Autogas - Knowledge

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purchase of brand-new factory-installed autogas cars. There are many factory-installed autogas brand-new cars available for purchase. While the number of autogas-powered cars is increasing every year, it is still low. The main barrier for a major expansion of the number of autogas-powered cars is that the number of refuelling stations for autogas is also still low, but it is increasing quickly too. By the end of 2015 there were 342 stations selling autogas in Spain. Spain is currently the only country using the new EU-wide common standard connector for autogas, the Euroconnector or Euronozzle adapter. The Euronozzle adapter was supposed to replace the current three different LPG filling systems (ACME, Bajonet and Dish) in Europe, but that would be expensive, so investments in such a change-over have not started yet. Before Euronozzle, Spain used a form of Bajonet. Spain's neighbouring countries France and Portugal continue to use Dish adapters for filling vehicles up with LPG.

735:, thanks to the subsidies given by the government to install conversion kits. Since, 2003, when the subsidies disappeared, the number of cars running on LPG has decreased and the number of cars running on diesel has increased. This was partly due to the tax incentives to purchase diesel cars. In recent years, the use of autogas as a vehicle fuel has accounted for less than 2% of vehicle fuel use in Belgium. At the end of 2003, there was an estimate of 93,000 autogas-powered vehicles on Belgium, supported by 600 refuelling stations. In 2010 there were 33,482 cars equipped with LPG and in 2012 it went down to 22,265. Since 2012 there has been a slight increase in the number of autogas-powered vehicles of around 14%. This increase is mainly due to the phasing-out of the tax incentives to buy diesel cars. The number of refuelling stations equipped with LPG has increased and in 2012 there were 727 stations. 559: 2351:

converters have a limit, beyond which mixtures become unstable. Unstable mixtures typically contain tiny droplets of liquid fuel that were not heated enough in the converter and will vaporise in the mixer or intake to form an excessively rich mixture. When this occurs, the mixture will become so rich that the engine will flood and stall. Because the outside of the converter will be at or below 0 °C when this happens, water vapour from the air will freeze onto the outside of the converter, forming an icy white layer. Some converters are very susceptible to cracking when this happens.

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rise again in 2003. Between 2004 and 2010, the number dropped. The vast majority of autogas vehicles on Japanese roads are taxicabs or commercial vehicles. This is why, in 2010, the Japan LP Gas Association started an initiative to encourage corporations and motorists alike to switch to autogas vehicles. The initiative involves 27,000 Japanese retailers to introduce an autogas vehicle into their fleet every three years. Many of these corporations already have autogas vehicles, but Makoto Arahata from the Japanese LP Gas Association says that there is still much room for improvement.

1813: 1666: 2318: 969: 592: 536: 1148:(initially used only in taxis, in 1999 it was legalized for all vehicles), has become popular in the last three to five years, mostly due to the increase in petrol prices. The number of refuelling points as well as conversion workshops is rapidly increasing. Currently (2012) there are about 404 filling stations. Some companies (e.g., Fiat, Toyota, Subaru, Opel, Chevrolet) offer some models with bi-fuel capability. The price at the end of 2012 was about 55% of the price of petrol. The most common term used for it is 2021: 1483: 1248: 1106: 2134:

large surface area exposed to the ambient air temperature combined with the low power output (fuel requirement) of the engine make this type of system viable. The refrigeration of the fuel tank is proportional to fuel demand hence this arrangement is only used on smaller engines. This type of converter can either be fed with vapour at tank pressure (called a 2-stage regulator) or be fed via a tank mounted regulator at a fixed reduced pressure (called a single stage regulator).

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a quick span. In November 2013 Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority issued about 40 NoC's for setting up LPG Autogas stations mainly to PSO, a State owned Petroleum giant. However, in December 2013 Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) contrary to the rest of the world where LPG is promoted, declared LPG a risk to public safety thus banned LPG to be used in Public transport vehicles, thus closing the era of LPG in Pakistan even before it started.

1125:). There were 6,700 fuel stations selling autogas in 2014, supplying about 500,000 registered gas-fuelled cars (1.1 per cent of all cars in Germany). mylpg.eu lists 7.240 stations in 2016. In addition to filling stations, numerous suppliers of industrial gas run dedicated autogas stations on their premises. Most filling pumps use the ACME adapter but DISH can also be found. Special fuel tax rates make autogas rather cheap in Germany (about 1800: 1341: 792: 1972: 1792: 1657:

January 2012, the saving of about 60 pence per litre is the highest it has ever been and that combined with conversion prices being an historic low should result in an increase in LPG conversions. Technology has reached the point where almost all conversions are 'Sequential Vapour Injection', and in the UK there is a large number of kits with various price and quality ranges to choose from, resulting in a very competitive market.

93: 2032:(AFL) to prevent overfilling. The AFL has a float arm which restricts the flow significantly but does not shut it off entirely. This is intended to cause the pressure in the line to rise enough to tell the bowser to stop pumping but not cause dangerously high pressures. Before AFLs were introduced, it was common for the filler (with integral check valve) to be screwed directly into the tank, as the operator had to open an 1693:. Autogas use by car drivers can help the United States to reduce dependence on foreign oil as 90% of all U.S. Autogas is produced in the U.S. In 2005, a provision was enacted that placed a 50-cent per gallon tax credit on propane autogas as part of H.R. 4853, making it $ 1 per gallon cheaper than petrol on average. The alternative fuel credit was extended in 2010 and remained in effect until the end of 2011. 1728: 38: 1846:'Dutch' bayonet. This type establishes a gas-proof seal by a push and twist action. This type is used in the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Switzerland. Some LPG filling stations in Norway also use bayonet. Spain was using a longer version of bayonet when LPG was still for taxis only, but has switched to Euronozzle when LPG sales were made available to the general public. 1582:, as well as strong local knowhow to avoid its major safety issues. By 2008, half of all taxicabs had switched from gasoline to LPG by low cost local modification. Despite a government push, the number of LPG vehicles continues to grow and outpace NGVs. The number of autogas vehicles has continues to see high growth, despite a push for operators to switch to 1463: 2169:, then run hoses to the nozzles, which are screwed into holes drilled and tapped into the runners of the intake manifold. There is usually one nozzle for each cylinder. Some vapour injection systems resemble petrol injection, having separate injectors that fit into the manifold or head in the same manner as petrol injectors, and are fed fuel through a 1527:

autogas. There is also a huge disparity in the rate of development of methane and propane gas stations. The owners of gas vehicles themselves are very fond of their cars for the low cost of operation, but often complain about the inconvenience of placing cylinders in the cabin, as well as the fact that if for example the old "

604:, for example, the transport ministry estimates as many as 20 to 30% of vehicles use autogas, because it offers a very cheap alternative to both diesel and petrol, being less than half the price of petrol and some 40% cheaper than diesel. The recent rises in oil-derived fuel prices has significantly increased the difference. 746:(CNG) cars. In a Government's effort to incentivate the use of LPG cars, the registration tax paid by LPG cars is lower than the registration tax of CNG, petrol and diesel cars because. Thus since 2013, brand-new LPG cars (and LPG cars with less than one year of age) benefit from an important reduction in registration duty. 2225:

converters, there is also a solenoid in the converter to shut off the idle circuit. These valves are usually both connected to the output of the tachometric relay or oil pressure switch. Where solenoids are fitted to the outputs of fuel tanks, these are also connected to the output of the tachometric

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Engines with a low power output such as; scooters, quad bikes and generators can use a simpler type of converter (also known as governor or regulator). These converters are fed with fuel in vapour form. Evaporation takes place in the tank where refrigeration occurs as the liquid fuel boils. The tanks

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The converter (also known as vaporiser or reducer) is a device designed to change the fuel from a pressurised liquid to a vapour at around atmospheric pressure for delivery to the mixer or vapour phase injectors. Because of the refrigerant characteristic of the fuel, heat must be put into the fuel by

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Where multiple tanks are fitted, a combination of check valves and a hydrostatic relief valve are usually installed to prevent fuel from flowing from one tank to another. In Australia, there is a common assembly designed for this purpose. It is a combined twin check valve and hydrostatic relief valve

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relief valve. It is designed to open if the pressure in the tank is dangerously high, thus releasing some vapour to the atmosphere to reduce the pressure in the tank. The release of a small quantity of vapour reduces the pressure in the tank, which causes some of the liquid in the tank to vaporise to

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Euronozzle. This new type of adaptor was developed to minimize or eliminate the small amount of gas that escapes when disconnecting the filler hose from the vehicle. The Euronozzle is (or was) supposed to become a unified new filling system for the entire European continent, but investments in such a

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in much the same manner as a petrol injection system. These systems are still very much in their infancy. Because the fuel vaporises in the intake, the air around it is cooled significantly. This increases the density of the intake air and can potentially lead to substantial increases in engine power

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According to the LPG trade association in the UK there are about 1500 refuelling stations that cater for the 160,000 LPG powered vehicles on UK roads. This represents less than 1% of vehicles. The only Government incentive to use LPG is the lower road fuel tax applied to LPG compared to petrol. As of

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The reason of this high LPG application is because of the Turkish government's application of high taxes upon petrol and diesel prices, and because of these taxes, Turkey finds itself using the second most expensive petrol in the world (after Norway) even though Turkey has borders with OPEC countries

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8.3 million LPG cars are passenger vehicles. 33% of the passenger cars (2,739,000) are diesel powered and 67% are petrol powered (5,561,000). As there is no conversion to diesel cars, among 5,561,000 petrol powered passenger cars, According to the reports of the MMO, (Chamber of Mechanical Engineers,

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In Turkey, Diesel vehicles are usually not converted to LPG because of unsuccessful applications in the past. For that reason, installations are often not made to light and heavy weight trucks, tractors, bus and mini-buses and motorcycles, because the owners of conversion workshops are fearful of the

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has the highest percentage of autogas vehicles in the world. Some 37% of passenger cars run on autogas, and autogas consumption now exceeds petrol consumption. The Turkish government regulated the autogas price to provide consumers with a net economic advantage of 20–35%. As of the end of 2010, there

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serving around 1000 vehicles. LPG failed to attract attention of the investors and customers due to extremely cheap prices of CNG as Pakistan had huge Natural Gas reserves. Pakistan in a decade became the largest consumer of CNG. This impacted Pakistan's reserves in a negative way and they receded in

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Petrol engined cars, trucks and buses which have not been fitted with LPG/autogas systems by the manufacturers can usually accept third party systems to enable them to use either LPG or petrol. ROUSH CleanTech manufactures designs, engineers, manufactures and installs propane autogas fuel systems for

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in London. By 1935 Hanover had an autogas station, and a trial run took place with trucks travelling between Moscow and Leningrad in the same year. Initial use depended largely on the types of different/alternative fuels available and on their cost. More widespread application of autogas in transport

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LPG may be used for a supplemental fuel for diesels of all sizes. Diesel contains 128,700 BTU per US gallon, where propane contains 91,690 BTU per US gallon. If LPG is 30–40% less expensive, there may very well be a saving. Any actual savings are dependent on the relative cost of diesel versus LPG.

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is designed to match the converter. In USA style systems, the air valve and metering pins in the mixer are sized to match the diaphragm size and spring stiffness in the converter. In both cases, the components are matched by the manufacturers and only basic adjustments are needed during installation

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Many LPG equipment installers recommend the installation of so-called valve protection systems. These can consist in the most simple case of a bottle containing valve protection liquid. The liquid is drawn into the air intake system and distributed into the engines' cylinders along with the fuel and

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In installations where more than one tank is fitted, T-fittings may be used to connect the tanks to one filler so that the tanks are filled simultaneously. In some applications, more than one filler may be fitted, such as on opposite sides of the vehicle. These may be connected to separate tanks, or

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and imports from Western Europe, have been converted to LPG. One may also buy a factory-prepared LPG car. As of August 2017, LPG is approximately 2 times cheaper per litre than petrol. It is widely available at petrol stations in the cities and along major routes, as well as some dedicated stations.

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South Korea had the world's largest Autogas market, which peaked in 2010. As of 2021, the country has a fleet of 1.96 million registered autogas-powered cars, with 1,992 refueling stations. A large portion of the autogas fleet is light-duty vehicles used for commercial ends, such as taxis and rental

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and imports from Western Europe, have been converted to LPG. Autogas systems used in Serbia are mostly from Italian companies like Lovato and Tartarini. As of August 2014, LPG is approximately 40% cheaper per litre than petrol. It is available at petrol stations in the cities and along major routes,

1188:, austerity measures and increased fuel taxation saw the price of traditional Diesel and petrol fuels skyrocket to record highs. This has seen a small revival of autogas in Ireland in 2012 with new conversion outlets and refueling points opening again. It has been re-introduced to Ireland by the new 907:

An increase in demand has occurred since 2010, as a result of lower prices relative to gasoline and diesel fuel and improved technology. In 2014, it is estimated that the number of auto propane vehicles on the road in Canada is between 25,000 – 50,000 and the number of fuelling stations is 2,000. In

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Despite LPG being widely used as a fuel for cars, motorists in need of autogas can sometimes face difficulties, especially in remote areas and in places where supply and demand are low. Therefore, they may need to plan their journeys around access to stations where LPG can reliably be obtained. Some

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Autogas is the fourth most popular automotive fuel in the world, with approximately 27.8 million of 1.47 billion passenger cars powered using the fuel, representing less than 2% of the total market share. Approximately half of all autogas-fueled passenger vehicles are in the five largest markets (in

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Vorreiter fuer die Verwendung des Flüssiggases als Kraftstoff waren in den 1970er Jahren die Niederlande und Italien. Den Beginn machten Taxiunternehmen, später folgten private PKW-Besitzer. Das Taxi war auch anderernorts primärer Anwender, z. B. in Bangkok und Istanbul, auch in der ehemaliger DDR,

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of the vehicle or a toroidal tank (also steel) or set of permanently interconnected cylinders placed in the spare wheel well. In commercial vehicle applications, the tanks are generally cylindrical tanks mounted either in the cargo space or on the chassis underneath the body. Increasingly, the tank

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The Alternative Fuel Association of America based in New York is the largest association of its kind; it give incentives of up to $ 4,000 to the owners of fleets who retrofit their vehicle to autogas; the Association works closely with CNG and LPG Max of America, one of the pioneer companies in the

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CNG is more commonly used for commercial passenger transport (taxis, city buses). Although the Russian government subsidizes conversion of petrol-powered vehicles to CNG by reimbursement of the majority of its price (CNG equipment costs twice more as LPG), it is not popular among private car owners

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Despite the fact that autogas is excise free in Belgium, it is the cheapest car fuel in Belgium and that it enjoys an important reduction in registration duty, autogas has never reached again the levels of use that it once had in the 1990s. Belgium does not provide with subsidies for LPG or CNG car

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on autogas vehicles can be up to 2 times that of petrol powered vehicles. On the modern third generation (G3) autogas systems, the difference on tax is zero for cars up to 850 kg, but increases for heavier cars. The diesel tax is twice the petrol tax. Because the price of autogas is less than

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has about 280,000 autogas vehicles on the road, which is less than in recent years. However, the number of autogas vehicles on Japan's roads has been very unstable. The first autogas taxicabs were introduced in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s. With a sharp decline in the 1990s, the number started to

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during the early 1980s, and the country had a large and extensive network of refuelling points. It proved popular at the time particularly as Ireland was in a deep recession for much of the 1980s. However autogas fell out of favor in the late 1990s and 2000s due to unreliable early autogas systems

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Auto propane is desirable for fleets due to the fact that in many cities in Canada it costs about 40% less than gasoline and diesel. Auto propane also enjoys favourable fuel tax status and is exempt from the federal excise tax and is taxed at a lower rate than gasoline and diesel in every province

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Whilst historically autogas was excise-free, it began being imposed on all vehicle fuels that were not previously subject to excise in 2011 and was added incrementally up to 2015. The excise on autogas started at 2.5 cents per litre in 2011 and reached 12.5 cents per litre in 2015. By comparison,

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Vapour phase injection systems also use a converter, but unlike the mixer system, the gas exits the converter at a regulated pressure. The gas is then injected into the air intake manifold via a series of electrically controlled injectors. The injector opening times are controlled by the autogas

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In Belgium, autogas is totally free of excises, but not of VAT. As of June 2019, the price of a litre of autogas is around a third of the price of a litre of diesel, making it the cheapest car fuel available in Belgium. This is a strong incentive for cross-border LPG refuelling traffic with

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is used to operate electrical shut-off solenoids. These work by sensing that the engine is running by detecting ignition pulses. Some systems use an engine oil pressure sensor instead. In all installations, there is a filterlock (consisting of a filter assembly and a vacuum or electric solenoid

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The main consumer of LPG is commercial light-weight cargo transport (so as GAZelles in Russia are mostly LPG-powered). There are some community supported sources where people post gas station locations on the map. These sources may be used by some travelers going to Russia by car. First limited

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has grown rapidly since the 1990s, has slowed down in the early 2000s, but has started to grow again in recent years. In 2009, autogas refuelling stations have spread to 25 cities and has become a major alternative fuel in China. Motorcycles account for a large portion of the autogas, with over

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grant in 1981 for consumers to convert their vehicles to run on propane in response to national energy security concerns. Some provinces also offered various grants and incentives for propane conversions. Vehicle conversions reached approximately 200,000 in the early 1990s, and auto propane was

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and the mixture has leaned off to the normal running mixture. Depending on the system, the throttle may need to be held open further when the engine is cold in the same manner as with a petrol carburettor. On others, the normal mixture is intended to be somewhat lean and no cold-start throttle

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According to the Turkish Statistics Institute's report, the nation had over 16,500,000 vehicles in January 2012. 50.3% are passenger vehicles. 16.2% light weight trucks, 15.7% motorcycles, 9.2% tractors, 4.6% heavy weight trucks, 2.5% mini buses for transportation, 1.4% buses and 0.1% special

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Autogas (called GLP in Spain) was restricted by law to taxis and public transport buses for many decades. In recent years the market has been liberalised and autogas has been made available to all kinds of vehicles. The Spanish government subsidises the installations of autogas in cars and the

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Propane-Powered Vision. Others are pending. Aftermarket conversions represent the balance of the market. These conversions are typically performed on gasoline vehicles and may be either mono fuel (propane only) or dual fuel (operate on propane or gasoline). These conversions are performed in

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claims to be the unified voice of the autogas industry in the United States. Composed of autogas experts, transportation industry specialists and environmental advocates, Autogas for America says it "leverages industry cooperation to widen recognition of autogas among the US public, media and

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per litre. The cost of a litre of LPG is from 24 ₽ to 30 ₽, while fuel consumption is almost the same. In 2022, LPG prices fell down since January to 16-17 ₽ per litre, or even till 11-12 ₽ in some regions. There are a number of incentives also provided for owners to convert their cars to use

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has one of the oldest and most successful autogas markets in Europe. It is the country with the highest rate of LPG use per capita, higher even than Italy. In 2011, there were 6050 autogas refuelling stations and 2,500,000 autogas vehicles on the road. The number of autogas vehicles in Poland

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is one of the countries with the highest rates of autogas use in Europe. Autogas is very popular in Lithuania and it is widely available. The distribution of most car brands are in the hands of the Polish distributors, therefore factory-installed LPG in brand-new cars are as common and widely

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for the current vapour or liquid fuel injected technology, and fleet users can expect a payback on the conversion cost within a year. Converting a vehicle to propane is approximately half the cost of converting a vehicle to natural gas in Canada. In just about every case, a propane dispensing

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The power output capacity of a system is limited by the ability of the converter to deliver a stable flow of vapour. A coolant temperature lower than intended will reduce the maximum power output possible, as will an air bubble trapped in the cooling circuit or complete loss of coolant. All

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ACME thread. This type has a threaded fitting onto which the bowser nozzle is screwed before the trigger is pulled to establish a seal before fuel transfer. This type is used in Australia, US, Germany, Belgium, Republic of Ireland. Some LPG filling stations in the United Kingdom also use

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The gauge sender is usually a magnetically coupled arrangement, with a float arm inside the tank rotating a magnet, which rotates an external gauge. The external gauge is usually readable directly, and most also incorporate an electronic sender to operate a fuel gauge on the dashboard.

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Autogas enjoys great popularity in numerous countries and territories, including: Australia, the European Union, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Northern Macedonia, South Korea, Serbia, Sri Lanka and Turkey. It is also available at larger petrol stations in several countries. In

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to avoid black smoke production, so there is a substantial amount of oxygen in the intake charge which is not consumed in the combustion process. This oxygen is therefore available for the combustion of a substantial addition of LPG resulting in a large increase in power output.

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There are approximately 310,000 autogas-powered cars on Australia's roads. The number of LPG/Dual fuel vehicles continues to decrease, falling by 34.2% (161,191) between 2013 and 2018. Over the same period, the number of registered electric vehicles increased by 159.2% to 8,334.

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accounted for 14% the total fuel consumption in 2003, an amount which has tripled since 1999. By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 195,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the road, with around 1,500 refuelling stations. Autogas is also very popular with commercial users in

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The tanks have fittings for filling, liquid outlet, emergency relief of excess pressure, fuel level gauge and sometimes a vapour outlet. These may be separate valves mounted into a series of 3 to 5 holes in a plate welded into the tank shell, or may be assembled onto a

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Service valves are fitted to the outlet from the tank to the service line. These have a tap to turn the fuel on and off. The tap is usually only closed when the tank is being worked on. In some countries, an electrical shut-off valve is built into the service valve.

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to effectively measure the air/fuel mixture by measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust and control valve on the converter or in the vapour line to adjust the mixture. Mixer type systems that do not have a closed loop feedback fitted are sometimes referred to as

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would have over 62,500 autogas vehicles on the road by the end of 2010. By the end of 2003, there were an estimated 190,000 autogas vehicles in use with almost 1,900 refuelling stations. In 2005, autogas accounted for around 0.4% of the total automotive fuel use.

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facility will cost significantly less money than any other fuel, including gasoline or diesel. Installing a propane fuelling station will typically cost up to 95% less than a natural gas fuelling station. A typical 2,000 USWG dispenser will cost approximately

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In some installations, the fuel gauge sender fitted to the autogas tank is matched to the original fuel gauge in the vehicle. In others, an additional gauge is added to display the level of fuel in the autogas tank separately from the existing petrol gauge.

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exporting crude oil and petroleum to the world and has the lowest transportation costs. Turkish people found the only solution to save money from their road expenses by converting their cars to autogas which gives them an advantage of 35% to 40% savings.

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The popularity of automotive LPG is declining, as more motorists purchase hybrid-electric cars. local car manufacturing that offered LPG as a factory option ceased, and a federal government excise on LPG commenced in 2011 making the fuel more expensive.

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assembly built in the form of a T-fitting, such that the lines from the tanks come into the sides of the valve and the outlet to the converter comes out the end. Because there is only one common brand of these valves, they are known colloquially as a

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estimated to be available at over 5,000 locations. The Federal Government grant was discontinued in 1985. Auto propane demand began to decline in the early 1990s due to changes in technology and relatively low cost of gasoline and diesel fuel.

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The different autogas systems generally use the same type of filler, tanks, lines and fittings but use different components in the engine bay. Liquid injection systems use special tanks with circulation pumps and return lines similar to petrol

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has for over 15 years run LPG taxi cabs in Bangkok, though autos and buses had erroneously labelled NGV stickers when in fact, they were LPG. A low cost local modification industry had sprung up in Thailand, with costs of conversion as low as

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This big conversion is the success of Turkish autogas kits and autogas tanks manufacturers starting from 1995, even though autogas use became legal in 2000. At the same time, Italian companies also supplied systems through several companies.

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control unit. This unit works in much the same way as a petrol fuel injection control unit. This allows much more accurate metering of fuel to the engine than is possible with mixers, improving economy and/or power while reducing emissions.

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Injection systems use a computerised control system which is very similar to that used in petrol injection systems. In virtually all systems, the injection control system integrates the tachometric relay and closed loop feedback functions.

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As of 2019, the number of autogas vehicles in Russia is actively growing. Some are built in the factory to use autogas and some are retrofitted existing vehicles. The average cost of a litre of petrol and diesel fuel in Russia is about 45

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Autogas is on the rise in the United States. As of February 2012, the United States has more than 147,000 autogas vehicles on the road, accounting for just 2% of the world's total and as of June 2013, the United States has 2,843 autogas

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Cold start enrichment is achieved by the fact that the engine coolant is cold when the engine is cold. This causes denser vapour to be delivered to the mixer. As the engine warms up, the coolant temperature rises until the engine is at

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change-over have failed to start. As of 2018 Spain remains the only country in Europe that has adopted the Euronozzle adaptor, a decision that was made when Spain had to redevelop a filling station network for LPG from practically zero.

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Rigid sections of liquid line are usually made using copper tubing, although in some applications, steel pipes are used instead. The ends of the pipes are always double-flared and fitted with flare nuts to secure them to the fittings.

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valve at the tank while filling, allowing vapour out of the top of the tank and stopping filling when liquid started coming out of the ullage valve to indicate that the tank was full. Modern tanks are not fitted with ullage valves.

1849:'Italian' dish. This type is used in Italy, France, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Sweden. 1765:

A converter-mixer system uses a converter to change liquid fuel from the tank into vapour, then feeds that vapour to the mixer where it is mixed with the intake air. This is also known as a venturi system or "single point" system.

2044:. Modern service valves incorporate an electric shut-off solenoid. In applications using very small engines such as small generators, vapour may be withdrawn from the top of the tank instead of liquid from the bottom of the tank. 1586:(CNG), there has been considerable resistance due to inherent costs. As of January 2013, Thailand has 1,014,000 LPG fueled vehicles, and consumed 606,000 tonnes in 2012 of LPG, while 483 stations serve some 380,000 CNG vehicles. 2363:

The above systems add small quantities of LPG with the primary aim of improving economy, but much larger quantities of LPG can be injected in order to increase power. Even at full output a diesel engine runs about 50% lean of

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The converted vehicles were mostly carburetted engines. Nearly 90% of the old carburetted engines have already been converted and day by day, new generation vehicle owners are also choosing LPG as an alternative fuel.

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effectively controls the temperature of the converter, thus directly affecting the mixture. A faulty thermostat, or a thermostat of the wrong temperature range for the design of the system may not operate correctly.

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butterfly is required for cold starting with LPG. Some evaporators have an electric choke valve, energising this valve, before starting the engine, will spray some LPG vapour into the carburetor to help cold start.

936:. Another propane option gaining some popularity is diesel blend where propane is blended into the diesel fuel as it is injected into the combustion chamber. This reduces diesel consumption and improves emissions. 1782:

to avoid damaging other parts of the engine. Liquid phase injection has the potential to achieve much better economy and power plus lower emission levels than are possible using mixers or vapour phase injectors.

1531:" costs about 30,000 ₽, then its gasification can cost twice as much. But gasification of new cars as already mentioned in the article is possible directly from the factory or by official dealers of car brands. 666:), when they used to manufacture cars in Australia (production ceasing in 2016 and 2017 respectively), had offered factory fitted autogas in some models of their locally made large cars and commercial vehicles. 2003:

Vehicles are often fitted with only one tank, but multiple tanks are used in a some applications. In passenger car applications, the tank is typically either a cylindrical tank, made from steel, mounted in the

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As of 2008, approximately 30,000 Croatians drove using autogas, which at the time was available from 90 stations throughout the nation. In 2009, it was estimated that there were 60,000 autogas-powered cars on

1316:. It went up in the 1980s and has decreased ever since, except for an increase in 2005. In 2010, there are around 220,000 autogas vehicles on the road (total cars being a little less than 8 million). 1319:

Autogas is sold at most fuel stations, stations in urban areas may not supply it due to safety regulations with regard to LPG storage tanks. The 'Dutch Bayonet' is the standard filling device used.

707:

the excise on petrol remained at its existing 38 cents per litre. The additional excise on autogas is offset somewhat by a subsidy that was implemented in 2006 for private motorists, paying either

1924:

Liquid hoses for LPG are specifically designed and rated for the pressures that exist in LPG systems, and are made from materials designed to be compatible with the fuel. Some hoses are made with

778:

were able to run on the fuel. Vehicles originally manufactured to operate on autogas are virtually non-existent in Bulgaria, so the vast majority of the vehicles are third-party conversions.

1060:

since taxes have risen, making LPG more expensive than unleaded petrol. As a result, there is no customer demand, leaving only around 13 refuelling stations. The stations are run by

1446:

increased by 8% in 2011, however autogas sales decreased by 3.7%. This is mostly due to older vehicles being replaced with newer, more fuel efficient ones. Almost half of Poland's

1231:

was one of the first countries in the world to introduce autogas, which happened in the 1950s. In the first half of 2010 alone, more than 170,000 new autogas cars were registered.

3065: 620:

production and to reduce urban pollution. At the end of 2019, there were approximately 500,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the roads, supported by over 1000 refuelling stations.

3486: 3463: 892:, is the most popular alternative fuel in the country. It is primarily used by high consumption public and private fleets (taxis, couriers, school buses and transit vehicles). 2189:

Liquid phase injectors are mounted onto the engine in a manner similar to petrol injectors, being mounted directly at the inlet manifold and fed liquid fuel from a fuel rail.

3319: 2277:

More sophisticated systems can consist of a piggyback ECU that is synchronised with the LPG injector ECU. This results in a more precise injection of valve protection fluid.

3353: 2557: 616:

has pursued a policy to promote the use of autogas in Algeria. The two main incentives for the government to put this policy into action were to take advantage of the large

3038: 3261: 1036:, which is also responsible for energy, said that Croatia is not yet ready for a regular autogas market due to a small network of stations, but in the future it will be. 2977: 2177: 3878: 3220: 1033: 3614: 3087: 3114: 2773: 3952: 3771: 2157:

Mixer type systems have existed since the 1940s and some designs have changed little over that time. Mixers are now being increasingly superseded by injectors.

1860:

The fill valve contains a check valve so that the liquid in the line between the filler and the tank(s) does not escape when the bowser nozzle is disconnected.

1502:. In its modern form it has been used since the 1970s, when high oil prices and difficulties in economically producing lightweight diesel engines motivated the 3011: 2886: 3823: 1069: 329:

autogas fuel-systems handle this with parallel autogas and petrol mechanisms in vehicles – allowing either autogas or petrol to be used at any given time.

4406: 670:

formerly manufactured factory-fitted autogas vehicles locally but ceased manufacturing in 2008. All factory autogas vehicles, with the exception of the

4779: 2119:

the converter. This is usually achieved by having engine coolant circulated through a heat exchanger that transfers heat from that coolant to the LPG.

3188: 3166: 3683: 719:

of over 3,500 kilograms. In addition to the subsidy provided by the Australian federal government, the Western Australian government also provides a

4132: 703:

There has been a corresponding reduction in the number of LPG refuelling locations – less than 2,900 in 2018, down from 3,500 several years prior.

1195:

There is a much larger market for Autogas in Northern Ireland, due to UK Government supports. There are currently 86 LPG outlets on the island of

2325:

An autogas carburettor may simply consist of a throttlebody and a mixer, sometimes fitted together using an adapter, the venturi is not needed.

2126:

style of converter is a more complex device that incorporates an idle circuit and is designed to be used with a simple fixed venturi mixer. The

3904: 2428: 1543:

Serbia has a well-developed autogas market. Many petrol-powered vehicles from the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, both locally made cars such as

1021:

were using autogas. This recent increase in popularity has largely been attributed to the lower price of autogas compared to petrol or diesel.

535: 312:

is more widely used by consumers, especially by taxi drivers, many of whom use converted vehicles. The converted vehicles are commonly called

2805: 1612:

LPG is dominantly used in Turkey as an autogas while there are only around 500 CNG fuelled cars and there are only two CNG filling stations.

1535:

because CNG tanks are much larger than LPG tanks and CNG stations are not common (LPG stations are as common as petrol and diesel stations).

715:

for purchasing a new vehicle that was manufactured to operate on autogas. The subsidy does not apply to business vehicles or vehicles with a

4337: 4069: 3411: 1643:

Ukraine has a well-developed autogas market. Many petrol-powered vehicles from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, both locally made cars such as

1506:

to try autogas in light trucks and buses with carburettor engines. There are two types of autogas equipment and autogas stations as well:

1181:

and as the country experienced massive economic growth and unprecedented wealth demand for conversions and autogas subsequently dwindled.

4559: 4010: 3061: 2780: 5674: 3382: 2830: 529:

and LPG powered mopeds that run equally well on LPG. Ford Australia have offered an LPG-only variant of their Falcon model since 2000.

3490: 3459: 2130:

style of converter is a simpler design which is intended to be used with a variable venturi mixer that incorporates an idle circuit.

3034: 2017:

unit which is bolted into one large hole on a boss welded, or in the case of an aluminium tank, extruded as part of the tank shell.

164:

when burnt, whereas the equivalent amount of autogas (1.33 litres due to the lower density of autogas) produces only 2 kg of CO

5695: 3984: 3345: 3323: 2565: 5529: 1857:

Adaptors that allow a vehicle fitted with a particular system to refuel at a station equipped with another system are available.

3144: 2288:

In most areas of the world the word "converter" is not commonly used. 'Regulator' or 'reducer' or 'vaporizer' are more popular.

5851: 5667: 4772: 3852: 3265: 696:

All Ford LPG vehicles that were locally made used liquid injected LPG and developed 3 kW more than the petrol equivalent.

247: 59: 46: 3801: 2981: 2508: 5709: 5688: 5681: 3926: 3874: 3288: 1327:

half that of petrol, fitting a car with an LPG system is only economically feasible at more than around 10,000 km/year.

1835:

The type of filler used varies from country to country, and in some cases different types are used within the same country.

5723: 5702: 4223: 4125: 2911: 3091: 2285:

The designs of converters and mixers are matched to each other by matching sizes and shapes of components within the two.

5730: 5716: 3745: 2680: 3234: 1864:

may be connected to the same tanks using T-fittings in the same manner as for connecting multiple tanks to one filler.

1417:

LPG was allowed to be used as an automotive fuel in 2005 and first Autogas station became operative in 2010 located at

3118: 1939:

Liquid line fittings are mostly made from brass. The fittings typically adapt from a thread in a component, such as a

856: 623:

The Algerian government fixes the prices of all automotive fuels. Autogas is priced in Algeria at 61% of the price of

4765: 4366: 3959: 3767: 2890: 2653: 1620:

authorized to check emissions and licenses) there were 3.1 million LPG fuelled vehicles by the end of the year 2011.

1380: 1185: 875: 380:

systems came in the 1970s, especially for taxis (notably in the Netherlands, Italy, Bangkok and Istanbul) and buses.

77: 3003: 2856: 2534: 828: 203:(for pure propane) and 28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon the actual fuel composition. 5861: 3589: 3538: 1887:

Gas lines and fittings. Containment hose, liquid hose, copper pipe with flared end plus brass elbows and T fitting

4381: 4118: 3206: 2809: 1716: 490: 5830: 4295: 3292: 1362: 929: 835: 813: 742:

To compensate for the loss of tax revenue, Belgian cars equipped with LPG pay a higher road tax than petrol or

5587: 3690: 3657: 2706: 5483: 4959: 4685: 4396: 3640: 3434: 2403: 1712: 4290: 2587: 2240:

Closed loop feedback systems use an electronic controller that operates in much the same way as in a petrol

2090:

are fitted in the filler and on the fill input to the fuel tank to prevent fuel flowing back the wrong way.

2076:

valves, which are used to stop flow in the service line. These may be operated by vacuum or electricity. On

5489: 4481: 4032:

DriveLPG.co.uk has instruction how to use 2 types of bayonet filler guns for refuelling with LPG (PDF-file)

3180: 3158: 2945: 1940: 1758:

system, which has existed since the 1940s and is still widely used today. The other two types are known as

1239:, with two-thirds of the vehicles sold in 2008 being autogas-capable. Self fill is not permitted in Italy. 1077: 1045: 757:

Since 2013, OPEL is the only distributor that still sells brand-new factory-installed LPG cars in Belgium.

153: 2301:

Vaporizer: vaporizes the liquid form LPG into gas form by using the hot coolant circulation of the engine.

1518:

series of vehicles driven by multi-fuel including methane has appeared in the middle of the 20th century.

992:, the local government is encouraging public transport to convert to autogas, and as of 2009 over 160,000 4699: 4208: 2150:

The mixer is the device that mixes the fuel into the air flowing to the engine. The mixer incorporates a

1685:

has a website that autogas drivers can easily locate autogas fueling stations near them as well as other

1602:

around the country and market growth has been supported by a network of 1,000 licensed conversion shops.

1293: 842: 4105: 2621:

History of the supply of water and energy of the city of Hanover: from the beginnings to the present day

5747: 5549: 4692: 4448: 1192:

living in the country drawing upon their knowledge and expertise from Europe's biggest autogas market.

1189: 372: 120: 3875:"Almost 23 Million Autogas Vehicles Will be Operating on Roads Worldwide by 2020, Forecasts Pike Rese" 750:

installations. The current subsidies provided to CNG car installations since 2014 are provided by the

5523: 4539: 1682: 1313: 3900: 3512: 2436: 824: 5478: 5434: 4936: 4401: 4359: 4141: 3719: 2616:

Geschichte der Wasser- und Energieversorgung der Stadt Hannover: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

1921:

hose is used to provide a gas-tight seal between the gas components and the inside of the vehicle.

1454:. Most of the Polish distributors offer brand-new factory installed LPG cars of mostly all brands. 1358: 1219:. With over 1,000,000 autogas vehicles on the road, it is the second largest autogas market in the 913: 809: 731:

The use of autogas (called LPG in both French and Dutch speaking Belgium) was once very popular in

388: 2084:, a similar shut-off valve is usually fitted in the petrol line between the pump and carburettor. 2040:

The liquid outlet is usually used to supply fuel to the engine, and is usually referred to as the

1917:

Where the tank valves are located inside an enclosed space such as the boot of a sedan, a plastic

1773:

Liquid phase injection systems do not use a converter, but instead deliver the liquid fuel into a

1514:(CNG, methane). Natural gas is stored at a higher pressure than LPG (200 bar vs. 10 bar for LPG). 5559: 5534: 5153: 4621: 4580: 4386: 4349: 2860: 2122:

There are two distinctly different basic types of converter for use with mixer type systems. The

1507: 1447: 1409:

heavily subsidised the construction of LPG infrastructure during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

1351: 1029: 1025: 1001: 802: 686: 674: 617: 512: 500: 376: 112: 27: 5338: 2731: 2360:

In Australia, where diesel costs substantially more than LPG, savings of 10 to 20% are claimed.

242:

In the United States, autogas is more commonly known under the name of its primary constituent,

5782: 5554: 5464: 5391: 4964: 4746: 4585: 4423: 4262: 4203: 4077: 3407: 743: 683:

vehicles, meaning they have the capability to run on either petrol, autogas, or a combination.

566: 4880: 353: 5283: 5148: 4903: 4616: 4544: 4496: 4371: 4018: 2478: 2330: 2295:

Reducer: reduces the high pressure of incoming liquid phase LPG down to atmospheric pressure.

1871:

to avoid the possibility of sparks when attaching or removing the bowser that might occur if

1394: 924: 426: 3563: 3375: 2834: 2459: 1623:

This means more than 55% of petrol powered passenger vehicles are already converted to LPG.

507:

models; however, the vehicles use a different system from that of their donor vehicles from

5777: 5741: 4741: 4325: 2919: 2048: 1944: 896: 667: 526: 192: 4031: 1739: 1665: 8: 5635: 5356: 5168: 4913: 4590: 2500: 2342:

The temperature of the engine is critical to the tuning of an autogas system. The engine

2317: 2306: 1696: 1583: 1398: 1272: 1204: 1161: 636: 613: 578: 1967:

Tank valves. From left, relief valve (with red cap), service valve, gauge and fill valve

1689:. The cost of converting a car to use petrol or autogas at a turn of a knob starts from 693:, that injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid, allowing for higher efficiency. 296:

In Asian countries, particularly those with historical American influences, such as the

5767: 5645: 5617: 5361: 5293: 4797: 4257: 3634: 2068:

There are a number of types of valve used in autogas systems. The most common ones are

2009:

is an aluminium Conformable Tank, which is lighter, has more capacity and cannot rust.

2005: 1754:

There are three basic types of autogas system. The oldest of these is the conventional

1422: 908:

2014, auto propane amounted to 7% of the total domestic propane consumption in Canada.

766: 716: 422: 132: 5856: 5792: 5655: 5640: 5627: 5607: 5582: 5426: 4663: 4529: 4376: 4300: 4232: 4157: 3140: 2707:"Clean Cities Guide to Alternative Fuel and Advanced Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles" 2649: 2321:

Autogas carburettor consisting of OHG X-450 mixer, adapter and Rochester throttlebody

2237:, the switch used to change between fuels is used to turn off the tachometric relay. 1947:

threaded hole on a tank, to an SAE flare fitting to suit the ends of pipes or hoses.

1686: 1177: 1114: 1057: 1014: 849: 732: 128: 3988: 3844: 968: 5597: 5544: 5474: 5371: 5248: 5078: 4554: 4534: 4501: 4354: 4305: 4277: 4175: 3793: 1914:. This line carries vapour at low pressure and has a much larger diameter to suit. 1812: 1499: 1442: 1397:

among road users, and reached its peak during the period immediately following the

1200: 1165: 1145: 1093: 1028:(LPG), leaving only 49% for consumption. Out of that 49%, 45% of domestically sold 895:

Canadian auto propane demand began to increase dramatically in the 1980s after the

889: 519:

medium-duty Ford commercial vehicles and Type A and Type C Blue Bird school buses.

466: 270: 250:

adopted the term "Propane Autogas" to refer to LPG used in on-road motor vehicles.

5198: 3296: 2343: 1000:

accounted for 46.56% of national autogas consumption in 2009. Only 24% of China's

739:

neighbouring countries, especially with France, where LPG is much more expensive.

591: 5787: 5612: 5602: 5592: 5223: 4731: 4721: 4611: 4247: 2643: 2614: 2234: 2197:

There are four distinct electrical systems that may be used in autogas systems –

2077: 1995: 1925: 1825: 1678: 1670: 1599: 1285: 1260: 1216: 980: 934:

B149.5 – Installation code for propane fuel systems and tanks on highway vehicles

679: 570: 504: 494: 450: 446: 405: 399: 393: 278: 169: 55: 2645:

Energietransport und Energiespeicherung: Eine Technik- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte

2226:

relay or oil pressure switch. In installations with multiple tanks, a switch or

2020: 16:

Liquefied petroleum gas when it is used as a fuel in internal combustion engines

5538: 5328: 5303: 5288: 5193: 5140: 4822: 4641: 4631: 4549: 4413: 4344: 4282: 2383: 2365: 2241: 2202: 2165:

Most vapour phase injection systems mount the solenoids in a manifold block or

1748: 1708: 1482: 1232: 1220: 659: 549: 430: 261:

are used interchangeably. In Australia and the Netherlands, the common term is

147: 3930: 5845: 5825: 5807: 5519: 5469: 5366: 5318: 5308: 5058: 5012: 4908: 4847: 4736: 4668: 4646: 4506: 4418: 4315: 4267: 4237: 4198: 4043: 3741: 2684: 2334:

increase is needed. Because of the way enrichment is achieved, no additional

2298:

Regulator: regulates the gas flow according to the requirement of the engine.

2245: 1544: 1523: 454: 188: 5273: 4110: 3238: 2642:

Erbslöh, Fritz Dieter (10 August 2020). "Geschichte des Energietransports".

2233:

may be fitted to allow the driver to select which tank to use fuel from. On

1247: 470: 5268: 5263: 5173: 5017: 4992: 4842: 4626: 4491: 4471: 4456: 4391: 4332: 4320: 3824:"Alliance AutoGas Builds Hundreds of U.S. Propane Autogas Fueling Stations" 2154:

designed to draw the fuel into the airflow due to the movement of the air.

2151: 1991: 1987: 1105: 651:-1.30 per litre for diesel, in February 2010), and it is locally produced. 639:, because it was less than half the price of petrol in urban areas (approx 545: 5820: 5762: 5757: 5574: 5514: 5499: 5454: 5386: 5323: 5278: 5183: 5068: 5053: 5048: 5043: 4931: 4837: 4476: 4190: 4167: 3621:. Thailand. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 3007: 2864: 2648:(in German). Tübingen: expert verlag GmbH (published 2020). p. 216. 2265: 2137: 2087: 1955: 1511: 1475: 1406: 1289: 972: 751: 624: 474: 297: 231:. This can be confusing for people from countries where petrol is called 2097: 1820:

The fuel is transferred into a vehicle tank as liquid by connecting the

1048:

had an estimated 145,000 autogas vehicles with 350 refuelling stations.

341: 5416: 5401: 5396: 5163: 5002: 4984: 4895: 4857: 4832: 2378: 2310: 2198: 2081: 1963: 1899:. The hose or pipe between the tank(s) and the converter is called the 1883: 1365: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 816: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 486: 482: 304:

is not commonly recognised as a generic term, and the use of the terms

3202: 414: 5564: 5504: 5444: 5411: 5313: 5298: 5258: 5253: 5233: 5213: 5158: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 4997: 4974: 4870: 4827: 4656: 4651: 4636: 4461: 4433: 4428: 4218: 4213: 4149: 3615:"PTT Softens Loans for Truck Operators – Over $ 30 Million Available" 2668:

wo in den 70er Jahren noch die Fahrschulen als Vielfahrer hinzukamen.

1528: 1434: 1402: 1065: 1061: 997: 574: 207:

descending order): Turkey, Russia, South Korea, Poland, and Ukraine.

196: 97: 2530: 1799: 1340: 952:

and a larger high volume dispenser with a 5,000 USWG tank will cost

939:

The cost to convert a vehicle to propane in Canada is approximately

791: 5802: 5797: 5772: 5509: 5238: 5228: 5218: 5203: 5178: 5022: 5007: 4969: 4941: 4885: 4875: 4812: 4726: 4521: 4511: 2474: 2221:

operated shut-off valve) located at the input to the converter. In

1983: 1971: 1821: 1791: 1735: 1574: 1474:

says "газ" ("gas"), which in Russian is understood both as LPG and

1421:. Up until 2014 there were only four Autogas stations operating in 1323: 1252: 993: 989: 985: 775: 771: 216: 173: 157: 124: 20: 1609:

Currently, average 50,000 new generation cars are sold per month.

1308:

Dutch bus on LPG. Note the white gas tanks on the roof of the bus.

1304: 1144:

LPG or autogas, despite having existed for about three decades in

92: 5449: 5406: 5381: 5376: 5243: 5208: 5027: 4923: 4865: 4817: 4595: 4445: 4310: 4180: 4093: 2470: 1681:, making it easier for drivers to refuel across the country. The 1487: 1418: 1196: 1081: 1018: 601: 462: 458: 136: 1906:

The flexible hose between the converter and mixer is called the

1762:

systems, but there are significant differences between the two.

5459: 4716: 4466: 3953:"H.R. 4853 Legislation Summary of Provisions Affecting Autogas" 2941: 1932:

fittings that are pressed or screwed onto the end of the hose.

1731: 1594: 1451: 1224: 1017:'s roads, and in 2010, it is estimated that 150,000 drivers in 888:

Autogas, or auto propane as it is more commonly referred to in

690: 663: 522: 508: 478: 438: 434: 140: 2056:

causes the tank to cool, which reduces pressure even further.

5333: 5188: 4757: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2230: 1872: 1868: 1727: 1644: 1471: 1467: 1236: 1228: 1073: 928:

accordance to provincial and territorial regulations and the

200: 146:

Autogas is widely used as a "green" fuel, as its use reduces

3181:"A gas idea that might just gain traction in Irish motoring" 2712:. U.S. Department of Energy. August 2013. DOE/GO-102013-3624 2212:

In most modern installations, an electronic device called a

2141:

OHG X-450 mixer showing air valve open to full load position

2047:

The emergency pressure relief valve in the tank is called a

191:(MON/RON) that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content ( 4098: 2432: 2176: 1503: 1127: 912:

and territory. Average auto propane prices are reported by

442: 418: 323: 116: 4011:"Effective Ways to Reduce Stress on the Road Going Abroad" 3515:[Map of gas stations] (in Russian). Archived from 3062:"Croatia has a good LPG perspective but has to work on it" 2749: 1109:

Unmanned LPG-only station in Germany, payment per girocard

375:

fuelled by gases date from at least 1823 with the work of

5493: 5063: 4951: 4788: 4486: 3768:"Propane Autogas: The Sleeping Giant of Alternative Fuel" 3516: 996:

run on the fuel as well as over 2,500 buses. The city of

920: 498:

models that will run equally well on both LPG and petrol.

178: 2052:

re-establish equilibrium between liquid and vapour. The

1164:, all taxicabs bar electric taxis rely on autogas. Many 3715: 2681:"Orbital commences supply of Liquid LPG systems to HSV" 2458:

Tasic, Tadej; Pogorevc, Primoz; Brajlih, Tomaz (2011).

2280: 1462: 1024:

In 2009, Croatia exported 51% of domestically produced

227:, it is common for autogas to be simply referred to as 210: 2806:"Australian Bureau of Statistics Motor Vehicle Census" 1891:

The hose between the filler and tank(s) is called the

1292:

of Italy. The first filling station is located at the

2588:"Westport delivers first 2016 Volvo V60 Bi-fuel cars" 2305:

In European style systems, the size and shape of the

2192: 2457: 2354: 1778:

output, to the extent that such systems are usually

689:

offered a different autogas system from its parent,

3286: 2467:

Advances in Production Engineering & Management

723:subsidy under the long-running LPG subsidy scheme. 3484: 3320:"A New Initiative by the Japanese LP Gas Industry" 3289:"Autogas – the third fuel of choice for motorists" 2966:Canadian Propane Market Review, GPMi, October 2014 3460:"Polscy kierowcy jeżdżą autami na gaz. Na potęgę" 3090:. VisitDenmark. 11 September 2009. Archived from 711:to convert their existing vehicle to autogas, or 391:made a number of LPG-only engines in their 1970s 5843: 2779:. World LP Gas Association. 2005. Archived from 2205:feedback mixture control and injection control. 2101:Two Sherwood valves. 1995 on left, 1989 on right 923:vehicle available for purchase in Canada is the 160:. One litre of petrol produces 2.3 kg of CO 3658:"Over 1 million LPG vehicles now on Thai roads" 3059: 2460:"Gasoline and LPG exhaust emissions comparison" 1438:Polish road sign indicating an Autogas station. 1405:policies to encourage energy self-sufficiency, 3652: 3650: 3317: 2978:"The Development of China's Auto LPG Industry" 2028:Modern fill valves are usually fitted with an 4773: 4140: 4126: 3112: 2800: 2798: 2493: 3487:"One of the World Autogas Leaders – Insight" 3237:. Road Runner Auto Gas. 2009. Archived from 3032: 2533:. Propane Education & Research Council. 2260: 1878: 4560:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 3647: 3259: 2395: 1032:is used as autogas. Damir Stambuk from the 4780: 4766: 4133: 4119: 3607: 3489:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 3322:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 3264:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 3159:"Irish Fuel prices set to hit record high" 3117:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 2980:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 2975: 2795: 2623:] (in German). Stadtwerke. p. 217 1903:. These both carry liquid under pressure. 3035:"Driving on autogas: Croatia's new trend" 2683:. Orbital Autogas Systems. Archived from 2184: 2160: 1381:Learn how and when to remove this message 876:Learn how and when to remove this message 78:Learn how and when to remove this message 5184:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 4062: 3287:Inigo Palacio Prada (1 September 2009). 2612: 2401: 2316: 2269:INTEC electronic valve protection system 2264: 2175: 2136: 2096: 2019: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1882: 1811: 1798: 1790: 1726: 1664: 1481: 1461: 1433: 1303: 1246: 1104: 967: 590: 383: 324:Difficulties with LPG as automotive fuel 91: 5530:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 3147:from the original on 22 September 2012. 3004:"Cijena autoplina skočila na 3,64 kune" 2833:. LPG Autogas Australia. Archived from 2641: 2404:"LPG: It's lean, green and cheaper too" 1184:However, as Ireland once again entered 5844: 3907:from the original on 25 September 2011 3432: 1975:Autogas tank inside spare wheel recess 1928:fittings, while others are made using 1803:Filler with mounting and cover removed 1490:powered by propane. The Russian word " 1132:per litre while 95-octane unleaded is 647:-1.35 per litre for unleaded fuel and 595:Pie chart of 2020 autogas consumption. 248:Propane Education and Research Council 4761: 4114: 3845:"Alternative Fueling Station Locator" 3722:from the original on 24 December 2011 3466:from the original on 12 November 2011 3209:from the original on 27 October 2013. 3115:"Growth Confirmed for 2010 in France" 3041:from the original on 13 November 2010 3014:from the original on 29 December 2010 2948:from the original on 12 February 2007 2402:Brignall, Miles (30 September 2011). 1457: 1044:At the end of 2003, the roads of the 413:A number of automobile manufacturers— 172:emissions are 30% lower, compared to 3881:from the original on 13 October 2012 3774:from the original on 11 January 2014 3408:"Bereken uw motorrijtuigenbelasting" 3388:from the original on 6 February 2011 3203:"ILPGA – Autogas outlets in Ireland" 3169:from the original on 21 August 2012. 2281:Converter-and-mixer system operation 1786: 1704:LPG and CNG conversions in America. 1548:as well as some dedicated stations. 1510:(propane-butane mix) and compressed 1363:adding citations to reliable sources 1334: 814:adding citations to reliable sources 785: 658:The two major local manufacturers, ( 336: 211:Terminology variations and confusion 31: 3191:from the original on 6 August 2012. 2556:Ho, Abigail L. (17 December 2008). 2511:from the original on 20 August 2011 2481:, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1959:Autogas tank in boot of Volvo sedan 13: 3414:from the original on 22 March 2011 3348:Minder benzine, meer diesel en LPG 2594:(Press release). 30 September 2015 2555: 2193:Electrical and electronic controls 1235:has been especially successful in 627:, making it an affordable option. 14: 5873: 5194:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 4367:Electric motorcycles and scooters 4087: 3985:"Autogas for America Declaration" 3855:from the original on 25 June 2012 3748:from the original on 3 April 2015 3068:from the original on 23 July 2011 2891:Royal Automobile Club of Victoria 2501:"Autogas.net: The Autogas market" 2355:LPG injection for diesel vehicles 2291:Because it has 3 main functions: 1816:LPG fuelling connectors world map 1651: 1312:Use of autogas has varied in the 1276:available as they are in Poland. 1039: 511:, with HSV using technology from 3804:from the original on 26 May 2015 3564:"우리나라 LPG소비량과 LPG차 등록대수 '세계 7위'" 3462:. Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. 2011. 3433:Hembry, Owen (31 January 2011). 3356:from the original on 10 May 2012 3060:Marko Matosović (9 March 2010). 2537:from the original on 4 July 2013 2507:. World Liquid Gas Association. 1795:Fuel filler in E-Gas Ford Falcon 1660: 1339: 975:used LPG buses from 1999 to 2006 790: 557: 534: 340: 239:as an abbreviation of gasoline. 195:—HHV) that is between 25.5 36: 4414:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 4036: 4025: 4003: 3977: 3945: 3919: 3893: 3867: 3837: 3816: 3786: 3760: 3734: 3708: 3676: 3582: 3556: 3531: 3505: 3478: 3452: 3426: 3400: 3368: 3338: 3311: 3280: 3253: 3227: 3213: 3195: 3173: 3151: 3133: 3106: 3080: 3053: 3026: 2996: 2969: 2960: 2934: 2904: 2879: 2849: 2823: 2810:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2724: 2699: 2673: 1734:LPI liquid injection on a 2003 1722: 1717:Federal Aviation Administration 1350:needs additional citations for 1056:Autogas has become uncommon in 984:260,000 autogas motorcycles in 801:needs additional citations for 643:-0.75 per litre, as opposed to 5831:Template:EC car classification 4787: 4296:Battery electric multiple unit 3293:Automotive Industries Magazine 2635: 2606: 2580: 2549: 2523: 2451: 2421: 1867:Fillers are typically made of 1551: 1330: 1299: 930:Canadian Standards Association 1: 5852:Engine fuel system technology 4397:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 3901:"Propane and LPG Conversions" 3851:. U.S. Department of Energy. 3849:Alternative Fuels Data Center 3800:. U.S. Department of Energy. 3798:Alternative Fuels Data Center 3570:(in Korean). 24 November 2022 3033:Kristina Cuk (21 July 2008). 2887:"Where has all the LPG gone?" 2558:"AutoLPG prices down by P1/L" 2435:Motoring Blog. Archived from 2389: 1713:Supplemental Type Certificate 1393:LPG has modest popularity in 285:) is used. In Spain the term 4686:Who Killed the Electric Car? 4482:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 3435:"In the shadow of Think Big" 2774:"AUTOGAS INCENTIVE POLICIES" 2113: 1715:issued by the United States 1669:Propane-powered Ford van in 1267: 1176:Autogas was very popular in 1155: 1034:Croatian Ministry of Economy 960:, not including site costs. 630: 586: 7: 4700:Revenge of the Electric Car 4291:Battery-electric locomotive 3485:Andrzej Olechowski (2009). 3291:. World LP Gas Association/ 2372: 2054:latent heat of vaporisation 1711:that use autogas require a 1569: 1412: 1294:Malta International Airport 1215:Autogas is very popular in 760: 373:Internal combustion engines 121:internal combustion engines 100:Autogas refuelling station. 10: 5878: 5520:Gasoline / petrol 5284:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 2857:"Liquid Propane Injection" 1981: 1638: 1498:Autogas is widely used in 1284:Autogas was introduced to 1171: 1100: 1051: 1007: 1004:is produced domestically. 774:, as 90% of minibuses and 726: 607: 332: 275:gas di petrolio liquefatto 156:by around 15% compared to 25: 18: 5816: 5740: 5660:(engine / drive) 5654: 5626: 5573: 5425: 5347: 5139: 5077: 5036: 4983: 4950: 4922: 4894: 4856: 4805: 4796: 4709: 4693:What Is the Electric Car? 4677: 4604: 4568: 4540:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 4520: 4444: 4276: 4246: 4189: 4166: 4148: 4142:Alternative fuel vehicles 3639:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2831:"Purchasing Your Vehicle" 2562:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2261:Optional valve protection 2063: 1879:Hoses, pipes and fittings 1807: 1683:U.S. Department of Energy 1589: 1538: 1429: 1139: 1121:as well (CNG is known as 1087: 781: 5299:Sedan delivery/Panel van 4402:Plug-in electric vehicle 4382:Gyro flywheel locomotive 4360:Battery electric vehicle 4106:World LP Gas Association 4094:European LPG Association 3513:"Карта газовых заправок" 3221:"LPG Outlets in Ireland" 2145: 1832:fitting on the vehicle. 1560: 1279: 1242: 1210: 1152:, meaning "liquid gas". 963: 914:Natural Resources Canada 291:gas licuado del petróleo 50:may need to be rewritten 19:Not to be confused with 5862:Liquefied petroleum gas 5560:Liquified petroleum gas 5372:Driverless (autonomous) 4622:Hybrid electric vehicle 4586:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 4581:Hybrid electric vehicle 4387:Hybrid electric vehicle 4350:Electric platform truck 3376:"Mobiliteit in cijfers" 3318:Makoto Arahata (2010). 2942:"LPG Autogas Australia" 2861:Holden Special Vehicles 2613:Grohmann, Olaf (1991). 2201:sender, fuel shut-off, 1950: 1399:oil crises of the 1970s 1026:liquefied petroleum gas 1002:Liquefied Petroleum Gas 979:Autogas consumption in 765:Autogas consumption in 687:Holden Special Vehicles 513:Orbital Autogas Systems 501:Holden Special Vehicles 283:gaz de pétrole liquéfié 265:. In Italy and France, 129:stationary applications 113:liquefied petroleum gas 28:Liquefied petroleum gas 5465:Compressed natural gas 5392:Personal rapid transit 4747:Zero-emissions vehicle 4263:Compressed-air vehicle 4204:Solar-powered aircraft 4076:. 2005. Archived from 3439:The New Zealand Herald 3235:"Road Runner Auto Gas" 3113:Sabine Gibier (2010). 2322: 2270: 2185:Liquid phase injectors 2181: 2180:Vapour phase injectors 2161:Vapour phase injectors 2142: 2102: 2080:systems with a petrol 2030:automatic fill limiter 2025: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1888: 1817: 1804: 1796: 1743: 1673: 1495: 1479: 1439: 1309: 1256: 1168:also rely on autogas. 1110: 1092:It was estimated that 976: 744:compressed natural gas 596: 282: 274: 101: 5731:Dual motor-four-wheel 5329:Town (Coupé de Ville) 4617:Flexible-fuel vehicle 4545:Hydrogen-powered ship 4497:Flexible-fuel vehicle 4372:Electric kick scooter 3141:"Is LPG coming back?" 2479:University of Maribor 2331:operating temperature 2320: 2268: 2179: 2140: 2100: 2023: 1982:Further information: 1974: 1966: 1958: 1886: 1815: 1802: 1794: 1730: 1668: 1485: 1465: 1437: 1307: 1250: 1117:, the fuel is called 1108: 971: 925:Blue Bird Corporation 612:Since the 1980s, the 594: 384:Vehicle manufacturers 135:. It is a mixture of 95: 5742:Engine configuration 4742:Wind-powered vehicle 4326:Battery electric bus 4074:Diesel Gas Australia 4017:. UK. Archived from 3684:"Annual Report 2010" 3493:on 27 September 2010 3299:on 28 September 2010 3268:on 28 September 2010 3260:David Tyler (2010). 3121:on 28 September 2010 2984:on 27 September 2010 2920:ABC News (Australia) 2867:on 26 September 2010 2049:hydrostatic pressure 1875:fittings were used. 1838:The four types are: 1359:improve this article 897:Government of Canada 810:improve this article 668:Mitsubishi Australia 527:LPG powered scooters 485:, and more recently 253:In the UK the terms 235:, as they often use 193:higher heating value 5748:internal combustion 5550:Internal combustion 5357:All-terrain vehicle 5279:Retractable hardtop 4591:Natural gas vehicle 4080:on 5 February 2007. 3696:on 16 December 2011 3352:. 5 December 2005. 2976:Lily Zhang (2009). 1756:converter-and-mixer 1697:Autogas for America 1251:An autogas-powered 1205:Republic of Ireland 635:LPG was popular in 614:Algerian government 579:Holden VE Commodore 215:In countries where 4258:Compressed-air car 4224:List of prototypes 3965:on 25 January 2011 3933:on 23 October 2011 3794:"Propane Vehicles" 3664:. 23 February 2013 3064:. Energetika.NET. 2323: 2271: 2244:systems, using an 2182: 2143: 2103: 2026: 2024:Fill valve and AFL 1977: 1969: 1961: 1889: 1818: 1805: 1797: 1744: 1674: 1606:purpose vehicles. 1598:are 8,500 autogas 1496: 1480: 1458:Russian Federation 1440: 1310: 1288:on 22 May 2012 by 1257: 1186:economic recession 1166:public light buses 1111: 977: 754:private industry. 717:gross vehicle mass 597: 352:. You can help by 187:by 50%. It has an 102: 5839: 5838: 5135: 5134: 4904:Compact executive 4755: 4754: 4664:Electric aircraft 4530:Fuel cell vehicle 4377:Fuel cell vehicle 4301:Electric aircraft 4233:Electric aircraft 4158:Fuel cell vehicle 3326:on 6 October 2010 3094:on 31 August 2010 3010:. 30 April 2009. 2837:on 13 August 2010 2736:Our World in Data 2732:"Gas consumption" 2687:on 22 August 2011 2214:tachometric relay 1787:System components 1687:alternative fuels 1401:. As part of his 1391: 1390: 1383: 886: 885: 878: 860: 573:(petrol and LPG) 548:engine of a 2001 503:(HSV) also offer 409:engine families. 370: 369: 217:petroleum spirits 154:exhaust emissions 88: 87: 80: 60:lead layout guide 5869: 5751: 5710:Front-four-wheel 5661: 5524:direct injection 5435:Alternative fuel 5249:Multi-stop truck 4803: 4802: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4555:Hydrogen vehicle 4535:Hydrogen economy 4502:Methanol economy 4355:Electric vehicle 4306:Electric bicycle 4278:Electric battery 4176:Electric bicycle 4135: 4128: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4082: 4081: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4021:on 14 June 2007. 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3991:on 16 March 2011 3987:. Archived from 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3958:. Archived from 3957: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3929:. Archived from 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3689:. Archived from 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3295:. Archived from 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2912:"LPG in decline" 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2863:. Archived from 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2770: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2564:. Archived from 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2429:"LPG vs. Petrol" 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 1692: 1679:fueling stations 1600:fueling stations 1581: 1494:" means propane. 1386: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1343: 1335: 1201:Northern Ireland 1135: 1131: 959: 955: 951: 946: 942: 902: 881: 874: 870: 867: 861: 859: 818: 794: 786: 722: 714: 710: 650: 646: 642: 561: 538: 525:manufacture OEM 499: 365: 362: 344: 337: 269:(an acronym for 186: 115:(LPG) used as a 83: 76: 72: 69: 63: 56:improve the lead 40: 39: 32: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5812: 5783:Single-cylinder 5745: 5744: 5736: 5724:Rear-four-wheel 5675:Front mid-front 5659: 5658: 5650: 5628:Engine position 5622: 5569: 5555:Liquid nitrogen 5421: 5349: 5343: 5131: 5073: 5032: 4979: 4965:Crossover (CUV) 4946: 4918: 4890: 4852: 4792: 4786: 4756: 4751: 4732:Wave power ship 4722:Ram air turbine 4705: 4673: 4612:Bi-fuel vehicle 4600: 4564: 4516: 4440: 4280: 4272: 4249: 4248:Compressed-air 4242: 4185: 4162: 4144: 4139: 4099:LPG Information 4090: 4085: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3742:"Which LPG kit" 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3619:NGV Global News 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3262:"Autogas (LPG)" 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3241:on 15 July 2011 3233: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3185:The Irish Times 3179: 3178: 3174: 3163:The Irish Times 3157: 3156: 3152: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3088:"Autogas (LPG)" 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3037:. SETimes.com. 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006:(in Croatian). 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2783:on 18 July 2011 2776: 2772: 2771: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2568:on 4 April 2015 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2439:on 14 July 2011 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2375: 2357: 2283: 2263: 2195: 2187: 2163: 2148: 2116: 2066: 1998: 1996:Pressure vessel 1953: 1881: 1826:filling station 1810: 1789: 1725: 1707:Piston-powered 1690: 1671:Wayne, Michigan 1663: 1654: 1641: 1592: 1579: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1541: 1470:. The entrance 1466:LPG-station in 1460: 1432: 1415: 1387: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1356: 1344: 1333: 1302: 1282: 1270: 1245: 1213: 1190:Polish diaspora 1174: 1158: 1142: 1133: 1126: 1103: 1090: 1054: 1042: 1010: 966: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 900: 882: 871: 865: 862: 819: 817: 807: 795: 784: 763: 729: 720: 712: 708: 648: 644: 640: 633: 610: 589: 582: 577:of a 2006–2008 562: 553: 539: 412: 386: 366: 360: 357: 350:needs expansion 335: 326: 213: 184: 177: 167: 163: 151: 84: 73: 67: 64: 53: 41: 37: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5875: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5717:Mid-four-wheel 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5487: 5481: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5304:Shooting brake 5301: 5296: 5294:Saloon / Sedan 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4800: 4798:Classification 4794: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4644: 4642:Plug-in hybrid 4639: 4634: 4632:Hybrid vehicle 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4550:Hydrogen train 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4345:Electric truck 4342: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4089: 4088:External links 4086: 4084: 4083: 4061: 4044:"LPG Adapters" 4035: 4024: 4002: 3976: 3944: 3927:"Autogas faqs" 3918: 3892: 3866: 3836: 3815: 3785: 3759: 3733: 3707: 3675: 3646: 3606: 3581: 3555: 3530: 3519:on 7 June 2010 3504: 3477: 3451: 3425: 3399: 3367: 3337: 3310: 3279: 3252: 3226: 3212: 3194: 3172: 3150: 3132: 3105: 3079: 3052: 3025: 2995: 2968: 2959: 2933: 2922:. 13 June 2017 2903: 2878: 2848: 2822: 2794: 2748: 2723: 2698: 2672: 2654: 2634: 2605: 2579: 2548: 2522: 2492: 2450: 2420: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2384:Hybrid vehicle 2381: 2374: 2371: 2366:stoichiometric 2356: 2353: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2282: 2279: 2262: 2259: 2242:fuel injection 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2162: 2159: 2147: 2144: 2115: 2112: 2108:Sherwood valve 2065: 2062: 2001: 2000: 1952: 1949: 1880: 1877: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1809: 1806: 1788: 1785: 1749:fuel injection 1724: 1721: 1709:small aircraft 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652:United Kingdom 1650: 1640: 1637: 1591: 1588: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1540: 1537: 1459: 1456: 1431: 1428: 1414: 1411: 1389: 1388: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1301: 1298: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1266: 1244: 1241: 1233:General Motors 1221:European Union 1212: 1209: 1203:and 41 in the 1173: 1170: 1157: 1154: 1141: 1138: 1102: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1053: 1050: 1046:Czech Republic 1041: 1040:Czech Republic 1038: 1009: 1006: 965: 962: 884: 883: 798: 796: 789: 783: 780: 762: 759: 728: 725: 632: 629: 609: 606: 588: 585: 584: 583: 563: 556: 554: 550:Ford AU Falcon 540: 533: 431:General Motors 385: 382: 368: 367: 361:September 2021 347: 345: 334: 331: 325: 322: 246:. In 2010 the 212: 209: 180: 165: 161: 149: 127:as well as in 86: 85: 45:The article's 44: 42: 35: 26:Main article: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5874: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778:Reciprocating 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696:Rear mid-rear 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Station wagon 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Coupé utility 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Sport compact 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4924:Minivan / MPV 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:Windmill ship 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678:Documentaries 4676: 4670: 4669:Electric boat 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647:Solar vehicle 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605:Multiple-fuel 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Methanol fuel 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419:Solar vehicle 4417: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316:Electric boat 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4268:Tesla turbine 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4238:Electric boat 4236: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4199:Solar vehicle 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3590:"South Korea" 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3544: 3540: 3539:"South Korea" 3534: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3384: 3377: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2708: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2657: 2655:9783816984788 2651: 2647: 2646: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2278: 2275: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2247: 2246:oxygen sensor 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2218:safety switch 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2167:injector rail 2158: 2155: 2153: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2042:service valve 2038: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1801: 1793: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1700:government." 1698: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1661:United States 1658: 1649: 1646: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1382: 1374: 1371:December 2012 1364: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1348:This section 1346: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1274: 1265: 1262: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 974: 970: 961: 937: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 915: 909: 905: 899:introduced a 898: 893: 891: 880: 877: 869: 866:February 2022 858: 855: 851: 848: 844: 841: 837: 834: 830: 827: – 826: 822: 821:Find sources: 815: 811: 805: 804: 799:This section 797: 793: 788: 787: 779: 777: 773: 768: 758: 755: 753: 747: 745: 740: 736: 734: 724: 718: 704: 701: 697: 694: 692: 688: 684: 682: 681: 676: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 652: 638: 628: 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4333:Electric car 4321:Electric bus 4078:the original 4073: 4064: 4054:26 September 4052:. 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