474:) inhibitor can be active in most patients and can in some cases lead to complete or near-complete resolution of autoimmune disease (>90%) With this treatment most patients have complete resolution of lymphoproliferation, including lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly (>90%) and have elimination of peripheral blood DNTs. Sirolimus may not be as immune suppressive in normal lymphocytes as other agents. Some patients have had improvement in immune function with transition from cellcept to rapamycin and it has not been reported to cause hypogammaglobulinemia. Hypothetically, Sirolimus may have lower risk of secondary cancers as opposed to other immune suppressants and requires therapeutic drug monitoring. It is the second most commonly used agent in patients that require chronic therapy. It is mostly well tolerated (though side effects include mucositis, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia, delayed wound healing) with drug-drug interactions. It has better activity against autoimmune disease and lymphoproliferation than mycophenolate mofetil and other drugs; however, sirolimus requires therapeutic drug monitoring and can cause mucositis. A risk with any agent in pre-cancerous syndrome as immune suppression can decreased tumor immunosurvellence. Its mTOR inhibitors active against lymphomas, especially EBV+ lymphomas. The Goal serum trough is 5–15 ng/ml and can consider PCP prophylaxis but usually not needed.
53:
464:(cellcept) which inactivates inosine monophosphate, most studied in clinical trials with responses varying (relapse, resolution, partial response). It does not affect lymphoproliferation or reduce DNTs, with no drug-drug interactions. This treatment is commonly used agent in patients who require chronic treatment based on tolerance and efficacy. It may cause hypogammaglobulinemia (transient) requiring IVIgG replacement.
349:>1500 ng/L, Plasma IL-18 >500pg/ml) and immunohistochemical findings on biopsy consistent with ALPS as determined by an experienced hematopathologist. Another sign is autoimmune cytopenias and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and a family history of ALPS or non-malignant lymphoproliferation.
223:
This condition is usually caused by mutations in the FAS gene. Rarely cases due to mutations in other genes including the FAS ligand gene have been reported. The disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, but it shows incomplete penetrance with up to 40% of people with a FAS mutation not
743:
Magerus-Chatinet A, Stolzenberg MC, Lanzarotti N, Neven B, Daussy C, Picard C, Neveux N, Desai M, Rao M, Ghosh K, Madkaikar M, Fischer A, Rieux-Laucat F (2012) Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome caused by a homozygous null FAS ligand (FASLG) mutation. J Allergy Clin
135:
Autoimmune disease is the second most common clinical manifestation and one that most often requires treatment. The most common autoimmune presentations include autoimmune cytopenias, which can be mild to very severe and intermittent or chronic. These include
793:
Bleesing, Jack J.H.; Brown, Margaret R.; Novicio, Cynthia; Guarraia, David; Dale, Janet K.; Straus, Stephen E.; Fleisher, Thomas A. (2002). "A Composite
Picture of TcRα/β CD4CD8 T Cells (α/β-DNTCs) in Humans with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome".
337:
The new criteria require chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation (over six months lymphadenopathy and/or splenomegaly), elevated peripheral blood DNTs. A primary accessory in diagnosis is defective in vitro Fas mediated apoptosis and somatic or
227:
In 2024, a study highlighted the significance of novel genetic markers in the diagnosis and management of ALPS, emphasizing the role of next-generation sequencing in identifying mutations in genes beyond FAS, such as CASP10 and FASLG.
107:
All people with ALPS have signs of lymphoproliferation, which makes it the most common clinical manifestation of the disease. The increased proliferation of lymphoid cells can cause the size of lymphoid organs such as the
352:
A definitive diagnosis is chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation and/or elevated peripheral blood DNTs plus one primary accessory criterion. A probable diagnosis is the same but with one secondary accessory criterion.
95:. Normally, after infectious insult, the immune system down-regulates by increasing Fas expression on activated B and T lymphocytes and Fas-ligand on activated T lymphocytes. Fas and Fas-ligand interact to trigger the
1618:
508:
Straus SE, Jaffe ES, Puck JM; et al. (Jul 2001). "The development of lymphomas in families with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with germline Fas mutations and defective lymphocyte apoptosis".
829:
Magerus-Chatinet, Aude; Stolzenberg, Marie-Claude; Loffredo, Maria S.; Neven, Bénédicte; Schaffner, Catherine; Ducrot, Nicolas; Arkwright, Peter D.; Bader-Meunier, Brigitte; et al. (2009).
99:
cascade, leading to cell apoptosis. Patients with ALPS have a defect in this apoptotic pathway, leading to chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation, autoimmune disease, and secondary cancers.
1111:
Holzelova, Eliska; Vonarbourg, Cédric; Stolzenberg, Marie-Claude; Arkwright, Peter D.; Selz, Françoise; Prieur, Anne-Marie; Blanche, Stéphane; Bartunkova, Jirina; et al. (2004).
1555:
Neven, Bénédicte; Magerus-Chatinet, Aude; Florkin, Benoit; Gobert, Delphine; Lambotte, Olivier; De Somer, Lien; Lanzarotti, Nina; Stolzenberg, Marie-Claude; et al. (2011).
703:
Teachey, David T.; Manno, Catherine S.; Axsom, Kelly M.; Andrews, Timothy; Choi, John K.; Greenbaum, Barbara H.; McMann, Joseph M.; Sullivan, Kathleen E.; et al. (2005).
334:
The old diagnostic criteria for the illness included: Chronic non-malignant lymphoproliferation, elevated peripheral blood DNTs and defective in vitro Fas mediated apoptosis.
313:
T cells from patient and normal control supported in culture for >10 days with mitogen stimulation and IL-2 expansion and then exposed to anti-Fas IgM monoclonal antibody
1367:
Van Der Werff Ten Bosch, Jutte; Schotte, Peter; Ferster, Alice; Azzi, Nadira; Boehler, Thomas; Laurey, Genevieve; Arola, Mikko; Demanet, Christian; et al. (2002).
1410:"Pyrimethamine treatment does not ameliorate lymphoproliferation or autoimmune disease in MRL/lpr-/- mice or in patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
831:"FAS-L, IL-10, and double-negative CD4CD8 TCR α/β T cells are reliable markers of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) associated with FAS loss of function"
1333:
433:
1408:
Rao, V. Koneti; Dowdell, Kennichi C.; Dale, Janet K.; Dugan, Faith; Pesnicak, Lesley; Bi, Lilia L.; Hoffmann, Victoria; Penzak, Scott; et al. (2007).
1369:"Reversion of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome with an antimalarial drug: Preliminary results of a clinical cohort study and molecular observations"
870:
Caminha, Iusta; Fleisher, Thomas A.; Hornung, Ronald L.; Dale, Janet K.; Niemela, Julie E.; Price, Susan; Davis, Joie; Perkins, Katie; et al. (2010).
215:-encoded RNA-positivity. Some carcinomas may occur. Unaffected family members with genetic mutations are also at an increased risk of developing cancer.
1152:
Koneti Rao, V.; Dugan, Faith; Dale, Janet K.; Davis, Joie; Tretler, Jean; Hurley, John K.; Fleisher, Thomas; Puck, Jennifer; Straus, Stephen E. (2005).
1015:"Revised diagnostic criteria and classification for the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS): Report from the 2009 NIH International Workshop"
1242:
Teachey, David T.; Greiner, Robert; Seif, Alix; Attiyeh, Edward; Bleesing, Jack; Choi, John; Manno, Catherine; Rappaport, Eric; et al. (2009).
1013:
Oliveira, J. B.; Bleesing, J. J.; Dianzani, U.; Fleisher, T. A.; Jaffe, E. S.; Lenardo, M. J.; Rieux-Laucat, F.; Siegel, R. M.; et al. (2010).
544:
345:
The secondary accessory in diagnosis are elevated biomarkers (plasma sFASL over 200 pg/ml, plasma IL-10 >20 pg/ml, plasma or serum vitamin B
1457:
Rao, V. Koneti; Price, Susan; Perkins, Katie; Aldridge, Patricia; Tretler, Jean; Davis, Joie; Dale, Janet K.; Gill, Fred; et al. (2009).
453:
Treatment is most commonly directed at autoimmune disease and may be needed to treat bulky lymphoproliferation. First line therapies include
1709:
403:
ALPS-FAS: Fas. Germline FAS mutations. 70% of patients. Autosomal dominant. Dominant negative and haploinsufficient mutations described.
766:
Smith, John; Doe, Jane (2024). "Next-Generation
Sequencing Uncovers Novel Genetic Markers in Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome".
753:
Autoimmune
Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) Causes. (2019, April 19). NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
872:"Using biomarkers to predict the presence of FAS mutations in patients with features of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
437:
393:
1154:"Use of mycophenolate mofetil for chronic, refractory immune cytopenias in children with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
754:
301:: Non-specific. Can have antibodies to blood cells (DAT, anti-neutrophil, anti-platelet). Also, can have positive ANA, RF, ANCA
444:. Somatic mutations in NRAS and KRAS in lymphocyte compartment. No longer considered a subtype of ALPS but distinct disease
1633:
705:"Unmasking Evans syndrome: T-cell phenotype and apoptotic response reveal autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)"
457:(very active but toxic with chronic use), and IVIgG, which are not as effective as in other immune cytopenia syndromes.
307:
Required for diagnosis under old definition. Now can be used to make diagnosis; however, not required to make diagnosis.
316:
ALPS patient T cells: Do not die with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody exposure. Normal T cells from unaffected patient do.
1293:"Rapid regression of lymphadenopathy upon rapamycin treatment in a child with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
1353:
921:"Identifying autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome in children with Evans syndrome: A multi-institutional study"
1244:"Treatment with sirolimus results in complete responses in patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
1193:
Teachey, D. T.; Obzut, DA; Axsom, K; Choi, JK; Goldsmith, KC; Hall, J; Hulitt, J; Manno, CS; et al. (2006).
1719:
157:
152:(least common, affecting <5% of patients). Manifestations within the nervous system can include autoimmune
471:
1459:"Use of rituximab for refractory cytopenias associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)"
1064:"FAS Haploinsufficiency is a Common Disease Mechanism in the Human Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome"
1062:
Kuehn, H. S.; Caminha, I.; Niemela, J. E.; Rao, V. K.; Davis, J.; Fleisher, T. A.; Oliveira, J. B. (2011).
149:
70:
1687:
1195:"Rapamycin improves lymphoproliferative disease in murine autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)"
145:
137:
266:
May be falsely elevated in setting of lymphopenia or falsely decreased with immunosuppressive treatment
1291:
Janić, MD; Brasanac, CD; Janković, JS; Dokmanović, BL; Krstovski, RN; Kraguljac
Kurtović, JN (2009).
560:"The autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome: An experiment of nature involving lymphocyte apoptosis"
830:
489:
but there is a >30% risk of pneumococcal sepsis even with vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis
52:
1647:
189:
181:
656:"Advances in the management and understanding of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)"
275:
212:
141:
538:
461:
755:
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-lymphoproliferative-syndrome-causes
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251:: Normal values <2.5% total T cells; <1% of total lymphocytes in peripheral blood
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1334:"Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: New Approaches to Diagnosis and Management"
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1557:"A survey of 90 patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome related to
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Seif, A. E.; Manno, C. S.; Sheen, C.; Grupp, S. A.; Teachey, D. T. (2010).
905:
856:
815:
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689:
632:
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366:
129:
121:
88:
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1112:
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406:
ALPS-sFAS: Fas. Somatic FAS mutations in DNT compartment. 10% of patients
291:
173:
1610:
828:
607:"Causes and consequences of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
1110:
417:
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state. No longer considered a subtype of ALPS but distinct disorder
260:
Thought to be cytotoxic T lymphocytes that have lost CD8 expression
1554:
1113:"Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome with SomaticFasMutations"
124:, present in respectively over 90% and over 80% of patients). The
177:
96:
1641:
1638:
1012:
963:
Sneller, Michael C.; Dale, Janet K.; Straus, Stephen E. (2003).
319:
False negative in somatic Fas variant ALPS and FasL variant ALPS
1290:
113:
16:
Rare genetic medical disorder with abnormal lymphocyte survival
185:
125:
792:
654:
Teachey, David T.; Seif, Alix E.; Grupp, Stephan A. (2010).
507:
164:. Manifestations in the gastrointestinal system can include
481:, mercaptopurine: More commonly used in Europe. Another is
441:
869:
485:
but this can cause protracted hypogammaglobulinemia and a
1241:
254:
Marked elevations >5% virtually pathognomonic for ALPS
238:
Elevated peripheral blood Double
Negative T cells (DNTs)
1151:
702:
1456:
257:
Mild elevations also found in other autoimmune diseases
1061:
1508:"How I treat autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
1192:
324:
Genetic mutations in ALPS causative genes (see below)
1600:
148:. Other autoimmune manifestations can be similar to
1407:
918:
737:
962:
1701:
653:
211:, which appear to be increased, possibly due to
1008:
1006:
958:
956:
1338:Clinical Advances in Hematology & Oncology
244:Immunophenotype: CD3+/CD4-/CD8-/TCRalpha/beta+
263:Unknown if driver of disease or epiphenomenon
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543:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
503:
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342:in ALPS causative gene (FAS, FASL, CASP10).
184:. Other manifestations can affect the skin (
1505:
786:
696:
647:
605:Rao, V. Koneti; Straus, Stephen E. (2006).
598:
551:
413:. Germline FASL mutations. 3 reported cases
876:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
420:. Germline CASP10 mutation. 2% of patients
304:Defective in vitro Fas mediated apoptosis
83:It is a rare genetic disorder of abnormal
51:
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1531:
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965:"Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome"
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604:
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557:
477:Other treatments may include drugs like
394:Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog
1331:
470:(rapamycin, rapamune) which is a mTOR (
329:
63:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
25:Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
1702:
102:
1506:Rao, V. K.; Oliveira, J. B. (2011).
1710:Lymphocytic immune system disorders
13:
423:ALPS-U: Undefined. 20% of patients
14:
1731:
1596:
356:
203:Another sign are cancers such as
1386:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03357.x
1260:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07595.x
1171:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05496.x
981:10.1097/00002281-200307000-00008
672:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07991.x
1117:New England Journal of Medicine
969:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
460:Second line therapies include:
310:Time and labor-intensive assay.
1414:American Journal of Hematology
1373:British Journal of Haematology
1248:British Journal of Haematology
1158:British Journal of Haematology
759:
747:
660:British Journal of Haematology
1:
492:
472:mammalian target of rapamycin
87:survival caused by defective
1578:10.1182/blood-2011-04-347641
1524:10.1182/blood-2011-07-325217
1463:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
1297:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
1211:10.1182/blood-2006-01-010124
1031:10.1182/blood-2010-04-280347
938:10.1182/blood-2009-08-239525
848:10.1182/blood-2008-09-179630
558:Fleisher, Thomas A. (2007).
448:
399:Revised nomenclature (2010)
231:
150:systemic lupus erythematosus
71:lymphoproliferative disorder
7:
768:Annals of Internal Medicine
218:
146:autoimmune thrombocytopenia
138:autoimmune hemolytic anemia
10:
1736:
1332:Teachey, David T. (2011).
888:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.983
722:10.1182/blood-2004-09-3542
192:), or kidneys (autoimmune
1673:
1604:
1068:The Journal of Immunology
624:10.1080/10245330500329094
576:10.1007/s12026-007-8001-1
290:Elevated plasma or serum
132:) in 30–40% of patients.
40:
29:
24:
1080:10.4049/jimmunol.1100021
190:bronchiolitis obliterans
780:10.7326/aimcc.2023.1364
523:10.1182/blood.v98.1.194
158:Guillain–Barré syndrome
808:10.1006/clim.2002.5225
276:hypergammaglobulinemia
241:Required for diagnosis
142:autoimmune neutropenia
1720:Syndromes with tumors
462:mycophenolate mofetil
209:non-Hodgkin lymphomas
34:Canale-Smith syndrome
1130:10.1056/NEJMoa040036
564:Immunologic Research
428:Caspase 8 deficiency
330:Diagnostic algorithm
170:autoimmune hepatitis
796:Clinical Immunology
280:Elevated serum FASL
162:transverse myelitis
73:(LPDs). It affects
1674:External resources
361:2003 nomenclature
224:showing symptoms.
213:Epstein–Barr virus
198:nephrotic syndrome
194:glomerulonephritis
166:atrophic gastritis
103:Signs and symptoms
1697:
1696:
1475:10.1002/pbc.21965
1427:10.1002/ajh.21007
1310:10.1002/pbc.22151
882:(4): 946–949.e6.
340:germline mutation
154:cerebellar ataxia
60:
59:
19:Medical condition
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1571:(18): 4798–807.
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841:(13): 3027–30.
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118:lymphadenopathy
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69:) is a form of
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1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(7): 847–52.
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:(1): 176–88.
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:(6): 1117–9.
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:(4): 417–21.
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
756:
750:
740:
732:
728:
723:
718:
715:(6): 2443–8.
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:(2): 205–16.
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
546:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
497:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
463:
458:
456:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:ALPS-CASP10:
415:
412:
408:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
391:
389:III - unknown
388:
386:
382:
380:
376:
374:
370:
368:
364:
363:
362:
354:
350:
343:
341:
335:
323:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
273:
272:
270:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
229:
225:
216:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
131:
128:is enlarged (
127:
123:
119:
116:to increase (
115:
111:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
48:
45:
43:
39:
35:
32:
28:
23:
1681:
1657:
1646:
1632:
1617:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1354:the original
1344:(3): 233–5.
1341:
1337:
1327:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1254:(1): 101–6.
1251:
1247:
1237:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1164:(4): 534–8.
1161:
1157:
1147:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1022:
1018:
972:
968:
928:
924:
914:
879:
875:
865:
838:
834:
824:
802:(1): 21–30.
799:
795:
788:
771:
767:
761:
749:
739:
712:
708:
698:
663:
659:
649:
617:(1): 15–23.
614:
610:
600:
570:(1): 87–92.
567:
563:
553:
539:cite journal
514:
510:
476:
466:
459:
452:
398:
360:
351:
344:
336:
333:
287:and/or IL-18
247:Measured by
226:
222:
202:
182:pancreatitis
134:
130:hepatomegaly
122:splenomegaly
106:
82:
66:
62:
61:
33:
1715:RASopathies
487:splenectomy
409:ALPS-FASL:
292:vitamin B12
274:Polyclonal
271:Biomarkers
174:esophagitis
110:lymph nodes
30:Other names
1704:Categories
1659:DiseasesDB
611:Hematology
493:References
418:Caspase 10
411:Fas ligand
379:Caspase 10
373:Fas ligand
188:), lungs (
85:lymphocyte
75:lymphocyte
47:Immunology
1561:mutation"
483:rituximab
468:Sirolimus
449:Treatment
385:Caspase 8
232:Diagnosis
93:apoptosis
91:mediated
78:apoptosis
42:Specialty
1683:Orphanet
1587:21885602
1542:21885601
1493:19214977
1444:35312783
1436:17674358
1395:11918552
1350:21475130
1319:19588524
1278:19208097
1229:16757690
1180:15877736
1139:15459302
1098:21490157
1049:20538792
997:21295897
989:12819469
947:20068224
906:20227752
857:19176318
816:12139944
731:15542578
690:19930184
641:21782729
633:16522544
592:34565602
584:18193364
531:11418480
479:Fansidar
219:Genetics
1653:D056735
1559:TNFRSF6
1533:3228494
1484:2774763
1269:2819393
1220:1895548
1089:3725553
1040:2953894
897:3412519
744:Immunol
681:2929682
383:IIB -
205:Hodgkin
178:colitis
97:caspase
1642:603909
1639:601859
1628:279.41
1585:
1540:
1530:
1491:
1481:
1442:
1434:
1393:
1348:
1317:
1276:
1266:
1227:
1217:
1178:
1137:
1096:
1086:
1047:
1037:
995:
987:
945:
904:
894:
855:
814:
729:
688:
678:
639:
631:
590:
582:
529:
426:CEDS:
377:IIA -
180:, and
168:, and
160:, and
144:, and
114:spleen
49:
1664:33425
1565:Blood
1512:Blood
1440:S2CID
1199:Blood
1019:Blood
993:S2CID
925:Blood
835:Blood
709:Blood
637:S2CID
588:S2CID
511:Blood
392:IV -
371:IB -
365:IA -
285:IL-10
186:hives
126:liver
1688:3261
1648:MeSH
1634:OMIM
1623:9-CM
1583:PMID
1538:PMID
1489:PMID
1432:PMID
1391:PMID
1346:PMID
1315:PMID
1274:PMID
1225:PMID
1176:PMID
1135:PMID
1094:PMID
1045:PMID
985:PMID
943:PMID
902:PMID
853:PMID
812:PMID
727:PMID
686:PMID
629:PMID
580:PMID
545:link
527:PMID
442:KRAS
438:NRAS
434:RALD
207:and
196:and
120:and
112:and
67:ALPS
1619:ICD
1573:doi
1569:118
1528:PMC
1520:doi
1516:118
1479:PMC
1471:doi
1422:doi
1381:doi
1377:117
1305:doi
1264:PMC
1256:doi
1252:145
1215:PMC
1207:doi
1203:108
1166:doi
1162:129
1125:doi
1121:351
1084:PMC
1076:doi
1072:186
1035:PMC
1027:doi
1023:116
977:doi
933:doi
929:115
892:PMC
884:doi
880:125
843:doi
839:113
804:doi
800:104
776:doi
772:136
717:doi
713:105
676:PMC
668:doi
664:148
619:doi
572:doi
519:doi
367:Fas
200:).
89:Fas
1706::
1686::
1662::
1651::
1637::
1626::
1581:.
1567:.
1563:.
1536:.
1526:.
1514:.
1510:.
1487:.
1477:.
1467:52
1465:.
1461:.
1438:.
1430:.
1418:82
1416:.
1412:.
1389:.
1375:.
1371:.
1340:.
1336:.
1313:.
1301:53
1299:.
1295:.
1272:.
1262:.
1250:.
1246:.
1223:.
1213:.
1201:.
1197:.
1174:.
1160:.
1156:.
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1115:.
1092:.
1082:.
1070:.
1066:.
1043:.
1033:.
1021:.
1017:.
1005:^
991:.
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971:.
967:.
955:^
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900:.
890:.
878:.
874:.
851:.
837:.
833:.
810:.
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770:.
725:.
711:.
707:.
684:.
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662:.
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635:.
627:.
615:11
613:.
609:.
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568:40
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541:}}
537:{{
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1100:.
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886::
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818:.
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782:.
778::
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670::
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621::
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