Australian rules football schism (1938–1949)

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rules which had prevailed prior to 1925. Since 1925, ANFC rules had dictated that a free kick be awarded against the last team to play the ball before it went out of bounds under any circumstances; the VFL had voted in favour of the change, but it had quickly come to be unpopular among players and spectators, and Victoria had since unsuccessfully agitated for it to be repealed. Since the ANFC rules never gained wide popularity in Victoria, many were glad to see a return to the old rules. The change opened the wings and flanks up to more play: under the ANFC rules, play had in general been much more direct down the centre of the field to avoid the risk of turning over possession by putting the ball out of bounds, but the return of the boundary throw-in lowered the risk of playing down the boundary lines. It also simplified the umpire's job, as he no longer needed to determine which player was the last to play the ball before it went out of bounds, which was often difficult if the ball was being contested at the time.

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fielded players without a valid clearance. However, these rules were inherently enforceable only within the same competition; to make a permit and clearance system enforceable between different competitions, separate legal agreements were needed between them under which each competition agreed to penalise its own clubs if they fielded players from the other competition without a clearance. Amongst the major state leagues, the ANFC provided a framework for permit reciprocity agreements as a condition of affiliation; but, since the VFA was not ANFC-affiliated, a separate agreement was needed between the VFA and VFL if clearances were to be recognised between them. Permit reciprocity was not always in the best interests of both competitions, and so such agreements had existed on-and-off between them for the previous few decades: one such agreement lasted from 1913 until 1918; the next was signed in 1923, and was broken in early 1925 as part of the competitions'

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reciprocity agreement existed between those competitions. Both the VFA and the VFL gave three-year suspensions to any of their players who crossed to their rival without a clearance, but these suspensions were valid only in the original competition and did not prevent the player from playing and earning money at his new club. In practice, this meant that a player could switch competitions freely, but that as long as the schism persisted it would almost certainly be a permanent switch, as his suspension would prevent him from returning unless he stood out of all football for three years. The VFL considered its legal options to seek further injunctions against players who crossed to the VFA without a clearance; but it was not certain that the relevant clause in the contract would hold up in court, and decided not to proceed with legal action.

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with a traditional handpass or flick-pass as they could be with a throw-pass. South Australian sportswriter Steve McKee feared that allowing the throw-pass would rob the game of its individuality, which could affect its ability to compete with and distinguish itself from rival sports in the long term; and that the game would become dominated by smaller, faster players, making it impossible for larger or slower players to have a successful top-level career. Wilmot lamented that the agility and evasion displayed by VFL players to avoid tackles was largely absent from the VFA code, with players instead able to execute a simple throw to avoid a tackle. Some observers saw the reduction in rough play as a disadvantage of the new code rather than an advantage, dismissing the VFA code as a "

845:) won the 1945 title with 188 goals – all of which exceeded the then-record of 152 goals set under national rules by George Doig in 1934. Many other high totals were recorded in those four seasons. Sportswriters noted that Freyer's dominance in 1940 came from Port Melbourne adopting a straight-down-the-middle style of play in spite of changed boundary rules, but it was surmised that the sheer skill of those particular forwards playing in the much-lower-standard VFA teams, particularly the war-weakened teams from 1940 until 1945, was a major contributor to their dominance. These historic goalkicking feats were confined to those four seasons; outside that period, the most goals scored in a VFA season during the throw-pass era was 114, by Todd in 1946. 1742:

in New South Wales and Queensland – where rugby was more popular – or to defend Victoria from other football codes, particularly as the trafficking of players from one body by the other was undermining public opinion. It was also recognised that unifying control by allowing the VFL to use its size and influence to push the VFA out of the market altogether was not in the interests of football, as the VFA served the functions of promoting football in Melbourne's outer suburbs, and in occupying those suburbs' best quality grounds to keep other sports from using them. Even though it would almost certainly force it to give up the throw-pass which had driven its new popularity, the VFA was willing to negotiate towards a solution for unified control.

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and 173 marks recorded in the VFA Grand Final compared with an average of 596 kicks and 160 marks in the VFL matches. It also showed that the ability to throw the ball had more than doubled the use of handpassing, with a total of 160 throw-passes recorded in the VFA Grand Final compared with only 76 handpasses in the VFL games; this extent of handpassing was unheard of under the ANFC rules, and it was not until the 1979 VFL season more than four decades later that VFL matches would average so many handpasses per game. There were only six ball-ups in the VFA Grand Final, and 38 boundary throw-ins. The average score per team per game increased by almost three goals, from 84.7 to 100.5, in the first season under throw-pass rules.

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1930s. The Association amended the rule by eliminating the provision for the player to drop the ball: he would now have to kick, handpass or throw the ball, but would be penalised if he dropped it, meaning that the ball would be cleared away from the spot of the tackle, making it more difficult for a scrimmage to form around it. It is noted that the ANFC had previously tried to introduce this same rule (excluding the provision to throw the ball) in 1930 and had found it unsuccessful at reducing scrimmages; but the VFA believed that combining this rule with the ability to throw the ball – a much easier form of disposal than a traditional handpass – would be more successful at achieving this aim.

452:, to make it easier for players to clear the ball from scrimmages – which tended to slow down the game during the 1930s. A secondary benefit of the rule was that flick-passing – a handpassing style in which the ball is propelled with an open hand instead of the traditional closed fist – had increased in usage during the 1930s, but it blurred the line between handpassing and throwing such that it was difficult for umpires to police consistently; by legalising throwing the ball, this source of inconsistency was removed. It was a bold change, since throwing the ball had been illegal throughout the history of Australian rules football, dating back to the 901:

by crossing to the VFA without a clearance, then it was in his VFL club's best interests to grant the clearance in the hope that he might later return, rather than allow him to take a suspension which would prevent that from occurring. Not all clubs followed this pragmatic approach: South Melbourne, for example, made a point of refusing clearances to players unless they had given the club ten years of service, and it consequently lost many players without clearances. Many players still sought clearances, as they were keen to keep their options to return to the VFL open, and some turned down big VFA offers if their clearances weren't granted;

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the Bendigo Football Association. Interest in the new code spread, and by 1939 the Bairnsdale and Bruthen District League and the Hume Highway Football Association had adopted the rules. The Yallourn District Amateur Association had adopted the rules by 1941. Many other leagues held votes to determine whether or not to switch codes. More significantly, many of Victoria's schools associations also adopted the VFA's rules over its first few years, giving the new code a strong development ground for the future: the Secondary Schools adopted them in 1938, the Technical Schools adopted them in 1939 and the Public Schools adopted them in 1940.

429:, which all of its affiliated competitions were required to use. The council's purpose was to provide a united control structure for the sport, and to help to promote the interests of the game as a whole; as part of this, it took levies from the southern states and distributed grants to the northern states to help them develop the game in rugby territory. Victoria was represented on the ANFC by the VFL. The VFA was not part of the ANFC; but, it had a formal relationship with the VFL governed by an agreement signed between them in 1931, and the terms of that agreement indirectly brought the VFA under the ANFC's influence. 1866:

reciprocity agreement, ending eleven seasons of player trafficking; and by the end of the season, both the VFA and VFL had agreed to lift any active suspensions which players had received for switching codes without a clearance. The ANFC and VFA continued to negotiate an affiliation agreement through the season, which included the ANFC offering the VFA a period of temporary trial affiliation to encourage it to join. Finally, on 8 August, the VFA agreed to affiliate with the ANFC, with the motion succeeding by a vote of 18–7 at the VFA Board of Management. Under the terms of the affiliation:

1672:. The average crowd in 1947 was 4,200, almost double the crowds from ten years earlier. Not all of this increase was attributed to the throw-pass rules: part is attributed to petrol rationing, which began during the war and continued until 1950, as it reduced the mobility of Melburnians, making it more difficult for suburban dwellers to attend VFL games or pursue other Saturday afternoon leisure activities. Organisationally, by the end of the 1940s the Association employed a full-time secretary and managed a players provident fund, none of which existed prior to the throw-pass era. 917:

clubs to secure clearances. The VFA had no such limitations. Additionally, some clubs, such as Collingwood, had strict internal policies to pay all players equally, making it impossible for star VFL players to negotiate for higher pay even within the limitations of the Coulter Laws. This meant that VFA clubs had the ability to recruit a small number of the VFL's best players by offering much more than they could or would be offered in the VFL, and it was this which drew some of the game's star players to the new code.

768:, the second-tier competition on Tasmania's north-western coast, which adopted the rules halfway through the 1938 season. It was a boon to the NWFA, and in 1939 its size increased from five clubs to nine. The smaller nearby Wilmot and Chudleigh Football Associations also adopted the new rules, and a motion in 1940 to adopt the rules in the Darwin Football Association, also based in North West Tasmania, failed by a single vote. However, North West Tasmania's preeminent senior competition, the 397:(VFL). The VFL comprised the strongest clubs in Melbourne, in large part because its clubs were based in the more densely populated inner suburbs where potential gate takings were higher, while the VFA's clubs were generally based further from the city centre; thus the VFL became the pre-eminent football competition and administrative body in Victoria. The strongest VFA clubs regularly sought admission to the more lucrative VFL, and four clubs gained admission over the following decades ( 1165:

Laws, but Carlton refused to clear him and Vallence opted to stay for another year. He obtained a clearance the following year. Aged 33 when he transferred, Vallence was still a strong player, was Williamstown's leading goalkicker from full-forward for the following three years, and kicked 337 goals in 61 games. The presence of Vallence at full-forward and Todd at centre half-forward in the same Williamstown team was a huge drawcard for the club in 1940 and 1941. Vallence played for

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Canberra were concerned that the change would make the game unable to distinguish itself from the rival rugby codes which were popular in their regions; and Victoria and Western Australia were strongly opposed, believing it would take the difficulty and skill out of the game; South Australia, which had expressed favour for the throw-pass, also declined to second the motion, preferring to see the rule in action in the VFA for at least another year before making a commitment.

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2022) plus £5 per week (equivalent to A$ 476 in 2022) for a three-year deal, more than ten times his wage at Collingwood. Todd became a significant drawcard for Williamstown, drawing ground record crowds and a substantial increase in memberships for the club. He played the remainder of his career with Williamstown until his retirement at the end of 1949. He kicked 672 goals for Williamstown in 141 matches, and kicked an all-time VFA season record 188 goals in the

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firmly viewed as Victoria's second-rate competition. At the same time, the end of petrol rationing in 1950 and increased affordability of motor cars during the 1950s freed up suburban dwellers for other activities, or to attend VFL matches, on Saturday afternoons, and the introduction of television to Australia in the late 1950s affected attendances at the social nights which were vital for VFA clubs' finances at the time. Within only a few years, weak clubs such as

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ball went out of bounds, except when put out deliberately. Both rule changes have become fundamental to modern Australian rules football: the modern holding the ball rule, as it applies to a player who has had an opportunity to dispose of the ball prior to being tackled, is practically unchanged from the 1939 interpretation; and other than the introduction in 1970 of a free kick for kicking out of bounds on the full, the boundary throw-in rule remains unchanged.

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multiple such penalties until the opponent complied. Cribbing over the mark, sometimes by as far as five to ten yards, was a much disliked but commonplace feature of the game by 1938, but there was no on-field penalty available to the umpire to manage it; time-wasting was a reportable offence, but reports were seldom enforced; so, the VFA introduced the rule to give the umpire the means to more directly control what had become an unattractive feature of the game.

1836:, which were leagues of similar standard, were dissatisfied with football being controlled from Hobart, and they sought to establish a statewide council to provide them with equal representation in control of football in Tasmania. The fact that the NTFA and NWFU had a feasible option of switching their affiliation to the VFA, underpinned by the fact that the throw-pass code had enjoyed pre-war success in the NWFA, was used by the two greater northern leagues 217:

VFA ended its player transfer agreement with the VFL, and aggressively recruited star players from the VFL. These changes gave the VFA for the first time in many years an on-field product which could compete with the VFL for public interest, and it made the 1940s one of the most successful periods in the VFA's history. By the mid-1940s, the VFA had copyrighted its rules, and was considered to be playing its own distinct code of Australian rules football.

1463:), the lack of players due to enlistments, and the lack of committeemen due to the increased workload required to support the war effort. The 1943 and 1944 seasons were also cancelled, resulting in a three-year hiatus from competition. The VFA's committee continued to operate in an administrative capacity during this time. The VFL continued to stage its premiership uninterrupted throughout the war, with the only exception being that 889:

the VFA had been struggling in 1936 and 1937, when it felt that the agreement compelled the VFL to make its best endeavours to help – although the VFL, in its defence, was having its own difficulties at the same time. Overall, the VFA felt that it would be better able to manage its own interests if not bound by the agreement. With the agreement terminated, clubs now had the freedom to recruit players from the VFL to the VFA, and

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players who had played only in services matches suddenly eligible to return to their original VFL clubs. After the war-time hiatus, the VFA clubs had less money to offer star players, and so many opted to take the opportunity to return to the VFL. Of the VFA's four superstar recruits, Nash, Fothergill and Pratt all returned to the VFL; Todd remained in the VFA for the rest of the throw-pass era.

644:) noted that the rules helped to reward the ball-winner, compared with the old holding the ball rules which favoured the tackler. Many pundits had been worried that throw-passing would lead to a reduction in long kicking and high marking, but noted that in practice, throw-passes were seldom over a distance greater than ten yards, and long kicking remained prominent. VFL champion player and coach 1927:, which had strong community links and won five premierships in six years between 1954 and 1959, saw its adult membership drop from 1562 to only 416 between 1950 and 1960. It was not until the 1960s, when the VFA expanded into the growing outer suburbs and began playing games on Sundays that it began to re-establish itself as a competitive part of Melbourne's football culture. 1902:

ANFC constitution that no state could have more than one vote; it began agitating for the necessary change to the constitution, and was finally granted the vote in July 1953. This gave the VFA a formal say in the control and administration of Australian football at the national level, and made Victoria the only state represented by two delegates on the council.

390:(VFA) was established to provide formal and binding administration of the game in Victoria. By 1888, the VFA had brought a formal structure to its on-field competition, including the system under which the premiership was decided, and thus the VFA was serving as both the game's administrative body and as its top senior competition in Victoria. 856:

match or series of matches organised or controlled or conducted by any other club, association or body in the State of Victoria while I am a registered player of the League, or within two years of my ceasing to be a registered player of the League, without first obtaining a clearance from the said and a permit from the League so to do.

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always been very protective of their zones. In 1945, the VFL proposed an amalgamation in which the VFA would serve as the second eighteens competition for the VFL, which would have been workable within the existing zoning system; but the VFA was not willing to take on an amalgamation in which its clubs were not granted senior status.

1331:, Robertson had been located in Western Australia with his employer since 1937. Upon his return to Victoria, it was expected that he would return to South Melbourne, to which he was still bound; but instead he signed with Port Melbourne for a reported £6 per week, and crossed without a clearance from South Melbourne. 486:– the boundary throw-in was reintroduced to the game. Under the new rules, the boundary umpire would throw the ball back into play to a neutral ruck contest after the ball went out of bounds, unless: the field umpire deemed that the ball had been forced out deliberately; or, if the ball went out of bounds from a 1472:

required to return to VFA when it reformed; the VFA granted around 200 temporary clearances under this agreement. However, players who had been disqualified from the VFL for crossing to the VFA without a clearance before the war remained ineligible to cross back to the VFL during the war; Todd, Fothergill and

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afternoons at the time, so the two were in direct competition with each other for spectators. It was widely acknowledged that the VFL was the higher standard competition, and even the VFA executive was prepared to acknowledge that only a handful of VFA players had the ability to succeed as senior VFL players.

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lifted. Had there been no war interruption, it is unlikely that any suspended players would ever have met this qualification; but with the VFA in recess for three years, all such players were now eligible to return to the VFL. One stumbling block to this was the VFL's treatment of games arranged within the

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sub-district competitions. In 1944, the VFL offered a similar scheme in which the second division's top two clubs played off for promotion against the first division's bottom two clubs; but by this stage, the VFA favoured a system of complete amalgamation into a single league with a single premiership.

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Efforts to reunite control stagnated for a few years after 1945, but they were reinvigorated in 1948 by the ANFC. The ANFC had a revived enthusiasm for spreading Australian rules football to other parts of Australia and the world, as it saw a strong opportunity at that time to promote the game in the

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between them, such that the second division's top two clubs replaced the first division's bottom two clubs, but the VFL rejected the scheme; a 1940 scheme proposed likewise, with only one team promoted and relegated each year, but also proposing a further third division incorporating teams from other

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contact is made with the opposing player – and shepherding was banned in ruck contests. The VFA continued to court country leagues in an attempt to spread its code, and to that end staged exhibition matches in country Victoria and small interstate markets from 1945 until 1947, which included games in

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On 15 November 1937, the VFA voted to end the 1931 agreement. The VFA recognised that it would be impractical to maintain a unified control agreement if it were playing under such different rules. The VFA had also grown frustrated with what it saw as a lack of assistance from the VFL, particularly as

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At the same conference in October 1938, the ANFC agreed to adopt two of the VFA's other key rules which had a significant effect on gameplay: altering the holding the ball rule to eliminate the provision for a player to drop the ball when tackled; and re-introducing the boundary throw-in whenever the

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In October 1938, the ANFC met and discussed whether or not to alter the national rules to incorporate the VFA's changes. The motion to legalise the throw-pass nationally was once again raised by Tasmania, but it again lapsed after no other state would second it. The delegates from New South Wales and

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was published and compared with the averages from ten VFL matches around the same time to illustrate the effect that the rule changes had on making the game more non-stop. It confirmed that the number of kicks had remained steady or even increased as a result of the changes, with a total of 650 kicks

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The schism began in 1938, when the VFA introduced several rule changes, including legalising throwing of the football in general play. The changes helped to speed up the game, and promoted more run-and-carry play in an era which had previously been dominated by a long kicking style. Additionally, the

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a rule which was permitted within the national rules, but on which individual leagues had discretion. The motion was rejected by a 7–1 majority, with only Tasmania supporting it and the VFA not yet having the right to vote. Some VFA clubs wanted to break away from the ANFC to allow the throw-pass to

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The VFA began its affiliation and began playing under ANFC rules from the 1950 season, bringing an end to the schism. It began paying levies and contributing to ANFC funds from 1951. It still wanted a full voting position on the ANFC, but it could not initially be granted due to a stipulation in the

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Even before the 1938 season began, the VFL, VFA and ANFC all recognised that operating under divided control and under substantially different codes of rules was not in the interests of Australian rules football as a whole. The lack of a united front made it difficult to effectively promote the game

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during the war: in 1943, the VFL had ruled that such games were considered competitive, and therefore a player who had played in a services game was deemed not to have stood out of football during the war; but this ruling was overturned in March 1945, which on the eve of the season made around forty

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was unable to compete in 1942 and 1943 due to travel restrictions. All of the smaller competitions which had adopted the VFA's rules were also in recess, so League rules was now the only form of Australian rules football being played in Australia, putting an abrupt halt to the growth of the VFA code

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Although World War II began in September 1939, its impact on football was not substantially felt until 1942, when most suburban and country leagues went into recess. The VFL and VFA both intended to continue operating into the 1942 season; but on 20 April, only a couple of weeks out from the opening

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in 1940): Pratt was one of the VFL's dominant and most spectacular marking full-forwards of the early 1930s, and he was considered the best full-forward of his time by many of his contemporaries. As of 2015, he still jointly holds the record for most goals in a VFL season (150 goals in 1934), and he

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Although players were permitted to cross without a clearance, not all transfers occurred in this manner, particularly in the first years of the schism; nevertheless, the changes gave players a stronger bargaining chip in negotiations. If a player demonstrated a willingness to accept a VFL suspension

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I hereby apply to be registered with the Victorian Football League as a player of the , and, in the event of the League accepting this application, and in consideration thereof, I agree to be bound by the rules and regulations of the League, and I undertake not to play football in any competition or

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Several small competitions in Victoria, usually the secondary competitions in their district, followed the VFA's lead and adopted the throw-pass rules for the 1938 season, even before seeing them in action: these included the Sale District Football Association, the VFA Sub-Districts Association, and

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attracted the all-time VFA record attendance of 47,098, despite drizzly weather. Many clubs enjoyed record home crowds over the next few years. Despite the increased crowds, overall attendances were still only about a quarter of those attracted by the VFL, which averaged between 15,000 and 16,000 to

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Overall, the committee believed the changes would retain the speed, long kicking and high marking which were thought to be the game's most attractive features, but reduce on-field congestion and roughness and make the rules simpler for the umpire to apply. Collectively, the rules became known as the

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after a behind without another player touching it – in which cases a free kick would be awarded. Players contesting boundary throw-ins were made to initially stand apart from each other and were not permitted to interfere with each other. Re-introducing the boundary throw-in was a return to a set of

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After taking on the national rules, support of the VFA declined steadily throughout the 1950s. Although the VFA had always been of a lower standard than the VFL, the throw-pass had given it a notable point of distinction which it could use to attract fans in spite of that; without that, the VFA was

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when negotiating with the TANFL for united control in the late 1940s. The northern leagues were ultimately unsuccessful in establishing a council, and did not follow through with their threat; the TANFL continued to serve as Tasmania's sole voice on the ANFC, although its relationship with the NTFA

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the smaller VFA clubs had weaker financial means and lower fanbases than the VFL clubs. VFL clubs were concerned that an amalgamation would weaken their own financial position, by reducing gate takings at matches played against a former VFA opponent, and by spreading more thinly the league's annual

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Despite the schism between the VFL and VFA, the two bodies still had a working relationship and collaborated on areas of mutual interest. For example, since 1934 the VFL and VFA had jointly sponsored and managed the Victorian Football Union, which was the administrative body for junior and suburban

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in 1939). Vallence played with Carlton for more than a decade and kicked 722 career goals, which stood as a club record until the 1990s. He first sought a clearance to serve as playing coach of Williamstown at the start of 1938, having been offered double what he could have earned under the Coulter

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both rated Todd as second only to Pratt as the greatest full-forwards they had ever seen. He signed with Williamstown at the start of 1940 and crossed without a clearance; at the age of 23, he was the highest-paid footballer in Australia, earning a reported £500 flat (equivalent to A$ 47,627 in

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The end of the agreement also gave VFA players the freedom to cross to the VFL. A capable rank-and-file player would earn more in base player payments under the Coulter Laws than he would earn in the VFA, if he could command a regular senior place in the VFL. However, players who switched without a

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The situation was different for players. A player who crossed without a clearance was in breach of his contract with his original league, as the contract prohibited playing in any other football competition in Victoria without a clearance; this clause was valid regardless of whether or not a permit

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in Western Australia had been common during the 1930s, but they were decidedly less common over the next thirty years, generally put down to the fact that play could be more safely directed along the boundary lines, bringing the forward pockets and half-forward flankers into play and resulting in a

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As part of the rules to re-introduce boundary throw-ins, it was proposed that only two players from each team – the rover and the nearest-placed positional player – be permitted to contest the throw-in, with the umpire directing other players away, in order to reduce the potential for scrimmages to

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The mid-1930s had been a period of declining popularity for football in Victoria. Both the VFA and VFL were enduring financial problems, to the point where some of the weaker VFL teams were being kept afloat only by the dividends they received from finals gates. The VFA decided that it would make a

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The VFA's actions created a division in the administrative structure of the sport in Victoria. Throughout the 1940s, the VFL and VFA worked towards ending the schism, as they both believed that a single controlling body playing under a uniform set of rules was in the best interests of football as a

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Although at times the VFL and VFA executive committees made progress on negotiations, both bodies required constitutional changes to be ratified by a vote of their club delegates; even if the committees had agreed to an amalgamation, there is no guarantee that the clubs would have voted in favour.

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scheme since 1915, whereas VFA clubs did not. Amalgamating the competitions would require significant re-alignment of zones to be agreed to by the VFL clubs; the VFL's zoning committee saw this as unachievable, particularly in places where VFA and VFL clubs were neighbouring, because VFL clubs had

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With the VFA and VFL refusing to recognise each other's permits, playing under different codes of rules, actively promoting their own codes, and operating under different player payment structures, Australian rules football was enduring a schism analogous to the divide which existed for a century,

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Between 1945 and 1949, the VFA continued to operate under throw-pass rules. Two notable rule changes were made in 1947: a free kick was introduced for "kicking in danger" – that is, kicking recklessly at the ball where there is a strong risk of kicking an opposing player in the process, even if no

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With the VFA in recess, many VFA players sought to play in the VFL. Although there was still no long-term reciprocal clearance agreement between the bodies, the VFA and VFL agreed to a system of temporary clearances to last during the war, whereby any players cleared by the VFA to the VFL would be

880:; and the agreement that was current at the start of the schism had been signed in 1931. The 1931 agreement was more extensive than simply covering permit reciprocity; it was intended to foster co-operation between the two competitions, and provide somewhat unified control of football in Victoria. 719:

Crowds at VFA games enjoyed a substantial increase under throw-pass rules. Across the first ten rounds of 1938, the average attendance at VFA games was 3,600, compared with 2,400 for the corresponding rounds in 1937. Another 22% increase in crowds was enjoyed in 1939, and club memberships likewise

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free kick if the tackler did not let him go, then quickly pick the ball up again if the tackler did let him go. This was difficult for umpires to police consistently, and it was the major cause of scrimmages which had both slowed down the game and had contributed to a rise in rough play during the

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Early negotiations, and in particular the negotiations which took place from 1944 until 1945, focussed on a scheme under which the VFL and VFA would amalgamate into a single competition. The VFA stated on several occasions that it was prepared to "sink its identity" into the VFL if its clubs were

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The VFA resumed competition under the throw-pass rules in 1945. In accordance with their wartime agreement, VFL permits for VFA players were revoked; however, as there was no other reciprocal clearance agreement between the bodies, there was nothing to prevent the VFL from immediately issuing new

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Within any given football competition, a player wishing to switch to a new club was required to obtain a clearance from his old club and a permit from the league's permit committee; the competition could enforce these transfer rules by issuing fines to or docking premiership points from clubs who

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The rules the VFA had introduced to curb rough or time-wasting play were not immediately adopted by the ANFC, but were adopted over the following decades. The ANFC adopted the downfield free kick into its rules in 1945, and it adopted the fifteen-yard penalty for time-wasting or cribbing over the

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feared that in the extreme case it could result in a game played by seventeen basketballers and a full-forward. Several observers thought the rule made the game too easy, and while that catered well to VFA players, the higher standard of players in the top state leagues could be equally effective

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in 1925), on each occasion quelling a brief resurgence in the VFA's popularity. As a matter of comparison of the two competitions' strengths, the average home-and-away crowds in the 1937 season were around 14,300 in the VFL and 2,400 in the VFA. Both the VFL and VFA played all matches on Saturday

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By 1949, sportswriters commented that positional play had reduced and more players were now following the ball, resulting in crowded play and less speedy open play, which was countering the original intent of the throw pass. VFA crowds were beginning to wane, having dropped from 4,200 in 1947 to

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in 1938) – a forward pocket for Essendon, Freyer had played 124 games and kicked 372 goals for Essendon. He crossed to Port Melbourne without a clearance, and was the first player to formally receive his VFA permit without a VFL clearance (Nash had been the first player to announce his move, but

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as part of the deal, at a time when no player would have been paid such a sum to play cricket at such a low level. An enormous recruiting coup for the VFA, Nash was a dominant key-position player at both ends of the ground, and many observers and opponents at the time considered him the greatest

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There could be lucrative financial incentives for star players to cross from the VFL to the VFA. VFL payment laws (known as "the Coulter Laws") were very prescriptive, limiting match payments to £4 per match; and prohibiting the payment of lump sums either as inducements for players, or to their

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for offences by the man on the mark. Specifically, when a player was awarded a mark or a free kick, if his opponent cribbed over the mark or wasted time by refusing to return the ball directly to him, the umpire could move the spot of the mark ten to fifteen yards closer to goal, and could apply

1704:

Having created a new code of football which was being adopted by other bodies, the VFA took on the role as the governing body and administrator for the throw-pass code. Leagues which adopted the rules split from their traditional governing bodies and entered affiliations with the VFA, paying an

1488:

Additionally, the VFA lost many of the star pre-war recruits it had secured without clearances back to the VFL. Under the terms of their suspensions from the VFL, the players were required to stand out of all football, not just VFL football, for three years before their VFL suspensions could be

474:

rule. Under 1930s ANFC rules, a player would be penalised for holding the ball if he was tackled while in possession, unless he immediately kicked, handpassed or dropped the ball. In practice, players would usually drop the ball upon being tackled, which meant that a scrimmage could easily form

1861:

One of the overarching aims of the VFA throughout its negotiation was that it wanted to be represented in the control and administration of the game, and it had rejected solutions under which the VFL retained unilateral control in Victoria. Under the new proposals put forward in 1948, the ANFC

1497:

Other competitions which had played under the VFA rules before the war also resumed playing in 1945 or 1946, but some reverted to League rules, including the North Western Football Association, which had been the code's second-most prominent competition and its main foothold in Tasmania, and

1028:

in 1938): Nash was the first VFL player to announce that he would switch for big money without a clearance, doing so at the start of 1938 for £8 per week (equivalent to A$ 810 in 2022), double the payments allowed by the Coulter Laws; also a former Test cricketer and star fast bowler at

438:

series of rule changes to make the game more spectacular to try to reverse this trend. The first set of recommendations was made by its appointed rules committee in early October 1937, and the final decision on which rules to include was made at a meeting of club delegates in February 1938.

1865:

The proposal was first put forward to the VFA in late 1948, and although it was initially rejected – largely because the VFA wanted a full voting position on the council, which was not offered – it began to herald the end of the schism. In March 1949, the VFA and VFL signed a new clearance

1663:

Even though the Association code did not grow further, the VFA continued to enjoy local success. The VFA continued to draw the best crowds in its existence during the first few years after the war. A record home-and-away crowd of 21,000 was drawn to a June 1945 match between ladder-leaders

580:

with a kick-off from twenty yards behind the centre-line by the team which had just been scored upon. This rule was included amongst the original proposals because, had the rucks and ruck-rovers been removed from the run-on team, it was felt that it would no longer make sense to retain the

1806:

As an alternative to amalgamation, it was thought that a new single control council could be established to manage football in Victoria, which would answerable to the ANFC and which would comprise delegates from the VFL and VFA as well as schools and junior competitions. Another proposal,

969: 572:

Reducing the number of players in the run-on team from 18 to 16, to open up more space on the field and reduce congestion. It was envisioned that the ruck and ruck-rover would be the positions eliminated. This change was defeated by a single vote, with six clubs in favour and six clubs

1345:

in 1939) – an eleven-year half-forward, third in the 1938 Brownlow Medal and, at the time, Footscray's leading VFL career goalkicker with 345 goals, Morrison went to Preston as playing coach with a clearance in 1939. Morrison served there for two years before returning to Footscray in

1382:

and six-time VFL premiership player with Collingwood, Collier was cleared to Camberwell as captain-coach at age 35 upon the VFA's post-war resumption in 1945. He led the club for two years, and took it to its most successful season in 1946 with a minor premiership and Grand Final

1075:

in 1940, and, when it was refused, he transferred to Coburg without a clearance. Aged 27 at the time of his transfer, he played at Coburg for two seasons until the war. He played 40 games and kicked 263 goals for Coburg, and he led the VFA with a then-record 183 goals in the 1941

448:– the VFA legalised throwing as a means of disposal in general play, provided the throw was with two hands and both hands were kept below shoulder height. The primary intention of the rule was to provide a faster and less skilful means of disposing of the football than kicking or 221:

whole. Over several years, the VFL and VFA unsuccessfully negotiated options, including for the two competitions to be amalgamated into one. The schism ended after the 1949 season, when the VFA accepted the national standard rules, in exchange for receiving its own seat on the

1745:

The VFA and VFL began reunification discussions at the start of 1938, and negotiations were ongoing throughout the schism – including during the World War II years when the VFA executive committee remained active in negotiation despite the competition being in recess onfield.

1947:, between the VFA and VFL persisted over the next five years, before finally the VFA was expelled in 1970 for refusing to submit to an ANFC ultimatum to establish and recognise a new permit agreement. It did not re-introduce the throw-pass after its expulsion from the ANFC. 1010:

The VFA's new code gained significant publicity and credibility when it was able to convince VFL players, including some of the best players of the era and even some club captains, to defect. There were four particularly significant transfers involving superstar players:

764:. Tasmanian administrators had long advocated introducing throwing the ball, having unsuccessfully raised the motion at several ANFC meetings since 1911, so that there was interest in the new code in Tasmania was natural. The first competition there to adopt them was the 657:

commented that by encouraging more play along the boundary lines, the rules brought the action closer to the spectators. Several players liked that the reduced number of scrimmages would reduce the risk of injury, and a reduction in rough play and thuggery was noted.

1862:

offered to grant the VFA a position on the ANFC executive. This new solution would force the VFA to adopt the national rules and permit reciprocity agreements, but would give the VFA the powers of control it desired, and allow it to remain independent from the VFL.

1676:

3,380 in 1949, and the VFA's rules were gaining no further penetration into minor markets, nor support from the ANFC leagues. Some VFA club delegates felt that the throw-pass had outlived its novelty, and was no longer serving as an effective drawcard for the VFA.

501:, although that name was not in contemporary use. Under the rule, if a player was fouled after disposing of the ball, a free kick would be awarded to the nearest teammate at the spot where the ball landed, instead of to the fouled player at the spot of the foul. 1202:

in 1938) – Lahiff had played for Port Melbourne from 1930 to 1934, then played for Essendon for three years. He was appointed Port Melbourne playing coach in 1938, and was granted a clearance after indicating he would cross whether the clearance was granted or

1485:

permits to those same players if they wished to remain in the VFL and were willing incur a suspension from the VFA. Both the VFA and the VFL increased their suspensions for players who switched competition without a clearance from three years to five years.

1815:, which would have seen the VFL admit the VFA's strongest clubs, leaving only the VFA's weaker clubs playing under the throw-pass code, which would have halted the new code's growth and possibly killed off the VFA altogether. Nothing came of either scheme. 225:, which ultimately gave it a voice in the administration of the game at the national level. Although the throw-pass itself did not survive beyond the schism, other innovations from the throw-pass era helped to shape the national rules of the game. 581:

traditional centre bounce; and it was thought that faster restarts from a kick-off could enhance the game as a tactical spectacle. Once the proposal to reduce the number of players had been rejected, this rule change was summarily rejected.

1874:

that it could not vote on council matters. The Association delegate had full rights to raise motions and put forward its views relating to other motions – privileges which were not enjoyed by any other affiliated non-voting member of the

690:

Not all were convinced about the merits of the rules, particularly the throw-pass, after seeing them in action. Many were still concerned that over time the ease of throwing the ball would reduce long kicking and high marking. Champion

507:– a provision was introduced for a free kick to be taken by a teammate if the player who was originally to take the free kick was injured and unable to take it. Under national rules, a ball-up would be called under these circumstances. 1823:

Although the Association's rules were played only by very small leagues in Tasmania after the war, they were still important in off-field control discussions during the late 1940s. Tasmania was represented on the ANFC by Hobart's

1260:

in 1946) – a follower who had played fourteen seasons with South Melbourne and tied with Des Fothergill for the 1940 Brownlow Medal. Matthews was cleared to Oakleigh as playing coach at age 32 in 1946 and served there for two

1784:

most VFA grounds were well short of VFL standard, and unless there were significant and expensive upgrades by all of the councils in VFA territory, this would be a serious impediment for any VFA club promoted to the top

1231:

in 1938) – a ten-year rover for South Melbourne during its successful period in the 1930s, Brain had initially retired at the end of 1937, but then decided to play for Camberwell in 1938. Brain was cleared by South

1415:

in 1947) – after nine years at Hawthorn, where he represented Victoria and served as club captain for two years including in 1946, Bohan crossed to Camberwell without a clearance in 1947 and played there for seven

648:

lauded the boundary throw-in rule as encouraging more contested football near the boundary line, rather than seeing players content to watch the ball roll out of bounds knowing that they would receive a free kick.

1108:, kicking 120 and 121 goals, respectively. A spectacular aerialist with a strong lead, and accurate with both snap shots and long set shots for goal, Todd was an exciting drawcard for Collingwood. Laurie Nash and 1930:

In 1951, as crowds dropped, the VFA tried to reintroduce the throw-pass rule. It put a motion to the ANFC to either change the national rules to allow throwing the ball, or to allow it as a "domestic rule",

720:

increased. The VFA took advantage of this new found interest by extending the season from sixteen games to twenty in 1939, moving the Grand Final to the Saturday after the VFL Grand Final and securing the

610:

Give the Association throw-pass to a team of 18 experts and the crowd will never stop roaring from bell to bell. The game would be played with the speed of an ice hockey match and the precision of a chess

666:

is a champion, and he is never in difficulties in disposing of the ball, and the standard of efficiency of players must be increased rather than that the code be altered to meet a lower standard of play.

792:

The change to the out-of-bounds rule in the national code is often considered to have brought an end to the era of dominant full-forwards which had existed during the 1930s: century goalkickers such as

741:

The new rules generated the interest of other competitions, and to promote its new code, VFA teams played exhibition matches, including in Geelong, Camperdown and Frankston. An important match between

1850:

United States of America. The ANFC and many of its delegates considered it very important that the VFL–VFA schism be ended and the control of football be unified to achieve these aims. ANFC president

947: 464:, but reflected its distinction from the other styles of handpass. Strictly speaking, the throw was not a new form of disposal; rather, the definition of a handpass was expanded to include throwing. 1762:

the initial structure put forward by the VFA for an amalgamated competition in 1938 would have seen the establishment of two tiered divisions, with VFA to commence as a second division, and with

1885: 1042:

footballer of his era. Aged 27 when he transferred, Nash was still in the prime of his career. He played with Camberwell for four seasons from 1938 until 1941; he finished second in both the

958: 1145:

with 62 votes – a record number of votes which was never broken in Division 1. Fothergill had signed with Williamstown until the end of 1944, but due to the war played there only in 1941.

817:

In spite of this, the four VFA seasons played between 1939 and 1945 under throw-pass rules featured some of the most dominant goalkicking displays by full-forwards in the game's history.

456:; although the idea itself was not new, and had been proposed in various forums including the ANFC without being accepted since as early as 1911. This form of disposal became known as a 568:

The original proposal put forward by the rules committee had gone significantly further. Additional rules which were put forward in 1938, but were rejected by the club delegates, were:

1547:, for example, petitioned the North Tasmanian Cricket Association not to stage its 1946 match between Williamstown and Coburg, fearing popularity could be gained by the rival code. 1401:

and also a six-time premiership player with Collingwood, Collier joined Camberwell as captain-coach at age 40 in mid-1947, spending only the remainder of that season with the club.

1275:

in 1939) – a ten-year back pocket for Melbourne who had spent 1938 in the country, Ogden was cleared to Williamstown as captain-coach in 1939 and served in the position until 1941.

5285: 1798:

the VFA was keen to incorporate as many of its own rules into an amalgamated competition, but the VFL was bound by its affiliation with the ANFC to play under the national rules.

632:

Observers of the new rules quickly lauded them for having their intended effects of speeding up the game, reducing congestion and making the rules easier to police consistently.

1217:

in 1945) – Titus kicked 970 goals over eighteen seasons as a small forward at Richmond. At age 37, he was cleared to Coburg, where he played two seasons and kicked 119 goals.

1755:

given the opportunity to contest the Victorian senior premiership. However, the two bodies never agreed to terms, with a number of sticking points preventing a compromise:

1117:. His departure from Collingwood was the most acrimonious transfer of the throw-pass era, severely damaging his legacy and reputation at the club for more than sixty years. 5178: 5125: 1717:

football leagues within metropolitan Melbourne, including managing permit and clearance arrangements; and the two bodies continued that arrangement despite the schism.

1855: 3030:

100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported

1430:

in 1947) – a centre half-back and Hawthorn's vice-captain in 1946, Blackman crossed to Preston as captain-coach without a clearance in 1947, and went on to win the

1184:

Freyer was the first to have it formalised). He was Port Melbourne's dominant forward for the next four years, kicking 484 goals in 84 games, and twice winning the

1141:, polling a then-record 32 votes. Aged only 20, he crossed to Williamstown without a clearance at the beginning of 1941, and dominated the competition, winning the 1829: 91: 4874: 63: 1713:, to affiliate directly with the VFA. In September 1946, the VFA was registered as an incorporated company, and it obtained a copyright of its code of rules. 585:

form at the contest. When the reduction in the number of players was defeated, the boundary throw-in rule was amended to remove this aspect of the proposal.

70: 4857: 921:

clearance risked being stuck in the VFL seconds with no ability to return to the VFA seniors if they weren't good enough for regular senior selection.

48: 41: 3433: 784:

mark in 1954; both rules remain part of modern football, except that the distance of the fifteen-yard penalty was extended to fifty metres in 1988.

77: 5336: 5004: 5087: 5077: 1888:

and other sanctioned interstate games, meaning that Victoria would be represented by separate VFL and VFA teams in these interstate competitions.

59: 5331: 1825: 1544: 1498:

Victoria's public schools, a key development competition. This left the VFA with significantly reduced market penetration for its rules. The

1293:, Faul crossed to Prahran as captain-coach without a clearance in 1939. He went on to coach a then-record 313 senior VFA games with Prahran, 1092:

in 1940): Todd had established himself as Collingwood's full-forward at the age of 22 in 1938 after the retirement of long-time full forward

453: 5270: 5235: 5173: 386:

manner by the active clubs, who agreed upon rules and administrative matters through informal meetings of club secretaries. In 1877, the

5341: 5250: 1034: 3499: 5082: 4912: 394: 202: 746: 2240: 1709:

in 1938 to enter an affiliation with the VFA; and competitions in country Victoria were forced to leave their governing body, the

5112: 4850: 1939:

The VFA remained affiliated with the ANFC until March 1970. Its relationship with the ANFC began to strain in 1965, when the VFA

421:(ANFC). Formed in 1906, the ANFC comprised one delegate from each state, and later added one from Canberra and one representing 84: 5168: 5160: 1450:, with Pratt and Cazaly recognised in the Legend category. Only in Todd's case is his VFA career acknowledged in his citation. 1246:

in 1941) – a ruckman who had played 69 games in five seasons for Geelong, Mahon crossed to Prahran without a clearance in 1941.

146: 5295: 5183: 5055: 5009: 4958: 1811:

sub-committee investigate a scheme to admit four to six of the VFA's twelve clubs; this scheme was reminiscent of the VFL's

5290: 5265: 5097: 5069: 1971: 1966: 679: 449: 418: 222: 5321: 5255: 422: 5326: 5240: 4994: 4843: 1976: 1808: 1774: 1473: 1459:

round, the VFA decided to cancel the season, citing the unavailability of grounds (many were being used to support the

909:

in 1940, and he opted not to cross without a clearance because he harboured ambitions to return to be playing-coach of

765: 1710: 426: 172: 110: 154: 5199: 5014: 4319: 1499: 1447: 1068: 617: 4932: 1773:

a significant impediment to combining the competitions was the fact that VFL clubs had recruited players under a

1038: 671: 5300: 1961: 511:

Another key rule which was not included amongst the original 1938 changes, but which was introduced during the

387: 206: 139: 1940: 410: 290: 5135: 1833: 1706: 1631: 1615: 1586: 1576: 1520: 1476:

all made appeals to have their VFL disqualifications overturned in 1943, but their appeals were dismissed.

1316: 1199: 1180: 1133:

in 1941). A young goalkicking midfielder and half-forward, Fothergill had been a joint winner of the VFL's

926: 830: 692: 346: 4989: 1510:, adopted the Association rules in 1946, but otherwise growth of the VFA code after the war was minimal. 1427: 1357: 1342: 1050:

in 1939, and across his career with Camberwell kicked 418 goals in 74 games, including 141 goals in 1940.

818: 650: 356: 201:

and parts of regional Victoria. The schism existed primarily between Melbourne's pre-eminent league, the

1679:

The 1949 Grand Final on Saturday 1 October was the final senior VFA game played under throw-pass rules:

4953: 4891: 1956: 1924: 1680: 1669: 1651: 1645: 1611: 1566: 1349: 1272: 1161: 1130: 1089: 862: 842: 729: 654: 475:

around the ball and the tackled player; it also meant that a player could drop the ball, try to earn a

382:

Australian rules football had been played in Victoria since 1858, and was initially administered in an

366: 1812: 1792:

dividends – indeed, this was a major motivation for the VFL's original secession from the VFA in 1897.

877: 5034: 5029: 4922: 4866: 1635: 1621: 1367: 1126: 1085: 1030: 769: 361: 255: 190: 1944: 1916: 1763: 1625: 1490: 1443: 1412: 1394: 1371: 1324: 1228: 1025: 906: 742: 721: 371: 326: 5024: 724:

as its venue; with a larger venue and no VFL counter-attraction, the 1939 VFA Grand Final between

4917: 1912: 1878:

The VFA would need to abandon its own rules, including the throw-pass, and play under ANFC rules.

1688: 1570: 1556: 1298: 1294: 1268: 725: 708: 417:

The responsibility for administration of the game at the national level fell at this time to the

336: 321: 285: 150: 37: 1943:

its 1949 permit reciprocity agreement with the VFL. Clearance disputes, particularly related to

4612:

Hector A. deLacy (31 July 1948). ""National football demands VFL–VFA unity" – ANFC president".

1920: 1881:

The VFA would be beholden to the ANFC's reciprocal transfer agreements with interstate leagues.

1837: 1684: 1655: 1641: 1560: 1507: 1423: 1408: 1390: 1257: 1210: 1195: 1176: 1166: 930: 910: 712: 406: 398: 341: 316: 305: 295: 280: 260: 4999: 3843: 1891:

The VFA would share the benefits of ANFC programs such as advertising, development programs,

1580: 1464: 1360:

in 1941) – Geelong's captain in 1940, Everett crossed to Preston in 1941 without a clearance.

1353: 1304: 1286: 1243: 1239: 1157: 1080: 1072: 997: 838: 822: 351: 275: 265: 250: 1071:. Pratt walked out on South Melbourne at the end of 1939; he sought a clearance to VFL club 3503: 2224:

Percy Taylor (16 February 1938). "Football experiments – V.F.A. conserving its interests".

1665: 1590: 1536: 1524: 1214: 1063: 834: 331: 194: 8: 4968: 4474:

Percy Taylor (25 November 1944). "No football merger – final VFL-VFA meeting on Monday".

1705:

affiliation fee for the privilege. The NWFA, for example, ended its affiliation with the

1540: 1431: 1328: 1312: 1290: 1185: 1142: 1138: 761: 461: 198: 588:

Awarding three points if the ball hits the goal post, instead of the standard one point.

5140: 4028:. Launceston, TAS. 11 May 1949. p. 15 – via National Library of Australia. 1528: 1438:

Nash, Pratt, Todd, Fothergill, Vallence, Titus, Matthews, both Collier brothers, and

663: 592: 5209: 1532: 1338: 1033:, Nash earned £3 per week (equivalent to A$ 304 in 2022) during summer to play 753:

to give South Australian officials the opportunity to see the new rules in action.

523: 471: 402: 270: 1149:

Other notable VFL players to switch to the VFA, with or without clearances, were:

16:

Split between the Victorian Football League and the Victorian Football Association

4937: 2658: 1249: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1093: 794: 637: 512: 476: 1897:

As it had no vote, the VFA was not initially required to pay a levy to the ANFC.

925:

was the first player to transfer to the VFL without a clearance, switching from

5219: 5204: 4927: 4896: 2082: 1730: 1398: 1375: 1363: 1153: 1134: 1121: 1001: 393:

In October 1896, eight of the VFA's thirteen clubs seceded and established the

4582:"Senior bodies express confidence in T.F.L.'s control of Tasmanian football". 1923:

struggled to the point of being unable to pay their players; even a club like

209:(VFA). In the context of VFA history, this period is often referred to as the 5315: 5260: 5214: 4963: 4021: 3385: 3369: 1851: 1419: 1386: 1334: 1109: 1097: 802: 750: 675: 621: 4835: 5280: 5275: 5245: 5050: 4984: 4222:

Stab Kick (8 July 1949). "Town demonstrates its superiority over Preston".

1980: 1722: 1379: 1320: 1308: 1282: 1264: 1253: 1224: 1191: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1021: 300: 3261:

Percy Taylor (31 March 1938). "To leave League – Nash joins Camberwell".

1984: 1726: 1503: 1235: 1220: 1016: 989: 922: 810: 645: 4459:

Percy Taylor (10 May 1940). "One control of game – "It can't be done"".

3136:

Old Boy (28 January 1925). "Football prospects – the broken agreement".

2447:

Ivor Warne-Smith (2 September 1938). "Tactics – fair, and not so fair".

1446:

at age 48 while he was there as coach in 1941) are all inductees in the

5092: 5019: 1460: 1439: 1206: 1172: 826: 806: 696: 1543:. Games were not always supported by proponents of the ANFC code; the 1004:

all crossed without clearances to play throw-pass football in the VFA.

5150: 5145: 4537:

Percy Taylor (30 March 1940). "Clubs may transfer – hint by V.F.A.".

4285:"North-Western Association to affiliate with Victorian Association". 4069:

Rover (21 October 1946). "Effectiveness of throw pass demonstrated".

3106:

Percy Taylor (12 April 1940). "League may attempt to restrain Todd".

2507:

Old Boy (23 April 1938). "Throwing the ball – football experiments".

2150:. Vol. CXXX, no. 4302. Melbourne. 20 June 1931. p. 16. 1404: 1278: 1054: 993: 902: 798: 749:(which usually played League rules) was played in August 1938 at the 157:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 26: 5130: 4255:

Peter Banfield (22 September 1951). "V.F.A. move for break grows".

4209:

The VFA: a history of the Victorian Football Association, 1877–1995

3813:

Jack Oates (7 September 1949). "Jack Blackman wins Liston Trophy".

2241:"General footy writing: May 17, 1859 and the codification of footy" 1858:

is easiest upset" when describing the importance of reunification.

760:

The new rules also gained penetration in Tasmania, particularly in

3750:

Jim Blake (17 July 1946). "Collier's part in rise of Camberwell".

2785:"Sale District Football Association – Association Rules adopted". 1289:

in 1939) – seven-year half-backman who had finished second in the

946: 599: 577: 487: 4737:

Jack Dunn (17 July 1953). "Third VFA team to play as amateurs".

2354:

Rover (16 April 1938). "Crowds will be attracted by new rules".

979: 2890:

H. A. deLacy (15 May 1940). "Public schools adopt throw-pass".

2522:

Percy Taylor (18 April 1938). "League officials see new laws".

1397:

in 1947) – brother of Albert, retrospective winner of the 1930

893:, without clearances and would have no fear of legal recourse. 2285:"Altered rules adopted at Devonport: outlined and explained". 1870:

The VFA received a seat on the council, which had full rights

701: 3525:

Roy Shaw (11 April 1945). "Vallence to play with Brighton".

957: 5120: 3421:, Williamstown, VIC: Williamstown Football Club, p. 61 2575:

Old Boy (14 October 1939). "Australian Football problems".

1721:

and from an on-field perspective still exists, between the

968: 707:

A statistical analysis of the 1938 VFA Grand Final between

3780:

Follower (12 April 1948). "Drastic change at Camberwell".

3434:"How a Magpie great lost his place in team of the century" 3151:

Rover (6 July 1938). "Brighton gets forward from League".

2303:"Football Laws: bounds rule to remain, holding the ball". 1319:

in 1940) – a thirteen-year senior key position player for

4824:

Scot Palmer (17 March 1970). "Permits: VFA is expelled".

4627:"One football control body – VFA again to approach VFL". 1936:

be reintroduced, but this never gained majority support.

936: 2369:"Australasian Football Council – Alterations to rules". 497:– the VFA introduced the rule which today is known as a 189:

was a period of division in the rules and governance of

4745: 4193:, Melbourne: Victorian Football Association, p. 29 2789:. No. 10, 934. Sale, VIC. 7 April 1938. p. 4. 2610:

Steve McKee (19 August 1938). "Dangers of throw-pass".

2008:. Vol. XXII, no. 580. Melbourne. p. 588. 432: 425:

nationwide. The ANFC was the custodian of the official

2938:"N. W. Association – Success of the throw-pass rule". 2500: 1699: 4522:

Percy Taylor (19 January 1944). "One football code".

3844:"Australian Football Hall of Fame – Players Inducted" 2537:

H. O. Balfe (16 June 1938). "V.F.L. and throw-pass".

2492:"Football rules tried: success in practice matches". 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 1513: 4202: 4200: 3088:"Bob Pratt eclipses individual record of 15 goals". 3013:

Daryl Timms (16 March 1988). "'Go' on footy rules".

2933: 2931: 2695:

Rover (30 May 1938). "Large scores in Association".

1957:

Victorian Football League/Australian Football League

1884:

The VFA could send a representative team to play in

495:

Free kicks paid for fouls committed after a disposal

193:, primarily in the sport's traditional heartland of 4084:Percy Beams (17 June 1947). "VFA code at Bendigo". 3355:"Bob Pratt (SM) was best full forward of my time". 4313: 4311: 2710:Rover (22 April 1940). "62,000 at V.F.A opening". 2629:. Williamstown, VIC. 23 September 1949. p. 8. 2336:"Throwing the ball: prominent players' opinions". 2182: 4567:"Football control – to submit case to A.N.F.C.". 4408:Rover (17 May 1944). "VFA favours amalgamation". 4197: 3908: 3906: 3793: 3791: 3619:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 16 February 1946. p. 1. 2928: 2815:"Support for V.F.A. – Bendigo adopts new rules". 2174:"Throwing the football; old out of bounds rule". 825:) won the 1939 goalkicking title with 164 goals; 736: 60:"Australian rules football schism" 1938–1949 5313: 4611: 4454: 4452: 4436: 4434: 4381: 4250: 4248: 3634:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 6 December 1947. p. 1. 3246:"Player without clearance – Cleared by V.F.L.". 3190:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 28 January 1939. p. 3. 2744:. Camperdown, VIC. 26 September 1939. p. 2. 2555:"Comments by spectators: views on rule differ". 2446: 833:) won the 1940 title with 157 goals; Bob Pratt ( 5078:Australian rules football during the World Wars 4308: 3956: 3954: 3765:"H. Collier given coaching job at Camberwell". 3386:Taylor, P. "Pratt was the Greatest Goal-Kicker" 3101: 3099: 2759:. Frankston, VIC. 22 September 1939. p. 6. 2590: 2588: 2586: 2004:Peter Pindar (12 May 1877). "Football Gossip". 1749: 883: 4254: 3903: 3788: 3593: 3589:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 16 April 1938. p. 1. 3585:"L. Nash and South – player wants clearance". 3559:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 12 March 1938. p. 1. 3455:. Williamstown, VIC. 16 March 1945. p. 1. 3323:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 24 April 1943. p. 3. 2972:. Camperdown, VIC. 5 November 1938. p. 4. 2322:. Launceston, TAS. 7 October 1938. p. 14. 2219: 2217: 2215: 600:Early years of throw-pass football (1938–1941) 4865: 4851: 4783:. Broken Hill, NSW. 18 July 1951. p. 12. 4449: 4431: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4304:. Horsham, VIC. 30 September 1938. p. 9. 4245: 4178:. Williamstown, VIC. 15 June 1945. p. 2. 4163:. Launceston, TAS. 27 August 1946. p. 5. 4148:. Shepparton, VIC. 2 October 1945. p. 5. 3928:"Suspensions remain on Todd and Fothergill". 3166: 3164: 3162: 3092:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 19 July 1941. p. 3. 3077:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 20 July 1940. p. 1. 3062:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 13 July 1940. p. 3. 2957:. Launceston, TAS. 25 April 1940. p. 10. 2131:"V.F.A. decision – "Fight its own battles"". 1826:Tasmanian Australian National Football League 1545:Tasmanian Australian National Football League 4536: 4521: 4473: 4458: 4144:"Brunswick footballers feted at Mooroopna". 3951: 3694:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 18 May 1940. p. 1. 3690:"Robertson leaves South without clearance". 3269: 3260: 3105: 3096: 2889: 2583: 2521: 2223: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2102: 2100: 2042: 2003: 1736: 187:Australian rules football schism (1938–1949) 5174:Countries playing Australian rules football 4823: 4635: 4502: 4500: 4083: 4014: 3679:. Emerald Hill, VIC. 4 May 1940. p. 1. 3544:. Emerald Hill, VIC. p. 16 April 1938. 3350: 3348: 3293:. Burnie, TAS. 7 September 1936. p. 4. 3047:. Melbourne. 25 September 1939. p. 11. 3012: 2774:. Adelaide, SA. 11 August 1938. p. 46. 2647:. Burnie, TAS. 3 September 1938. p. 4. 2609: 2559:. Adelaide, SA. 10 August 1938. p. 29. 2536: 2388:. Sydney, NSW. 5 November 1924. p. 13. 2298: 2296: 2260: 2258: 2212: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2077: 2075: 1479: 505:Transfer of free kicks from injured players 460:– a term which in many sports would appear 4858: 4844: 4711:. Melbourne. 23 September 1952. p. 9. 4646:. Melbourne. 17 February 1949. p. 20. 4601:. Canarvon, WA. 19 March 1948. p. 16. 4467: 4396: 4392:. Melbourne. 16 February 1934. p. 12. 3865:"VFA will play unless ban by government". 3812: 3494: 3492: 3470:. Melbourne. 11 February 1938. p. 19. 3332: 3330: 3175:. Melbourne. 27 February 1941. p. 12. 3159: 3129: 2998:"Fos Williams on 15-yard penalty clause". 2909:. Kalgoorlie, WA. 27 June 1914. p. 4. 2845:"Football: Kilmore overwhelms Broadford". 2643:"The Throw-Pass Rule: "gives more play"". 2550: 2548: 2397: 2395: 2349: 2347: 2331: 2329: 2265:"Football council – Meeting in Adelaide". 2238: 2178:. Melbourne. 15 February 1938. p. 18. 2135:. Melbourne. 16 November 1937. p. 20. 2038:. Hobart, TAS. 12 October 1907. p. 9. 787: 548:; the traditional rules were known as the 4736: 4586:. Burnie, TAS. 2 August 1954. p. 11. 4571:. Burnie, TAS. 25 August 1947. p. 3. 4377:. Melbourne. 7 December 1948. p. 16. 4347:. Melbourne. 26 January 1935. p. 26. 4289:. Burnie, TAS. 11 August 1938. p. 3. 4221: 4159:"Against visit of V.F.A. teams to city". 4103:. Melbourne. 14 October 1946. p. 18. 4058:. Melbourne. 24 October 1945. p. 15. 3895:"Association is not likely to continue". 3869:. Melbourne. 24 February 1942. p. 6. 3832:. Melbourne. 22 October 1941. p. 10. 3749: 3308:. Sunshine, VIC. 10 July 1942. p. 2. 3125:. Melbourne. 20 January 1923. p. 20. 3002:. Adelaide, SA. 13 July 1954. p. 32. 2924:. Melbourne. 29 December 1919. p. 5. 2740:"Association footballers at Camperdown". 2599:. Melbourne. 1 November 1938. p. 18. 2466:. Melbourne. 8 September 1937. p. 9. 2384:"Victorian Footballers oppose new rule". 2373:. Hobart, TAS. 12 August 1924. p. 5. 2208:. Melbourne. 12 October 1937. p. 20. 2115: 2097: 2057: 1453: 905:, for example, was denied a clearance to 865:players' agreement relating to transfers. 837:) won the 1941 title with 183 goals; and 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 4726:. Canberra, ACT. 8 July 1953. p. 4. 4722:"Vote granted to Football Association". 4672: 4670: 4668: 4515: 4497: 4320:"The VFA and the search for an identity" 4317: 4118:. Moama, NSW. 1 October 1945. p. 6. 4043:. Burnie, TAS. 14 April 1947. p. 2. 3995:. Burnie, TAS. 16 March 1946. p. 3. 3779: 3524: 3500:"Williamstown FC Hall of Fame inductees" 3370:Jack Regan Retires: Praises Star Forward 3345: 3027: 2987:. Hobart, TAS. 4 April 1945. p. 16. 2800:"VFA Sub-Districts: new rules adopted". 2684:. Burnie, TAS. 3 August 1939. p. 3. 2638: 2636: 2481:. Burnie, TAS. 27 April 1939. p. 3. 2406:. Burnie, TAS. 5 August 1939. p. 9. 2293: 2255: 2154: 2072: 2068:. Melbourne. 29 January 1925. p. 5. 2053:. Melbourne. 17 October 1907. p. 8. 1979:, the equivalent control schism between 1854:called in 1948 upon the old adage that " 1067:was one of the inaugural legends of the 747:South Australian Amateur Football League 704:" version of Australian rules football. 5337:Variations of Australian rules football 4798:. Melbourne. 10 April 1965. p. 64. 4768:. Adelaide, SA. 8 May 1951. p. 17. 4751: 4681:. Melbourne. 9 August 1949. p. 20. 4661:. Melbourne. 30 March 1949. p. 23. 4642:"ANFC-VFA negotiations will continue". 4493:. Melbourne. 2 October 1945. p. 7. 4445:. Melbourne. 15 March 1938. p. 18. 4206: 4188: 4133:. Melbourne. 9 August 1946. p. 16. 4010:. Melbourne. 10 April 1945. p. 13. 3965:. Melbourne. 15 March 1945. p. 13. 3947:. Melbourne. 10 April 1945. p. 13. 3802:. Melbourne. 10 April 1947. p. 13. 3724:. Melbourne. 12 April 1941. p. 16. 3664:. Perth, WA. 17 April 1940. p. 11. 3649:. Melbourne. 13 April 1939. p. 20. 3489: 3485:. Melbourne. 22 March 1939. p. 26. 3416: 3406:. Melbourne. 11 April 1940. p. 15. 3336: 3327: 3304:"Laurie Nash stars against Braybrook". 3250:. Melbourne. 28 April 1938. p. 18. 3135: 2942:. Burnie, TAS. 5 April 1940. p. 3. 2864:. Morwell, VIC. 29 May 1941. p. 1. 2849:. Kilmore, VIC. 11 May 1939. p. 5. 2729:. Melbourne. 9 August 1940. p. 14. 2574: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2545: 2506: 2496:. Melbourne. 28 March 1928. p. 18. 2392: 2344: 2340:. Burnie, TAS. 28 July 1938. p. 3. 2326: 2307:. Perth, WA. 19 August 1927. p. 9. 2289:. Burnie, TAS. 14 July 1938. p. 5. 2280: 2278: 2276: 2269:. Hobart, TAS. 14 July 1911. p. 8. 1830:Northern Tasmanian Football Association 772:, remained loyal to the national code. 470:– amendments were made to the existing 441:The rule changes which were made were: 5314: 5169:Australian rules football in Australia 4696:. Melbourne. 12 July 1949. p. 20. 4511:. Melbourne. 29 July 1944. p. 15. 4427:. Melbourne. 8 March 1938. p. 18. 4362:. Melbourne. 20 July 1939. p. 19. 4274:. Melbourne. 14 July 1949. p. 19. 4114:"Football: Coburg seconds at Echuca". 3980:. Melbourne. 24 March 1945. p. 8. 3884:. Melbourne. 21 April 1942. p. 6. 3769:. Melbourne. 17 June 1947. p. 11. 3739:. Melbourne. 5 April 1945. p. 12. 3720:"Association teams – Preston's haul". 3709:. Melbourne. 12 April 1939. p. 9. 3574:. Melbourne. 9 April 1938. p. 14. 3359:. Melbourne. 10 July 1947. p. 11. 3319:"A. La Fontaine selects Laurie Nash". 3205:. Melbourne. 8 March 1940. p. 15. 2879:. Burnie, TAS. 8 July 1938. p. 5. 2804:. Melbourne. 6 April 1938. p. 24. 2755:"Football – throw-pass demonstrated". 2421:. Melbourne. 20 June 1945. p. 16. 1841:and NWFU improved in the early 1950s. 1818: 937:Notable League players to switch codes 733:home-and-away games in 1938 and 1939. 47:Please improve this article by adding 5184:Australian Football International Cup 5010:Queensland Australian Football League 4839: 4665: 4631:. Melbourne. 16 June 1945. p. 7. 4556:. Burnie, TAS. 5 May 1947. p. 4. 4407: 4366: 4241:. Melbourne. 23 May 1949. p. 14. 4068: 3917:. Melbourne. 7 April 1945. p. 8. 3798:"J. Bohan incurs League suspension". 3431: 3235:. Melbourne. 9 July 1934. p. 13. 3186:"Farrelly mentioned for Camberwell". 3150: 3058:"E. Freyer chasing Hawkins' record". 2834:. Sale, VIC. 19 June 1939. p. 7. 2709: 2694: 2633: 2603: 2353: 2111:. Perth, WA. 22 June 1938. p. 3. 2064:"League Football – Three New Clubs". 2027: 1502:, the small and remote league on the 870: 604: 205:(VFL), and its secondary league, the 5332:History of Australian rules football 4813:. Melbourne. April 1967. p. 64. 4707:"V.F.A. bid on voting power fails". 4270:"VFA likely to favour affiliation". 4237:"Crowded play ruining VFA matches". 3943:"VFA Players who stay with League". 3932:. Melbourne. 15 May 1943. p. 9. 3899:. Melbourne. 2 May 1942. p. 10. 3604:. Melbourne. 8 May 1941. p. 12. 3220:. Melbourne. 7 May 1936. p. 20. 2819:. Melbourne. 3 May 1938. p. 18. 2563: 2436:. Perth, WA. 4 May 1939. p. 14. 2273: 2023:. Melbourne. 5 May 1888. p. 14. 1972:History of Australian rules football 1967:Australian National Football Council 433:Establishment of the throw-pass code 419:Australian National Football Council 223:Australian National Football Council 122: 20: 4552:"Football control unsatisfactory". 4489:"Association favours one control". 4373:"VFA asked to forgo "throw pass"". 3645:"South's ban on Faul disregarded". 3073:"Freyer in sight of Aust. record". 2830:"Throw-pass popularises football". 1700:Control structure during the schism 1694: 848: 13: 4995:Northern Territory Football League 4959:AFL Women's Under 18 Championships 4129:"Preston team for Bendigo match". 4054:"VFA teams excel at Broken Hill". 4006:"Public schools play ANFC rules". 3600:"League players for Association". 3466:"Disappointment at Williamstown". 3337:Laurie Nash. "Pratt – best ever". 3289:"Victorian League's best player". 2983:"Penalty rule benefits football". 2462:"Changing the rules of football". 2019:"Opening of the Football Season". 1551:VFA throw-pass Grand Final results 1514:Final years of throw-pass football 766:North Western Football Association 234:Victorian clubs during the schism 14: 5353: 5342:1938 in Australian rules football 4657:"VFL–VFA clearances reciprocal". 4597:"Move to reduce football teams". 3961:"Fothergill and Todd uncertain". 3735:"Collier and Stackpole cleared". 3630:"Oakleigh appoints a new coach". 2920:"Australasian Football Council". 1711:Victorian Country Football League 563: 5200:Australian Football Hall of Fame 4817: 4802: 4794:"VFA shock: war on clearances". 4787: 4772: 4757: 4730: 4715: 4700: 4685: 4650: 4620: 4605: 4590: 4575: 4560: 4545: 4530: 4482: 4416: 4351: 4336: 4293: 4278: 4263: 4230: 4215: 4182: 4167: 4152: 4137: 4122: 4107: 4092: 4077: 4062: 4047: 4032: 3999: 3984: 3969: 3936: 3921: 3888: 3880:"Association against football". 3873: 3858: 3836: 3821: 3806: 3773: 3758: 3743: 3728: 3713: 3698: 3683: 3668: 3653: 3638: 3623: 3615:"Over 700 at S.M.F.C. Meeting". 2953:"Football: Against throw pass". 1807:investigated in 1940, saw a VFL 1500:King Island Football Association 1448:Australian Football Hall of Fame 1069:Australian Football Hall of Fame 978: 967: 956: 945: 127: 25: 5126:Comparison with Gaelic football 4692:"VFA defers ANFC affiliation". 4226:. Williamstown, VIC. p. 8. 3991:"Football – N.W. Association". 3608: 3578: 3563: 3548: 3533: 3518: 3481:"Vallence cleared by Carlton". 3474: 3459: 3444: 3432:Grant, Trevor (26 March 2013). 3425: 3410: 3395: 3379: 3363: 3312: 3297: 3282: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3209: 3194: 3179: 3144: 3114: 3081: 3066: 3051: 3036: 3032:, Ringwood: Viking, p. 114 3021: 3006: 2991: 2976: 2961: 2946: 2913: 2898: 2883: 2868: 2853: 2838: 2823: 2808: 2793: 2778: 2763: 2748: 2733: 2718: 2703: 2688: 2673: 2651: 2618: 2530: 2515: 2485: 2477:"In praise of the throw pass". 2470: 2455: 2440: 2425: 2410: 2377: 2362: 2311: 2232: 2204:"Drastic changes in football". 4809:"'Open go' now on transfers". 4174:"Second quarter lapse fatal". 3828:"Cazaly engaged by Hawthorn". 3675:"Robertson turns South down". 3555:"No clearance for T. Lahiff". 3451:"Fothergill for Collingwood". 2417:"Penalty is 15 not 10 yards". 2139: 2012: 1997: 1962:Victorian Football Association 1856:a house divided against itself 737:Response of other competitions 388:Victorian Football Association 207:Victorian Football Association 1: 4441:"Link with League proposed". 4423:"Football Association draw". 4073:. Launceston, TAS. p. 1. 1990: 1844: 814:wider spread of goalkickers. 640:(writing under his pseudonym 228: 49:secondary or tertiary sources 5136:International rules football 3846:. Australian Football League 2659:"Yearly Totals and Averages" 2402:"Interpretations of rules". 1905: 1834:North Western Football Union 1750:Proposals for united control 1707:North Western Football Union 1442:(who played a few games for 884:Termination of the agreement 745:and a composite team of the 591:Giving umpires the power to 7: 4507:"One control of football". 2875:"V.F.A. Changes in rules". 2614:. Adelaide, SA. p. 18. 2595:"Throw pass not favoured". 2318:"Football throw favoured". 1950: 197:, and to lesser extents in 153:the claims made and adding 10: 5358: 5322:Australian Football League 4954:AFL Under 18 Championships 4677:"Association joins ANFC". 3705:"Footscray and Morrison". 3419:Seagulls over Williamstown 3402:"No clearance for Pratt". 2770:"Throw-pass in football". 2541:. Sydney, NSW. p. 24. 2239:John Harms (20 May 2009). 1691:before a crowd of 40,000. 1143:Recorder Cup and VFA Medal 674:and future ANFC president 662:Any mug can throw a ball. 5327:Victorian Football League 5228: 5192: 5159: 5111: 5068: 5043: 4977: 4946: 4905: 4884: 4873: 4867:Australian rules football 4022:"League rules on King Is" 3540:"E. Freyer joins Ports". 3376:, (29 January 1942), p.8. 3201:"Richmond to hold Dyer". 2083:"Attendances (1921–2014)" 2049:"Rival Football Bodies". 1789:Financial considerations: 1737:Desire for united control 861:— Excerpt from the 1930s 770:North West Football Union 540:, more informally as the 395:Victorian Football League 203:Victorian Football League 191:Australian rules football 4828:. Melbourne. p. 62. 4741:. Melbourne. p. 28. 4526:. Melbourne. p. 11. 4478:. Melbourne. p. 17. 4463:. Melbourne. p. 18. 4412:. Melbourne. p. 11. 4259:. Melbourne. p. 15. 3976:"League men to return". 3913:"Moves of VFA players". 3817:. Melbourne. p. 28. 3754:. Melbourne. p. 14. 3570:"Brain for Camberwell". 3341:. Melbourne. p. 11. 3155:. Melbourne. p. 24. 3110:. Melbourne. p. 18. 3017:. Melbourne. p. 84. 2905:"Australasian control". 2725:"Coburg's vital match". 2714:. Melbourne. p. 13. 2699:. Melbourne. p. 16. 2579:. Melbourne. p. 11. 2526:. Melbourne. p. 18. 2511:. Melbourne. p. 18. 2451:. Melbourne. p. 18. 2432:"Cribbing on the mark". 2358:. Melbourne. p. 22. 2228:. Melbourne. p. 24. 1764:promotion and relegation 1480:Resumption after the war 1098:VFL's leading goalkicker 809:in South Australia, and 722:Melbourne Cricket Ground 4616:. Melbourne. p. 7. 4541:. Melbourne. p. 1. 4388:"The grounds dispute". 4088:. Melbourne. p. 6. 4039:"V.F.A. season opens". 3784:. Melbourne. p. 8. 3529:. Melbourne. p. 6. 3392:, (13 July 1950), p.13. 3265:. Melbourne. p. 1. 3171:"League star for VFA". 3140:. Melbourne. p. 9. 2968:"Throw-pass attacked". 2894:. Melbourne. p. 1. 2146:"Australian football". 2107:"New Victorian rules". 1689:St Kilda Cricket Ground 1468:after only four years. 788:Effect on full-forwards 454:Melbourne Rules of 1859 5083:History of the VFL/AFL 5030:Tasmanian State League 4826:The Sun News-Pictorial 4811:The Sun News-Pictorial 4796:The Sun News-Pictorial 4739:The Sun News-Pictorial 4224:Williamstown Chronicle 4207:Fiddian, Marc (2004), 4189:Fiddian, Marc (1977), 4176:Williamstown Chronicle 3815:The Sun News-Pictorial 3453:Williamstown Chronicle 3417:Fiddian, Marc (2003), 3043:"Hawkins, 155 goals". 3028:Jim Ross, ed. (1996), 3015:The Sun News-Pictorial 2680:"Throw pass popular". 2627:Williamstown Chronicle 1760:Competition structure: 1660: 1454:Effect of World War II 858: 688: 630: 595:to control rough play. 36:relies excessively on 5236:After-the-siren kicks 5210:Club best and fairest 5000:Adelaide Footy League 4764:"Throw-pass sought". 4146:Shepparton Advertiser 1553: 1305:Austin Robertson, Sr. 853: 660: 608: 544:, or pejoratively as 522:The VFA introduced a 520:Fifteen yard penalty: 4358:"V.F.A. and Union". 4343:"New junior union". 4099:"Sport in country". 3506:on 11 September 2014 3121:"Football Control". 2970:Camperdown Chronicle 2742:Camperdown Chronicle 2625:"Wells invincible". 1886:interstate carnivals 1374:in 1945) – the 1929 1035:sub-district cricket 524:fifteen-yard penalty 5291:Oldest competitions 5088:Interstate football 4969:Talent League Girls 3231:"The Coulter Law". 3218:The West Australian 2860:"Football starts". 2787:The Gippsland Times 2109:The West Australian 1941:stopped recognising 1828:; but Launceston's 1819:Control in Tasmania 1683:10.5 (65) defeated 1432:J. J. Liston Trophy 1291:1932 Brownlow Medal 762:North West Tasmania 499:downfield free kick 235: 199:North West Tasmania 5271:In popular culture 5141:Lightning football 5103:Schism (1938–1949) 4964:Talent League Boys 4724:The Canberra Times 4614:The Sporting Globe 4300:"Football rules". 3752:The Sporting Globe 3277:The Canberra Times 3216:"Higher payment". 2892:The Sporting Globe 2862:Morwell Advertiser 2847:Kilmore Free Press 2419:The Sporting Globe 1376:Brownlow Medallist 871:Permit reciprocity 626:The Sporting Globe 605:Effect on the game 233: 138:possibly contains 5309: 5308: 5064: 5063: 4779:"No throw pass". 4302:The Horsham Times 3306:Sunshine Advocate 1782:Grounds standard: 1687:8.14 (62) at the 593:order players off 538:Association rules 484:Boundary throw-in 446:Throwing the ball 380: 379: 183: 182: 175: 140:original research 121: 120: 113: 95: 5349: 5296:Terms and jargon 5256:Fantasy football 5229:Related articles 4882: 4881: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4663: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3502:. Archived from 3496: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3393: 3383: 3377: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3275:"Naughty Nash", 3273: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907:The Evening Star 2902: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2581: 2580: 2577:The Australasian 2572: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2509:The Australasian 2504: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2282: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2152: 2151: 2148:The Australasian 2143: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2006:The Australasian 2001: 1832:and the coastal 1695:Football control 1380:Leitch Medallist 982: 971: 960: 949: 866: 849:Player transfers 686: 634:The Australasian 628: 542:throw-pass rules 472:holding the ball 468:Holding the ball 427:laws of the game 423:amateur football 236: 232: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 155:inline citations 131: 130: 123: 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 53: 29: 21: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5224: 5188: 5155: 5107: 5060: 5039: 4973: 4942: 4901: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4834: 4833: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4450: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4406: 4397: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4205: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4116:Riverine Herald 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3279:, 4 April 1938. 3274: 3270: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3149: 3145: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3104: 3097: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2832:Gippsland Times 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2573: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2535: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2352: 2345: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2274: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2243:. Footy Almanac 2237: 2233: 2222: 2213: 2203: 2202: 2183: 2173: 2172: 2155: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2129: 2116: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1953: 1908: 1847: 1821: 1775:zoning/district 1752: 1739: 1702: 1697: 1661: 1649: 1639: 1634:15.15 (105) d. 1629: 1619: 1614:16.21 (117) d. 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589:15.18 (108) d. 1584: 1579:23.22 (160) d. 1574: 1569:14.20 (104) d. 1564: 1559:19.17 (131) d. 1552: 1516: 1482: 1456: 1321:South Melbourne 1309:South Melbourne 1283:South Melbourne 1254:South Melbourne 1250:Herbie Matthews 1225:South Melbourne 1186:VFA goalkicking 1094:Gordon Coventry 1060:South Melbourne 1022:South Melbourne 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 988:VFL superstars 985: 984: 983: 974: 973: 972: 963: 962: 961: 952: 951: 950: 939: 886: 878:1925 expansions 873: 868: 860: 851: 795:Gordon Coventry 790: 739: 687: 670: 638:Reginald Wilmot 629: 615: 607: 602: 566: 477:holding-the-man 435: 411:North Melbourne 376: 310: 301:South Melbourne 291:North Melbourne 231: 179: 168: 162: 159: 144: 132: 128: 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 46: 42:primary sources 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5355: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5220:Sandover Medal 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Brownlow Medal 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4801: 4786: 4771: 4756: 4754:, p. 105. 4744: 4729: 4714: 4699: 4684: 4664: 4649: 4634: 4619: 4604: 4599:Northern Times 4589: 4574: 4559: 4544: 4529: 4514: 4496: 4481: 4466: 4448: 4430: 4415: 4395: 4380: 4365: 4350: 4335: 4318:Paul Bartrop. 4307: 4292: 4277: 4262: 4244: 4229: 4214: 4211:, pp. 3–7 4196: 4181: 4166: 4151: 4136: 4121: 4106: 4091: 4076: 4061: 4046: 4031: 4013: 3998: 3983: 3968: 3950: 3935: 3920: 3902: 3887: 3872: 3857: 3835: 3820: 3805: 3787: 3772: 3757: 3742: 3727: 3712: 3697: 3682: 3667: 3662:The Daily News 3652: 3637: 3622: 3607: 3592: 3577: 3562: 3547: 3532: 3517: 3488: 3473: 3458: 3443: 3424: 3409: 3394: 3378: 3362: 3344: 3326: 3311: 3296: 3281: 3268: 3253: 3238: 3223: 3208: 3193: 3178: 3158: 3143: 3128: 3113: 3095: 3080: 3065: 3050: 3035: 3020: 3005: 2990: 2975: 2960: 2945: 2927: 2912: 2897: 2882: 2867: 2852: 2837: 2822: 2807: 2792: 2777: 2762: 2747: 2732: 2717: 2702: 2687: 2672: 2650: 2632: 2617: 2612:The Advertiser 2602: 2582: 2562: 2557:The Advertiser 2544: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2484: 2469: 2454: 2439: 2434:The Daily News 2424: 2409: 2391: 2376: 2361: 2343: 2325: 2310: 2305:The Daily News 2292: 2272: 2254: 2231: 2211: 2181: 2153: 2138: 2114: 2096: 2071: 2056: 2041: 2026: 2011: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1846: 1843: 1820: 1817: 1813:1925 expansion 1800: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1768: 1751: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1731:Rugby football 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1644:13.16 (94) d. 1632:Port Melbourne 1624:14.15 (99) d. 1616:Port Melbourne 1587:Port Melbourne 1577:Port Melbourne 1550: 1549: 1515: 1512: 1491:armed services 1481: 1478: 1455: 1452: 1436: 1435: 1417: 1402: 1399:Brownlow Medal 1384: 1364:Albert Collier 1361: 1347: 1332: 1317:Port Melbourne 1302: 1276: 1262: 1247: 1233: 1218: 1204: 1200:Port Melbourne 1189: 1181:Port Melbourne 1170: 1169:after the war. 1154:Harry Vallence 1147: 1146: 1135:Brownlow Medal 1122:Des Fothergill 1118: 1077: 1051: 1031:district level 1002:Des Fothergill 987: 986: 977: 976: 975: 966: 965: 964: 955: 954: 953: 944: 943: 942: 941: 940: 938: 935: 927:Port Melbourne 885: 882: 872: 869: 852: 850: 847: 831:Port Melbourne 819:George Hawkins 789: 786: 738: 735: 693:North Adelaide 668: 655:Charles Hayter 622:Hector de Lacy 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 589: 586: 582: 576:Replacing the 574: 565: 564:Rejected rules 562: 550:national rules 529: 528: 509: 508: 502: 492: 481: 465: 434: 431: 378: 377: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 347:Port Melbourne 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 313: 311: 309: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 247: 244: 243: 240: 230: 227: 211:throw-pass era 181: 180: 135: 133: 126: 119: 118: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5354: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5302: 5301:Trading cards 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261:Footy tipping 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Magarey Medal 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4781:Barrier Miner 4775: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4419: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4384: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4339: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3660:"Robertson". 3656: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2964: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2781: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2660: 2654: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1945:transfer fees 1942: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852:Walter Stooke 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1654:10.5 (65) d. 1653: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1607:not contested 1603: 1602:not contested 1598: 1597:not contested 1592: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1477: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:Jack Blackman 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Harry Collier 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:Allan Everett 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Alby Morrison 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1110:Dick Reynolds 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:, and he was 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 981: 970: 959: 948: 934: 932: 928: 924: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 898: 894: 892: 881: 879: 867: 864: 857: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 812: 808: 804: 803:Frank Seymour 800: 796: 785: 781: 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 752: 751:Adelaide Oval 748: 744: 734: 731: 727: 723: 717: 714: 710: 705: 703: 698: 695:full-forward 694: 685: 681: 677: 676:Walter Stooke 673: 667: 665: 659: 656: 652: 651:Port Adelaide 647: 643: 639: 636:sportswriter 635: 627: 623: 620:sportswriter 619: 612: 594: 590: 587: 583: 579: 578:centre bounce 575: 571: 570: 569: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 525: 521: 518: 517: 516: 514: 506: 503: 500: 496: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 473: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 430: 428: 424: 420: 415: 412: 408: 404: 401:in 1908; and 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 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AFL Tables 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2035: 2034:"Football". 2029: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1999: 1981:rugby league 1938: 1932: 1929: 1925:Williamstown 1909: 1900: 1892: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1822: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1770: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1719: 1715: 1703: 1681:Williamstown 1678: 1674: 1670:Williamstown 1662: 1652:Williamstown 1646:Williamstown 1612:Williamstown 1606: 1601: 1596: 1567:Williamstown 1554: 1531:, Hamilton, 1517: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1470: 1457: 1437: 1273:Williamstown 1265:Gordon Ogden 1192:Tommy Lahiff 1162:Williamstown 1148: 1131:Williamstown 1120: 1090:Williamstown 1079: 1053: 1048:V.F.A. Medal 1044:Recorder Cup 1015: 1009: 919: 915: 899: 895: 890: 887: 874: 859: 854: 843:Williamstown 816: 805:in the VFA, 801:in the VFL, 791: 782: 778: 774: 759: 755: 740: 730:Williamstown 718: 706: 689: 683: 682:conference, 678:at the 1938 661: 641: 633: 631: 625: 618:Hall of Fame 609: 567: 557: 554:League rules 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 530: 519: 510: 504: 498: 494: 483: 467: 462:tautological 457: 445: 440: 436: 416: 392: 383: 381: 367:Williamstown 219: 215: 210: 186: 184: 169: 160: 137: 107: 98: 88: 81: 74: 67: 55: 35: 18: 5179:Tournaments 5035:TSL Women's 4906:Second-tier 4875:Leagues and 3830:The Mercury 2985:The Mercury 2665:28 February 2371:The Mercury 2036:The Mercury 1985:rugby union 1636:Sandringham 1622:Sandringham 1583:17.11 (113) 1521:Broken Hill 1508:King Island 1504:Bass Strait 1393:seconds to 1383:appearance. 1368:Collingwood 1236:Geoff Mahon 1221:Terry Brain 1127:Collingwood 1115:1945 season 1086:Collingwood 1017:Laurie Nash 990:Laurie Nash 923:Andy Angwin 811:George Doig 646:Dan Minogue 513:1939 season 450:handpassing 362:Sandringham 256:Collingwood 5316:Categories 5113:Variations 5093:Marn Grook 5020:AFL Sydney 2267:Daily Post 2247:8 February 2089:31 January 1991:References 1977:The Schism 1917:Camberwell 1845:Resolution 1658:8.14 (62) 1628:13.14 (92) 1626:Camberwell 1618:10.20 (80) 1593:11.23 (89) 1573:14.11 (95) 1563:14.14 (98) 1537:Bairnsdale 1525:Launceston 1506:island of 1461:war effort 1444:Camberwell 1440:Roy Cazaly 1413:Camberwell 1395:Camberwell 1372:Camberwell 1325:West Perth 1232:Melbourne. 1229:Camberwell 1207:Jack Titus 1173:Ted Freyer 1039:Camberwell 1026:Camberwell 907:Yarraville 891:vice versa 827:Ted Freyer 807:Ken Farmer 743:Camberwell 697:Ken Farmer 653:secretary 558:ANFC rules 546:throw-ball 458:throw-pass 372:Yarraville 327:Camberwell 242:VFA clubs 239:VFL clubs 229:Background 147:improve it 71:newspapers 38:references 5161:Geography 5151:Superules 5146:Rec footy 4709:The Argus 4694:The Argus 4679:The Argus 4659:The Argus 4644:The Argus 4629:The Argus 4539:The Argus 4524:The Argus 4509:The Argus 4491:The Argus 4476:The Argus 4461:The Argus 4443:The Argus 4425:The Argus 4410:The Argus 4390:The Argus 4375:The Argus 4360:The Argus 4345:The Argus 4272:The Argus 4257:The Argus 4239:The Argus 4131:The Argus 4101:The Argus 4056:The Argus 4008:The Argus 3978:The Argus 3963:The Argus 3945:The Argus 3930:The Argus 3915:The Argus 3897:The Argus 3882:The Argus 3867:The Argus 3800:The Argus 3782:The Argus 3767:The Argus 3737:The Argus 3722:The Argus 3707:The Argus 3647:The Argus 3602:The Argus 3572:The Argus 3527:The Argus 3483:The Argus 3468:The Argus 3404:The Argus 3390:The Argus 3374:Army News 3357:The Argus 3339:The Argus 3263:The Argus 3248:The Argus 3233:The Argus 3203:The Argus 3173:The Argus 3153:The Argus 3138:The Argus 3123:The Argus 3108:The Argus 3045:The Argus 2817:The Argus 2802:The Argus 2772:Chronicle 2727:The Argus 2712:The Argus 2697:The Argus 2597:The Argus 2524:The Argus 2494:The Argus 2464:The Argus 2449:The Argus 2356:The Argus 2226:The Argus 2206:The Argus 2176:The Argus 2133:The Argus 2066:The Argus 2051:The Argus 2021:The Argus 1913:Northcote 1906:Aftermath 1785:division. 1729:codes of 1648:13.7 (85) 1638:11.8 (74) 1571:Brunswick 1557:Brunswick 1541:Mooroopna 1405:Jim Bohan 1378:and 1931 1339:Footscray 1299:Moorabbin 1295:Northcote 1279:Bill Faul 1269:Melbourne 1055:Bob Pratt 994:Bob Pratt 933:in 1938. 903:Jack Dyer 799:Bob Pratt 726:Brunswick 709:Brunswick 684:The Argus 534:VFA rules 403:Footscray 337:Northcote 322:Brunswick 286:Melbourne 271:Footscray 195:Melbourne 163:June 2021 151:verifying 101:June 2021 5266:Guernsey 5251:Families 5131:Footy 9s 4885:National 4766:The News 4584:Advocate 4569:Advocate 4554:Advocate 4287:Advocate 4161:Examiner 4071:Examiner 4041:Advocate 4026:Examiner 3993:Advocate 3510:12 March 3291:Advocate 3000:The News 2940:Advocate 2877:Advocate 2757:Standard 2682:Advocate 2645:Advocate 2479:Advocate 2404:Advocate 2338:Advocate 2287:Advocate 1951:See also 1921:Brighton 1838:leverage 1685:Oakleigh 1656:Oakleigh 1642:Brighton 1561:Brighton 1434:in 1949. 1424:Hawthorn 1409:Hawthorn 1391:Essendon 1261:seasons. 1258:Oakleigh 1211:Richmond 1196:Essendon 1177:Essendon 1167:Brighton 1081:Ron Todd 998:Ron Todd 931:Hawthorn 911:Richmond 839:Ron Todd 713:Brighton 669:— 614:— 573:opposed. 407:Hawthorn 399:Richmond 342:Oakleigh 317:Brighton 306:St Kilda 296:Richmond 281:Hawthorn 261:Essendon 5098:Origins 5070:History 5044:Defunct 4328:3 April 4086:The Age 3850:21 June 3438:The Age 2922:The Age 2539:Referee 2386:Referee 1771:Zoning: 1650:1949 – 1640:1948 – 1630:1947 – 1620:1946 – 1610:1945 – 1605:1944 – 1600:1943 – 1595:1942 – 1585:1941 – 1581:Prahran 1575:1940 – 1565:1939 – 1555:1938 – 1529:Bendigo 1465:Geelong 1428:Preston 1358:Preston 1354:Geelong 1343:Preston 1287:Prahran 1244:Prahran 1240:Geelong 1158:Carlton 1076:season. 1073:Carlton 823:Prahran 642:Old Boy 616:Future 515:, was: 488:kick-in 357:Preston 352:Prahran 276:Geelong 266:Fitzroy 251:Carlton 145:Please 85:scholar 5241:Banner 5193:Awards 4947:Junior 4918:SANFLW 3692:Record 3677:Record 3632:Record 3617:Record 3587:Record 3557:Record 3542:Record 3321:Record 3188:Record 3090:Record 3075:Record 3060:Record 1872:except 1809:zoning 1796:Rules: 1723:league 1666:Coburg 1591:Coburg 1533:Echuca 1474:Wilson 1416:years. 1215:Coburg 1064:Coburg 835:Coburg 664:Bunton 611:match. 384:ad hoc 332:Coburg 87: 80: 73: 66: 58: 5056:NEAFL 4978:Other 4938:WAFLW 4913:SANFL 4323:(PDF) 1875:ANFC. 1727:union 1346:1941. 1329:Perth 1313:Perth 702:sissy 672:WANFL 92:JSTOR 78:books 5121:AFLX 4933:WAFL 4928:VFLW 4897:AFLW 4330:2015 3852:2017 3512:2015 2667:2015 2249:2015 2091:2015 1983:and 1933:i.e. 1919:and 1893:etc. 1725:and 1668:and 1539:and 1327:and 1297:and 1203:not. 1139:1940 1106:1939 1104:and 1102:1938 1046:and 1037:for 1000:and 797:and 728:and 711:and 680:ANFC 409:and 185:The 64:news 4923:VFL 4892:AFL 1426:to 1411:to 1370:to 1356:to 1341:to 1315:to 1285:to 1271:to 1256:to 1242:to 1227:to 1213:to 1198:to 1179:to 1160:to 1137:in 1129:to 1100:in 1088:to 1062:to 1024:to 929:to 863:VFL 556:or 149:by 40:to 5318:: 4667:^ 4499:^ 4451:^ 4433:^ 4398:^ 4310:^ 4247:^ 4199:^ 4024:. 3953:^ 3905:^ 3790:^ 3491:^ 3436:. 3388:, 3372:, 3347:^ 3329:^ 3161:^ 3098:^ 2930:^ 2635:^ 2585:^ 2565:^ 2547:^ 2394:^ 2346:^ 2328:^ 2295:^ 2275:^ 2257:^ 2214:^ 2184:^ 2156:^ 2117:^ 2099:^ 2074:^ 1915:, 1733:. 1535:, 1527:, 1523:, 1323:, 996:, 992:, 913:. 624:, 560:. 552:, 536:, 405:, 213:. 51:. 4859:e 4852:t 4845:v 4332:. 3854:. 3514:. 2669:. 2251:. 2093:. 1422:( 1407:( 1389:( 1366:( 1352:( 1337:( 1311:/ 1307:( 1301:. 1281:( 1267:( 1252:( 1238:( 1223:( 1209:( 1194:( 1188:. 1175:( 1156:( 1125:( 1084:( 1058:( 1020:( 841:( 829:( 821:( 176:) 170:( 165:) 161:( 143:. 114:) 108:( 103:) 99:( 89:· 82:· 75:· 68:· 45:.

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Knowledge

Australian rules football schism (1938–1949)

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