Autism - Knowledge

2049: 692:(PDD-NOS)—and the range of diagnoses that included the word "autism". Rather than distinguishing among these diagnoses, the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR adopt a dimensional approach with one diagnostic category for disorders that fall under the autism spectrum umbrella. Within that category, the DSM-5 and the DSM include a framework that differentiates each person by dimensions of symptom severity, as well as by associated features (i.e., the presence of other disorders or factors that likely contribute to the symptoms, other neurodevelopmental or mental disorders, intellectual disability, or language impairment). The symptom domains are (a) social communication and (b) restricted, repetitive behaviors, and there is the option of specifying a separate severity—the negative effect of the symptoms on the person—for each domain, rather than just overall severity. Before the DSM-5, the DSM separated social deficits and communication deficits into two domains. Further, the DSM-5 changed to an onset age in the early developmental period, with a note that symptoms may manifest later when social demands exceed capabilities, rather than the previous, more restricted three years of age. These changes remain in the DSM-5-TR. 2145: 2724:, or with food intolerance markers. The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to date that studied the efficacy of the gluten- and casein-free diet in children with ASD (4 in total). All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet versus normal diet with a control group (2 double-blind randomized controlled trials, 1 double-blind crossover trial, 1 single-blind trial). In two of the studies, whose duration was 12 and 24 months, a significant improvement in ASD symptoms (efficacy rate 50%) was identified. In the other two studies, whose duration was 3 months, no significant effect was observed. The authors concluded that a longer duration of the diet may be necessary to achieve the improvement of the ASD symptoms. Other problems documented in the trials carried out include transgressions of the diet, small sample size, the heterogeneity of the participants and the possibility of a 977:

and their non-autistic counterparts and how to solve them through teaching neurotypical social skills, but newer research has also evaluated what autistic people want from friendships, such as a sense of belonging and good mental health. Children with ASD are more frequently involved in bullying situations than their non-autistic peers, and predominantly experience bullying as victims rather than perpetrators or victim-perpetrators, especially after controlling for comorbid psychopathology. Prioritizing dependability and intimacy in friendships during adolescence, coupled with lowered friendship quantity and quality, often lead to increased loneliness in autistic people. As they progress through life, autistic people observe and form a model of social patterns, and develop coping mechanisms, referred to as "

3064:, and do not represent the views of autistic people with higher support needs. Jacquiline den Houting explores this critique, determining that the voices of low-support needs autistics are "some of the most influential within the neurodiversity movement, although admittedly these voices are a minority within the advocacy community"; she suggests this is in part a shortcoming of the wider neurotypical community, referencing nonspeaking self-advocate Amy Sequenzia's writing. Pier Jaarsma and Stellan Welin make the argument that only high-functioning autistic people should be included under the neurodiversity banner, as low-functioning autists' condition may rightfully be viewed as a disability. The concept of neurodiversity is contentious in autism advocacy and research groups and has led to infighting. 926:

autistic egocentricity, and are less willing to socially interact with autistic people. Thus, although non-autistic people are generally characterised as socially skilled, these skills may not be functional, or effectively applied, when interacting with autistic people." Any previously observed communication deficits of autistic people may thus have been constructed through a neurotypical bias in autism research, which has come to be scrutinized for "dehumanization, objectification, and stigmatization". Recent research has proposed that autistics' lack of readability and a neurotypical lack of effort to interpret atypical signals may cause a negative interaction loop, increasingly driving both groups apart into two distinct groups with different social interaction styles.

1479:, and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASD have been shown to selectively cause ASD. Numerous genes have been found, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene. Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism. As of 2018, it appeared that between 74% and 93% of ASD risk is heritable. After an older child is diagnosed with ASD, 7% to 20% of subsequent children are likely to be as well. If parents have one autistic child, they have a 2% to 8% chance of having a second child who is autistic. If the autistic child is an identical twin, the other will be affected 36% to 95% of the time. A fraternal twin is affected up to 31% of the time. The large number of autistic people with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous 639:

excessive for the individual's age and sociocultural context. The onset of the disorder occurs during the developmental period, typically in early childhood, but symptoms may not become fully manifest until later, when social demands exceed limited capacities. Deficits are sufficiently severe to cause impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning and are usually a pervasive feature of the individual's functioning observable in all settings, although they may vary according to social, educational, or other context. Individuals along the spectrum exhibit a full range of intellectual functioning and language abilities.

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were constant between 2014 and 2016 but twice the rate compared to the time period between 2011 and 2014 (1.25 vs 2.47%). A Canadian meta-analysis from 2019 confirmed these effects as the profiles of autistic people became less and less different from the profiles of the general population. In the US, the rates for diagnosed ASD have been steadily increasing since 2000 when records began being kept. While it remains unclear whether this trend represents a true rise in incidence, it likely reflects changes in ASD diagnostic criteria, improved detection, and increased public awareness of autism. In 2012, the

3164: 3194: 2472:. Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focus treatment on a specific area of deficit. Generally, when educating those with autism, specific tactics may be used to effectively relay information to these people. Using as much social interaction as possible is key in targeting the inhibition autistic people experience concerning person-to-person contact. Additionally, research has shown that employing semantic groupings, which involves assigning words to typical conceptual categories, can be beneficial in fostering learning. 1181: 871:

are, and that communication breaks down only between autistics and non-autistics. Also contrary to social cognitive deficit interpretations, recent (2019) research recorded similar social cognitive performances in autistic and non-autistic adults, with both of them rating autistic individuals less favorably than non-autistic individuals; however, autistic individuals showed more interest in engaging with autistic people than non-autistic people did, and learning of a person's ASD diagnosis did not influence their interest level.

3128: 2909:'s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network reported that approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States (1 in 34 boys, and 1 in 144 girls) is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), based on data collected in 2016. This estimate is a 10% increase from the 1 in 59 rate in 2014, a 105% increase from the 1 in 110 rate in 2006, and a 176% increase from the 1 in 150 rate in 2000. Diagnostic criteria for ASD have changed significantly since the 1980s; for example, 2497:

neurotypical children, at the expense of their long-term psychological well-being." Sandoval-Norton et al. also discuss the "unintended but damaging consequences, such as prompt dependency, psychological abuse and compliance" that result in autistic people facing challenges as they transition into adulthood. Some ABA advocates have responded to such critiques that, instead of stopping ABA, there should be movement to increase protections and ethical compliance when working with autistic children.

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factors cannot be ruled out. The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased; a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward psychosocial factors and changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics. It has been established that vaccination is not a risk factor for autism and is not a cause of any increase in autism prevalence rates, if any change in the rate of autism exists at all.

2955: 1010: 843: 26304: 26372: 26355: 26389: 614:. Proposed alternatives to the current disorder-focused spectrum model deconstruct autism into at least two separate phenomena: (1) a non-pathological spectrum of behavioral traits in the population, and (2) the neuropathological burden of rare genetic mutations and environmental risk factors potentially leading to neurodevelopmental and psychological disorders, (3) governed by an individual's cognitive ability to compensate. 26338: 945:, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and third years, autistic children may have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences and more likely to simply repeat others' words ( 26321: 1821:

features (an autistic personality, cognitive compensation, neuropathological burden) that interact to cause autism, and the Intense World Theory, which explains autism through a hyper-active neurobiology that leads to an increased perception, attention, memory, and emotionality. There are also simpler hypotheses that explain only individual parts of the neurobiology or phenotype of autism, such as

6020: 2001: 1137: 879:): "a generous assumption of common ground that, when understood, led to rapid rapport, and, when not understood, resulted in potentially disruptive utterances; and a low demand for coordination that ameliorated many challenges associated with disruptive turns." Autistic interests, and thus conversational topics, seem to be largely driven by an intense interest in specific topics ( 1662:. Research is not conclusive on the relation of these factors to autism, but each of them has been identified more frequently in children with autism compared to their siblings who do not have autism and other typically developing youth. While it is unclear if any single factors during the prenatal phase affect the risk of autism, complications during pregnancy may be a risk. 17698:

available. However, available data arise from studies with small sample size and are still controversial. In general, despite encouraging data, no definite proof still exists. Under this view, the use of therapeutic diets in children with autism should be restricted to specific subgroups, such as children with autism and epilepsy or specific inborn errors of metabolism

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hyper-attention, hyper-memory and hyper-emotionality. The theory is centered on the neocortex and the amygdala, but could potentially be applied to all brain regions. (...) This may lead to obsessively detailed information processing of fragments of the world and an involuntarily and systematic decoupling of the autist from what becomes a painfully intense world.

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still living with their child, as about 85% of autistic people have difficulties living independently. Some studies also find decreased earnings among parents who care for autistic children. Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children, like siblings of children with

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of people diagnosed with ASD also have intellectual disability. Recent research has suggested that autistic people with intellectual disability tend to have rarer, more harmful, genetic mutations than those found in people solely diagnosed with autism. A number of genetic syndromes causing intellectual disability may also be comorbid with ASD, including

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although those who require little to no support are more likely to experience a lessening of symptoms over time. Several interventions can help children with autism, and no single treatment is best, with treatment typically tailored to the child's needs. Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about

486:(ABA) aim to teach children self-care and normative social and language skills. Some in the autism rights movement consider ABA therapy unethical and unhelpful due to a perception that it emphasizes normalization instead of acceptance and its potential for causing harms. Curtailing self-soothing behaviors is potentially classifiable as a form of 8505: 867:. Until 2013, deficits in social function and communication were considered two separate symptom domains. The current social communication domain criteria for autism diagnosis require people to have deficits across three social skills: social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and developing and sustaining relationships. 2517:

available on EIBI and therefore providers should recommend EIBI based on their clinical judgment and the family's preferences. No adverse effects of EIBI treatment were found. A meta-analysis in that same database indicates that due to the heterology in ASD, children progress to differing early intervention modalities based on ABA.

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autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often cooccur. It is unlikely that ASD has a single cause; many risk factors identified in the research literature may contribute to ASD. These include genetics, prenatal and perinatal factors (meaning factors during pregnancy or very early infancy),

960:, even when called by name, or avoid it altogether. This may be due to the high amount of sensory input received when making eye contact. Autistic people often recognize fewer emotions and their meaning from others' facial expressions, and may not respond with facial expressions expected by their non-autistic peers. 2512:(AAP) proposed new evidence-based recommendations for early interventions in ASD for children under 3. These recommendations emphasize early involvement with both developmental and behavioral methods, support by and for parents and caregivers, and a focus on both the core and associated symptoms of ASD. But a 1035:– An excessive interest in a particular activity, topic, or hobby, and devoting all their attention to it. For example, young children might completely focus on things that spin and ignore everything else. Older children might try to learn everything about a single topic, such as the weather or sports, and 17956:

At this time, the studies attempting to treat symptoms of autism with diet have not been sufficient to support the general institution of a gluten-free or other diet for all children with autism. There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing

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Tangeraas T, Constante JR, Backe PH, Oyarzábal A, Neugebauer J, Weinhold N, Boemer F, Debray FG, Ozturk-Hism B, Evren G, Tuba EF, Ummuhan O, Footitt E, Davison J, Martinez C, Bueno C, Machado I, Rodríguez-Pombo P, Al-Sannaa N, De Los Santos M, López JM, Ozturkmen-Akay H, Karaca M, Tekin M, Pajares S,

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Families who care for an autistic child face added stress from a number of different causes. Parents may struggle to understand the diagnosis and to find appropriate care options. They often take a negative view of the diagnosis, and may struggle emotionally. More than half of parents over age 50 are

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of autism is mostly unchanged from the prevalence per the DSM-IV criteria. The best estimate for prevalence of ASD is 0.7% or 1 child in 143 children. Relatively mild forms of autism, such as Asperger's as well as other developmental disorders, are included in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. ASD rates

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The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism during the period from 2012 to 2021 as that was the average estimate in studies published during that period with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of

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has advised against striving to cure autism, saying that if a cure were found, she would choose to stay the way she is. She wrote, "The skills that people with autism bring to the table should be nurtured for their benefit and society", adding, "If you totally get rid of autism, you'd have nobody to

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review found no evidence that early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) is effective in reducing behavioral problems associated with autism in most autistic children, though it did improve IQ and language skills. The Cochrane review acknowledged that this may be due to the low quality of studies

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are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes. Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and

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Several hypotheses have been presented that try to explain how and why autism develops by integrating known causes (genetic and environmental effects) and findings (neurobiological and somatic). Some are more comprehensive, such as the Pathogenetic Triad, which proposes and operationalizes three core

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as leaving her feeling "like an anthropologist on Mars". Autistic people struggle to understand the social context and subtext of neurotypical conversational or printed situations, and form different conclusions about the content. Autistic people may not control the volume of their voice in different

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communication. They may still require significant support in some areas of their lives. The spectrum model should not be understood as a continuum running from mild to severe, but instead means that autism can present very differently in each person. How it presents in a person can depend on context,

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Based on combination of clinical observation of behavior and development and comprehensive diagnostic testing completed by a team of qualified professionals (including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, pediatricians, and speech-language pathologists). For adults, the use of a

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Since 2011, the Autistic Self Advocacy Network has celebrated April as Autism Acceptance Month. In 2021, the Autism Society of America urged organizations to retitle Autism Awareness Day as Autism Acceptance Day, to focus on "more fully integrating those 1 in 54 Americans living with autism into our

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combined with a developmental social pragmatic approach has been found to be beneficial in improving social-communication skills in young children, although there is less evidence in its treatment of global symptoms. Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in

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tend to co-occur with ASDs, with overall comorbidity rates of 7–84%. They are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself or are hard to distinguish

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are some of the most common comorbid disorders with ASDs. As diagnosis is increasingly being given to people with higher functioning autism, there is a tendency for the proportion with comorbid intellectual disability to decrease over time. In a 2019 study, it was estimated that approximately 30–40%

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used as a vaccine preservative. No convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. They are biologically implausible, and further evidence continues to refute them, including the observation that the rate of autism continues to climb despite elimination of thimerosal from most routine vaccines

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Frequency and/or continuation of self-injurious behavior can be influenced by environmental factors (e.g. reward in return for halting self-injurious behavior). This theory does not apply to younger children with autism. There is some evidence that frequency of self-injurious behavior can be reduced

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Other behavioral characteristics include abnormal responses to sensations (such as sights, sounds, touch, taste and smell) and problems keeping a consistent speech rhythm. The latter problem influences social skills, leading to potential problems in understanding for interlocutors. Autistic people's

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ASD includes a wide variety of characteristics. Some of these include behavioral characteristics which widely range from slow development of social and learning skills to difficulties creating connections with other people. Autistic people may experience these challenges with forming connections due

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What may look like self-involvement or indifference to non-autistic people stems from autistic differences in recognizing how other people have their own personalities, perspectives, and interests. Most published research focuses on the interpersonal relationship difficulties between autistic people

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The entire diagnosis and explanation took no more than 45 minutes. 'In the moment of diagnosis, it feels like the death of your hopes and dreams,' Louise says. There's a quiet grief in her voice, even though two decades have passed. 'In a way, it's even harder than a death, because you can't mourn

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A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey,

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The risk of developing autism is greater with older fathers than with older mothers; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm, and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism. Most professionals believe

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While rates of ASD are consistent across cultures, they vary greatly by gender, with boys diagnosed far more frequently than girls: 1 in 70 boys, but only 1 in 315 girls at eight years of age. Girls, however, are more likely to have associated cognitive impairment, suggesting that less severe forms

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outpaces biological evolution, disorders linked to bodily dysfunction increase in prevalence due to lack of contact with pathogens and negative environmental conditions that once widely affected ancestral populations. Because natural selection favors reproduction over health and longevity, the lack

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benefits of autism and associated genes has suggested that autistic people may have played a "unique role in technological spheres and understanding of natural systems" in the course of human development. It has been suggested that autism may have arisen as "a slight trade off for other traits that

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published a systematic review of 10 studies researching the prevalence of problematic internet use with ASD that found that ASD subjects had more symptoms of problematic internet use than control group subjects, had higher screen time online and an earlier age of first-time use of the internet, and

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Differences between the previously recognized disorders under the autism spectrum are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements). An estimated 60–80%

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As communication is bidirectional, research on communication difficulties has since also begun to study non-autistic behavior, with researcher Catherine Crompton writing in 2020 that non-autistic people "struggle to identify autistic mental states, identify autistic facial expressions, overestimate

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The DSM-5 and ICD-11 use different categorization tools to define this spectrum. DSM-5 uses a "level" system, which ranks how in need of support the patient is, level 1 being the mildest and level 3 the severest, while the ICD-11 system has two axes, intellectual impairment and language impairment,

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and feelings than the general population. Disagreements persist about what should be included as part of the diagnosis, whether there are meaningful subtypes or stages of autism, and the significance of autism-associated traits in the wider population. The combination of broader criteria, increased

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estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1.1%. A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD. Rates of autism are poorly understood in many low- and middle-income countries, which affects the accuracy of

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balance. Therefore, although up to 1,000 different genes are thought to increase the risk of ASD, all of them eventually affect normal neural development and connectivity between different functional areas of the brain in a similar manner that is characteristic of an ASD brain. Some of these genes

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As of 2023, empirical and theoretical research is leading to a growing consensus among researchers that the established ASD criteria are ineffective descriptors of autism as a whole, and that alternative research approaches must be encouraged, such as going back to autism prototypes, exploring new

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may increase with age and may worsen the course of youth with ASDs and make intervention and treatment more difficult. Distinguishing between ASDs and other diagnoses can be challenging because the traits of ASDs often overlap with symptoms of other disorders, and the characteristics of ASDs make

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target genes. The importance of CHD8 can be observed in studies where CHD8-knockout mice died after 5.5 embryonic days because of widespread p53-induced apoptosis. Some studies have determined the role of CHD8 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CHD8 expression significantly increases during human

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A deficit-based view predicts that autistic–autistic interaction would be less effective than autistic–non-autistic interactions or even non-functional. But recent research has found that autistic–autistic interactions are as effective in information transfer as interactions between non-autistics

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rather than in the person; thus, proponents argue that autistic people should be accommodated rather than cured. On the contrary, other scientists argue that many of the impairments associated with ASD are inherent to the disorder. The neurodiversity perspective has led to significant controversy

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autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been hypothesized to be associated with NCGS . Notably, a gluten- and casein-free diet might have a positive effect in improving hyperactivity and mental confusion in some patients with ASD. This very exciting association between NCGS and ASD deserves further

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Current literature knowledge provides evidence that ketogenic and casein/gluten-free diet may have their own place in our reserve for the therapeutic management of specific subsets of children with autism. ... More clinical studies about the effect of gluten/caseinfree diet in these patients are

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As the rainbow infinity on a white background has become increasingly viewed as representative of neurodiversity in general, several designs have been proposed for an autistic-specific flag. In 2023, the People's History Museum featured a 2015 autistic pride design by Joseph Redford, featuring a

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There is no evidence of a cure for autism. The degree of symptoms can decrease, occasionally to the extent that people lose their diagnosis of ASD; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not. It is not known how often this outcome happens, with reported rates in unselected

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There is no treatment as such for autism, and many sources advise that this is not an appropriate goal, although treatment of co-occurring conditions remains an important goal. There is no cure for autism, nor can any of the known treatments significantly reduce brain mutations caused by autism,

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Exactly what causes autism remains unknown. It was long mostly presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for the social and non-social components of ASD's symptoms, described as a triad in the classic autism criteria. But it is increasingly suspected that

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published a systematic review of 12 studies of video game addiction in ASD subjects that found that children, adolescents, and adults with ASD are at greater risk of video game addiction than those without ASD, and that the data from the studies suggested that internal and external factors (sex,

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The proposed neuropathology is hyper-functioning of local neural microcircuits, best characterized by hyper-reactivity and hyper-plasticity. Such hyper-functional microcircuits are speculated to become autonomous and memory trapped leading to the core cognitive consequences of hyper-perception,

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is beneficial for some children with comorbid inattentiveness or hyperactivity. There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD. No known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments.

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published a review of 15 studies that found that high rates of video game use in boys and young males with ASD was predominantly explained by video game addiction, but also concluded that greater video game use could be a function of ASD restricted interest and that video game addiction and ASD

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Autism spectrum disorder is characterised by persistent deficits in the ability to initiate and to sustain reciprocal social interaction and social communication, and by a range of restricted, repetitive, and inflexible patterns of behaviour, interests or activities that are clearly atypical or

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In the UK, from 1998 to 2018, the autism diagnoses increased by 787%. This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness (particularly among women), though unidentified environmental risk

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ASD treatment generally focuses on behavioral and educational interventions to target its two core symptoms: social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors. If symptoms continue after behavioral strategies have been implemented, some medications can be recommended to target

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Many people, including autistic adults, have criticized ABA, calling it unhelpful, unethical, and even abuse. Autistic scholar Nick Walker, who experienced ABA as a child, has said that, through ABA, autistic children are "abused, coerced, and traumatized into imitating the outward behavior of

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ABA interventions, and developmental social pragmatic models (DSP). One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves. Various DSP programs have been

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to an understanding that genetic involvement in ASD is probably diffuse, depending on a large number of variants, some of which are common and have a small effect, and some of which are rare and have a large effect. The most common gene disrupted with large effect rare variants appeared to be

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occurs more frequently in autistic people. A 2021 anonymized online survey of 16- to 90-year-olds revealed that autistic males are more likely to identify as bisexual than their non-autistic peers, while autistic females are more likely to identify as homosexual than non-autistic females do.

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are relatively common in autistic people, and can include head-banging, self-cutting, self-biting, and hair-pulling. Some of these can result in serious injury or death. Following are theories about the cause of self-injurious behavior in children with developmental delay, including autistic

8514:, "Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement)". 2572:

developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. Despite the recent development of parent training models, these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies, being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment.

1547:. The developing mammalian brain has conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes. The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8. Recently CHD8 has been associated with the regulation of 585:, and experience developmental delays; this is more likely with other co-existing diagnoses. Others have relatively low support needs; they may have more typical speech-language and intellectual skills but atypical social/conversation skills, narrowly focused interests, and wordy, 2891:

Using DSM-5 criteria, 92% of the children diagnosed per DSM-IV with one of the disorders which is considered part of ASD will still meet the diagnostic criteria of ASD. However, if both ASD and the social (pragmatic) communication disorder categories of DSM-5 are combined, the

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approach to enhancing cognitive, communication, and social skills while minimizing problem behaviors. While medications have not been found to help with core symptoms, they may be used for associated symptoms, such as irritability, inattention, or repetitive behavior patterns.

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intervention that has demonstrated efficacy is a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques themselves. Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation.

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rather than a disorder to be cured. The autism rights movement advocates including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than imitating the behaviors of those without autism; and the recognition of the autistic community as a

18857: 6049:, "It may be helpful to note level of support needed for each of the two core psychopathological domains in Table 2 (e.g., 'requiring very substantial support for deficits in social communication and requiring substantial support for restricted, repetitive behaviors')". 2608:

a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided. The appropriateness of including children with varying severity of autism spectrum disorders in the general education population is a subject of current debate among educators and researchers.

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Iffland M, Livingstone N, Jorgensen M, Hazell P, Gillies D (9 October 2023). Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group (ed.). "Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self-injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)".

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abnormalities, and environmental factors. It is possible to identify general factors, but much more difficult to pinpoint specific ones. Given the current state of knowledge, prediction can only be of a global nature and so requires the use of general markers.

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It is important to realize that the etiology of autism is unknown and at present, there is no cure, although there are interventions that may be effective in alleviating some symptoms and improving skills that may help autistic persons lead more productive

1025:– Repetitive behaviors such as rocking, hand flapping, finger flicking, head banging, or repeating phrases or sounds. These behaviors may occur constantly or only when the person gets stressed, anxious, or upset. These behaviors are also known as stimming. 2660:-approved for treating associated aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. But their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits, and autistic people may respond atypically. Side effects may include weight gain, tiredness, drooling, and 16963:"Practice guideline: Treatment for insomnia and disrupted sleep behavior in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology" 1321:

published a meta-analysis of 46 studies comprising 562,131 subjects that concluded that while screen time may pose a developmental risk of ASD in childhood, associations between ASD and screen time were not statistically significant when accounting for

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Thus, there has been a recent shift to acknowledge that autistic people may simply respond and behave differently than people without ASD. So far, research has identified two unconventional features by which autistic people create shared understanding

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behavioral characteristics typically influence development, language, and social competence. Their behavioral characteristics can be observed as perceptual disturbances, disturbances of development rate, relating, speech and language, and motility.

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was included in ASD in the DSM-5, but in the ICD-11 it was excluded and placed in the chapter on Developmental Anomalies. The ICD and the DSM change over time, and there has been collaborative work toward a convergence of the two since 1980 (when

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estimates about 1 in 100 children had autism between 2012 and 2021, as that was the average estimate in studies during that period, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. This increasing prevalence has reinforced the myth perpetuated by

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regulator enzyme that is essential during fetal development. CHD8 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent enzyme. The protein contains an Snf2 helicase domain that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

2676:; e.g., flapping, twisting, complex whole-body movements), but due to the small sample size and different focus of these studies and the concerns about their side effects, antipsychotics are not recommended as primary treatment of RRBs. 1005:

The second core symptom of autism spectrum is a pattern of restricted and repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests. In order to be diagnosed with ASD under the DSM-5-TR, a person must have at least two of the following behaviors:

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Unusual or atypical eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also

3439: 1471:. Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected people and their parents. But most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a 7853: 3571: 2920:

Males have higher likelihood of being diagnosed with ASD than females. The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without.

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immune dysregulation, GI inflammation, malfunction of the ANS, genetic and metabolic activity of the microbiome, and dietary metabolites may contribute to brain dysfunction and neuroinflammation depending upon individual genetic

2998:

Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about "autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons ... and research on social movements." Many autistic people have been successful in their fields.

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Hyperbaric therapy, in which oxygen is administered in special chambers that maintain a higher air pressure, has shown possible effects in other chronic neurologic conditions and has also undergone preliminary exploration in

3094:

adopted the puzzle ribbon as the universal sign of autism awareness. As of 2023, the puzzle ribbon has negative associations, such as "implications of autistic people as incomplete and...association with autism hate groups".

1292:

attention and oppositional behavior problems, social aspects, access and time spent playing video games, parental rules, and game genre) were significant predictors of video game addiction in ASD subjects. In March 2022, the

1028:

Resistance to change – A strict adherence to routines such as eating certain foods in a specific order or taking the same path to school every day. The person may become distressed if there is a change or disruption to their

21012: 7001: 18866:, "Females diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are more frequently diagnosed with co-occurring disorders of intellectual development, suggesting that less severe presentations may go undetected as compared to males". 14095: 3226:. But they reported lower levels of closeness and intimacy than siblings of children with Down syndrome; siblings of autistic people have a greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults. 1284:

published a systematic review of 16 studies that found that children and adolescents with ASD are exposed to more screen time than typically developing peers and that the exposure starts at a younger age. In April 2021,

21579: 12976: 2487:(CBT). Although ABA therapy has a strong evidence base, particularly in regard to early intensive home-based therapy, ABA's effectiveness may be limited by diagnostic severity and IQ of the person affected by ASD. The 22964: 22395: 2453: 1296:

published a systematic review of 21 studies investigating associations between ASD, problematic internet use, and gaming disorder where the majority of the studies found positive associations between the disorders.

15818: 8021: 374:

criteria requires not merely the presence of ASD symptoms, but symptoms that cause significant impairment in multiple domains of functioning, in addition to being atypical or excessive for the individual's age and

1606:, respectively, are over-expressed, which correlates with increased number of glial and immune cells found in postmortem ASD brains. Some genes under investigation in ASD pathophysiology are those that affect the 1059:: Time-consuming behaviors intended to reduce anxiety, that a person feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules, such as placing objects in a specific order, checking things, or handwashing. 11624: 6356: 2978:

movements, that argues autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured, although a minority of autistic people might still accept a cure. Worldwide, events related to autism include

1499:. Hence, a substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited: that is, the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome. 21846: 21831: 21816: 17330:

Siafis S, Çıray O, Wu H, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Krause M, Rodolico A, Ceraso A, Deste G, Huhn M, Fraguas D, San José Cáceres A, Mavridis D, Charman T, Murphy DG, Parellada M, Arango C, Leucht S (2022).

23384: 2759:

killed a five-year-old child with autism. Chelation is not recommended for autistic people since the associated risks outweigh any potential benefits. Another alternative medicine practice with no evidence is

15878: 2624:, or if the person is hurting themself or aggressive with others, but their routine prescription for ASD's core features is not recommended. More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed 1042:

Sensory reactivity – An unusual reaction to certain sensory inputs, such as negative reaction to specific sounds or textures, fascination with lights or movements, or apparent indifference to pain or heat.

949:). The CDC estimated in 2015 that around 40% of autistic children do not speak at all. Autistic adults' verbal communication skills largely depend on when and how well speech is acquired during childhood. 19737: 2345:

abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.

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In 2018, a Cochrane meta-analysis database concluded that some recent research is beginning to suggest that because of the heterology of ASD, there are two different ABA teaching approaches to acquiring

2422:

programs and behavior therapy early in life may help children acquire self-care, language, and job skills. Although evidence-based interventions for autistic children vary in their methods, many adopt a

676:, released in May 2013, was the first to define ASD as a single diagnosis, which is still the case in the DSM-5-TR. ASD encompasses previous diagnoses, including the four traditional diagnoses of autism— 17718:

Marí-Bauset S, Zazpe I, Mari-Sanchis A, Llopis-González A, Morales-Suárez-Varela M (December 2014). "Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review".

14891: 2616:

Medications may be used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails. They may also be used for associated health problems, such as

1068:: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors. 351:. Autism generally affects a person's ability to understand and connect with others, as well as their adaptability to everyday situations, with its severity and support needs varying widely across the 11570: 8761: 2563:

that is carried out with very young children—is low; more vigorous research designs with larger sample sizes are needed. Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include

566:. This created unclear boundaries between the terms, so for the DSM-5 and ICD-11, a spectrum approach was taken. The new system is also more restrictive, meaning fewer people qualify for diagnosis. 19217: 8677: 12166:

Jiang Hy, Xu Ll, Shao L, Xia Rm, Yu Zh, Ling Zx, Yang F, Deng M, Ruan B (2016). "Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2701:

A multitude of alternative therapies have been researched and implemented, and many have resulted in harm to autistic people. A 2020 systematic review on adults with autism provided evidence that

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has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing communication and adaptive functioning in preschool children; it is also well-established for improving the intellectual performance of that age group.

1910:

of this impetus to adapt to certain harmful circumstances creates a tendency for genes in descendant populations to over-express themselves, which may cause a wide array of maladies, ranging from

929:

Differences in verbal communication begin to be noticeable in childhood, as many autistic children develop language skills at an uneven pace. Verbal communication may be delayed or never develop (

21712:

Pedersen AL, Pettygrove S, Lu Z, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. (August 2017). "DSM Criteria that Best Differentiate Intellectual Disability from Autism Spectrum Disorder".

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There has been increasing attention to the development of evidence-based interventions for autistic young children. Three theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include

2048: 1278:

published a systematic review of 47 studies published from 2005 to 2016 that concluded that associations between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and screen time was inconclusive. In May 2019, the

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Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of

1315:

published a systematic review of 11 studies that concluded that earlier and longer screen time exposure for children was associated with higher risk of a child developing ASD. In December 2023,

22898: 8702:

Flowers J, Lantz J, Hamlin T, Simeonsson RJ (August 2020). "Associated Factors of Self-injury Among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Community and Residential Treatment Setting".

1099:

Higher rates of self-injury are also noted in socially isolated autistic people. Studies have shown that socialization skills are related factors to self-injurious behavior for autistic people.

16939: 5483: 17511:

Ameis SH, Kassee C, Corbett-Dick P, Cole L, Dadhwal S, Lai MC, et al. (November 2018). "Systematic review and guide to management of core and psychiatric symptoms in youth with autism".

2356:, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis. 669:), released in 2022, is the current version of the DSM. It is the predominant mental health diagnostic system used in the United States and Canada, and is often used in Anglophone countries. 3025:

toward the view that autism spectrum disorder is a difference, rather than a disease that must be treated or cured. Critics have bemoaned the entrenchment of some of these groups' opinions.

2779:-based interventions for improving mental health. This includes decreasing stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression. An updated Cochrane review (2022) found evidence that 6112: 5391: 7845: 2265:

Deficits in ASD are often linked to behavior problems, such as difficulties following directions, being cooperative, and doing things on other people's terms. Symptoms similar to those of

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in autistic people. These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, language impairments, mood changes, and behavior and sleep problems. A 2015 review proposed that immune,

1594:

neurotransmitter, the nervous system's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. These GABA-related genes are under-expressed in an ASD brain. On the other hand, genes controlling expression of

18876:

Tsakanikos E, Underwood L, Kravariti E, Bouras N, McCarthy J (2011). "Gender differences in co-morbid psychopathology and clinical management in adults with autism spectrum disorders".

5906: 17871:

Siafis S, Çıray O, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Krause M, Rodolico A, Ceraso A, Deste G, Huhn M, Fraguas D, Mavridis D, Charman T, Murphy DG, Parellada M, Arango C, Leucht S (2020).

18613: 10325: 9747:

Normand CL, Fisher MH, Simonato I, Fecteau SM, Poulin MH (2021). "A Systematic Review of Problematic Internet Use in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder".

8318: 4562: 4514: 4131: 3804: 13585: 3147: 23547: 3926: 1624:

have the ability to raise the frequency and severity of conditions in males, and theories have been put forward for a genetic reason why males are diagnosed more often, such as the

17969:

Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (June 2015). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders".

14525:

Ormazabal A, Stoway SD, Artuch R, Dixon M, Mørkrid L, García-Cazorla A (2 February 2023). "BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening".

18008:

San Mauro Martín I, Garicano Vilar E, Collado Yurrutia L, Ciudad Cabañas MJ (December 2014). "" [Is gluten the great etiopathogenic agent of disease in the XXI century?].

3193: 17825:

Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Foley J, Cain U, Peck R, Morris DD, et al. (January 2016). "The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism".

16261:

Matson JL, Dempsey T, Fodstad JC (November 2009). "The effect of Autism Spectrum Disorders on adaptive independent living skills in adults with severe intellectual disability".

11781:

Sandin S, Hultman CM, Kolevzon A, Gross R, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A (2012). "Advancing Maternal Age Is Associated With Increasing Risk for Autism: A Review and Meta-Analysis".

1800:

A 2014 meta-analysis examined ten major studies on autism and vaccines involving 1.25 million children worldwide; it concluded that neither the vaccine preservative thimerosal (

19300:"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020" 13927:

Helverschou SB, Bakken TL, Martinsen H (2011). "Psychiatric Disorders in People with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Phenomenology and Recognition". In Matson JL, Sturmey P (eds.).

3102:. Nowadays, the prismatic colors are often associated with the neurodiversity movement in general. The autism spectrum has also been symbolized by the infinity symbol itself. 19996: 17554:

Broadstock M, Doughty C, Eggleston M (2007). "Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder".

9980:

The cause of ASD is unknown, but several genetic and non-genetic risk factors have been characterized that, alone or in combination, are implicated in the development of ASD.

9293:

Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E (January 2009). "A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders".

5555: 1864:

are seen as highly advantageous", providing "advantages in tool making and mechanical thinking", with speculation that the condition may "reveal itself to be the result of a

25060: 15902: 13050: 14502: 12767:. Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Medicine/National Academies Press. 715:(different developmental timelines are described in more detail below). Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others. 19159: 17010:

Harrop C (August 2015). "Evidence-based, parent-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder: The case of restricted and repetitive behaviors".

15808: 20236:

Clarke J, van Amerom G (2007). "'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'".

9712:

Coutelle R, Weiner L, Paasche C, Pottelette J, Bertschy G, Schröder CM, Lalanne L (2022). "Autism Spectrum Disorder and Video Games: Restricted Interests or Addiction?".

5203: 11593: 9505:

Dominick KC, Davis NO, Lainhart J, Tager-Flusberg H, Folstein S (2007). "Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment".

6346: 3163: 2493:

has published a paper deeming two early childhood interventions "well-established": individual comprehensive ABA, and focused teacher-implemented ABA combined with DSP.

1526:

encodes a DNA helicase that functions as a repressor of transcription, remodeling chromatin structure by altering the position of nucleosomes. CHD8 negatively regulates

21567: 15786: 23532: 14362: 9675:

Murray A, Koronczai B, Király O, Griffiths MD, Mannion A, Leader G, Demetrovics Z (2021). "Autism, Problematic Internet Use and Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review".

7544: 4987: 1886:

in a more (although not completely) solitary environment. This is called the "Solitary Forager Hypothesis". A 2016 paper examines Asperger syndrome as "an alternative

7785: 6606: 4192:

Bertelli MO, Azeem MW, Underwood L, Scattoni ML, Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Sappok T, Bergmann T, Keller R (2022), Bertelli MO, Deb S(, Munir K, Hassiotis A (eds.),

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patients than in the general population. This immunological condition causes cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and respiratory problems.

19114: 2818:

samples ranging from 3% to 25%. Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age. Acquiring language before age six, having an

13787:"Are there alternative adaptive strategies to human pro-sociality? The role of collaborative morality in the emergence of personality variation and autistic traits" 9926:

To date no one genetic feature or environmental cause has proven etiological in explaining most cases autism or has been able to account for rising rates of autism.

2521:

specific symptoms or co-existing problems such as restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), anxiety, depression, hyperactivity/inattention and sleep disturbance.

1459:

with major effects, or by rare multi-gene interactions of common genetic variants. Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and

25992: 24259: 22061: 21409: 17169:

Kanne SM, Randolph JK, Farmer JE (December 2008). "Diagnostic and assessment findings: a bridge to academic planning for children with autism spectrum disorders".

14450: 2203: 1769:

Parents may first become aware of ASD symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported and disproven theories blaming

689: 65: 15870: 9938:

Sauer AK, Stanton JE, Hans S, Grabrucker AM (2021). "Autism Spectrum Disorders: Etiology and Pathology". Written at Brisbane, Australia. In Grabrucker AM (ed.).

1804:), nor the MMR vaccine, which has never contained thimerosal, lead to the development of ASDs. Despite this, misplaced parental concern has led to lower rates of 23522: 1894:, i.e., where "a positive social reputation for making a contribution to group wellbeing and survival" becomes more important than complex social understanding. 1395:

of the brain, which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects. It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior.

16202:

Eldevik S, Hastings RP, Hughes JC, Jahr E, Eikeseth S, Cross S (May 2009). "Meta-analysis of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for children with autism".

13178:

Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies".

6314: 3060:. These movements are not without detractors; a common argument against neurodiversity activists is that most of them have relatively low support needs, or are 2540:

An autistic three-year-old points to fish in an aquarium, as part of an experiment on the effect of intensive shared-attention training on language development.

20531: 16322: 14850: 9640:

Craig F, Tenuta F, De Giacomo A, Trabacca A, Costabile A (2021). "A systematic review of problematic video-game use in people with Autism Spectrum Disorders".

18952:"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014" 5227:"Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin Treatment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder—A Review of the Literature" 4703:"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016" 2739:

The preference that autistic children have for unconventional foods can lead to reduction in bone cortical thickness with this risk being greater in those on

1205:(such as the memorization of trivia) to rare talents in mathematics, music, or artistic reproduction, which in exceptional cases are considered a part of the 14916:

Hamlyn J, Duhig M, McGrath J, Scott J (May 2013). "Modifiable risk factors for schizophrenia and autism—shared risk factors impacting on brain development".

11560: 8751: 5946: 2867:

Reports of autism cases per 1,000 children rose considerably in the US from 1996 to 2007. It is unknown how much growth came from changes in rates of autism.

2528:

Several parent-mediated behavioral therapies target social communication deficits in children with autism, but their efficacy in treating RRBs is uncertain.

1939: 1613:

All these genetic variants contribute to the development of the autism spectrum, but it cannot be guaranteed that they are determinants for the development.

15848: 10394:

Piggot J, Shirinyan D, Shemmassian S, Vazirian S, Alarcón M (November 2009). "Neural systems approaches to the neurogenetics of autism spectrum disorders".

8963:

Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, et al. (December 1999). "The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders".

2925:

about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed; one theory is that females are underdiagnosed.

1416:, representing about 25% of ASD cases. The causes of syndromic autism are often known, and monogenic disorders account for approximately 5% of these cases. 1216:

More generally, autistic people tend to show a "spiky skills profile", with strong abilities in some areas contrasting with much weaker abilities in others.

21257:

Karst JS, Van Hecke AV (September 2012). "Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: a review and proposed model for intervention evaluation".

19812: 17110:"Applied behavior analytic intervention for autism in early childhood: Meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose–response meta-analysis of multiple outcomes" 2716:

as a standard treatment. A 2018 review concluded that it may be a therapeutic option for specific groups of children with autism, such as those with known

2489: 2144: 8636: 8490: 2216:

are also highly comorbid in people with an ASD. Approximately 25–75% of people with an ASD also have some degree of a learning disability. In particular,

18715: 17813:

Knivsberg 2002 "monitoring of the compliance with diet was not carried out" ... "several reports of children 'sneaking food' from siblings or classmates"

16547: 16204: 5596: 4822: 2884:

of ASD are likely being missed in girls and women. Prevalence differences may be a result of gender differences in expression of clinical symptoms, with

1543:

mid-fetal development. The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD

1046:

Autistic people can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows.

533:

supplementation has been shown to improve insomnia related to autism. Stimulant therapy may improve mental processing speed when there is comorbid ADHD.

20984: 19189: 15743:

Theoharides C, Angelidou A, Alysandratos K, Zhang B, Asadi S, Francis K, Taniato E, Kalegeromitros D (January 2022). "Mast cell activation and autism".

15598:

Richdale AL, Schreck KA (December 2009). "Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies".

9339: 3730: 3090:, led by Gerald Gasson, proposed the "puzzle piece" as a symbol for autism, because it fit their view of autism as a "puzzling condition". In 1999, the 18664: 15937: 12731: 4103: 1280: 9403:

Fournier KA, Hass CJ, Naik SK, Lodha N, Cauraugh JH (October 2010). "Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis".

6134: 1419:

Non-syndromic autism, also known as classic or idiopathic autism, represents the majority of cases, and its cause is typically polygenic and unknown.

1238:

can occur. People with this set of autistic symptoms are more likely to refuse to do what is asked or expected of them, even to activities they enjoy.

25501: 25053: 23633: 23122: 22528: 18244: 17873:"Placebo response in pharmacological and dietary supplement trials of autism spectrum disorder (ASD): systematic review and meta-regression analysis" 17147: 16935: 11471: 10128:

Happé F, Ronald A (December 2008). "The 'fractionable autism triad': a review of evidence from behavioural, genetic, cognitive and neural research".

9144: 2556:

therapy. Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focalize treatment on a specific area of deficit.

22186: 11756: 3629: 2322: 2043: 20302: 12816:

Flaherty DK (October 2011). "The vaccine-autism connection: a public health crisis caused by unethical medical practices and fraudulent science".

6887: 6104: 19365: 12203:"The Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Pre- and Postnatal Antibiotic Exposure in Childhood—A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis" 3117:

is Latin for gold, and gold has been used to symbolize autism, since both words start with "Au". The flag implements a gradient to represent the

606:

was current), including more rigorous biological assessment—in place of historical experience—and a simplification of the classification system.

21094: 19058: 16795: 3205: 3118: 2880:. The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition. 21356: 21303: 18144: 16458: 12700: 10267: 7570: 22934: 21049: 13960:

Underwood L, McCarthy J, Tsakanikos E (September 2010). "Mental health of adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability".

7846:"Social communication and language characteristics associated with high-functioning, verbal children and adults with autism spectrum disorder" 7120: 5898: 5331: 23735: 15183: 15074: 13345: 13153: 9295: 8965: 8704: 8529: 8100: 7988: 6061: 2559:

The quality of research for early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)—a treatment procedure incorporating over 30 hours per week of the

1680:

may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found that

13848: 13732: 8322: 4932:"Spoken language outcomes in limited language preschoolers with autism and global developmental delay: RCT of early intervention approaches" 1447:

Hundreds of different genes are implicated in susceptibility to developing autism, most of which alter the brain structure in a similar way.

922:" theory (2012) argues that there is a lack of mutual understanding and empathy between both non-autistic persons and autistic individuals. 25046: 23035: 19771: 18551:

Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D (December 2008). "Can children with autism recover? If so, how?".

17468:

Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL (2008). "Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents".

13575: 8527:

Lam KS, Aman MG (May 2007). "The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders".

7689:"How do adults and teens with self-declared Autism Spectrum Disorder experience eye contact? A qualitative analysis of first-hand accounts" 6059:

Kulage KM, Smaldone AM, Cohn EG (August 2014). "How will DSM-5 affect autism diagnosis? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis".

3098:

In 2004, neurodiversity advocates Amy and Gwen Nelson conjured the "rainbow infinity symbol". It was initially the logo for their website,

3056:

Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural variation in the

1792:

Two versions of the vaccine causation hypothesis were that autism results from brain damage caused by either the MMR vaccine itself, or by

8336:

Holmes LG, Goebel RJ, Hollingue C, Zhu S, Zhang H, Shan W, Wang S, Caplan R, Sanchez A, Wharmby P, Chiang M, Person M, Rothman EF (2023).

7758: 3937: 23010: 21611:, Michael L Matson, Tessa T Rivet (September 2007). "Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview". 21259: 18417:

Rumayor CB, Thrasher AM (November 2017). "Reflections on Recent Research Into Animal-Assisted Interventions in the Military and Beyond".

15495: 15018: 14227: 8581: 7381: 1646:

Several prenatal and perinatal complications have been reported as possible risk factors for autism. These risk factors include maternal

16734: 10562:"Clustering the autisms using glutamate synapse protein interaction networks from cortical and hippocampal tissue of seven mouse models" 7189: 1616:

ASD may be under-diagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition, but genetic phenomena such as

24731: 24687: 23790: 22582: 22502: 19271: 18813: 14360:

Sala G, Hooley M, Attwood T (2019). "Autism and Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review of Sexuality and Relationship Education".

13122: 8644: 7667: 7325: 6685: 6029:, "Autism spectrum disorder encompasses disorders previously referred to as early infantile autism, childhood autism, Kanner's autism, 5588: 1650:, maternal and paternal age over 30, bleeding during pregnancy after the first trimester, use of certain prescription medication (e.g. 499: 4250: 1530:. Wnt signaling is important in the vertebrate early development and morphogenesis. It is believed that CHD8 also recruits the linker 26019: 23293: 22194: 15957: 15229:

Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C (May 2012). "Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?".

14117:

Weir E, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S (November 2021). "The sexual health, orientation, and activity of autistic adolescents and adults".

12984: 6108: 10321:"Childhood developmental disorders: an academic and clinical convergence point for psychiatry, neurology, psychology and pediatrics" 2775:

Results of a systematic review on interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults found emerging evidence to support

1209:. One study describes how some autistic people show superior skills in perception and attention relative to the general population. 25887: 25274: 24546: 24163: 23976: 22199: 19992: 15266:

Tantam D (December 1988). "Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. II: Asperger's syndrome or schizoid personality disorder?".

7920: 5545: 4229:

Persons with autism spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental problems are more likely than the general population to have

2617: 2266: 2175:

genetic condition in which non-malignant tumors grow in the brain and on other vital organs, is present in 1–4% of autistic people.

750: 627: 530: 438: 245: 13763: 13042: 12692: 8873:""Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew": Defining Autistic Burnout" 2278:

Starting in adolescence, some people with Asperger syndrome (26% in one sample) fall under the criteria for the similar condition

1890:

adaptive strategy" that may have developed as a result of the emergence of "collaborative morality" in the context of small-scale

1197:

Autistic people may have symptoms that do not contribute to the official diagnosis, but that can affect the person or the family.

23956: 23378: 23102: 22656: 22385: 22025: 14494: 11275:"The autism-associated gene chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8) regulates noncoding RNAs and autism-related genes" 9448:"Gross motor impairment and its relation to social skills in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and two meta-analyses" 2949: 2207: 20872: 19151: 15990: 6454:"Social Skills Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Biological Origins and Progress in Developing Therapeutic Agents" 5286:"Processing speed as a marker to stimulant effect in clinical sample of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder" 2783:

likely improves social interactions, verbal communication, and nonverbal communication skills. There has been early research on

1901:

may be a driving force in the rise of a number of medical conditions, including autism, in recent human populations. Studies in

1267: 24282: 22959: 22466: 22370: 21714: 21663: 18333: 18202: 17781: 17333:"Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 17288: 16886: 16822:"Early Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research" 16263: 14858: 12908: 12594: 9507: 5195: 4880: 2910: 2677: 649:

ICD-11 was produced by professionals from 55 countries out of the 90 involved and is the most widely used reference worldwide.

21569:

The Healthy People 2020 Roadmap for Massachusetts Children & Youth with ASD/DD: Understanding Needs and Measuring Outcomes

17663:

Gogou M, Kolios G (June 2018). "Are therapeutic diets an emerging additional choice in autism spectrum disorder management?".

15067:"Behaviour management problems as predictors of psychotropic medication and use of psychiatric services in adults with autism" 8871:

Raymaker DM, Teo AR, Steckler NA, Lentz B, Scharer M, Delos Santos A, Kapp SK, Hunter M, Joyce A, Nicolaidis C (1 June 2020).

8338:"Reductions in Depression and Anxiety Among Autistic Adults Participating in an Intervention to Promote Healthy Relationships" 2600:—the structured and intensive form of ABA. A 2023 randomized control trial study of 164 participants showed similar findings. 2348:

Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of autistic people at some point in childhood. These most commonly include symptoms of

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are commonly found in autistic people, sometimes leading to hobbies, vast collections, and activism. Environmental activist

478:

There is no cure for autism. Advocates of autistic people argue that efforts to find a cure are misguided and even harmful.

26098: 23135: 22476: 22020: 19699: 14630: 13659:"Conceptualizing the autism spectrum in terms of natural selection and behavioral ecology: the solitary forager hypothesis" 13127: 9597:

Slobodin O, Heffler KF, Davidovitch M (2019). "Screen Media and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review".

7819: 7428:""Autism research is in crisis": A mixed method study of researcher's constructions of autistic people and autism research" 6563: 4299: 2885: 2480: 472: 197: 26378: 21577:

Matson JL, Dempsey T (2008). "Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity".

20211: 19125: 19115:"Estimating the prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in adults: extending the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey" 14851:"The association between autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A review of eight alternate models of co-occurrence" 13635: 9562:

Stiller A, Mößle T (2018). "Media Use Among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review".

7662: 6690: 6387: 3086:

Over the years, multiple organizations have tried to capture the essence of autism in symbols. In 1963, the board for the

26292: 26113: 26103: 25069: 24743: 23891: 23689: 22216: 21861: 16353:

Ji N, Findling RL (March 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents".

14241: 14222: 11510:"An analytical framework for whole-genome sequence association studies and its implications for autism spectrum disorder" 5633: 3770: 2705:-based interventions may decrease stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression and improve mental health. 2250:

have examined genetic, environmental, infectious, and immune risk factors that may be shared between the two conditions.

21450: 19939: 19276: 12254:"The association between post-term births and autism spectrum disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 12064:"Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings" 6037:, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger's disorder". 3187:

rainbow infinity symbol, a green background for being true to one's nature, and a purple background for neurodiversity.

1872:, that is advantageous in a certain mixture of genes and disadvantageous in specific combinations". In 2011, a paper in 1412:

Syndromic autism refers to cases where ASD is one of the characteristics associated with a broader medical condition or

26414: 23993: 23968: 23803: 23362: 22329: 21901: 19609: 18464: 15107: 14822: 14564:"Large-Scale Exome Sequencing Study Implicates Both Developmental and Functional Changes in the Neurobiology of Autism" 14011: 13911: 13882: 10721: 10515: 7618: 6761: 6415: 5629: 4127:"Annual Research Review: The role of the environment in the developmental psychopathology of autism spectrum condition" 2902:

global ASD prevalence estimates, but it is thought that most autistic people live in low- and middle-income countries.

1838: 1629: 891: 20773: 20361: 18391: 18045:"Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review" 14699:"Prevalence of attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder and autism in 12-year-old children: A population-based cohort" 12953: 12794: 10496: 9784:"Early Screen-Time Exposure and Its Association With Risk of Developing Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review" 5065: 3607: 711:

For many autistic people, characteristics first appear during infancy or childhood and follow a steady course without

437:, but many genes are involved, and environmental factors may also be relevant. The syndrome frequently co-occurs with 26419: 25997: 25431: 25316: 25262: 24779: 24599: 24497: 22684: 22294: 22209: 22066: 21226: 20185: 19969: 15342:

Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B (December 2001). "Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder".

13728: 12861:

Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (January 2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent".

12119: 11974: 8045:"Friendship quality among autistic and non-autistic (pre-) adolescents: Protective or risk factor for mental health?" 6925: 1874: 1409:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be classified into two categories: "syndromic autism" and "non-syndromic autism".

1062:

Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.

685: 261: 61: 17: 17421:"Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan" 16310: 9948: 8999:

This paper represents a consensus of representatives from nine professional and four parent organizations in the US.

6293: 5090: 25487: 25394: 24871: 24108: 24079: 24020: 23070: 22046: 21957: 21477: 19856: 18918: 7616:

Tager-Flusberg H, Caronna E (June 2007). "Language disorders: autism and other pervasive developmental disorders".

6251: 5950: 2688:, have been shown to be effective in reducing repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, while the stimulant medication 2593: 2255: 1878:

proposed that autistic traits, including increased spatial intelligence, concentration and memory, could have been

1681: 658: 555: 20497: 13425:

McBrien J, Murphy J, Gill D, Cronin M, O'Donovan C, Cafferkey MT (July 2003). "Measles outbreak in Dublin, 2000".

9782:

Sarfraz S, Shlaghya G, Narayana SH, Mushtaq U, Ameen BS, Nie C, Nechi D, Mazhar IJ, Yasir M, Franchini AP (2023).

8935: 25163: 24113: 23908: 23833: 23602: 23278: 23152: 21613: 21532: 21357:"Child care problems and employment among families with preschool-aged children with autism in the United States" 20052: 15840: 12561:

Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S (June 2017). "Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality".

2220:, which is generally more prevalent than autism (ca. 8% vs. 1%), is not directly related, though it is sometimes 1809: 1673: 23329: 23075: 19794: 17859:

20 natural challenges when parents reported that children by mistake consumed foods containing gluten or casein.

15686:

Mustafa H, Fessel J, Barwise J, Shannon J, Raj S, Dierich A, Biaggioni I, Robertson D, Warner S (January 2012).

10058:"Where is the Evidence? A Narrative Literature Review of the Treatment Modalities for Autism Spectrum Disorders" 4632:

The figure starkly illustrates an overall 787% increase in recorded incidence of autism diagnosis over 20 years.

26424: 25178: 24766: 24551: 24522: 23783: 23316: 23258: 22575: 22497: 16414: 11216:"The autism-associated chromatin modifier CHD8 regulates other autism risk genes during human neurodevelopment" 11110: 8482: 5111:

Kirkham P (1 April 2017). "'The line between intervention and abuse' – autism and applied behaviour analysis".

4331: 2509: 981:", which have recently been found to come with psychological costs and a higher increased risk of suicidality. 21661:, Mary Shoemaker (14 July 2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders". 21503: 18838: 9058:

Zhang Y, Han VZ (April 2018). "" [Neurobiological mechanisms of autistic savant and acquired savant].

5581: 5387: 2842: 2838: 1570:

suggest that these genes persist because they are linked to human inventiveness, intelligence or systemising.

793:

hyper- or hypo-sensitivity to or unusual response to the smell, texture, sound, taste, or appearance of things

781: 25850: 24292: 24010: 23986: 23577: 22878: 22853: 22471: 22380: 22319: 22141: 21793: 20901: 19738:"Greta Thunberg: 'I really see the value of friendship. Apart from the climate, almost nothing else matters'" 19181: 16318: 13962: 12818: 8210:"A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice" 7241: 3720: 2846: 2713: 2457: 2374: 2279: 1830: 1235: 1188:

revealed his autism diagnosis in a now-deleted Instagram post, stating it was "a shock" but "not a surprise".

864: 491: 308: 249: 126: 20018: 19654:

Schaafsma SM, Pfaff DW (August 2014). "Etiologies underlying sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders".

19001:"Temporal Changes in Effect Sizes of Studies Comparing Individuals With and Without Autism: A Meta-analysis" 12723: 12115:"Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance" 8920: 4983:"Efficacy of Interventions Based on Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis" 3656:

Zeidan J, Fombonne E, Scorah J, Ibrahim A, Durkin MS, Saxena S, Yusuf A, Shih A, Elsabbagh M (15 May 2022).

25419: 25257: 25117: 24955: 24492: 24025: 23870: 23418: 23248: 22812: 21125:

Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Volume Two: Assessment, Interventions, and Policy

15491:"Gastrointestinal symptoms and autism spectrum disorder: links and risks - a possible new overlap syndrome" 12948: 11157:"CHD8 regulates neurodevelopmental pathways associated with autism spectrum disorder in neural progenitors" 6564:"Neurodivergent intersubjectivity: Distinctive features of how autistic people create shared understanding" 4073: 3266: 2992: 2877: 2657: 2585: 2484: 2461: 2353: 1919: 1438: 902:. This may present as social naïvety, lower than average intuitive perception of the utility or meaning of 454:

awareness, and the potential increase of actual prevalence, has led to considerably increased estimates of

296: 23273: 20958: 18236: 16012:

Coplan J, Jawad AF (July 2005). "Modeling clinical outcome of children with autistic spectrum disorders".

10848:

Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). "Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions".

7484:"Autism Spectrum Disorder symptoms from 2 to 19: Implications for diagnosing adolescents and young adults" 3881: 2286:, a tendency towards a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment and 1770: 1672:

Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment.

26189: 26014: 25592: 25565: 25090: 24200: 23998: 23648: 23168: 22908: 22461: 22231: 22096: 20617:"Biocertification and Neurodiversity the Role and Implications of Self-Diagnosis in Autistic Communities" 14403: 7954: 6142: 2906: 2549: 2308: 2272: 1559:

long non-coding RNA, the master regulator of XCI, though competitive binding to Xist regulatory regions.

1256: 574: 406: 399: 340: 25013: 19509:

Rutter M (January 2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning".

16882:"Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)" 16145:"Behavioural and developmental interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a clinical systematic review" 11709: 8157:"Sex differences in friendships and loneliness in autistic and non-autistic children across development" 6139:

ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tenth Revision

3621: 2448:

early in life may help children acquire self-care, social, and job skills. Available approaches include

1443: 998:

to anxiety or depression, which they are more likely to experience, and as a result isolate themselves.

25754: 25555: 25105: 24950: 23865: 23663: 23537: 23335: 23288: 22794: 22679: 22646: 22339: 22304: 22284: 22236: 20309: 20127:"Mapping the Autistic Advantage from the Accounts of Adults Diagnosed with Autism: A Qualitative Study" 19425:

Wing L, Potter D (2002). "The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?".

18419: 17114: 15389: 14317: 13580: 11651:"Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Comparative genomics of autism and schizophrenia" 6838: 6740: 3359: 3276: 3037: 2980: 2752: 2604: 2589: 2568: 2217: 2117: 1732: 1641: 1625: 634:, was released in June 2018 and came into full effect as of January 2022. It describes ASD as follows: 422: 383: 19082:

Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Diagnosis, Development, and Brain Mechanisms

17109: 7258:"Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments" 6411:"Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families" 964:, an autistic woman involved in autism activism, described her inability to understand neurotypicals' 898:) for others with similar presentation of symptoms, they have limited, though not necessarily absent, 25806: 25289: 24960: 24929: 24307: 24190: 23776: 23694: 23597: 23438: 23263: 23253: 23025: 23020: 23015: 22888: 22873: 22799: 22772: 22669: 22568: 22418: 22259: 22151: 22015: 19050: 17384:

Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (June 2007). "Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders".

16820:

Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Choueiri R, Kasari C, Carter A, Granpeesheh D, et al. (October 2015).

16757: 14967: 11381: 10756:

Sanders SJ, He X, Willsey AJ, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Samocha KE, Cicek AE, et al. (September 2015).

10221: 9201: 7217: 5550: 5285: 4653: 3725: 3251: 3091: 3087: 3002: 2963: 2922: 2873: 2545: 2476: 2449: 2363: 2191: 1979: 1707:

that have been claimed without evidence to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods,

1552: 1032: 623: 483: 459: 391: 367: 292: 288: 189: 142: 21429: 21394: 21341: 18565: 18182: 16498: 16222: 13624:"An Examination of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Human Evolution and Life History Theory" 13072:

Waterhouse L (December 2008). "Autism overflows: increasing prevalence and proliferating theories".

12356:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Multiple Airborne Pollutants and Autism Spectrum Disorder" 10305: 7602: 7339: 6943:"Editorial Perspective: The use of person-first language in scholarly writing may accentuate stigma" 5339: 3593: 3317:

However, this figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in low- and middle-income countries.

2161:, which occurs in 11–39% of autistic people. The risk varies with age, cognitive level, and type of 26169: 25679: 25446: 25436: 25183: 25008: 24924: 24919: 24616: 24579: 24571: 24389: 24358: 24099: 24084: 23562: 22806: 22492: 22309: 21872: 20932: 16517: 15441: 15231: 15181:

Baranek GT (October 2002). "Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism".

15014:"DNA Damage and Repair in Schizophrenia and Autism: Implications for Cancer Comorbidity and Beyond" 14747: 11279: 5061: 2406:

The main goals of treatment are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase

2330: 2318: 1951: 1716: 1376: 21556: 14820:

Lainhart J (1999). "Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings".

14448:

Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E (June 2007). "Childhood autism and associated comorbidities".

13149: 11326:"Chd8 regulates X chromosome inactivation in mouse through fine-tuning control of Xist expression" 11155:

Sugathan A, Biagioli M, Golzio C, Erdin S, Blumenthal I, Manavalan P, et al. (October 2014).

10998:"CHD8 suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis through histone H1 recruitment during early embryogenesis" 10996:

Nishiyama M, Oshikawa K, Tsukada Y, Nakagawa T, Iemura S, Natsume T, et al. (February 2009).

7958: 7082: 26206: 26082: 25510: 25267: 25227: 25205: 24945: 24452: 24302: 24297: 24254: 24071: 23482: 23180: 23040: 22778: 22438: 22423: 22410: 22365: 22264: 22226: 22176: 22073: 20299:

A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in:

20238: 15344: 14918: 14062: 13838: 13718: 13663: 12863: 11056: 9261: 8271: 7432: 7087: 6912:

Klin A, Volkmar FR, Sparrow SS (2000). "Introduction". In Klin A, Volkmar FR, Sparrow SS (eds.).

6030: 5851: 5795: 5737: 4556:

Russell G, Stapley S, Newlove-Delgado T, Salmon A, White R, Warren F, et al. (August 2021).

4429: 3261: 2898: 2751:; however, suboptimal bone development in ASD has also been associated with lack of exercise and 2597: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2513: 2501: 2178: 2017: 1931: 1850: 1805: 1774: 1591: 1567: 1213:

abnormalities are found in over 90% of autistic people, and are considered core features by some.

1153: 953: 446: 387: 265: 225: 117: 109: 25609: 19763: 14562:

Satterstrom FK, Kosmicki JA, Wang J, Breen MS, De Rubeis S, An JY, et al. (February 2020).

12438: 12421: 9942:. Andreas M. Grabrucker. Brisbane: Exon Publications (published 20 August 2021). pp. 1–16. 5655:

Mezzich JE (2002). "International surveys on the use of ICD-10 and related diagnostic systems".

1854: 581:, manifesting very differently from one person to another. Some have high support needs, may be 25897: 25636: 25424: 25379: 25304: 25173: 25095: 24823: 24462: 24353: 24312: 24287: 24195: 23527: 23220: 23056: 22862: 22641: 22433: 22428: 22375: 22360: 22000: 21990: 21424: 20719:"Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement" 20527:"Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement" 18846: 18560: 18096:"Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders" 17702:, children with known food intolerance/allergy or even children with food intolerance markers ( 16217: 15600: 13074: 11330: 11106:"CHD8 is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor that regulates beta-catenin target genes" 10396: 9452: 7754: 7660: 7334: 6377: 3991: 3241: 3199:

An autistic/neurodiversity pride flag featuring a rainbow infinity, based on a design from 2013

3029: 3022: 2971: 2858: 2645: 2342: 2326: 2301: 2262:

repair have been postulated to play a role in the aetiopathology of both ASD and schizophrenia.

1955: 1898: 1778: 1764: 1573:

Current research suggests that genes that increase susceptibility to ASD are ones that control

1476: 1452: 1428: 1210: 919: 507: 455: 434: 410: 220: 176: 21912: 21546: 21473:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)

21123: 18266:

Benevides TW, Shore SM, Andresen ML, Caplan R, Cook B, Gassner DL, et al. (August 2020).

17607:

Benevides TW, Shore SM, Andresen ML, Caplan R, Cook B, Gassner DL, et al. (August 2020).

15134:"Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder" 10719:

Rapin I, Tuchman RF (October 2008). "Autism: definition, neurobiology, screening, diagnosis".

7323:

Hamilton AF (2009). "Goals, intentions and mental states: challenges for theories of autism".

4194: 26196: 25855: 25689: 25468: 25399: 25384: 25347: 25018: 24751: 24631: 24538: 24517: 23130: 21995: 21825: 21511: 19359: 17258:

Sanchack KE, Thomas CA (December 2016). "Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles".

15931: 15310: 14057: 13224:

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques

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Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorder: assessment, diagnosis, and treatment

9340:"Automatic Assessment of Motor Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review" 6631:

DeBrabander KM, Morrison KE, Jones DR, Faso DJ, Chmielewski M, Sasson NJ (13 December 2019).

3960: 3183:

for the first Autistic Pride Day, featuring a rainbow infinity symbol on a white background.

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language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths.

2411: 2297: 1935: 1902: 1865: 1665:

There are also studies being done to test whether certain types of regressive autism have an

1492: 1472: 1432: 970: 593:

While the DSM and ICD greatly influence each other, there are also differences. For example,

464: 348: 92: 19113:

Brugha T, Cooper SA, McManus S, Purdon S, Smith J, Scott FJ, et al. (31 January 2012).

18007: 16690: 16143:

Ospina MB, Krebs Seida J, Clark B, Karkhaneh M, Hartling L, Tjosvold L, et al. (2008).

14739: 8784: 7946: 7143: 6633:"Do First Impressions of Autistic Adults Differ Between Autistic and Nonautistic Observers?" 4701:

Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, Washington A, Patrick M, DiRienzo M, et al. (March 2020).

3800:"Annual Research Review: Shifting from 'normal science' to neurodiversity in autism science" 26164: 25699: 25664: 25641: 25599: 25523: 25337: 25332: 25222: 25158: 25143: 25127: 25122: 24843: 24756: 24512: 24332: 23933: 23913: 23542: 23413: 22944: 21950: 21361: 21308: 21129: 20366: 18607:

Fein D, Barton M, Eigsti IM, Kelley E, Naigles L, Schultz RT, et al. (February 2013).

18149: 16826: 16463: 16405: 16156: 16106: 16014: 14167: 12754: 12369: 12068: 11920: 11724: 11662: 11229: 11168: 10857: 10758:"Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci" 10272: 10217:"The origins of social impairments in autism spectrum disorder: studies of infants at risk" 9085:

Hughes JE, Ward J, Gruffydd E, Baron-Cohen S, Smith P, Allison C, Simner J (October 2018).

7700: 7575: 7271: 6855: 6351: 6319: 5469:"Understanding assets and deficits in autism: why success is more interesting than failure" 4666: 4467: 4322: 3754:(World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases version 11 (ICD-11)): 2929:

that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism.

2661: 2469: 2172: 1740: 1704: 1647: 1574: 1480: 1260: 1232:; deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper. 1075: 989: 784:(e.g., having a smaller vocabulary than peers or difficulty expressing themselves in words) 712: 558:. The previous system relied on a set of closely related and overlapping diagnoses such as 495: 344: 300: 26310: 19051:"CDC estimates 1 in 68 school-aged children have autism; no change from previous estimate" 12420:

Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, et al. (2007).

10899:

Brandler WM, Antaki D, Gujral M, Noor A, Rosanio G, Chapman TR, et al. (April 2016).

8043:

O'Connor RA, van den Bedem N, Blijd-Hoogewys EM, Stockmann L, Rieffe C (22 January 2022).

2152:

found increased risks for a multitude of comorbid physical diseases, especially in infancy

941:

seem to distinguish autistic from non-autistic infants. Infants may show delayed onset of

8: 26108: 25845: 25796: 25744: 25389: 25217: 24893: 24875: 24838: 24828: 24682: 24584: 24561: 24409: 24401: 24180: 24158: 23886: 23725: 23643: 22400: 21985: 21850: 20718: 20526: 20463: 20131: 18724: 16556: 16213: 14740: 12758: 11485: 11466: 11002: 9214: 7947: 6458: 4831: 4437: 3931: 3281: 2888:

showing less atypical behaviors and, therefore, less likely to receive an ASD diagnosis.

2812: 2784: 2536: 2213: 2010: 1990: 1975: 1760: 1548: 1484: 1056: 907: 468: 84: 23685:

Everybody Is Different: A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism

21754:

A practical guide to autism: what every parent, family member, and teacher needs to know

20186:"Greta Thunberg became a climate activist not in spite of her autism, but because of it" 19936:"Results and Analysis of the Autistic Not Weird 2022 Autism Survey - Autistic Not Weird" 18145:"Deaths resulting from hypocalcemia after administration of edetate disodium: 2003-2005" 16160: 15437:"Serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders" 14399:"Gene discoveries in autism are biased towards comorbidity with intellectual disability" 14171: 13687: 13658: 12373: 12280: 12253: 11728: 11666: 11233: 11172: 10861: 10684: 10560:

Brown EA, Lautz JD, Davis TR, Gniffke EP, VanSchoiack AA, Neier SC, et al. (2018).

10044:

Despite extensive ASD research lasting more than 60 years, its causes are still unknown.

9859: 9834: 9810: 9783: 9145:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

9015:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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O'Connor RA, van den Bedem N, Blijd-Hoogewys EM, Stockmann L, Rieffe C (November 2022).

7984:"The Kind of Friend I Think I Am: Perceptions of Autistic and Non‑autistic Young Adults" 7879: 7704: 7275: 6859: 5761: 5732: 4958: 4931: 787:

reduced interest in other children or caretakers, possibly with more interest in objects

26201: 26118: 25987: 25819: 25721: 25704: 25629: 25352: 25085: 24556: 24153: 24005: 23699: 23612: 23567: 23552: 23462: 22299: 22106: 21855: 21752: 21739: 21596: 21386: 21333: 21284: 21207: 20850: 20801: 20754: 20674: 20597: 20556: 20440: 20391: 20290: 20255: 20166: 20153: 20126: 20107: 19917: 19679: 19631: 19604: 19580: 19555: 19536: 19524: 19486: 19461: 19388: 19347: 19334: 19299: 19244: 19027: 19000: 18976: 18951: 18795: 18741: 18710: 18686: 18660:"Intervention for optimal outcome in children and adolescents with a history of autism" 18659: 18658:

Orinstein AJ, Helt M, Troyb E, Tyson KE, Barton ML, Eigsti IM, et al. (May 2014).

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is common in ASD, affecting heart rate and blood pressure and causing symptoms such as

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than non-autistic people, and instead that autism is probably better explained as a

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is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants. Maternal inflammatory and

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As of 2018, understanding of genetic risk factors had shifted from a focus on a few

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The suicide rate for verbal autistics is nine times that of the general population.

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7236: 7226: 7157: 7148: 7096: 7053: 7035: 6962: 6954: 6863: 6820: 6798: 6735: 6727: 6652: 6644: 6588: 6580: 6571: 6531: 6523: 6514: 6475: 6467: 6424: 6255: 6169: 6070: 5988: 5954: 5870: 5860: 5814: 5804: 5756: 5746: 5711: 5664: 5531: 5511: 5439: 5431: 5297: 5256: 5238: 5167: 5120: 5004: 4996: 4953: 4943: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4835: 4763: 4722: 4714: 4670: 4662: 4589: 4571: 4558:"Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population-based cohort study" 4523: 4476: 4433: 4396: 4388: 4335: 4275: 4267: 4203: 4140: 4085: 4034: 4003: 3972: 3845: 3813: 3687: 3671: 3521: 3503: 3494: 3456: 3448: 3397: 3363: 3110: 3021:

Some autistic people, as well as a growing number of researchers, have advocated a

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision

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restricted interest could have an interactive relationship. In December 2022, the

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Studies have supported the common belief that autistic people become exhausted or

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National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (25 March 2020).

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Smith T, Iadarola S (2015). "Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder".

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identity, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, and other gender non-conformities.

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may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction. A 2016 review concludes that

749:

a history of neurodevelopmental conditions (including learning disabilities and

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Textbook of Psychiatry for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder

4007: 3061: 3050: 3044:, which describes the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the 3041: 3006: 2975: 2959: 2830: 2633: 2629: 2334: 2121: 1826: 1822: 1659: 1202: 1014: 961: 887: 847: 677: 586: 450: 414: 21840: 21727: 21592: 21304:"Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income" 21272: 21245:

and go on,' she says. 'You have to figure out how to care for your new child.'

20837: 20820: 20734: 20544: 20427: 20410: 20251: 20094: 20075: 19912: 19893: 19712: 19266: 19231: 19212: 18936: 18732: 18574: 18477: 18432: 18212: 18197: 18111: 18021: 17982: 17838: 17676: 17481: 17182: 17127: 16706: 16564: 16231: 15970: 15562: 15196: 15149: 15087: 14931: 14788: 13478: 13358: 13236: 13219: 13087: 12997: 12179: 12032: 11987: 11612: 11561:"Thousands of autistic girls and women 'going undiagnosed' due to gender bias" 11527: 11451: 10818: 10734: 10580: 10141: 10013: 9967: 9913: 9895: 9575: 9416: 9308: 9105: 8978: 8800: 8542: 8114: 8062: 7631: 7161: 6471: 6232: 6191: 6074: 5865: 5809: 5716: 5700:"The classification of mental disorder: a simpler system for DSM–V and ICD–11" 5699: 5621: 4767: 4340: 4317: 4031:

Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories from the Frontline

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Gold infinity loop, following Julian Morgan's 2018 push to use gold for autism

2290:. Asperger syndrome was traditionally called "schizoid disorder of childhood". 1781:

for causing autism spectrum disorder. In 1998, British physician and academic

799:

repetitive, limited, or otherwise unusual usage of toys (e.g., lining up toys)

26408: 26227: 26179: 26072: 26067: 26046: 26037: 26002: 25932: 25907: 25892: 25739: 25546: 25369: 25359: 24867: 24818: 24136: 23704: 23658: 23408: 23268: 22742: 22636: 22324: 22289: 21772: 21684: 21658: 21634: 21626: 21608: 21551: 21203: 21155: 20846: 20797: 20742: 20661: 20642: 20592: 20575: 20472: 20436: 20387: 20103: 19935: 19852: 19808: 19799: 19325: 19240: 18899: 18286: 18061: 17732: 17706:). Their implementation should always be guided by health care practitioners. 17625: 17577: 17569: 17135: 17025: 16791: 16714: 16675: 16634: 16609:"How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse?" 16572: 16423: 16400: 16288: 15402: 14667: 14189: 13946: 13812: 13537: 12133: 11395: 10354: 10346: 10089: 10021: 9540: 9532: 9473: 9366: 8752:"Autism could be seen as part of personality for some diagnosed, experts say" 8353: 8233: 7807: 7799: 7722: 7291: 7231: 7212: 7169: 7108: 6803: 6784: 6584: 6527: 5976: 5309: 5252: 5243: 5181: 5156:"How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse?" 5132: 5124: 5032: 4847: 4775: 4603: 4585: 4349: 4251:"The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism" 4162: 4154: 4015: 3833: 3825: 3683: 3517: 3393: 3377: 3223: 3138: 3134: 3106: 2984: 2787:

in children with autism. Studies on pet therapy have shown positive effects.

2780: 2765: 2761: 2641: 2553: 2465: 2247: 2243: 2187: 2072: 2052: 1923: 1696: 1527: 1388: 1110: 1053:: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. 1036: 965: 903: 757:

There are many signs associated with autism; the presentation varies widely:

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Autism is correlated or comorbid with several personality traits/disorders.

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encodes the protein chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8, which is a

952:

Autistic people display atypical nonverbal behaviors or show differences in

736:

These features are typically assessed with the following, when appropriate:

215:

patient's written and oral history of autistic traits becomes more important

26077: 26062: 26029: 25674: 25463: 25456: 25451: 25195: 24721: 24502: 24054: 23423: 23225: 23140: 22836: 22751: 22664: 21735: 21692: 21642: 21446: 21382: 21374: 21329: 21321: 21280: 21050:"News release: Neurodiversity flag raising for World Autism Acceptance Day" 20750: 20670: 20552: 20162: 20080: 19898: 19720: 19675: 19640: 19589: 19532: 19495: 19446: 19411: 19343: 19316: 19036: 18985: 18967: 18791: 18750: 18695: 18644: 18582: 18534: 18485: 18440: 18387: 18364: 18305: 18221: 18170: 18162: 18129: 18080: 18029: 17990: 17951: 17910: 17846: 17808: 17750: 17717: 17684: 17644: 17585: 17532: 17489: 17454: 17405: 17397: 17370: 17313: 17271: 17190: 17143: 17094: 17061: 17033: 16996: 16917: 16859: 16722: 16650:"Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane" 16590: 16486: 16477: 16432: 16374: 16296: 16239: 16188: 16129: 16120: 16101: 16035: 16027: 15978: 15923: 15764: 15721: 15672: 15653: 15621: 15580: 15528: 15472: 15410: 15365: 15252: 15204: 15167: 15095: 15051: 14990: 14939: 14879: 14835: 14806: 14724: 14675: 14626: 14617: 14597: 14548: 14471: 14434: 14338: 14301: 14250: 14207: 14140: 14083: 14034: 13983: 13843: 13723: 13696: 13556: 13497: 13446: 13409: 13366: 13335: 13302: 13288: 13245: 13201: 13095: 13005: 12943: 12929: 12884: 12839: 12790: 12677: 12625: 12574: 12547: 12496: 12447: 12401: 12340: 12289: 12238: 12219: 12187: 12152: 12091: 12040: 12005: 11951: 11933: 11900: 11851: 11802: 11744: 11694: 11620: 11565: 11545: 11494: 11414: 11361: 11310: 11259: 11200: 11141: 11087: 11033: 10969: 10934: 10877: 10826: 10791: 10742: 10702: 10653: 10599: 10546: 10481: 10417: 10380: 10293: 10285: 10252: 10201: 10149: 10107: 10039: 9975: 9868: 9833:

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remains a controversial subject under continued investigation, and recent

1535: 1065: 918:. But recent research has increasingly questioned these findings, as the " 426:

among those who are autistic and advocates, practitioners, and charities.

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for autistic people, as of 2018 there is no good evidence to recommend a

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for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text.

1566:, but only around 2% of autistic people have fragile X. Hypotheses from 1156:

for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text.

1009: 886:

Historically, autistic children were said to be delayed in developing a

842: 417:. From this point of view, autistic people may also be diagnosed with a 26174: 26144: 25922: 25729: 25342: 25212: 25200: 25153: 25110: 25023: 24716: 24621: 24322: 24047: 24042: 23838: 23653: 22171: 22121: 21918: 21438: 19438: 18626: 18196:

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when chronic pain or other health problems that cause pain are present.

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above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes;

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Some autistic people show unusual or notable abilities, ranging from

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Boys are also significantly far more frequently diagnosed than girls

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Similarly, a teacher-implemented intervention that utilizes a more

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in some countries, and the preventable deaths of several children.

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than the general population. There is tentative evidence that

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connections with mental health or learning disability services

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Some ASD is associated with clearly genetic conditions, like

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difficulties in initiating or sustaining social relationships

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Clinicians consider assessment for ASD when a patient shows:

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signaling pathway, which supports cell growth and survival.

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also greater symptoms of depression and ADHD. In July 2023,

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up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities.

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According to the medical model, autistic people experience

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describes people who may not have ASD but do have autistic

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from 2013, featuring a rainbow gradient from left to right

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is unlikely in autistic people with higher support needs.

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during pregnancy causes fewer than 1% of cases of autism,

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studies of autism; one example is lowered activity in the

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aggression. Some emerging data show positive effects of

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branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency

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pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

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formation and remodeling, and excitatory to inhibitory

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connectivity may predispose to self-injurious behavior.

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A young autistic boy who has arranged his toys in a row

894:

has argued that while autistic people have compassion (

610:

causal models of autism, or developing transdiagnostic

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of some sort, but that disability may be rooted in the

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symbol as used in the autism awareness ribbon used by

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difficulty playing reciprocal games (e.g., peek-a-boo)

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outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases

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irritability, though they tend to be associated with

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