955:
1023:
240:
43:
374:
490:. The patent described the workings of such a transmission as "...having a series of clutches disposed intermediate the engine shaft and the differential shaft and in which the clutches are arranged to selectively engage and drive the differential shaft dependent upon the speed at which the differential shaft rotates". However, it would be over a decade later until automatic transmissions were produced in significant quantities. In the meantime, several European and British manufacturers would use
1120:
31:
399:
3140:
3130:
182:
305:(ATF), which is pressurized by a pump and then directed to the appropriate bands/clutches to obtain the required gear ratio. The ATF provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to transmit the power required to operate the transmission. Made from petroleum with various refinements and additives, ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages.
1288:-operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully automatic). Another early example of this transmission system was introduced in the 1955
1067:(CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous (infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.
970:. These positions are often labelled "L" (low gear), "S" (second gear) or the number of the highest gear used in that position (eg 3, 2 or 1). If these positions are engaged at a time when it would result in excessive engine speed, many modern transmissions disregard the selector position and remain in the higher gear.
996:(also labelled "L"): Restricts the transmission to 1st gear only, also known as a "low gear". This is useful when a large torque is required at the wheels (for example, when accelerating up a steep incline); however use at higher speeds can run the engine at an excessive speed, risking overheating or damage.
276:
A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction bands or brake packs. These devices are used
167:
of course worsens with lower efficiency. Real-world tests reported in 2022 found that in typical driving manual transmissions achieved 2 to 5% better fuel economy than automatics, increasing to 20% with an expert driver. Some laboratory tests show automatics in a better light due to the tests using a
158:
The efficiency, power output as a percentage of input, of conventional automatic transmissions ranges from 86 to 94%. Manual transmissions are more fuel efficient than all but the newest automatic transmissions due to their inherently low parasitic losses, typically of about 4%, in addition to being
145:
In the United
Kingdom, a majority of new cars have had automatic transmissions since 2020. Several manufacturers including Mercedes and Volvo no longer sell cars with manual transmissions. The growing prevalence of automatic transmissions is attributed to the increasing number of electric and hybrid
141:
In 1957 over 80% of new cars in the United States had automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions have been standard in large cars since at least 1974. By 2020 only 2.4% of new cars had manual transmissions. Historically, automatic transmissions were less efficient, but lower fuel prices in the
466:
automobile. This transmission was built in the United
Kingdom and used two epicyclic gears to provide four gear ratios. A foot clutch was used for standing starts, gear selection was using a hand lever, helical gears were used (to reduce noise) and the gears used a constant-mesh design. A planetary
507:
semi-automatic transmission, which automatically shifted between two forward gears in the "Forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "Emergency low" mode). Driver involvement was still required during normal driving, since standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal.
457:
The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first automatic transmission for motor vehicles. Developed in Boston in the United States, this transmission had two forward gear ratios and engine-driven flyweights which controlled the gear selection. At higher engine
748:
The gear selector is the input by which the driver selects the operating mode of an automatic transmission. Traditionally the gear selector is located between the two front seats or on the steering column, however electronic rotary dials and push-buttons have also been occasionally used since the
338:
on the output side (as well as other inputs, such as throttle position or the driver locking out the higher gears) to control which ratio is selected. As the vehicle and engine change speed, the difference between the pressures changes, causing different sets of valves to open and close. In more
1263:
transmissions that began to appear on mass-production automobiles in the early 1930s and 1940s, prior to the introduction of hydraulic automatic transmissions. These systems were designed to reduce the amount of clutch or gear shifter usage required by the driver. These devices were intended to
557:
planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse. The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed, producing fully automatic up- and down-shifting that varied according to operating conditions. Features of the Hydra-Matic included a wide spread of ratios
312:
which pressurises the ATF is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear set. The input for the main pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is
288:
and transmits torque in only one direction) is often used for routine gear shifts. The advantage of a sprag clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release/apply on two planetary gearsets, simply "taking up" the drivetrain load when actuated, and releasing
2262:
990:(also labelled "S"): Restricts the transmission to the lowest two gear ratios. In some cars, it is also used to accelerate from standstill in 2nd gear instead of 1st, for situations of reduced traction (such as snow or gravel). This function is sometimes called "winter mode", labelled "W".
137:
Globally, 43% of new cars produced in 2015 were manual transmissions, falling to 37% by 2020. Automatic transmissions have long been prevalent in the United States, but only started to become common in Europe much later. In Europe in 1997, only 10–12% of cars had automatic transmissions.
358:
The multitude of parts, along with the complex design of the valve body, originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more expensive and time-consuming to build and repair than manual transmissions; however mass-production and developments over time have reduced this cost gap.
292:
The friction bands are often used for manually selected gears (such as low range or reverse) and operate on the planetary drum's circumference. Bands are not applied when the drive/overdrive range is selected, the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead.
458:
speeds, high gear was engaged. As the vehicle slowed down and engine speed decreased, the gearbox would shift back to low. However, the transmission was prone to sudden failure, due to the transmission being unable to withstand forces from the abrupt gear changes.
1008:. "Sport" (also called "Power" or "Performance") modes cause gear shifts to occur at higher engine speeds, allowing higher acceleration. "Economy" (also called "Eco" or "Comfort") modes cause gear shifts to occur at lower engine speeds to reduce fuel consumption.
351:(ECU). Modern designs have replaced the centrifugal governor with an electronic speed sensor that is used as an input to the TCU or ECU. Modern transmissions also factor in the amount of load on an engine at any given time, which is determined from either the
485:
In 1923, a patent was approved in the United States describing the operation of a transmission where the manual shifting of gears and manual operation of a clutch was eliminated. This patent was submitted by Henry R. Hoffman from
Chicago and was titled:
2270:
1248:, require no driver input over gear changes or clutch operation. Semi-automatic versions require only partial driver input (i.e., the driver must change gears manually), while fully automatic versions require no manual driver input, whatsoever (
133:
Vehicles with internal combustion engines, unlike electric vehicles, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a gearbox, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds.
2456:
558:(allowing both good acceleration in first gear and cruising at low engine speed in top gear) and the fluid coupling handling only a portion of the engine's torque in the top two gears (increasing fuel economy in those gears, similar to a
893:
with the engine off at significant speeds ("coasting") can damage some automatic transmissions, since the lubrication pump is often powered by the input side of the transmission and is therefore not running when the transmission is in
317:
a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission with no rear pump (aside from several automatics built prior to 1970, which also included a rear pump for towing and push-starting purposes). The pressure of the ATF is regulated by a
676:
was removed from the automatic transmission fluid. During the 1980s, automatic transmissions with four gear ratios became increasingly common, and many were equipped with lock-up torque convertors in order to improve fuel economy.
168:
prescribed shifting pattern for manuals not always optimized for economy. However, on long highway journeys manual transmissions require maintaining a very specific cruising speed to optimise economy, making automatics preferable.
1040:
Use of the manumatic functions are typically achieved either via paddles located beside the steering column, or "+" and "-" controls on the gear selector. Some cars offer drivers both methods to request a manual gear selection.
255:
The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses planetary gearsets that are operated using hydraulics. The transmission is connected to the engine via a torque converter (or a
605:, which was introduced for the 1948 model year. In normal driving, the Dynaflow used only the top gear, relying on the torque multiplication of the torque convertor at lower speeds. The Dynaflow was followed by the Packard
329:
inside the transmission is responsible for directing hydraulic pressure to the appropriate bands and clutches. It receives pressurized fluid from the main pump and consists of several spring-loaded valves, check balls, and
529:, introduced in 1939, was an optional addition to manual transmissions where a fluid coupling (similar to a torque-convertor, but without the torque multiplication) was added, to avoid the need to operate a manual clutch.
1151:
with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In most car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.
838:
position usually includes a lockout function (such as a button on the side of the gear selector or requiring that the brake pedal be pressed) which prevents the transmission from being accidentally shifted from
461:
The adoption of planetary gearsets was a significant advance towards the modern automatic transmission. One of the first transmissions to use this design was the manual transmission fitted to the 1901–1904
1236:) to automate the clutch, but still require the driver's input and full control to manually actuate gear changes by hand. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as
2460:
632:
In 1956, the
General Motors Hydra-Matic (which still used a fluid coupling) was redesigned based around the use of two fluid couplings to provide smoother shifts. This transmission was called the
636:, or "Jetaway" transmission. The original Hydra-Matic remained in production until the mid-1960s at GM, with the licensed Rolls-Royce Automatic transmission soldiering on until 1978 on the
523:
shifted automatically between the two gear ratios available in the "Low" and "High" ranges and the clutch pedal was required for standing starts. It used a planetary gearset. The
Chrysler
108:
The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission. The first mass-produced automatic transmission is the
General Motors
1056:
672:
By the late 1960s, most of the fluid-coupling two-speed and four-speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three-speed units with torque converters. Also around this time,
474:
An early patent for the automatic transmission was granted to
Canadian inventor Alfred Horner Munro of Regina in 1923. Being a steam engineer, Munro designed his device to use
159:
cheaper to make, lighter, better performing, and of simpler mechanical design. However, manual transmissions have the disadvantage of requiring the driver to operate the
313:
running. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is no oil pressure to operate the transmission when the engine is not running, therefore it is not possible to
613:
for the 1950 model year. Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s,
889:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine, allowing the vehicle to move regardless of the engine's speed. Prolonged movement of the vehicle in
683:
began to be more commonly used to control the transmission, replacing mechanical control methods such as spring-loaded valves in the valve body. Most systems use
926:): This position, required by U.S. law, provides for engine braking on steep hills. It also provides for a lower gear ratio for starting out when heavily loaded.
2421:"Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience"
1670:
865:
gear, so that the vehicle drives in a backwards direction. It also operates the reversing lights and on some vehicles can activate other functions including
2520:
980:: Restricts the transmission to the lowest three gear ratios. In a 4-speed automatic transmission, this is often used to prevent the car shifting into the
2621:
788:
mechanically locks the output shaft of the transmission. This prevents the driven wheels from rotating to prevent the vehicle from moving. The use of the
1268:("crash gearboxes") that were commonly used at the time, especially in stop-start driving. An early example of this transmission was introduced with the
879:
position when the vehicle is moving forward, often using a switch on the brake pedal or electronic transmission controls that monitor the vehicle speed.
1556:
1463:
541:
became the first mass-produced automatic transmission following its introduction in 1939 (1940 model year). Available as an option in cars such as the
117:
Automatic transmissions are also found in some heavy commercial vehicles, particularly those which are subject to intense stop/start operation such as
984:
ratio. In some cars, the position labelled "D" performs this function, while another position labelled "OD" or a boxed "" allows all gears to be used.
497:
The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two
Brazilian engineers, José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos.
2671:
1530:
1165:
mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern
European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the
1175:. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars.
1037:
transmissions offer the driver greater control over the gear selection that the traditional modes to restrict the transmission to the lower gears.
2240:
1573:
916:): This position is the normal mode for driving forwards. It allows the transmission to engage the full range of available forward gear ratios.
409:
1901:
62:
used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. Vehicles with
3164:
1735:
1806:
1207:, and automates either the clutch system, the gear shifting, or both simultaneously, requiring partial, or no driver input or involvement.
843:
into other gear selector positions. Many cars also prevent the engine from being started when the selector is in any position other than
644:, a three-speed transmission which used a torque convertor. The Turbo Hydramatic was among the first to have the basic gear selections (
562:
torque converter). Use of the Hydra-Matic spread to other
General Motors brands and then to other manufacturers starting 1948 including
2689:
1482:
2646:
1587:
1369:
761:. A few automobiles employed a lever on the instrument panel, such as the 1955 Chrysler Corporation cars, and notably, the Corvair.
2707:
2589:
2046:
617:
developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for car manufacturers such as American Motors, Ford and Studebaker.
2145:
199:
2309:
2119:
1456:
2420:
1339:(TCU) for the clutch and shifting, plus steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, if the driver wanted to change gear manually.
1718:
2395:
1640:
2743:
2571:
715:
381:
To provide coupling and decoupling of the engine, a modern automatic transmission uses a torque converter instead of the
2556:
2226:
938:
as the bottom position (e.g. N–D–L–R or P–N–D–L–R). However, this layout risked the driver's accidentally shifting into
2859:
1432:
1050:
94:
1844:
3174:
3169:
2293:
2200:
1477:
1449:
439:
221:
17:
1033:
Since the 1990s, systems to manually request a specific gear or an upshift/downshift have become more common. These
2869:
1656:"Automatics for the people: less than a third of new cars can be ordered with a manual gearbox [in the UK]"
796:) is also recommended when parking on slopes, since this provides greater protection from the vehicle moving. The
2531:
2094:
954:
494:, a form of manual transmission which removed the reliance on the driver's skill to achieve smooth gear shifts.
2816:
1973:
1931:
1385:
203:
2894:
1875:
1775:
1437:
1184:
695:. This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control.
98:
35:
2021:
1548:
966:
Many transmissions also include positions to restrict the gear selection to the lower gears and engages the
2614:
1390:
1265:
302:
2483:
2969:
1655:
1522:
1408:
1277:
1211:
1005:
546:
421:
164:
2806:
2357:
2248:
2095:"The Oldsmobile automatic safety transmission operated by the short lever shown on the steering column"
1022:
601:
The first automatic transmission to use a torque converter (instead of a fluid coupling) was the Buick
147:
63:
718:, which debuted a year later. In 2007, the first eight-speed transmission to reach production was the
3105:
2994:
2934:
2899:
1336:
1249:
959:
769:
Most cars use a "P–R–N–D–L" layout for the gear selector, which consists of the following positions:
692:
598:
and other UK manufacturers. During World War II, the Hydra-Matic was used in some military vehicles.
542:
344:
804:
with the air-operated parking brakes set. Some early passenger car automatics, such as the pre-1960
334:
pistons. In older automatic transmissions, the valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a
2884:
2736:
1999:
1909:
1427:
1355:
1200:
1114:
719:
563:
122:
102:
59:
2854:
2826:
2227:"Don't Call It Hydra-Matic: The Rolls-Royce and Bentley Automatic Gearbox < Ate up with Motor"
1304:, however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. This system was nicknamed
1253:
192:
1814:
417:
2844:
1079:
637:
583:
743:
2390:
1091:
981:
707:
567:
501:
27:
Type of motor vehicle transmission that automatically changes gear ratio as the vehicle moves
2335:
1749:
2939:
2874:
2650:
750:
335:
1216:
621:
was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter
343:. These solenoids are computer-controlled, with the gear selection decided by a dedicated
8:
2964:
2944:
2729:
1698:
1395:
1376:
1301:
1204:
1148:
723:
699:
688:
500:
The evolution towards mass-produced automatic transmissions continued with the 1933–1935
491:
348:
322:
connected to the output shaft, which varies the pressure depending on the vehicle speed.
265:
244:
86:
1703:
Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles
3110:
3015:
2593:
1328:
1297:
809:
711:
595:
74:, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds.
2153:
3129:
2904:
2839:
2791:
2773:
2289:
1714:
1260:
629:
in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset.
82:
67:
1615:
70:, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a
2979:
2786:
2495:
2431:
1706:
1502:
1296:
transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was
1269:
1000:
Many modern transmissions include modes to adjust the shift logic to prefer either
641:
368:
248:
90:
1588:"Gears Magazine - Automatic Trends in Europe: Automatic Transmissions on the Rise"
1259:
Modern automated manual transmissions (AMT) have their roots and origins in older
2999:
2929:
2557:"Manual vs Automatic Transmission: A Shift to Know About | RepairSmith Blog"
2382:
479:
471:, which was fitted with a two-speed manual transmission (without helical gears).
261:
239:
42:
373:
277:
to lock certain gears, thus setting which gear ratio is in use at a given time.
3100:
2914:
2909:
2800:
2796:
1354:, have now been largely superseded and replaced by the increasingly widespread
1332:
1281:
1233:
967:
943:
931:
875:
Some modern transmissions have a mechanism that will prevent shifting into the
866:
800:
position is omitted on buses/coaches/tractors, which must instead be placed in
559:
550:
475:
463:
331:
257:
251:
on the left, planetary gearsets in the centre, control mechanisms at the bottom
2175:
2072:
1601:
3158:
3143:
3082:
3067:
3047:
2974:
2811:
2781:
2484:"Research on Accurate Engagement Control of Electrohydraulic Clutch Actuator"
1497:
1487:
1083:
870:
591:
571:
289:
automatically when the next gear's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer.
30:
1289:
3052:
2989:
2959:
2954:
1852:
1736:"Have automatic transmissions dethroned manuals as the fuel-economy kings?"
1616:"The Stick Shift Index: Do People Still Drive Stick Shift Cars in America?"
1492:
1161:
1119:
1001:
832:
position until the adoption of the Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic in 1956.
820:
and required the driver to apply a parking brake when parked. The original
785:
468:
281:
1280:, based on the design of a conventional manual transmission, which used a
780:): This position disengages the transmission from the engine (as with the
749:
1980s, as well as push buttons having been used in the 1950s and 1960s by
3133:
3057:
3030:
3025:
2889:
2879:
2499:
1171:
racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003
1167:
1102:
821:
680:
626:
575:
538:
525:
3115:
3077:
2919:
2752:
1350:
1244:
1225:
1197:
1144:
1098:
1087:
789:
622:
614:
610:
606:
554:
509:
314:
206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
110:
667:
3072:
3062:
2984:
2949:
1961:. 16 April 1904. pp. 463–468, also pp. 492–496, and pp. 519–521.
1422:
1344:
1238:
1017:
673:
664:) which became the standard gear selection used for several decades.
452:
340:
285:
851:(often in combination with requiring the brake pedal to be pressed).
301:
The aforementioned friction bands and clutches are controlled using
181:
2864:
1710:
1229:
1055:
805:
758:
731:
684:
618:
602:
352:
1705:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 28 September 2015.
1316:
1203:
that is closely based on the mechanical design of a conventional
1075:
722:. The first nine-speed and ten-speed transmissions were the 2013
590:
licensing production in the UK and providing the transmission to
587:
482:, and so it lacked power and never found commercial application.
146:
cars, and the ease of integrating it with safety systems such as
71:
1256:
operates both the clutch system and gear shifts automatically).
942:
while the vehicle is travelling forwards (especially when using
3035:
2849:
1285:
1221:
1140:
1027:
579:
382:
160:
114:
four-speed hydraulic automatic, which was introduced in 1939.
3020:
2924:
2721:
754:
408:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
339:
recent automatic transmissions, the valves are controlled by
1097:
The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a
3042:
2383:"Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox"
1044:
640:. In 1964, General Motors released a new transmission, the
2763:
1641:"Why Are Automatic Cars So Popular in the United States?"
1312:
1071:
703:
118:
2310:"Standard No. 102; Transmission shift position sequence"
532:
347:(TCU) or sometimes this function is integrated into the
1228:— and use different forms of actuation (usually via an
1178:
1105:, however, several other designs have also been used.
824:
from GM instead engaged a parking pawl when placed in
77:
The most common type of automatic transmission is the
1546:
78:
1971:
2449:
973:In descending order of the highest gear available:
668:
1965–present: increased ratio count and electronics
171:
46:
Typical gear selector for an automatic transmission
1671:"U.K. Motorists Shift Gears to Automatic Vehicles"
453:1904–1939: Predecessors to the hydraulic automatic
355:position or the amount of intake manifold vacuum.
271:
1210:Earlier versions of these transmissions that are
1108:
93:. Other types of automatic transmissions include
3156:
2201:"Video: An Introduction to Chrysler Fluid Drive"
1264:reduce the difficulty of operating conventional
2620:. Detroit, Michigan: Hudson Motor Car Company.
2288:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education.
1574:"Transmission type market share worldwide 2025"
1327:transmissions, respectively. Both systems used
142:US made this less of a problem than in Europe.
2283:
1932:"The Pros and Cons of Automatic Transmissions"
1776:"What Makes Automatic Transmissions Automatic"
1159:automatic transmission introduced on the 1961
1147:. The design is often similar to two separate
706:models. The first six-speed automatic was the
2737:
2394:. UnofficialBMW.com. September–October 2003.
2047:"6 of the worst automatic transmissions ever"
1902:"The American Automobile 1861-1929 Chapter 2"
1876:"This is how an automatic transmission works"
1457:
406:The examples and perspective in this section
2647:"1950 Hudson Commodore | HowStuffWorks"
949:
930:Some automatic transmissions, especially by
873:and reversing beepers (to warn pedestrians).
828:with the engine off, thus dispensing with a
2690:"FERRARI LAUNCHES F1-STYLE GEARBOX ON F355"
2039:
1845:"A short course on automatic transmissions"
816:feature at all. These cars were started in
2744:
2730:
2572:"How Does an Automatic Transmission Work?"
1782:. Hearst Magazines: 169–173. February 1955
1568:
1566:
1523:"Automatic Transmissions- A Brief History"
1483:Category:Automatic transmission tradenames
1464:
1450:
1155:The first DCT to reach production was the
1059:Operating principle for a pulley-based CVT
714:. The first seven-speed automatic was the
424:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2615:"Hudson Drive-Master Service Information"
2570:Research, Hearst Autos (April 13, 2020).
2481:
2430:. DCTfacts.com. June 2009. Archived from
1950:
1653:
1311:The first modern AMTs were introduced by
958:Push-button gear selector in a 2010–2014
744:Gear stick § Automatic transmission
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
2569:
2482:Yulong, Lei; Hua, Tian (11 April 2005).
2120:"No clutch to press! No gears to shift!"
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1542:
1540:
1118:
1054:
1045:Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
1026:Paddle shifter (labelled "+") in a 2013
1021:
953:
372:
238:
41:
29:
2708:"MAGNETI MARELLI: TRANSMISSION FROM F1"
1997:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1563:
1547:Hearst Autos Research (13 April 2020).
698:The first five-speed automatic was the
163:and change the gear whenever required.
14:
3157:
2355:
2286:Automatic transmissions and transaxles
1733:
1693:
1691:
934:from 1940 to 1964, used a layout with
764:
488:Automatic Gear Shift and Speed Control
2725:
1972:Government of Canada (15 June 2015).
1867:
1829:
1668:
1602:"Timeline of the Automobile Industry"
1537:
1342:Modern fully automatic AMTs, such as
533:1939–1964: Early hydraulic automatics
296:
3165:Automotive transmission technologies
2000:"Who Invented the Automatic Gearbox"
1794:
716:Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission
392:
260:prior to the 1960s), instead of the
204:adding citations to reliable sources
175:
2413:
2375:
1688:
1654:Griffiths, Hugo (19 October 2022).
1266:unsynchronised manual transmissions
1190:Automated manual transmission (AMT)
1179:Automated manual transmission (AMT)
687:which are controlled by either the
362:
95:continuously variable transmissions
24:
2860:Continuously variable transmission
2590:"1942 Hudson | HowStuffWorks"
2176:"The Fluid Drive torque converter"
1957:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars".
1750:"How Automatic Transmissions Work"
1065:continuously variable transmission
1051:Continuously variable transmission
1011:
515:. Similar in operation to the REO
467:gearset was also used in the 1908
25:
3186:
2401:from the original on 17 July 2011
2356:Kenzie, Jim (November 12, 2016).
2022:"Top 10 All-Time Auto Inventions"
1873:
1842:
1478:Category:Automobile transmissions
1131:(DCT, sometimes referred to as a
737:
508:This was followed in 1937 by the
284:(a ratchet-like device which can
3139:
3138:
3128:
1906:www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com
1669:Grose, Thomas K. (9 June 2021).
1559:from the original on 2020-04-17.
1533:from the original on 2020-04-18.
898:. The vehicle may be started in
397:
180:
172:Hydraulic automatic transmission
2700:
2682:
2664:
2639:
2627:from the original on 2016-03-19
2607:
2582:
2563:
2549:
2513:
2475:
2349:
2328:
2302:
2277:
2255:
2233:
2219:
2193:
2168:
2138:
2112:
2087:
2065:
2014:
1991:
1965:
1924:
1894:
1768:
1742:
1727:
634:Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic
385:used in a manual transmission.
377:Torque converter – cutaway view
272:Gearsets and shifting mechanism
191:needs additional citations for
2751:
2490:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
2457:"Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK)"
2152:. 20 June 2007. Archived from
1998:Warwick, Alan (9 April 2013).
1662:
1647:
1633:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1515:
1109:Dual-clutch transmission (DCT)
702:, debuting in 1991 on various
609:in mid-1949 and the Chevrolet
99:automated manual transmissions
13:
1:
2895:Automated manual transmission
2459:. Porsche.com. Archived from
1508:
1192:, sometimes referred to as a
1185:Automated manual transmission
625:in 1953, and the three-speed
549:, the Hydra-Matic combined a
521:Automatic Safety Transmission
513:Automatic Safety Transmission
153:
128:
83:planetary (epicyclic) gearset
2245:www.machinerylubrication.com
1978:www.brevets-patents.ic.gc.ca
1851:. JC Whitney. Archived from
1734:Tamayo, Niky (30 May 2022).
1675:U.S. News & World Report
710:, which debuted in the 2002
303:automatic transmission fluid
148:Autonomous Emergency Braking
7:
2970:Semi-automatic transmission
2358:"PRNDL — why mess with it?"
2314:Code of Federal Regulations
2205:www.macsmotorcitygarage.com
1549:"What is an Automatic Car?"
1361:
1300:. Gear selection also used
1278:semi-automatic transmission
1196:, is a type of multi-speed
420:, discuss the issue on the
64:internal combustion engines
10:
3191:
2807:Internal combustion engine
2146:"How Oldsmobile Cars Work"
2002:. North West Transmissions
1974:"Canadian Patent Database"
1182:
1137:double-clutch transmission
1112:
1048:
1015:
741:
388:
366:
3124:
3106:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
3093:
3008:
2995:Transmission control unit
2935:Limited-slip differential
2900:Electrorheological clutch
2825:
2772:
2759:
1337:transmission control unit
1298:actuated using hydraulics
1276:. This unit was an early
960:Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Star
950:Other positions and modes
861:): This position engages
720:Toyota AA80E transmission
693:transmission control unit
345:transmission control unit
234:
123:waste collection vehicles
103:dual-clutch transmissions
3175:Mechanical power control
3170:Automobile transmissions
2885:Dual-clutch transmission
2521:"Transmission Actuation"
1370:Automotive transmissions
1356:dual-clutch transmission
1133:twin-clutch transmission
1129:dual-clutch transmission
1115:Dual-clutch transmission
757:, and most famously, by
582:(Australia), as well as
555:hydraulically controlled
2855:Constant-velocity joint
2284:Thomas W Birch (2012).
1807:"How does the AT work?"
1292:, which used a 4-speed
728:Toyota Direct Shift-10A
54:(sometimes abbreviated
34:Cutaway view of a 2007
2835:Automatic transmission
2712:Automotive News Europe
2694:Automotive News Europe
2528:www.fte-automotive.com
1738:. Topgear Philippines.
1214:in operation, such as
1124:
1060:
1030:
963:
638:Rolls-Royce Phantom VI
547:Cadillac Sixty Special
378:
252:
52:automatic transmission
47:
39:
2338:. Merriam-webster.com
2263:"U.S. Patent 5370589"
2251:on 27 September 2007.
2150:www.howstuffworks.com
1959:The Automotor Journal
1936:www.stevesimports.com
1754:www.howstuffworks.com
1433:Continuously variable
1122:
1092:earthmoving equipment
1058:
1025:
957:
708:ZF 6HP26 transmission
700:ZF 5HP18 transmission
502:REO Motor Car Company
492:preselector gearboxes
376:
242:
45:
33:
2940:Locking differential
2875:Direct-shift gearbox
2676:magazine.ferrari.com
2500:10.4271/2005-01-1787
2316:. Title 49 § 571.102
2156:on 20 September 2020
1333:electrical solenoids
1319:in 1997, with their
1149:manual transmissions
1139:) uses two separate
751:Rambler (automobile)
543:Oldsmobile Series 60
418:improve this section
336:centrifugal governor
266:manual transmissions
200:improve this article
2965:Preselector gearbox
2945:Manual transmission
2267:www.patft.uspto.gov
2229:. 4 September 2022.
2073:"How Reo Cars Work"
1938:. 30 September 2019
1912:on 22 February 2020
1335:, and a designated
1329:hydraulic actuators
1220:, control only the
1205:manual transmission
1201:transmission system
1173:Volkswagen Golf R32
812:, did not have the
765:P–R–N–D–L positions
724:ZF 9HP transmission
689:engine control unit
537:The General Motors
349:engine control unit
245:ZF 8HP transmission
79:hydraulic automatic
58:) is a multi-speed
38:hydraulic automatic
3111:Electric generator
3016:Wheel hub assembly
2537:on 3 November 2022
2463:on 5 December 2008
1756:. 29 November 2000
1699:"5: Transmissions"
1643:. 4 November 2022.
1527:AutoServiceExperts
1125:
1123:Schematic of a DCT
1061:
1031:
964:
810:Corvair Powerglide
712:BMW 7 Series (E65)
596:Armstrong Siddeley
379:
297:Hydraulic controls
253:
243:Cutaway view of a
87:hydraulic controls
48:
40:
3152:
3151:
2905:Epicyclic gearing
2774:Automotive engine
2696:. August 4, 1997.
2437:on 7 October 2011
2207:. 24 October 2017
1855:on 6 October 2014
1817:on 6 October 2014
1811:AW North Carolina
1780:Popular Mechanics
1720:978-0-309-37388-3
1474:
1473:
1261:clutchless manual
1194:clutchless manual
1143:for odd and even
1070:CVTs are used in
784:position), and a
450:
449:
442:
232:
231:
224:
68:electric vehicles
18:Automatic gearbox
16:(Redirected from
3182:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3009:Wheels and tires
2980:Torque converter
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2649:. Archived from
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2586:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2530:. Archived from
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:. Archived from
2259:
2253:
2252:
2247:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:. 18 August 1997
2124:www.autonews.com
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:Inventors Digest
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:. Archived from
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1843:Ofria, Charles.
1840:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:. Archived from
1803:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1503:Torque converter
1466:
1459:
1452:
1438:Automated manual
1366:
1365:
1272:in 1942, called
1270:Hudson Commodore
734:) respectively.
691:, or a separate
642:Turbo Hydramatic
445:
438:
434:
431:
425:
401:
400:
393:
369:Torque converter
363:Torque converter
249:torque converter
227:
220:
216:
213:
207:
184:
176:
91:torque converter
21:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3120:
3089:
3004:
3000:Universal joint
2930:Hotchkiss drive
2821:
2768:
2755:
2750:
2720:
2719:
2714:. June 9, 1997.
2706:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2273:on 14 May 2013.
2261:
2260:
2256:
2241:"Almost Burned"
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2053:. 8 August 2019
2051:www.hagerty.com
2045:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1470:
1391:Non-synchronous
1364:
1187:
1181:
1117:
1111:
1053:
1047:
1020:
1014:
1012:Manual controls
952:
874:
867:parking sensors
833:
767:
746:
740:
670:
535:
480:hydraulic fluid
455:
446:
435:
429:
426:
415:
402:
398:
391:
383:friction clutch
371:
365:
299:
274:
262:friction clutch
237:
228:
217:
211:
208:
197:
185:
174:
156:
131:
81:, which uses a
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Electric motor
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Friction drive
2912:
2910:Fluid coupling
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:Plug-in hybrid
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2638:
2606:
2581:
2576:Car and Driver
2562:
2559:. May 6, 2020.
2548:
2512:
2474:
2448:
2428:AEI-online.org
2412:
2374:
2348:
2336:"Reverse Gear"
2327:
2301:
2294:
2276:
2254:
2232:
2218:
2192:
2180:www.allpar.com
2167:
2137:
2111:
2086:
2075:. 15 June 2007
2064:
2038:
2013:
1990:
1964:
1949:
1923:
1893:
1882:. Gawker Media
1874:Tracy, David.
1866:
1828:
1793:
1767:
1741:
1726:
1719:
1711:10.17226/21744
1687:
1661:
1646:
1632:
1607:
1593:
1579:
1562:
1553:Car and Driver
1536:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1409:Semi-automatic
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1212:semi-automatic
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1084:motor scooters
1049:Main article:
1046:
1043:
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
998:
997:
991:
985:
951:
948:
944:engine braking
932:General Motors
928:
927:
917:
907:
880:
871:backup cameras
852:
766:
763:
742:Main article:
739:
738:Gear selectors
736:
669:
666:
551:fluid coupling
534:
531:
476:compressed air
464:Wilson-Pilcher
454:
451:
448:
447:
412:of the subject
410:worldwide view
405:
403:
396:
390:
387:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
298:
295:
273:
270:
258:fluid coupling
236:
233:
230:
229:
188:
186:
179:
173:
170:
155:
152:
130:
127:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Shift-by-wire
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Petrol engine
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Diesel engine
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2653:on 2020-10-23
2652:
2648:
2642:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2596:on 2020-08-12
2595:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2295:9780132622271
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2246:
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3053:Racing slick
2990:Transfer box
2960:Park-by-wire
2955:Parking pawl
2870:Differential
2845:Direct-drive
2834:
2827:Transmission
2817:Steam engine
2762:Part of the
2761:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2672:"Gearing Up"
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2609:
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2594:the original
2584:
2575:
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2532:the original
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2491:
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2362:Toronto Star
2361:
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2330:
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2099:www.nypl.org
2098:
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2067:
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2028:. 2019-08-30
2025:
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1977:
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1935:
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1910:the original
1905:
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1853:the original
1849:CarParts.com
1848:
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1815:the original
1810:
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1779:
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1493:Park by wire
1417:
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1308:in the U.S.
1305:
1293:
1284:-controlled
1274:Drive-Master
1273:
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1193:
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1162:Hillman Minx
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1006:fuel economy
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517:Self-Shifter
516:
512:
505:Self-Shifter
504:
499:
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478:rather than
473:
469:Ford Model T
460:
456:
436:
427:
407:
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326:
324:
319:
309:
307:
300:
291:
282:sprag clutch
279:
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218:
209:
198:Please help
193:verification
190:
165:Fuel economy
157:
144:
140:
136:
132:
116:
109:
107:
76:
60:transmission
55:
51:
49:
36:Toyota AA80E
3031:Alloy wheel
2890:Drive wheel
2880:Drive shaft
2840:Chain drive
2488:www.sae.org
1983:22 November
1786:22 November
1760:22 November
1428:Dual-clutch
1396:Preselector
1306:Citro-Matic
1088:snowmobiles
902:as well as
822:Hydra-Matic
681:Electronics
627:TorqueFlite
584:Rolls-Royce
553:with three
539:Hydra-Matic
526:Fluid Drive
101:(AMT), and
3159:Categories
3116:Alternator
2764:Automobile
2753:Powertrain
2657:2020-11-25
2600:2020-11-25
2467:31 October
2441:31 October
2405:31 October
2367:August 16,
2342:2018-06-24
2320:August 16,
2211:3 November
2185:3 November
2079:24 October
2032:2021-03-29
2006:11 October
1942:1 November
1916:1 November
1509:References
1386:Sequential
1351:Easytronic
1302:hydraulics
1290:Citroën DS
1245:Easytronic
1198:automobile
790:hand brake
623:PowerFlite
615:BorgWarner
611:Powerglide
607:Ultramatic
510:Oldsmobile
327:valve body
315:push start
154:Efficiency
129:Prevalence
111:Hydramatic
2985:Transaxle
2950:Manumatic
2920:Gearshift
2792:Fuel cell
1886:6 October
1859:6 October
1821:6 October
1658:. carwow.
1423:Manumatic
1418:Hydraulic
1405:Automatic
1345:Selespeed
1239:Selespeed
1217:Autostick
1157:Easidrive
1145:gear sets
1035:manumatic
1018:Manumatic
982:overdrive
726:and 2017
685:solenoids
674:whale oil
422:talk page
341:solenoids
310:main pump
286:freewheel
212:July 2017
66:, unlike
3144:Category
3083:Tubeless
3068:Run-flat
3048:Off-road
2865:Coupling
2787:Electric
2622:Archived
2396:Archived
2160:9 August
2130:9 August
2104:9 August
2057:9 August
1880:Jalopnik
1557:Archived
1531:Archived
1529:. 2003.
1362:See also
1358:design.
1230:actuator
1141:clutches
1076:tractors
806:Chrysler
759:Chrysler
732:Lexus LC
619:Chrysler
603:Dynaflow
416:You may
353:throttle
320:governor
89:, and a
2541:26 July
2505:26 July
1680:4 April
1625:4 April
1317:Ferrari
1224:system
940:reverse
936:reverse
900:neutral
896:neutral
891:neutral
883:Neutral
877:reverse
863:reverse
855:Reverse
849:neutral
826:reverse
818:neutral
802:neutral
782:neutral
654:neutral
650:reverse
588:Bentley
568:Lincoln
560:lock-up
389:History
105:(DCT).
97:(CVT),
72:gearbox
3134:Portal
3094:Hybrid
3058:Radial
3036:Hubcap
2850:Clutch
2797:Hybrid
2766:series
2631:9 July
2292:
1717:
1620:Carmax
1377:Manual
1286:vacuum
1222:clutch
1090:, and
1028:BMW X5
580:Holden
572:Kaiser
564:Hudson
519:, the
235:Design
161:clutch
3078:Spare
3021:Wheel
2925:Giubo
2625:(PDF)
2618:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2435:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2399:(PDF)
2386:(PDF)
1282:servo
1234:servo
1135:, or
1103:chain
1002:power
910:Drive
755:Edsel
658:drive
332:servo
119:buses
3073:Snow
3063:Rain
3043:Tire
2633:2021
2543:2020
2507:2020
2469:2009
2443:2009
2407:2009
2369:2023
2322:2023
2290:ISBN
2213:2020
2187:2020
2162:2020
2132:2020
2106:2020
2081:2017
2059:2020
2008:2014
1985:2020
1944:2020
1918:2020
1888:2014
1861:2014
1823:2014
1788:2020
1762:2020
1715:ISBN
1682:2023
1627:2023
1348:and
1331:and
1323:and
1315:and
1242:and
1099:belt
1080:UTVs
1072:cars
904:park
845:park
841:park
836:park
834:The
830:park
814:park
798:park
774:Park
646:park
586:and
576:Nash
545:and
325:The
308:The
121:and
3026:Rim
2496:doi
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1321:SMG
1313:BMW
1294:BVH
1254:ECU
1252:or
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