
21948:Sara Dane
21665:Mary Wade
21550:Explorers
21444:John Eyre
21434:Knud Bull
21247:Mary Hyde
21138:Macquarie
21052:Governors
20947:Frederick
20788:Redcliffe
20739:1788β1850
20502:Squatting
20455:Languages
20420:Education
20400:Aged care
20364:Transport
20173:Socialism
20153:Far-right
20143:Christian
20138:Anarchism
20101:Judiciary
20037:Donations
20032:Elections
19943:Mountains
19891:Continent
19869:Geography
19789:1901β1945
19784:1851β1900
19779:1788β1850
19725:Australia
19481:Australia
19424:Australia
18191:Mutineers
17911:, (2005)
17276:pp. 12β13
14662:Melbourne
14211:. London.
13012:The Argus
11779:26 August
11438:143060019
11058:143644513
11044:: 68β86.
10373:162223882
9537:The Globe
9524:The Globe
9277:The Globe
8849:162146349
8829:Antiquity
8393:205257212
8377:0028-0836
8311:225321249
8303:0883-6353
7793:Countdown
7727:In 1973,
7709:Gallipoli
7660:Alex Buzo
7544:Blacktown
7417:Mabo Case
7247:was 1971
7190:inflation
7110:Joe Biden
6967:Newspolls
6902:in 2018.
6893:'s rival
6659:democracy
6452:, and an
6331:Bob Hawke
6316:Bob Hawke
6268:John Kerr
6198:dismissed
5880:Melbourne
5872:Melbourne
5834:comedian
5626:", while
5490:coalition
5464:1939β41 (
5089:HMS
5082:HMS
4957:The Blitz
4946:dominions
4788:Singapore
4668:in 1930,
4640:Woollahra
4628:, c. 1930
4543:Jack Lang
4491:, to see
4442:looks on.
4436:Jack Lang
4402:Melbourne
4317:the Crown
4309:Dominions
4253:Australia
4119:with the
4117:coalition
3817:Fromelles
3810:Anzac Day
3801:Gallipoli
3630:of 1907,
3184:Kimberley
3157:sugarcane
2874:, in 1858
2849:Bennelong
2761:Truganini
2752:Black War
2741:Wiradjuri
2614:In 1879,
2599:observed
2564:In 1862,
2561:culture.
2548:In 1860,
2454:In 1824,
2411:HMS
2393:July 1802
2115:Fremantle
2055:Melbourne
1985:squatters
1919:in 1810.
1854:Paramatta
1844:Governor
1733:Cape York
1639:In 1779,
1494:Endeavour
1474:Endeavour
1472:HMS
1461:published
1385:Shark Bay
1371:In 1616,
1150:boomerang
1111:Dreamtime
915:spiritual
826:Monuments
779:Mythology
732:Festivals
591:Australia
483:Melbourne
386:By region
242:Economics
237:Diplomacy
207:Anzac Day
168:1901β1945
163:1851β1900
158:1788β1850
109:Australia
78:June 2023
70:talk page
58:splitting
56:Consider
22333:Category
22044:Moondyne
21972:Banished
21809:Moondyne
21578:convicts
21175:Surgeons
21143:Paterson
21123:Johnston
21108:Franklin
21078:Brisbane
21037:Tasmania
20803:Richmond
20773:Rosehill
20652:Category
20497:Religion
20395:Abortion
20349:Taxation
20118:Monarchy
20113:Military
20069:Intersex
20005:Politics
19986:Capitals
19850:Monarchy
19845:Military
19825:Economic
19803:By topic
19749:Timeline
19729:articles
19666:131Β°14β²E
19496:Kiribati
19385:Americas
19231:Victoria
19226:Tasmania
19119:Archived
19084:page at
19007:Archived
18490:Zuytdorp
17935:(1988).
17916:Archived
17885:Archived
17880:(2002).
17714:Archived
17445:Quadrant
17096:28 April
17055:28 April
16965:26 April
16939:26 April
16910:26 April
16680:(2010).
16491:Archived
16461:Archived
16457:BBC News
16413:BBC News
16387:ABC News
16362:ABC News
16280:19 April
16254:19 April
16228:19 April
16202:19 April
16173:19 April
16143:19 April
16137:ABC News
16117:19 April
16087:19 April
16053:19 April
16027:19 April
15996:ABC News
15950:18 April
15920:13 April
15831:ABC News
15766:17 April
15707:14 April
15613:14 April
15360:12 April
15279:11 April
15273:Archived
15180:11 April
15083:. p. 349
15035:27516117
14313:Archived
14225:(2005).
13862:29 April
12950:Archived
11882:. p. 318
11228:archived
10997:24046930
9285:Archived
9283:: 1β10.
9078:(1949).
8794:Archived
8763:Archived
8688:Archived
8579:Archived
8531:Archived
8492:Archived
8453:Archived
8385:28726833
8315:Archived
8253:21940856
8079:See also
8038:(1970),
7724:(1986).
7706:(1980),
7700:(1979),
7694:(1975),
7688:(1972),
7646:and the
7610:Homicide
7346:in 2016.
7287:Gurindji
7179:election
6698:Iraq War
6696:and the
6634:INTERFET
6591:and the
6578:and her
6289:in 1977.
6048:Cold War
5976:and the
5658:monarchy
5635:Wild One
5606:and its
5516:invaded
5508:won the
5476:and the
5392:Beaufort
5161:sank an
5142:Thailand
5123:air raid
5074:Kormoran
5023:and the
4790:and the
4678:Phar Lap
4651:Victoria
4626:Phar Lap
4398:Canberra
4365:(1914);
4265:Cosgrave
4229:George V
4098:Cold War
4088:and the
3827:and the
3686:won the
3682:The new
3460:and his
3371:such as
3258:and the
2853:Bungaree
2837:Bungaree
2813:Coniston
2587:sighted
2579:and the
2418:Bungaree
2407:Tasmania
2306:Religion
2173:Brisbane
2161:Brisbane
2141:Adelaide
2129:Adelaide
2045:Tasmania
2043:(modern
1875:View of
1862:Richmond
1785:, first
1661:Loyalist
1341:Tasmania
1191:Dreaming
1185:and the
1009:Cold War
948:(now in
907:artistic
772:Internet
737:Folklore
650:Religion
622:Language
576:a series
509:See also
478:Victoria
466:Tasmania
459:Adelaide
447:Brisbane
411:Canberra
367:Marriage
324:By group
307:Religion
287:Monarchy
282:Military
192:Abortion
46:too long
21412:Artists
21148:Phillip
21098:Denison
21088:Darling
21083:Collins
20827:History
20817:History
20730:Freedom
20629:Outline
20600:Theatre
20590:Symbols
20555:Cuisine
20522:Culture
20383:Society
20359:Tourism
20329:Poverty
20265:Economy
20047:Parties
19948:Regions
19938:Islands
19933:Geology
19928:Forests
19896:Deserts
19881:Climate
19855:Railway
19737:History
19663:25Β°21β²S
19642:Tokelau
19546:Vanuatu
19420:Oceania
19405:Eurasia
19033:(1980).
18935:,'; in
18721:in 1642
18523:Islands
18413:Duyfken
18345:Duyfken
18298:Batavia
18251:Batavia
18115:, 2012)
18107:Zeewijk
18103:Batavia
18033:, 612pp
18029:(1978)
17984:(1993)
17870:(2005)
17144:. p.255
17122:14 July
16889:. p 324
16765:21 July
16572:14 July
16432:Reuters
15547:14 July
15436:14 July
15407:14 July
15125:14 July
14616:14 July
14368:14 July
14294:14 July
14145:14 July
13980:14 July
13958:14 July
13927:Centaur
13910:14 July
13888:14 July
13827:14 July
13801:14 July
13783:online
13676:14 July
13595:27 June
13510:14 July
13483:14 July
13456:14 July
13429:14 July
13388:Bowyang
13337:(1978)
13286:14 July
13126:14 July
13099:14 July
12931:14 July
12906:14 July
12271:14 July
10916:23 July
10889:23 July
10792:22 July
10766:14 July
10739:14 July
10703:14 July
10676:14 July
10640:14 July
10537:14 July
10511:14 July
10484:14 July
10457:21 July
10422:14 July
10150:14 July
10124:14 July
10098:14 July
9962:22 July
9909:p. 108.
9791:14 July
9718:14 July
9644:14 July
9614:14 July
9304:London.
8991:14 July
8585:17 July
8537:17 July
8498:17 July
8459:17 July
8347:Bibcode
8283:Bibcode
8244:3991479
8223:Bibcode
8215:Science
7761:Papunya
7715:Mad Max
7644:La Mama
7373:became
7232:, 1968
6532:of the
6458:Suharto
6110:Nui Dat
6013:in the
5832:dadaist
5790:Tumut 3
5766:Menzies
5738:. This
5723:Chifley
5614:singer
5534:Kapyong
5259:Centaur
5214:Kaiapit
5182:US Navy
5091:Repulse
4924:in the
4916:in the
4914:Panzers
4774:in 1941
4614:of the
4493:Premier
4463:of the
4273:Baldwin
4257:Hertzog
3670:In the
3626:In the
3597:in 1901
3528:, with
3384:bush".
3188:Pilbara
2649:Disease
2341:of 1804
1980:Wales.
1885:Warrane
1858:Windsor
1390:Leeuwin
1381:Batavia
1353:Duyfken
1195:totemic
1187:animist
952:). The
911:musical
797:Symbols
727:Cuisine
704:Theatre
617:History
609:Society
399:Capital
212:Banking
44:may be
22154:(1988)
22146:(1977)
22127:(2010)
22119:(2008)
22111:(2005)
22103:(2001)
22095:(1997)
22087:(1995)
22079:(1993)
22071:(1987)
22063:(1973)
22055:(1967)
22047:(1879)
22039:(1872)
22031:(1867)
22023:(1861)
22015:(1859)
22007:(1856)
21983:(2015)
21975:(2015)
21967:(2005)
21959:(1983)
21951:(1982)
21943:(1978)
21935:(1962)
21927:(1961)
21908:(2017)
21900:(2009)
21892:(2008)
21884:(1977)
21876:(1970)
21868:(1953)
21860:(1949)
21852:(1944)
21844:(1937)
21836:(1927)
21828:(1926)
21820:(1913)
21812:(1913)
21804:(1911)
21796:(1911)
21788:(1911)
21780:(1911)
21772:(1911)
21764:(1911)
21756:(1911)
21748:(1911)
21740:(1908)
21153:Sorell
21118:Hunter
21073:Bourke
21063:Arthur
20990:(1876)
20984:(1846)
20978:(1835)
20969:(1835)
20960:(1835)
20951:(1834)
20949:escape
20942:(1833)
20940:escape
20938:Badger
20933:(1830)
20927:(1829)
20925:mutiny
20923:Cyprus
20912:(1814)
20903:(1813)
20894:(1808)
20888:(1804)
20882:(1797)
20880:mutiny
20873:(1791)
20867:(1789)
20861:(1788)
20852:Events
20657:Portal
20550:Cinema
20492:Racism
20465:People
20324:Mining
20287:Energy
20282:Dollar
20027:Courts
20017:Asylum
19991:Cities
19958:Rivers
19906:issues
19727:
19617:Hawaii
19541:Tuvalu
19409:Europe
19380:Africa
19203:States
18954:
18708:
18593:
18445:
18403:
18167:
18152:
18061:(2008)
18053:online
18031:online
17998:
17986:online
17977:(1995)
17970:(1993)
17960:(1994)
17939:
17897:(2001)
17872:online
17840:
17826:(1991)
17819:(1984)
17809:(1949)
17802:(2001)
17788:
17763:
17745:
17733:(1998)
17726:(1994)
17695:
17565:
17507:
17387:
17297:
17224:
17177:
16688:
16533:
15973:
15492:
15382:
15302:
15216:
15056:
15033:
14911:
14887:
14841:
14803:
14783:
14754:
14647:
14579:
14546:
14487:
14464:
14423:
14335:
14271:28 May
14239:
14167:
14055:
13756:
13649:
13629:
13365:
13345:
13243:
13202:
12999:
12843:
12649:
12580:
12319:
12294:
12041:
12020:
11589:
11542:
11436:
11056:
10995:
10939:
10848:
10453:. 2014
10371:
10365:176082
10363:
10224:
10030:14 May
9985:
9861:
9753:
9689:
9578:
9386:
9163:
9103:
8967:
8916:
8891:
8847:
8727:
8668:
8571:
8523:
8484:
8445:
8418:
8391:
8383:
8375:
8339:Nature
8309:
8301:
8251:
8241:
8063:(1992)
7540:mosque
7127:Attack
6879:, and
6752:, and
6413:. The
6356:(HECS)
5803:Holden
5715:Sydney
5547:Queen
5428:Senate
5285:Borneo
5201:. The
5119:Darwin
5070:battle
5065:Sydney
5019:, the
5015:, the
5011:, the
5007:, the
4930:Darwin
4822:battle
4817:Sydney
4751:, and
4581:, the
4506:, the
4476:, the
4385:, and
4285:Canada
4241:Coates
4233:Monroe
4200:Qantas
4143:hotels
3753:Sydney
3722:, and
3473:Corowa
3165:slaves
2607:, Sir
2339:Sydney
2015:, and
1866:Camden
1575:&
1479:Tahiti
1350:ship,
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
950:Sydney
815:Anthem
784:Sports
762:Cinema
742:Humour
681:Comics
627:People
578:on the
471:Hobart
435:Darwin
423:Sydney
292:Sports
272:Labour
227:Cinema
186:Topics
22135:Stage
21685:Music
21576:Other
21133:Logan
21113:Gipps
21093:Davey
21068:Bligh
20750:Women
20636:Index
20585:Sport
20580:Radio
20570:Music
20560:Dance
20512:Women
20415:Crime
20319:Media
20185:Women
19923:Fauna
19918:Flora
19536:Tonga
19526:Samoa
19516:Palau
19506:Nauru
18079:Books
17633:p. 19
17355:3 May
17325:3 May
15649:p 484
15031:JSTOR
11434:S2CID
11231:(PDF)
11224:(PDF)
11054:S2CID
10993:JSTOR
10369:S2CID
10361:JSTOR
10331:JSTOR
9288:(PDF)
9273:(PDF)
8845:S2CID
8389:S2CID
8307:S2CID
7439:Women
7410:Uluru
7122:AUKUS
7106:AUKUS
6948:Japan
6940:China
6333:with
6206:Labor
6044:SEATO
6039:ANZUS
5812:CSIRO
5234:First
5226:Egypt
4973:Crete
4969:Greek
4891:Wewak
4834:Labor
4577:. At
4249:Bruce
3845:, by
3833:Ypres
3821:Somme
3758:Emden
2726:Darug
2601:Uluru
2270:Women
2119:Perth
1887:) by
757:Radio
747:Media
719:Other
699:Music
694:Dance
495:Perth
357:Women
21729:Film
21128:King
20975:Neva
20966:Hive
20908:Argo
20540:Arts
20249:list
20237:list
20225:list
20074:LGBT
19612:Guam
19569:Niue
19491:Fiji
19414:Asia
19080:The
18952:ISBN
18706:ISBN
18693:1606
18591:ISBN
18443:ISBN
18401:ISBN
18219:and
18165:ISBN
18150:ISBN
17996:ISBN
17937:ISBN
17838:ISBN
17786:ISBN
17761:ISBN
17743:ISBN
17693:ISBN
17563:ISBN
17505:ISBN
17454:2023
17385:ISBN
17357:2021
17327:2021
17295:ISBN
17222:ISBN
17175:ISBN
17124:2011
17098:2021
17057:2021
16967:2021
16941:2021
16912:2021
16767:2020
16686:ISBN
16574:2011
16531:ISBN
16499:2023
16487:NITV
16469:2023
16439:2023
16395:2021
16369:2021
16343:2021
16312:2021
16282:2021
16256:2021
16230:2021
16204:2021
16175:2021
16145:2021
16119:2021
16089:2021
16055:2021
16029:2021
16003:2021
15971:ISBN
15952:2021
15922:2021
15838:2021
15768:2021
15709:2021
15615:2021
15549:2011
15490:ISBN
15438:2011
15409:2011
15380:ISBN
15362:2021
15300:ISBN
15281:2021
15214:ISBN
15182:2021
15127:2011
15054:ISBN
14909:ISBN
14885:ISBN
14839:ISBN
14801:ISBN
14781:ISBN
14752:ISBN
14683:help
14645:ISBN
14618:2011
14577:ISBN
14544:ISBN
14485:ISBN
14462:ISBN
14421:ISBN
14370:2011
14333:ISBN
14296:2011
14273:2008
14237:ISBN
14165:ISBN
14147:2011
14053:ISBN
13982:2011
13960:2011
13912:2011
13890:2011
13864:2010
13829:2011
13803:2011
13754:ISBN
13678:2011
13647:ISBN
13627:ISBN
13597:2021
13512:2011
13485:2011
13458:2011
13431:2011
13363:ISBN
13343:ISBN
13288:2011
13241:ISBN
13200:ISBN
13182:2008
13128:2011
13101:2011
12997:ISBN
12933:2011
12908:2011
12872:2021
12841:ISBN
12813:2021
12647:ISBN
12578:ISBN
12514:2021
12488:2021
12317:ISBN
12292:ISBN
12273:2011
12039:ISBN
12018:ISBN
11781:2021
11742:2022
11587:ISBN
11540:ISBN
11023:2023
10937:ISBN
10918:2021
10891:2021
10846:ISBN
10794:2021
10768:2011
10741:2011
10705:2011
10678:2011
10642:2011
10539:2011
10513:2011
10486:2011
10459:2021
10424:2011
10222:ISBN
10152:2011
10126:2011
10100:2011
10032:2014
9983:ISBN
9964:2021
9859:ISBN
9793:2011
9751:ISBN
9720:2011
9687:ISBN
9646:2011
9616:2011
9576:ISBN
9384:ISBN
9161:ISBN
9132:home
9101:ISBN
9061:2012
9033:2012
8993:2011
8965:ISBN
8914:ISBN
8889:ISBN
8802:2023
8771:2023
8725:ISBN
8666:ISBN
8587:2023
8569:ISBN
8539:2023
8521:ISBN
8500:2023
8482:ISBN
8461:2023
8443:ISBN
8416:ISBN
8381:PMID
8373:ISSN
8323:2023
8299:ISSN
8249:PMID
7941:and
7901:and
7873:and
7826:and
7803:and
7772:and
7752:and
7666:and
7621:Rush
7184:The
7066:The
6996:and
6946:and
6847:, a
6773:The
6765:and
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