Automotive lighting

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other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteer firefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the US it is a violation of the DOT (Department of Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle (Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the US only have red tail lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) coming towards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rearview mirror) indicates that an official emergency vehicle is coming, requiring the driver to yield, pull off to the side of the road, or otherwise get out of its way. Some US states allow emergency vehicles to have blue lights that can be turned on to warn drivers of an emergency vehicle in action; blue and red lights can be combined, forward- and/or rear-facing. In the UK, doctors may use green warning lights; although these do not allow the user to claim any exemption from road traffic regulations (compared to the blue lights used by statutory emergency services when responding to calls). Special warning lights, usually amber, are also sometimes mounted on slow or wide vehicles such as

1712:" (also called "reflex reflectors") produce no light of their own, but rather reflect incident light towards its source, such as another driver's headlights. They are regulated as automotive lighting devices, and specified to account for the separation between a vehicle's headlights and its driver's eyes. Thus, vehicles can remain conspicuous even with their lights off. Regulations worldwide require all vehicles and trailers to be equipped with rear-facing red retroreflectors; in countries where UN Regulation No. 48 is applied, these must be triangular on trailers and non-triangular on vehicles other than trailers. Since 1968, US regulations also require side-facing retroreflectors, amber in front and red in the rear. Sweden, South Africa, and other countries have at various times required white front-facing retroreflectors. 1821:

opened. Many vehicles have expanded this feature, causing the overhead interior light to remain on after all doors are closed, allowing passengers to fasten seat belts with added illumination. The extended lighting cycle usually ends when the vehicle's ignition has begun, or a gradual reduction in light emitted after a couple of minutes if the car is not started, called "theater" lighting. Interior lighting has been added on some vehicles at the bottom edge of the dashboard, illuminating the floor for front passengers, or underneath the front seats at the rear, illuminating the floor for rear passengers. This type of convenience lighting approach is also sometimes used to illuminate interior or exterior door handles, exterior step running boards, or electric window switches.

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the headlights are being used. Front amber side markers in the United States may be wired to flash in synchronous phase or opposite-phase with the turn signals; nevertheless, they are not required to flash at all. Side markers are permitted but not required on cars and light passenger vehicles outside the United States and Canada. If installed, they are required to be brighter and visible through a larger horizontal angle than US side markers, may flash only in synchronous phase with the turn signals (but are not required to flash), and they must be amber at the front and rear, except rear side markers may be red if they are grouped, combined, or reciprocally incorporated with another rear lighting function that is required to be red.

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they must be symmetrical with respect to the vehicle's centreline. Proponents of twin rear fog lights say two lights provide vehicle distance information not available from a single light. Proponents of the single rear fog light say dual rear fog lights closely mimic the appearance of illuminated stop lights (which are mandatorily installed in pairs), reducing the conspicuity of the stop lights' message when the rear fogs are activated. To provide some safeguard against rear fog lights being confused with stop lights, UN Regulation 48 requires a separation of at least 10 cm between the closest illuminated edges of any stop light and any rear fog light.

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equipped with combination red brake/turn signal lights and white reversing lights. Those countries' regulations permitted the amber rear turn signals to light up steadily as reversing lights, so automakers and importers were able to combine the (mandatorily amber) rear turn signal and (optionally amber) reversing light function, and so comply with the regulations without the need for additional lighting devices. Both countries now require white reversing lights, and the combination amber turn/reverse light is no longer permitted on new vehicles. The US state of Washington currently permits reversing lights to emit white or amber light.

1125: 276:"Driving light" is a term hailing from the early days of night time driving, when it was relatively rare to encounter an opposing vehicle. Only on occasions when opposing drivers passed each other would the low (dipped or "passing") beam be used. The high beam was therefore known as the "driving beam", and this terminology is still found in international UN Regulations, which do not distinguish between a vehicle's primary (mandatory) and auxiliary (optional) upper/driving beam lights. The "driving light" term has been supplanted in US regulations by the functionally descriptive term "auxiliary high-beam light". 995: 1361:

improvement. The systems used by BMW, Volvo, and Mercedes differ not only in operational mode (growing vs. intensifying vs. flashing, respectively), but also in such parameters as the deceleration threshold of activation. Data is being collected and analyzed in an effort to determine how such a system might be implemented to maximize a safety benefit, if such a benefit can be realized with visual emergency braking displays. An experimental study at the University of Toronto has tested stop lights which gradually and continuously grow in illuminated area with increasing braking.

1016: 1100: 858: 720: 749: 360: 677:, the signal lights and heating element turned on. The heat caused the bimetallic strip to bend such that it threw the leaf spring over centre, opening the circuit and breaking power to the heating element and the signal lights. When the bimetallic strip cooled down, it would pull the leaf spring back over centre in the other direction, closing the contacts and again sending power to the lights and heating element. The cycle would repeat until the power to the thermal flasher was switched off by the stalk switch. 2269: 466: 2283: 1458: 218: 479: 1682: 186: 1691: 6627: 289: 254: 1433: 1645: 1380: 426: 6647: 2137:

increased dramatically. For this reason, LED signal lights must remain compliant with the intensity requirements for the functions they produce after one minute and after thirty minutes of continuous operation. In addition, UN Regulation 112 contains a set of tests for LED modules, including colour rendering, UV radiation, and temperature stability tests. According to UN Regulations 112 and 123, mechanical, electromechanical or other devices for

1284:(from 1974 to 1976) had similar dual high-mounted supplemental stop/turn lights as standard equipment; these were located on the outside of the vehicle below the bottom of the rear glass. This type of configuration was not widely adopted at the time. Car and lighting manufacturers in Germany experimented with dual high-mount supplemental stop lights in the early 1980s, but this effort, too, failed to gain wide popular or regulatory support. 1035:, and New Zealand. Proponents of red rear turn signals have claimed that they are less costly to manufacture, and automakers use the turn signal colour as a styling element to differentiate vehicles of different model years. Proponents of amber rear turn signals say they are more easily discernible as turn signals. It has been recognised since the 1960s that amber turn signals are more quickly spotted than red ones. A 2008 US study by the 639: 1052: 1553: 579:, arguing that the UK requirement for dim-dip was illegal under EC directives prohibiting member states from enacting vehicle lighting requirements not contained in pan-European EC directives. As a result, the UK requirement for dim-dip was quashed. Nevertheless, dim-dip systems remain permitted, and while such systems are not presently as common as they once were, dim-dip functionality was fitted on many new cars well into the 1990s. 1166:, though they are often informally called brake lights. They are required to be fitted in multiples of two, symmetrically at the left and right edges of the rear of every vehicle. International UN regulations No. 7 specify a range of acceptable intensity for a stop light of 60 to 185 candela. In North America, where the UN regulations are not recognised, the acceptable range for a single-compartment stop light is 80 to 300 candela. 1875: 1136:

combined with the vehicle's stop lights or be separate from them. In combined-function installations, the lights produce brighter red light as stop lights and dimmer red light as rear position lights. Regulations worldwide stipulate minimum intensity ratios between the bright (stop) and dim (position) modes, so that a vehicle displaying rear position lights will not be mistakenly interpreted as showing stop lights and vice versa.

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and the emergency braking logic defined by regulation No. 13 (heavy vehicles), 13H (light vehicles), or 78 (motorcycles) is activated; the ESS may be displayed when a light vehicle's deceleration is greater than 6 m/s (20 ft/s) or a heavy vehicle's deceleration is greater than 4 m/s (13 ft/s), and the ESS must be discontinued once the vehicle's deceleration drops below 2.5 m/s (8.2 ft/s).

647: 29: 6637: 785: 712:(as well as the 75 and 95), which used them at the front as well as at the rear from 1932 until 1935. The modern flashing turn signal was patented in 1938, and shortly after, most major automobile manufacturers offered this optional feature before it became mandatory in 1967. As of 2013, most countries require turn signals on all new vehicles that are driven on public roadways. Alternative systems of 323: 1519: 861: 860: 866: 864: 859: 1942: 865: 825:. The signal operates for however long the driver holds the lever partway towards the left or right turn signal detent. Some vehicles have an automatic lane-change indication feature; tapping the lever partway towards the left or right signal position and immediately releasing it causes the applicable turn indicators to flash three to five times. 863: 1956:

They may have an illuminated "Taxi" sign, a light to signal that they are ready to take passengers, or off duty, or an emergency panic light the driver can activate in the event of a robbery to alert passersby to call the police. Depending on local regulations, the "Taxi" sign may also be required to

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Most cars have at least one "dome light" (or "courtesy light") located in or near the ceiling of the passenger compartment, to provide illumination by which to fasten seatbelts and enter or exit the car. These often have an option to automatically switch on when the front (or any) passenger doors are

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is illuminated either by a single or a pair of yellow or white light(s), affixed within the indentation of the trunk or bumper. It is designed to light the surface of the plate without creating light directly visible to the rear of the vehicle, and must be illuminated whenever the position lights are

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Reversing lights are required to produce white light by US and international UN regulations. However, some countries have at various times permitted amber reversing lights. In Australia and New Zealand, for example, vehicle manufacturers were faced with the task of localizing American cars originally

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Other methods of severe braking indication have also been implemented; some Volvo models make the stop lights brighter, and some BMWs have "Adaptive Brake Lights" that effectively increase the size of the stop lights under severe braking by illuminating them at brighter-than-normal intensity. As long

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Emergency stop signalling is a lighting function wherein the vehicle's stop (brake) lights and/or hazard/turn indicators flash in phase at 3 to 5 Hz under heavy or urgent braking. The emergency stop signal is automatically activated if the vehicle speed is greater than 50 km/h (31 mph)

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The CHMSL is intended to provide a warning to drivers whose view of the vehicle's left and right stop lights is blocked by interceding vehicles. It also provides a redundant stop light signal in the event of a stop light malfunction. In North America, where rear turn signals are permitted to emit red

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turn signals are a feature on some cars, wherein the turn signal function is provided by multiple lit elements that illuminate sequentially rather than simultaneously. The visual effect is one of outward motion in the direction of the intended turn or lane change. Sequential turn signals were factory

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vehicles, the turn indicator stalk is usually located to the left of the steering wheel. In right-hand-drive vehicles, there is less consistency; it may be located to the left or to the right of the steering wheel. Regulations do not specify a mandatory location for the turn signal control, only that

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Side marker lights can be seen as the successor to "cowl lights" used on vehicles during the 1920s to 1930s, which were a pair of small lights installed at the top edges of the cowl between the hood and the windshield, and would serve as a reference point for oncoming traffic where the widest part of

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the driver switched on the position lights (called sidelights in the UK). Dim-dip was intended to provide a nighttime "town beam" with intensity between that of contemporary parking lights commonly used in city traffic after dark, and dipped beams; the former were considered insufficiently intense to

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Front, side, and rear position lights are permitted, required, or forbidden to illuminate in combination with daytime running lights, depending on the jurisdiction and the DRL implementation. Likewise, according to jurisdictional regulations, DRLs mounted within a certain distance of turn signals are

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In Germany, the StVZO (Road Traffic Licensing Regulations) calls for a different function provided by these lights: with the vehicle's ignition switched off, the operator may activate a low-intensity white light at the front and red light at the rear on either the left or right side. This function is

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On some models, cornering lights provide steady-intensity white light for lateral illumination in the direction of an intended turn or lane change. They are generally actuated in conjunction with the turn signals, and they may be wired to also illuminate when the vehicle is shifted into reverse gear.

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of many cars. Since as early as the 2020s, several car manufacturers have noticeably omitted the front fog lights from many of their latest models, as more recent high-tech lighting technologies such as DRLs and LEDs connected to automatic high-beam systems negate the use of fog lights. However, some

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standards instead of UN ECE regulations. These standards contain regulations for dipped beam headlights that also specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is also flat and low, but not as low as prescribed in UN ECE regulations. The half of the

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for dipped beam headlights specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cut-off; the half of the beam closest to oncoming drivers is flat and low, while the half of the beam closest to the outside of the road slopes up and towards the near side of the roadway. This permits a functional compromise where it

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is credited with introducing an innovative version of the signalling arm in 1914, a predecessor to the modern turn signal, and a mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and received no credit or profit from them. Tail lights and brake lights were introduced around 1915,

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Map lights are aimed at specific passenger positions and allow for reading without glare distraction to the driver. Some vehicles have "approach lighting" or "puddle lights" (lights that illuminate the ground outside the doors) in the exterior mirrors or lower edges of the doors, as well as interior

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The hazard warning signal (sometimes called "hazard warning flashers", "hazard warning lights", "emergency lights", "4-way flashers", "hazards", or "flashers") is provided by flashing all of a vehicle's left and right turn signals simultaneously and in phase. Hazard warning signals first appeared as

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UN Regulation 48 requires vehicles exceeding 2.10 metres (83 in) in width to be equipped with white front and red rear end-outline marker lights on both the left and right, which, like North American identification lights, are intended to indicate a vehicle's overall width and height. The front

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Until the early 1960s, most front turn signals worldwide emitted white light and most rear turn signals emitted red light. The American auto industry voluntarily adopted amber front turn signals for most vehicles beginning in the 1963 model year, though the advent of amber signals was accompanied by

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Virtually all vehicles (except many motorcycles and commercial semi-tractors) have a turn indicator self-cancelling feature that returns the lever to the neutral (no signal) position as the steering wheel approaches the straight-ahead position after a turn has been made. Beginning in the late 1960s,

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Turn signals are required to blink on and off, or "flash", at a steady rate of between 60 and 120 pulses per minute (1–2 Hz). International UN Regulations require that all turn signals flash in simultaneous phase; US regulations permit side marker lights wired for side turn signal functionality

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After turn signals were introduced regulations were brought in requiring them and laying out specifications that had to be met. Ultimately standards governed minimum and maximum permissible intensity levels, minimum horizontal and vertical angles of visibility, and minimum illuminated surface area,

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regarding the installation of lighting equipment. A dim-dip device operates the dipped beam headlights at between 10% and 20% of normal low-beam intensity. Running lights permitted as an alternative to dim-dip were required to emit at least 200 candela straight ahead, and no more than 800 candela in

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Front position lights (known as parking lights in North America and front sidelights in the UK) provide nighttime standing-vehicle conspicuity. They are designed to use little electricity so they can be left on when parked for prolonged periods of time. Despite the UK term, these are not the same as

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devices are lights and reflectors that make a vehicle conspicuous and visible with respect to its presence, position, direction of travel, change in direction, or deceleration. Such lights may light steadily, blink, or flash, depending on their intended and regulated function. Most must be fitted in

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LED lighting systems are sensitive to heat. Due to the negative influences of heat on the stability of photometric performance and the light transmitting components, the importance of thermal design, stability tests, usage of low-UV-type LED modules and UV-resistance tests of internal materials has

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International UN Regulations explicitly permit vehicle signal lights with intensity automatically increased during bright daylight hours when sunlight reduces the effectiveness of the stop lights, and automatically decreased during hours of darkness when glare could be a concern. Regulations in the

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In the US and Canada, vehicles over 80 inches (2.032 m) wide must be equipped with three amber front and three red rear identification lights spaced 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) apart at the centre of the front and rear of the vehicle, as high as practicable. The front identification lights are

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provide functional rear fog lights on their North American models. Some vehicles from non-European brands which are adaptions of European-market offerings, such as the first-generation Ford Transit Connect, have come standard with rear fog lights, or vehicles with European-market counterparts, such

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indicator is required, to advise the driver when the turn signals are activated and operating. This usually takes the form of one green light on the dashboard on cars from the 1950s or older, or two green indicator lights on cars from the 1960s to the present, and a rhythmic ticking sound generated

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retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1970. These side-facing devices make the vehicle's presence, position and direction of travel clearly visible from oblique angles. The lights are wired to illuminate whenever the vehicles' parking lights and tail lights are on, including when

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The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in most countries, blue and red special warning lights are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles. In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private security personnel, construction vehicles, and

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Apart from its use as emergency lighting, a single flash of the hazard lights is used to show gratitude to yielding drivers in several countries. However, in the United Kingdom, they must not be used except to warn others of either a temporary obstruction when the vehicle is stationary or a hazard

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In vehicles with separate left and right green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, both left and right indicators may flash to provide a visual indication of the hazard flashers' operation. In vehicles with a single green turn signal tell-tale on the dashboard, a separate red tell-tale must be

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In Europe and other countries adhering to UN Regulation 48, vehicles must be equipped with one or two bright red "rear fog lamps", which serve as high-intensity rear position lights to be activated in poor visibility conditions to make the vehicle more visible from the rear. The allowable range of

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wore off as most vehicles on the road came to be equipped with a CHMSL, the crash-avoidance benefit declined. However, said benefit has not declined to zero, and a CHMSL has become so inexpensive to incorporate into a vehicle that it remains a cost-effective collision avoidance feature even at the

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bus drivers, among others, are trained to step continuously on the right directional switch while servicing a bus stop, to signal other road users they are intentionally dwelling at the stop, allowing following buses to skip that stop. This method of signalling requires no special arrangements for

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Direction indicator lights or turn signals, informally known as directional signals, directionals, blinkers, or indicators, are blinking lights mounted near the left and right front and rear corners of a vehicle, and sometimes on the sides or on the side mirrors of a vehicle (where they are called

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beam closest to the outside of the road is also flat, but higher than the half closest to oncoming vehicles. This results in substantially increased glare for oncoming drivers and also poorer illumination of the near side of the roadway in comparison to headlights conforming to UN ECE regulations.

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Some jurisdictions, such as the US states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, permit vehicles to be equipped with auxiliary rear signal systems displaying green light when the accelerator is depressed, yellow light when the vehicle is coasting, and red light when the brake is depressed. Such systems

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This function is meant to indicate a hazard such as a vehicle stopped in or near moving traffic, a disabled vehicle, a vehicle moving substantially slower than the flow of traffic such as a truck climbing a steep grade, the presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on a high-speed road and/or the

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in the country in which the vehicle is registered. This is to maximise the sight line of following drivers to the rear fog light. In many cases, a single reversing light is mounted on the passenger side of the vehicle, positionally symmetrical with the rear fog. If two rear fog lights are fitted,

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suggests vehicles with amber rear signals rather than red ones are up to 28% less likely to be involved in certain kinds of collisions, a followup 2009 NHTSA study determined there to be a significant overall safety benefit to amber rather than red rear turn signals, US studies in the early 1990s

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Prior to the DRL mandate, countries requiring daytime lights permitted low beam headlights to provide that function. National regulations in Canada, Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark require hardwired automatic DRL systems of varying specification. DRLs are permitted in many

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the agency believes improved safety (measured as the reduction in the number of rear-end crashes that resulted in property damage or injury) can be achieved with amber rear turn signal lamps at a cost comparable to red rear turn signal lamp configurations. This is supported by the observation of

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vans. The height of the CHMSL is also regulated, both in absolute terms and with respect to the mounting height of the vehicle's conventional left and right stop lights. Depending on the left and right lights' height, the lower edge of the CHMSL may be just above the left and right lights' upper

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Many countries regulate the installation and use of driving lights. For example, in Russia, each vehicle may have no more than three pairs of driving lights (including the original lights), and in Paraguay, auxiliary driving lights must be off and covered with opaque material when the vehicle is

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LED lights are used for flashing beacon lights on vehicles such as maintenance trucks. Previously, traditional light sources required the engine to continue running to ensure that the battery would not become depleted if the lights were to be used for more than a few hours. The energy-efficient

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Turn signals are, in almost every case, activated by a horizontal stalk protruding from the side of the steering column, though on some vehicles it protrudes from the dashboard. The driver raises or lowers the outboard end of the stalk in accord with the clockwise or anticlockwise direction the

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to flash the lights, and use speakers to produce the distinctive clicking sound associated with turn signals, which was previously made by a relay or the leaf spring in a thermal flasher. If the stalk switch is not moved beyond the fixed left/right position and allowed to flip back, the control

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American technical standards contain provisions for front cornering lights as well as rear cornering lights. Cornering lights have traditionally been prohibited under international UN Regulations, though provisions have recently been made to allow them as long as they are only operable when the

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light. No other colours are permitted except on emergency vehicles. Vehicle lighting colour specifications can differ somewhat in countries that have not signed the 1949 and/or 1968 Conventions; examples include turn signals and side marker lights in North America, as described in those lights'

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Conspicuity for the rear of a vehicle is provided by rear position lights (also called tail lights). These are required to produce only red light and to be wired such that they are lit whenever the front position lights are lit, including when the headlights are on. Rear position lights may be

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rather than flashing lights. They were commonly mounted high up behind the front doors and swung out to a horizontal position. They were fragile and could be easily broken off, and also had a tendency to stick in the closed or open position. They could be fitted with a fixed or flashing light.

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have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers to identify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type with one or two contacts, plastic or glass wedges, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular "festoon" lights. Screw-base lights are never used in

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The idea behind such emergency braking indicator systems is to catch following drivers' attention with increased urgency. However, there remains considerable debate over whether the system offers a measurable increase in safety. To date, studies of vehicles with ESS have not shown significant

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In most countries, cars must be equipped with side-mounted turn signal repeaters to make the turn indication visible laterally (i.e. to the sides of the vehicle) rather than just to the front and rear of the vehicle. These are permitted, but not required in the United States and Canada. As an

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An SAE study has shown that in the United States, more people inappropriately use their fog lights in dry weather than use them properly in poor weather. Because of this, use of the fog lights when visibility is not seriously reduced is often prohibited in most jurisdictions; for example, in

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the side marker lights described below. The front position lights on any vehicle must emit white light, with the exception of motorcycles, which may have amber front position lights. In the US, Canada, Mexico, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia (only if combined with a side marker),

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45/01 provides for two different kinds of side marker light: a type for trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side (intended for showing the overall length of long vehicles from in front and behind a

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to UN Regulation 48 on or after 7 February 2011, and large vehicles (trucks and buses) type approved since August 2012, must be equipped with DRLs. Functional piggybacking, such as using the headlights, front turn signals, or fog lights as DRLs, is not permitted; the EU Directive requires

5425:"Green Front Brake Light for Vehicles Currently Tested in Slovakia. An experiment in testing a fourth brake light in the front of the car, in between lights, is currently underway. The aim is to increase traffic and pedestrian safety to decrease casualties of pedestrians and drivers" 1991:

automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lights with internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lights with colourless lenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.

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as the brighter-than-normal stop lights are within the regulated maximum intensity for stop lights in general, this kind of implementation does not require specific regulatory approval, since the stop lights continue to operate in accord with general stop light regulations.

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have the CHMSL on a stalk fixed to the spare wheel carrier. Trucks, vans, and commercial vehicles sometimes have the CHMSL mounted to the trailing edge of the vehicle's roof. The CHMSL is required by regulations worldwide to be centred laterally on the vehicle, though

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demonstrated improvements in the speed and accuracy of drivers' reactions to the stop lights of vehicles ahead when the turn signals were amber rather than red, and NHTSA determined in 2015 that amber rear turn signals can be provided at comparable cost to red ones.

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Since the late 1960s, there have been proposals to introduce a front-mounted brake light, where green or blue lights would indicate to pedestrians at crossings that an approaching vehicle is slowing down. A small subjective survey was undertaken in the US in 1971.

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repeaters). They are activated by the driver on one side of the vehicle at a time to advertise intent to turn or change lanes towards that side, or used simultaneously as a hazard warning signal to warn other drivers of a vehicle parked on the road (see below).

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High beam (also called main beam, driving beam, or full beam) headlights provide an intense, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular glare control. Therefore, they are only suitable for use when alone on the road, as the glare they produce will

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aftermarket accessories in the early 1950s; by the late 1960s, regulations around the world came to require all new vehicles to be so equipped. Operation of the hazard flashers must be from a control independent of the turn signal control, and an audiovisual

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Low beam (also called dipped beam, passing beam, or meeting beam) headlights provide adequate forward and lateral illumination without dazzling other road users with excessive glare. This beam is specified for use whenever other vehicles are present ahead.

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intensity for a rear fog light is 150 to 300 candela, within the range of a US stop light. Rear fog lights are not required equipment in the US, but they are permitted, and they are found almost exclusively on European-brand vehicles in North America.

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Large vehicles such as trucks and buses are in many cases required to carry additional lighting devices beyond those required on passenger vehicles. The specific requirements vary according to the regulations in force where the vehicle is registered.

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it be visible and operable by the driver, and—at least in North America—that it be labelled with a specific symbol if it is not located on the left side of the steering column. The international UN Regulations do not include analogous specifications.

493:(DRLs). Depending on the regulations of the country for which the vehicle is built, these may be functionally dedicated lights, or the function may be provided by the low beam or high beam headlights, the front turn signals, or the front fog lights. 2077:. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasing with demand for the technology and related styling updates. The first car registered to drive on the road with full LED rear lights was Land Rover's LCV 2/3 346:

The respective purposes of front fog lights and driving lights are often confused, due in part to the misconception that fog lights are always selective yellow, while any auxiliary light that makes white light is a driving light. Automakers and

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vehicles, for turquoise lights in accordance with SAE standard J3134, to indicate to outside observers that the car's self-driving system is engaged. Mercedes is the first car manufacturer to equip their self-driving vehicles with such lights.

1812:, among other bodies, has commissioned studies of vehicle signal systems and configurations to determine the most promising avenues and best practices for enhanced crash avoidance via optimized vehicle conspicuity and signal lighting systems. 2252:

to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributivity light dashboard displays, and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and

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took effect for the 1968 model year, whereupon amber became the only permissible front turn-signal colour. Currently, most countries outside the United States and Canada require that all front, side and rear turn signals produce amber light.

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provide improved conspicuity in conditions requiring it, while the latter were considered too glaring for safe use in built-up areas. The UK was the only country to require such dim-dip systems, though vehicles so equipped were sold in other

2062:) and can benefit from considerably more compact packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed in stop lights; when power is applied, they rise to full intensity approximately 250 333:

In most countries, weather conditions rarely necessitate the use of front fog lights and there is no legal requirement for them, so their primary purpose is frequently cosmetic. They are often available as optional extras or only on higher

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Most jurisdictions permit rear fog lights to be installed either singly or in pairs. If a single rear fog is fitted, most jurisdictions require it to be located at or to the driver's side of the vehicle's centreline—whichever side is the

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manufacturers who still offer fog lights as standard equipment in certain model trims have diversified its use to function also as an automatic lighting delay for vehicles, to light up surroundings and roadside curbs after being parked.

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used when parking in narrow unlit streets to provide parked-vehicle conspicuity to approaching drivers. This function, which is optional under UN and US regulations, is served passively in the United States by mandatory side marker

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they may emit amber light on any vehicle. The "city light" terminology for front position lights derives from the practice, formerly adhered to in cities like Moscow, London and Paris, of driving at night in urban areas using these

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headlights were introduced in 1936 and standardized as the only acceptable type in the US in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940. By 1945, headlights and signal lights were integrated into the body styling.

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provided for hazard flasher indication. Because the hazard flasher function operates the vehicle's left and right turn signals, a left or a right turn signal function may not be provided while the hazard flashers are operating.

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To avoid imposing an unreasonable cost to society, NHTSA's lighting regulation continues to allow for the lower cost rear signal (…) Such a configuration can be achieved using just two bulbs and a two color (red and white)

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fill gas. Traditional HID lights, such as those used for general lighting, have a long warm-up time. Headlights must provide light very shortly after they are turned on, and the xenon gas serves to reduce warm-up time.

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pairs—one left and one right—though some vehicles have multiple pairs (such as two left and two right stop lights) and/or redundant light sources (such as one left and one right stop light, each containing two bulbs).

1074:

The international regulation on motor vehicle bulbs requires manufacturers to test bulbs for colour endurance. However, no test protocol or colour durability requirement is specified. Discussion is ongoing within the

1031:, Israel, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US, the rear signals may be amber or red. Additionally, red turn signals can also be found in countries with trade agreements with the US such as Mexico and 1367:

One potential problem with flashing stop lights in the United States and Canada is regulations that permit flashing stop lights to be used as rear turn signal and hazard lights, in lieu of separate dedicated lights.

383:

Police cars, emergency vehicles, and vehicles competing in road rallies are sometimes equipped with an auxiliary spotlight, sometimes called an "alley light", in a swivel-mounted housing attached to one or both

4382:

Sivak, Michael; Schoettle, B.; Flannagan, Michael J.; Minoda, T. (July 2005). Effectiveness of clear-lens turn signals in direct sunlight (Report). The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

371:

Some modern vehicles activate the cornering light on one or the other side when the steering wheel input reaches a predetermined angle in that direction, regardless of whether a turn signal has been activated.

1758:. Field tests were done in Germany in 2017, as well as in Slovakia in 2022 and 2023. More tests are planned in Italy. Expert analysts have found severe flaws in these tests and the accompanying safety claims. 1255:

permits lateral offset of up to 15 cm if the vehicle's lateral centre is not coincident with a fixed body panel, but instead separates movable components such as doors. Such an offset can be seen on the

1071:. With accumulated heat-cool cycles, though, some of these coatings may flake off the bulb glass, or the colour may fade. This causes the turn signal to emit white light rather than the required amber light. 2081:

in the 1990s. At the time, the only light function that was difficult to reproduce was the reverse light, as white LEDs did not yet exist. The reverse function was only achievable with the introduction of

2016:

and other forward illumination functions. Some recent vehicles use small halogen bulbs for exterior signalling and marking functions, as well. The first halogen light approved for automotive use was the

1840:, and other storage compartments. Modern pickup trucks usually have one or more white cargo lights that illuminate the bed of the truck, often controlled in conjunction with the interior dome lighting. 1226:

a temporary 24-month exemption in January 2006 to the steady-light requirement to evaluate whether a flashing CHMSL provides an emergency stop signal that effectively reduces the likelihood of a crash.

319:

They are sometimes used in place of dipped-beam headlights, reducing glare from fog or falling snow, although the legality of using front fog lights without low-beam headlights varies by jurisdiction.

543:

regulations briefly required vehicles first used on or after 1 April 1987 to be equipped with a "dim-dip" device or special low-intensity running lights, except such vehicles as complying fully with

801:

electromechanically or electronically by the flasher. It is also required that the vehicle operator be alerted by much faster- or slower-than-normal flashing in the event a turn signal light fails.

261:

Auxiliary high beam lights may be fitted to provide high-intensity light to enable the driver to see at longer range than the vehicle's high beam headlights. Such lights are most notably fitted on

5396: 3650: 5507: 201:

is possible to substantially prevent glare for oncoming drivers, while still allowing adequate illumination for drivers to see pedestrians, road signs, hazards, etc. on their side of the road.

343:

Australia, "The driver of a vehicle must not use any fog light fitted to the vehicle unless the driver is driving in fog, mist or under other atmospheric conditions that restrict visibility."

5360:"Mehr Sicherheit durch eine vordere Bremsleuchte? Eine alte Idee, neu entdeckt / Wissenschaftliche Studie belegt Nutzen speziell für die Sicherheit von Fußgängern / Noch viele offene Fragen" 4630: 740:

to ensure that they are visible at all relevant angles, do not dazzle those who view them, and are suitably conspicuous in all conditions ranging from full darkness to full direct sunlight.

58:

ahead for the driver, and making the vehicle visible to others, with indications to them of turning, slowing or stopping, etc., with lights also indicating the size of some large vehicles.

5337: 1986:

was for a long time the only light source used in automotive lighting. Incandescent bulbs are still commonly used in turn signals to stop hyper-flashing of the turn signal flashers. Many

1824:

LED light sources appear increasingly as interior convenience lights in various locations, especially with finely focused lighting on console control surfaces and in cabin storage areas.

5589: 1178:

since 1998, a central stop (brake) light mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lights is also required. The so-called "centre high mount stop lamp", or CHMSL (pronounced

4403:"Ditective 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment" 5302: 3572: 984:

are designed such that the first lit segment of the multi-unit light is considered as the official turn signal, with the segments illuminated afterward considered as auxiliary lights.

2070:

theoretically provides following drivers more time to react to the stop light signal, but has not been shown to make cars with LED stop lights less likely to be struck from behind.

1043:

There is some evidence that turn signals with colourless clear lenses and amber bulbs may be less conspicuous in bright sunlight than those with amber lenses and colourless bulbs.

1238:

On passenger cars, the CHMSL may be placed above the back glass, affixed to the vehicle's interior just inside the back glass, or integrated into the vehicle's deck lid or into a

716:

were used earlier and remain common for bicycles. Hand signals are also sometimes used when regular vehicle lights are malfunctioning or for older vehicles without turn signals.

2113:

used two strips of optically focused high-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lights. Optional on the R8 outside North America were the world's first LED headlights, made by

3745: 1539:

45/01 provides for side marker lights on trucks and other large vehicles producing amber light to the front and red to the rear with no requirement to emit light to the side.

844:

buses). The foot-activated signals allow bus drivers to keep both hands on the steering wheel while watching the road and scanning for passengers as they approach a bus stop.

4826: 3889: 1299:

mandated that all new passenger cars come equipped with a CHMSL. The requirement was extended to light trucks and vans for the 1994 model year. Early studies involving

623:

the body was. These were sometimes used in tandem with fender lights during the same time period, when fenders were separate from the body and only covered the wheels.

1535:

US and Canadian regulations require large vehicles to be equipped with amber side marker lights and reflectors mounted midway between the front and rear side markers.

4286:

Luoma, Juha; Flannagan, Michael J.; Sivak, Michael; Aoki, Masami; Traube, Eric C. (January 1997). "Effects of Turn-Signal Colour on Reaction Times to Brake Signals".

3934: 1276:

could be ordered with optional supplemental high-mounted stop and turn signal lights integrated into the left and right interior trim surrounding the rear glass. The

4202: 5367: 3353: 1272:

was equipped with only one stop light, mounted centrally and higher than the left and right rear lights, which did not produce a stop light function. The 1968–1971

3328: 1032: 528:

In the US, daytime running lights may emit either amber or white light, and may produce up to 7,000 candela. This has provoked a large number of complaints about

121:

tail lights were installed on mass-production automobiles, with LED headlights subsequently being introduced in the 2000s as more powerful LEDs became available.

4910: 4609: 978:

has been officially interpreted as requiring all light sources in an active turn signal to illuminate simultaneously. Some vehicles, such as the 2010 and later

304:

light, and were designed for use at low speed to increase the illumination directed towards the road surface and verges in conditions of poor visibility due to

54:

and signaling devices mounted to or integrated into its front, rear, sides, and, in some cases, top. Various devices have the dual function of illuminating the

2551: 760:

alternative in both the United States and Canada, the front amber side marker lights may be wired to flash with the turn signals, but this is not mandatory.

3771: 986:

Other US vehicles with sequential turn signals comply by illuminating all elements of the turn signal simultaneously, before sequentially turning them off.

2349: 1510:

typically mounted atop the cab of the vehicle. The purpose of these lights is to alert other drivers to the presence of a wide (and usually tall) vehicle.

544: 233: 197: 1721:

US and by the UN contain provisions for determining the minimum and maximum acceptable intensity for lights that contain more than a single light source.

5269: 5432: 2398: 5389: 3658: 3279: 5503: 1084:

Rather than using an amber bulb, some signal lights contain an inner amber plastic enclosure between a colourless bulb and the colourless outer lens.

89:

for headlights and oil lamps for tail lights. It did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until several years after its introduction.

3976: 5046: 296:

Front fog lights provide a wide, bar-shaped beam of light with a sharp cutoff at the top, and are generally aimed and mounted low. They may produce

772:. Since then, many automakers have been incorporating side turn signal devices into the mirror housings rather than mounting them on the vehicle's 3461: 5333: 4751:"NHTSA Technical Report Number DOT HS 808 696: The Long-Term Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps in Passenger Cars and Light Trucks" 5582: 2569:"UN Regulation 112, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps"" 2328: 1809: 1292: 1036: 4790: 3111:"Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 13/00 - Installation of Lighting and Light Signalling Devices on other than L-Group Vehicles) 2005" 2726:"UN Regulation 113, "Motor vehicle headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps"" 1617: 1064: 5295: 1847:

in modern vehicles are illuminated when the headlights are turned on, and the intensity of light can be adjusted by the driver for comfort.

4631:"Mercedes-Benz, U.S.A. LLC; Grant of Application for a Temporary Exemption From Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (71 FR 4961)" 2098:

LEDs in a defined distributed pattern behind a lens, white light was produced that conformed to the legal requirements of a reverse light.

5536: 4879: 3195: 501:

functionally specific daytime running lights compliant with UN Regulation 87 and mounted to the vehicle in accord with UN Regulation 48.

1751:

In 2014, the idea was suggested by Slovakian Lubomir Marjak (of manufacturing company Lumaco, which makes front brake lights) to German

5668: 5236: 4521: 1624: 708:

Electric turn signal lights date from as early as 1907. Possibly the first factory installation of illuminated turn signals was on the

4930: 1162:

and warn vehicles behind to prepare to stop. These are formally called "stop lamps" in technical standards and regulations and in the

603:

In the United States, amber front and red rear side marker lights and retroreflectors are required. The law initially required lights

5828: 5482: 2826: 1008: 975: 237: 205: 509:

permitted or required to extinguish or dim down to parking light intensity individually when the adjacent turn signal is operating.

3823:"Letter of interpretation to Charles I. Sassoon, Panor Corp, of FMVSS Number 108 re Maxxima Lamp M40130R (sequential turn signals)" 2764:"Reglamento General de Tránsito-Asunción, Artículo 186 (General Traffic Regulations-Asuncion, Article 186 — Spanish language)" 2763: 5703: 3066:"J2442: Harmonized Provisions for Installation of Exterior Lamps and Retro-Reflecting Devices on Road Vehicles Except Motorcycles" 6033: 2413: 2102: 351:

parts and accessories suppliers frequently refer interchangeably to "fog lights" and "driving lights" (or "fog/driving lights").

5930: 5807: 5765:"Vehicle Headlighting | The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC" 5134: 4819: 1468:

To warn adjacent vehicle operators and pedestrians of a vehicle's rearward motion, and to provide illumination to the rear when

1174:

In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying

3945: 3848:"Letter of interpretation to W. E. Baldwin, of K-R Industries re paragraph S4.5.11(e) of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. l08" 3170: 5453: 5301:(Technical Memorandum). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: Highway Safety Research Institute (HSRI). HuF-TM-1. 3710: 3218: 1851:

automobiles, for example, have an aircraft-style "night panel" function that shuts off all interior illumination save for the

4657: 3405: 129:

The colour of light emitted by vehicle lights is largely standardized by established conventions, first codified in the 1949

4209: 3509:

Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006

3487:

Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 45/01 – Lighting and Light Signalling Devices not Covered by ECE Regulations) 2006

2472: 1574: 1158:

Red steadily lit rear lights, brighter than the rear position lights, are activated when the driver applies the vehicle's

6505: 5359: 4542: 3786: 3261: 1987: 4368: 4272: 1953:

for street hire are distinguished by special lights affixed to the vehicle's roof in accordance with local regulations.

1479:

Some car models have white reversing lights in the front turn indicators that switch on with the rear reversing lights.

4402: 3611: 3297: 2884: 1311:

A NHTSA report suggests that a vehicle equipped with a CHMSL has 23.7% less risk to be involved as a lead vehicle in a

1277: 1020: 408: 3138: 548:

any direction. In practice, most vehicles were equipped with the dim-dip option rather than dedicated running lights.

1600: 1303:

and other fleet vehicles found that a third high-level stop light reduced rear-end collisions by about 50%. Once the

1163: 134: 130: 1582: 1437: 817:

using the direction-indicator lights to signal for a lane change was facilitated by the addition of a spring-loaded

269:

or imitating such cars. They are common in countries with large stretches of unlit roads, or in regions such as the

6676: 2885:"New South Wales Government – NSW legislation Road Rules 2008 Part 13 Lights and warning devices Clause 218–1" 1661:

presence of stopped or slow traffic ahead on unpredictable natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides.

1261: 1081:, the UNECE working group on vehicular lighting regulation, to develop and implement a colour durability standard. 3232: 2002:) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lights, while bulbs of 4 to 10 W, producing 40 to 130 5848:

Caleffi, Felipe; Rodrigues, Lauren da Silva; Stamboroski, Joice da Silva; Pereira, Brenda Medeiros (2024-04-01).

2968: 2073:

LEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high-mount stop lamps (CHMSLs), beginning with the 1986

1613:

Until about the 1970s in France, Spain, Morocco, and possibly other countries, many commercial vehicles and some

162:

Forward illumination is provided by high- ("main", "full", "driving") and low- ("dip", "dipped", "passing") beam

3757: 1222:

The CHMSL is generally required to illuminate steadily and not permitted to flash, though US regulators granted

6530: 5390:"The Front Brake Light. Its conception and theoretical and experimental evidence for increasing traffic safety" 3868: 3093: 2371: 1578: 5262: 6608: 6525: 6442: 5424: 4253:"Measurement of Effectiveness of Rear-Turn-Signal Systems Accidents from an Analysis of Actual Accident Data" 2725: 2568: 2390: 2155: 1067:

directive, banned cadmium because of its toxicity. Amber glass made without cadmium is relatively costly, so

114: 4065:

vehicle manufacturers changing the rear turn signal lamp color for a vehicle model from one year to the next

2006:(3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lights, parking lights, side marker lights and side turn signal repeaters. 1855:(unless attention is called to a critical situation on another gauge) to improve the driver's night vision. 1007:

legal stumbles in some states and front turn signals were still legally permitted to emit white light until

6640: 4732:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment (48 FR 48235)" 4465: 2126: 2117:. The low and high beams, along with the position (parking) light and front turn signal, all use LEDs. The 1469: 1445: 1281: 1219:

light, the CHMSL also helps to disambiguate brake lights from rear position lights and turn signal lights.

809: 769: 565: 99:—signalling arms that flipped up, which later were lighted—were introduced in about 1900. Silent film star 5028: 4972: 4482: 4420: 3311: 3027: 2808: 2588: 1472:, each vehicle must be equipped with one or two rear-mounted, rear-facing reversing (or "backup") lights. 776:. Some evidence suggests that mirror-mounted turn signals may be more effective than fender-mounted ones. 6389: 6026: 4773:"Report No DOT HS 807 076, The Effectiveness of Center High Mounted Stop Lamps, A Preliminary Evaluation" 833: 4448: 3249: 3007:"SAE Standard J1373, "Rear Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 9.1 m in Overall Length"" 1905:

are usually equipped with intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating

6591: 4850: 3457: 2675:

Relative merits of the U.S. and ECE high-beam maximum intensities and of two- and four-headlamp systems

2125:

Platinum used LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lights. The

1869: 1488: 1312: 1257: 66: 5890: 5849: 4322: 3796:. New York City, New York, USA: New York City Transit Authority Department of Buses: 7. Archived from 6671: 4676: 2656: 2051: 1462: 576: 266: 93:

for automobile headlights were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles.

5956:"The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving | Lighting Futures | Programs | LRC" 5764: 4867: 2257:. Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources. 1230: 964:. These cams would actuate switches to turn on the lights in sequence. Later Ford cars and the 1969 661:

For many years, turn signals' on-off operation was activated by a thermal flasher unit which used a

5159: 4501:"J586: Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles Less than 2032 mm in Overall Width - SAE International" 3890:"The 2020 Chevy C8 Corvette Found a Way Around the U.S. Ban on Sequential Turn Signals @ Top Speed" 1793: 1736: 1563: 1331:

approved rules making emergency stop signals mandatory on new vehicles sold in the European Union.

1077: 1028: 898: 632: 33: 4798: 4750: 4567:

100 Years of Hella: From a Lamp Workshop to Global Supplier to the Automobile Industry (1899–1999)

3434: 902: 607:

retroreflectors on vehicles manufactured after 1 January 1968. This was amended to require lights

6346: 4772: 4694: 3233:"European Commission - Press release - New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today" 1983: 1627:. This could be operated by the driver to indicate that it was safe for the following vehicle to 1567: 1536: 615: 561: 3758:"Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Location and Identification of Controls and Displays" 3543: 1234:

The rear end of a Renault Master. The offset third brake light above the door handle is visible.

994: 436:

South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and much of the Middle East,

6563: 6209: 6019: 4868:

NHTSA analysis of flashing central 3rd stop light ideas, U.S. Federal Register, pp. 65510-65511

2114: 1654: 1145: 1116: 999: 841: 797: 789: 688:

chip to generate square waves to the relay coil, causing the relay contacts to open and close.

348: 20: 5532: 5070: 4886: 4711: 4050: 3994: 3110: 1796:

in 2018. The only production car to feature a built-in front brake light (as of 2023) was the

517:

UN Regulation 87 stipulates that DRLs must emit white light with an intensity of at least 400

6084: 5707: 4184: 3961: 3920: 3903: 3573:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment" 2462: 2297: 2254: 1247: 1059:

The amber bulbs commonly used in turn signals with colourless lenses are no longer made with

965: 894: 845: 685: 505:

countries where they are not required, but prohibited in other countries not requiring them.

5752: 5740: 5240: 1124: 1015: 6510: 5808:"Two States OK Mercedes-Benz's Turquoise Lights Signaling Hands-Free Driving | Motor Trend" 5656:

Effectiveness of LED Stop Lamps for Reducing Rear-End Crashes: Analyses of State Crash Data

5008:"RCW 46.37.100: Color of clearance lamps, side marker lamps, back-up lamps, and reflectors" 4934: 3094:"UN Regulation 53, "Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices for L3 vehicles"" 2202: 2047: 1755: 1208: 651: 552: 490: 460: 5478: 5336:. Panorama > Innovation (in German). Leipzig, Germany: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR). 3651:"We've All Been Living A Lie About Which Car Was The First With Modern-Style Turn Signals" 1099: 8: 6603: 6472: 6452: 6404: 6172: 5782: 5728: 5208: 5183: 5007: 4466:"UN Regulation 7: Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps" 1328: 1093: 753: 696: 572: 413: 2770: 2201:

Neon lights offer the same nearly instant rise time as LEDs, but require a high-voltage

1055:

The colour coating has started to flake off this PY27/7W bulb, a relatively new problem.

6409: 6283: 5528: 4731: 4303: 3685: 2589:"UN Regulation 98, "Motor vehicle headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources"" 2552:"ISO 2575:2010, "Road vehicles – Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales"" 2249: 2074: 2040: 1789: 1752: 1129: 949: 440: 166:, which may be augmented by auxiliary fog lights, driving lights, or cornering lights. 5113: 3139:"R-2003-28: State of the art with respect to implementation of daytime running lights" 3006: 2437: 2121:

features LED low beam, position and side marker lights in North America, and the 2009

6646: 6311: 6042: 5934: 5912: 5871: 5088: 4716: 4653: 4570: 4360: 4307: 4264: 4165: 4161: 3507: 3485: 3354:"NHTSA Docket 4124, Rulemaking to Reduce DRL Glare (aborted), with public complaints" 2985: 2787: 2742: 2468: 2344: 2187: 2122: 1882: 1837: 1426: 1269: 1104: 957: 692: 100: 62: 5955: 4037:, A Car Place, by Daniel Stern, dated 4 January 2018, last accessed 15 February 2020 719: 6575: 6558: 6351: 6316: 6126: 6116: 6079: 5985: 5902: 5861: 5682: 5638: 4384: 4352: 4295: 4256: 4157: 4092: 3716: 2860: 2678: 2511: 2334: 2323: 2318: 2302: 2288: 2232: 2214: 1930: 1296: 1273: 1181: 882: 837: 818: 773: 765: 748: 670: 596: 326: 301: 270: 150: 40: 5263:"Applications of Cars With Front Stop Lamp. Technological Novelty of Road Traffic" 3409: 3044: 2696: 2050:(LEDs) have increasingly been used in automotive lighting. They offer a very long 2021:, which used 55 Watts producing 1500 lumens and was introduced in Europe in 1962. 1429:

also had dual rear fog lights installed in the rear bumper as standard equipment.

1023:

was built with amber rear turn signals from 2006–2008 and red ones from 2009–2014.

1002:

has a US-spec red left rear turn signal and an international-spec amber right one.

948:

Two different systems were employed. The earlier, fitted to the 1965 through 1968

396: 359: 236:

permit higher-intensity high-beam headlights than allowed under U.S. and Canadian

6520: 6447: 6263: 6192: 3822: 3384: 1848: 1413: 1349:

were among the earlier automakers to begin equipping vehicles with ESS. In 2013,

1252: 1175: 961: 674: 662: 4522:"New Zealand vehicle inspection requirements manual, sec. 4-14: Reversing Lamps" 3439:. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 806 430 6467: 6369: 6273: 6268: 5866: 5655: 4234: 2489: 2308: 1774: 1709: 1304: 953: 890: 886: 619:

combination) and the U.S. type amber front/red rear lights for passenger cars.

540: 529: 448: 375:

vehicle is travelling at less than 40 kilometres per hour (about 25 mph).

5907: 5395:. Bonn, Germany: Bonner Institut für Rechts- und Verkehrspsychologie (BIRVp). 5029:"UN Regulation 4, "Illumination of rear registration plates of motor vehicles" 4989: 4777:

Office of Standards Evaluation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

4546: 4421:"UN Regulation 37, Filament lamps of power-driven vehicles and their trailers" 4110: 3797: 3672: 3265: 2844:

Sivak, M.; Flannagan, M. J.; Traube, E. C.; Hashimoto, H.; Kojima, S. (1997).

1364:

The ESS is not expensive because it reuses existing warning and stop signals.

6665: 6630: 6419: 6384: 6379: 6331: 6303: 6278: 6204: 6187: 6136: 6099: 6089: 6071: 6006: 5916: 5875: 4364: 4348: 4268: 4252: 4081: 3847: 3636: 2845: 2245: 2220: 2183: 2158:, or HID lights, sometimes referred to as "xenon lights", are modified metal 2118: 1797: 1699: 1457: 1401: 1397: 1338: 1243: 1239: 1223: 1152: 972:

control module with no moving parts to wear, break, or go out of adjustment.

906: 761: 731:

Some cars from about 1900 to through 1966 used retractable semaphores called

497: 465: 364: 142: 47: 5558:"NHTSA studies vehicle safety and driver behavior to reduce vehicle crashes" 4588: 4299: 1315:

and 16.0% less risk to be involved as a middle vehicle in such a collision.

926: 6596: 6553: 6535: 6326: 6321: 6288: 6182: 6177: 6158: 6143: 6131: 6121: 6106: 6094: 6062: 4169: 4034: 3145: 2414:"Florence Lawrence: Automotive Inventor and the "World's First Movie Star"" 2339: 2282: 2063: 2055: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1681: 1614: 1422: 979: 942: 732: 724: 713: 483: 478: 385: 110: 86: 82: 4021: 3144:. The Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. Archived from 2244:

In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via

217: 6650: 6462: 6457: 6394: 6374: 6245: 5334:"Für mehr Verkehrssicherheit: Slowakei bringt vordere Bremsleuchte voran" 4388: 4240:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 811 115. 4148:

Allen, Merrill J. (December 1964). "Misuse of red light on automobiles".

3065: 2682: 2274: 2078: 2054:, extreme vibration resistance, high colour durability, high efficiency ( 1999: 1886: 1852: 1833: 1762: 1690: 1393: 1069:

most amber bulbs are now made with clear glass dipped in an amber coating

934: 829: 666: 185: 105: 96: 5597:

Research by Lighting Research Center of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

4951: 4349:"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products" 4136:

An evaluation of rear-end signal system characteristics in night driving

599:

with headlights, amber front position lights, and side marker lights lit

227: 6424: 6341: 6293: 6240: 6153: 6148: 4574: 4500: 4351:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International. 4255:. SAE Technical Paper Series (Report). Vol. 1. SAE International. 2497: 2224: 2150: 2106: 2030: 1894: 1628: 1620: 1432: 1417: 1405: 1288: 969: 914: 910: 709: 5607: 4235:

The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts

3586: 3406:"Memorandum submitted by the Institution of Public Lighting Engineers" 2986:"SAE Standard J852, "Front Cornering Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles"" 2305:(laws and recommendations can be similar to automotive specifications) 684:; one of many control strategies with relay-type flashers is to use a 288: 253: 6570: 6224: 6197: 6167: 3746:

U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101: Controls and displays

3312:"UN Regulation 87, "Daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles"" 2175: 2133:

nature of LEDs allows them to continue flashing with the engine off.

2067: 1922: 1902: 1890: 1844: 1782: 1778: 1644: 1379: 1212: 425: 335: 180: 6011: 2066:(¼ second) faster than incandescent bulbs. This effectively instant 1552: 1092:"Tail lamp" redirects here. For the tail lamp on rail vehicles, see 1051: 784: 388:, aimed by a handle protruding through the pillar into the vehicle. 117:(HID) headlights were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first 6515: 6399: 6255: 6214: 5989: 5854:

Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition)

5642: 4356: 4260: 4096: 3715:, Ref 2005-01-0449, Society of Automotive Engineers, archived from 2864: 2313: 2138: 2013: 1970: 1898: 1874: 1669:

ahead on a dual carriageway with a speed limit of at least 50 mph.

1063:

glass, since various regulations worldwide, including the European

877: 727:

deploys from a vehicle's side to indicate a turn in that direction.

638: 262: 175: 163: 118: 78: 51: 37: 5847: 4610:"NHTSA explication of requirement for stop lamps to burn steadily" 3175:

International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles

1353:

introduced the concept on some of their Australian-market models.

137:. With some regional exceptions, lights facing rearward must emit 6336: 6219: 6111: 5557: 4203:"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk" 2191: 2110: 2035: 2018: 1926: 1829: 1530: 1409: 1060: 938: 930: 871: 646: 592: 522: 518: 212: 5977: 3028:"UN Regulation 119, "Cornering lamps for power-driven vehicles"" 1518: 391: 104:

and by 1919, low-beam or dipped beam headlights were available.

28: 5850:"Small-scale self-driving cars: A systematic literature review" 5783:"BMW Z8 (2000 - 2003) used car review | Car review | RAC Drive" 5626: 4486: 3772:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Controls and Displays" 2228: 2195: 2159: 1334: 822: 412:

Front position light lit within front light assembly on a 2018

90: 5978:"Low Beam Head Lamp Design Using Distributive Lighting System" 3436:

An Evaluation of Side Marker Lamps For Cars, Trucks, and Buses

3219:"European Commission Enterprise and Industry web page on DRLs" 2496:. United Nations Conference on Road Traffic. 1949 – via 2461:

Woerdenweber, Burkard; Wallaschek, Jörg; Boyce, Peter (2010).

1199: 1115:"Tail lights" redirects here. For the song by Macklemore, see 489:

Some countries permit or require vehicles to be equipped with

5332:

Allweiß, Marianne (2023-05-19). Written at Prague, Czechia.

4381: 2843: 2179: 2163: 2129:

used entirely LED lights, even in the most basic trim level.

2091: 1994:

Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27 watts producing 280 to 570

1342: 1187: 1159: 681: 297: 146: 4055:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16 3999:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015-12-16 2859:. SAE 970657. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers. 1527:

clearance lights may be amber in Australia and New Zealand.

322: 6414: 5296:"Subjective evaluation of the front-mounted braking signal" 3935:

Amber Waves of Pain: When Front Turn Signals Changed Colour

2488: 2460: 2141:

must withstand endurance tests and function failure tests.

2095: 2083: 2059: 1950: 1702:

trucks without (top) and with (bottom) direct illumination

1389: 1300: 922: 918: 313: 309: 55: 4079: 2105:

was the first passenger car with LED taillights. The 2002

764:

introduced side turn signal repeaters integrated into the

6053: 5388:

Schubert, Wolfgang; Kirschbaum, Bernhard (October 2018).

5381: 3963:

CODE DE LA ROUTE – Arrêté grand-ducal du 23 novembre 1955

3721: 2850: 2109:

was an early adopter of LED front turn signals. The 2007

2087: 1350: 1346: 1190: 1144:"Brake lights" redirects here. For the Game mixtape, see 952:-built cars and the 1971–1972 Nissan Cedric, employed an 680:

Thermal flashers gradually gave way to electromechanical

551:

The dim-dip systems were not intended for daytime use as

305: 265:

cars, and are occasionally fitted to production vehicles

141:

light, side-facing lights and all turn signals must emit

138: 5889:

Hirte, Georg; Laes, Renée; Gerike, Regine (2023-10-01).

5583:

Evaluation of Light-Emitting Diode Beacon Light Fixtures

5077:. Vol. 158, no. 2. February 1951. p. 141. 4952:"J593: Backup Lamp (Reversing Lamp) - SAE International" 4671: 4669: 4111:"The Senseless Ambiguity of North American Turn Signals" 2846:"Fog Lamps: Frequency of Installation and Nature of Use" 1965: 81:

before the availability of electric lighting. The first

5588:(Report). New York State Department of Transportation. 4677:"High Level or Supplemental Brake Lamps - AUTO BREVITY" 4285: 3612:"Here's Why Your Turn Signals Make That Clicking Noise" 1941: 5581:

Bullough, John; Skinner, Nicholas P. (December 2009).

5535:. Mondial Paris Motor Show, Paris, France: GFG Style. 5358:

Glaser, Beate M. (2017-07-13). Galifi, Roberto (ed.).

4080:

Hitzemeyer, E. G.; Wilde, H.; Ellenburger, D. (1977).

3686:"Trafficators/flippers: how old cars used to indicate" 1648:

ISO symbol for hazard warning signal, UNECE 121 symbol

1169: 779: 5829:"Mercedes to differentiate AVs with turquoise lights" 5135:"The truth behind the hazard light 'thank you' flash" 4666: 2231:, the only states where it is legal to operate their 2178:

tubes were introduced into series production for the

1242:. Other specialised fitments are sometimes seen; the 1196: 1110: 5931:"Designing Advanced Automotive Illumination Systems" 2350:

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

2264: 1308:

long-term enduring crash-reduction benefit of 4.3%.

587: 5895:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

5287: 5047:"Why Can't Those 3 Upper ID Lights Be Mounted Low?" 4516: 4514: 3946:"New Amber Turn Signals Causing Unexpected Turmoil" 3787:"Talking Technical: Bus Directional/Signals Lights" 3712:

Geometric Visibility of Mirror-Mounted Turn Signals

3512:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.3 3490:, Government of Australia, 2006-04-26, para. 45.3.1 1739:accessories, but are today seldom seen in traffic. 1715: 1193: 1184: 796:to flash in opposite-phase. An audio and/or visual 5387: 5294:Post, David V.; Mortimer, Rudolf G. (1971-04-08). 4851:"Emergency Stop Signal explained | CarAdvice" 4738:, vol. 48, no. 202, pp. 48235–48244 3533:UNECE 1958 agreement, addendum 120, regulation 121 3428: 3426: 1815: 821:signal-on position just shy of the left and right 555:. Rather, they operated if the engine was running 181:Low beam (dipped beam, passing beam, meeting beam) 3977:"Direction indicator lamps - NZTA Vehicle Portal" 2743:"SAE Standard J581, "Auxiliary Upper Beam Lamps"" 2372:"The Strange but True History of the Turn Signal" 2190:with a neon tube spanning the width of the trunk 2144: 1777:to showcase the potential applications for their 575:successfully prosecuted the UK government in the 273:that receive fewer daylight hours during winter. 6663: 5366:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Autoveritas GmbH. 5327: 5325: 5323: 4511: 4091:. Vol. 1. Society of Automotive Engineers. 4052:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments 3996:New Car Assessment Program, Request For Comments 3794:The Leader – Department of Buses Newsletter 1729: 1482: 1425:, have an option for them. The final generation 1383:ISO symbol for rear fog lights, UNECE 121 symbol 691:Modern cars now use a relaxation oscillator and 5888: 5751:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 5739:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 5727:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 5580: 5496: 5471: 5418: 5416: 4749:Kahane, Charles J.; Hertz, Ellen (March 1998). 4637:, vol. 71, no. 19, pp. 4961–4963 4569:. Management Board of Hella KG Hueck & Co. 4251:Taylor, Gordon W.; Ng, Winson K. (1981-02-01). 3423: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3132: 3130: 836:, have turn signals activated by floor-mounted 700:module will only flash the lights three times. 133:and later specified in the 1968 United Nations 5624: 4990:"Preventing accidents with amber turn signals" 3385:"UK Dim-Dip Running Lights Regulatory History" 2709: 2329:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2024: 1810:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1531:Intermediate side marker lights and reflectors 1318: 1293:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1037:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 752:Mirror-mounted side turn signal repeater on a 631:"Blinker" redirects here. For other uses, see 213:High beam (main beam, driving beam, full beam) 19:For the company owned by Magneti Marelli, see 6027: 5948: 5320: 5160:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989" 4931:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989" 4589:"NHTSA denial of petition for flashing CHMSL" 4320: 4075: 4073: 4045: 4043: 3869:"Ford Unveils the New Pony: The 2010 Mustang" 3708: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3544:"The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989" 3360:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-08-07 3335:. US Department of Transportation. 1998-01-09 2657:"FMVSS No. 108: Lamps and Reflective Devices" 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 1139: 840:on the floor near the driver's left foot (on 650:Illuminated front and side turn signals on a 642:ISO symbol for turn signals, UNECE 121 symbol 496:Passenger cars and small delivery vans first 443:lights rather than the vehicle's headlights. 392:Conspicuity, signal and identification lights 204:The United States and Canada use proprietary 113:headlights were developed in Europe in 1960. 5669:"The First Vehicle with All-LED Tail Lights" 5576: 5574: 5413: 5351: 5293: 5254: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4035:Turn signals — amber or red? Yes, it matters 3371: 3329:"NHTSA Docket 3319 for DRL Glare Complaints" 3211: 3127: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2039:Light-emitting diode (LED) tail lights of a 1634: 1513: 1452: 673:. When activated by the stalk switch on the 5625:Flannagan, Michael; Sivak, Michael (1989). 4748: 3904:"Detroit Report: Safer directionals coming" 3741: 3739: 3171:"LILAC—Low Intensity Large Area City light" 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 1863: 1803: 1581:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 145:light, and lights facing forward must emit 6034: 6020: 5454:"Doing the Right New Lights the Right Way" 4695:"1968 Ford Thunderbird Optional Equipment" 4070: 4040: 4023:Turn Signals—Amber Or Red? Yes, It Matters 3648: 3597: 3560: 3196:"StVZO §51c Parkleuchten, Park-Warntafeln" 3136: 2527: 2438:"Florence Lawrence - Lemelson-MIT Program" 2012:lights are a very common light source for 1957:display a number identifying the vehicle. 852: 124: 5906: 5865: 5753:Regulations 121–140 (Accessed 12.04.2015) 5741:Regulations 101–120 (Accessed 12.04.2015) 5571: 5521: 5431:. Warsaw, Poland: Instytut Jagielloński. 4553: 4449:"GRE 52nd session, informal document #27" 4294:(1). UMTRI, Taylor & Francis: 62–68. 4082:"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?" 2827:"Why Fog Lamps Are Starting to Disappear" 2369: 1601:Learn how and when to remove this message 454: 5826: 5527: 4946: 4944: 4641: 4564: 4346: 4250: 4134:Rockwell, T. H., Safford, R. R. (1969): 3820: 3750: 3736: 3480: 3478: 2887:. NSW Government (Australia). 2012-12-14 2598: 2512:"U.N. Convention on Road Traffic (1968)" 2239: 2034: 1964: 1940: 1873: 1761:Front brake lights were demonstrated in 1698:Red rear side marker retroreflectors on 1643: 1639: 1517: 1504: 1456: 1431: 1378: 1229: 1123: 1098: 1050: 1014: 993: 856: 783: 747: 718: 645: 637: 591: 477: 464: 424: 420: 407: 358: 321: 287: 252: 216: 184: 27: 5975: 5331: 5089:"SAE J910:Hazard Warning Signal Switch" 4967: 4965: 4647: 4565:Burghoff, Wilhelm; et al. (1999). 4182: 3529: 3527: 3525: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2697:"ISO 7000:2012-0639, "Long-range lamp"" 2454: 2186:. Notable later uses included the 1998 1724: 1542: 512: 157: 6664: 5805: 5729:Regulations 1–20 (Accessed 20.08.2012) 5422: 5357: 5260: 4770: 4407:Official Journal of the European Union 3709:Flannagan, M. J.; Reed, M. P. (2005), 3432: 3088: 3086: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2809:"UNECE Regulation 19, Front Fog Lamps" 2788:"SAE Standard J583, "Front Fog Lamps"" 2583: 2581: 2563: 2561: 1977: 1858: 1623:had a green light mounted on the rear 805:steering wheel is about to be turned. 768:in 1998, starting with its facelifted 6041: 6015: 5666: 5218:. Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles 4941: 4729: 4628: 4321:Van Iderstine, Richard (2004-11-04). 4232: 4147: 3845: 3784: 3579: 3475: 3460:. Daniel Stern Lighting. 2002-12-12. 3188: 3058: 2672: 2504: 2481: 2388: 1742: 1262:first-generation Ford Transit Connect 989: 469:ISO symbol for daytime running lights 6636: 4962: 4648:Gaudean, George J. (December 1996). 3642: 3522: 3168: 3020: 2824: 2718: 2464:Automotive Lighting and Human Vision 2411: 2382: 2198:, which made extensive use of neon. 1973:reflector to achieve a directed beam 1579:adding citations to reliable sources 1546: 1495: 1046: 743: 6609:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 4973:"UN Regulation 23: Reversing Lamps" 4458: 3821:Glassman, Jacqueline (2003-05-22). 3304: 3250:EU to make DRLs mandatory from 2011 3083: 2898: 2801: 2578: 2558: 1170:Center high mount stop lamp (CHMSL) 788:Two types of dashboard turn signal 780:Electrical connection and switching 354: 283: 243: 69:to warn drivers of their presence. 13: 5984:. Vol. 1. SAE International. 5071:"Car Lights Flash Warning Signals" 4911:"NHTSA response to MBUSA petition" 4791:"EU Legislation on Vehicle Safety" 3924:magazine, August 1962, pp. 70, 182 3871:. nationalspeedinc.com. 2008-11-18 3382: 2405: 1672: 1374: 1111:Rear position lights (tail lights) 1078:Groupe des Rapporteurs d'Éclairage 16:Lighting system of a motor vehicle 14: 6688: 6000: 5976:Jenkins, D.; et al. (1996). 5933:. Ptbmagazine.com. Archived from 5827:Thompson, Michelle (2023-12-28). 5560:. US Department of Transportation 4771:Kahane, Charles J. (March 1987), 3262:"AL-Automotive Lighting DRL info" 2491:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic 1878:Light bar on a British police car 1327:In February 2019, members of the 1164:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 588:Side marker lights and reflectors 535: 482:LED daytime running lights on an 248: 135:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 131:Geneva Convention on Road Traffic 6645: 6635: 6626: 6625: 6052:Part of a series of articles on 5969: 5923: 5891:"Working from self-driving cars" 5882: 5841: 5820: 5799: 5775: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5696: 5675: 5660: 5649: 5618: 5600: 5595:from the original on 2013-07-29. 5550: 5446: 5239:. State of Idaho. Archived from 5229: 5201: 5176: 5152: 5127: 5106: 5081: 5063: 5044: 5038: 5021: 5000: 4982: 4923: 4903: 4872: 4861: 4843: 4812: 4783: 4764: 4742: 4723: 4705: 4687: 4371:from the original on 2009-02-13. 4275:from the original on 2007-09-28. 4162:10.1097/00006324-196412000-00001 3649:Torchinsky, Jason (2023-08-23). 3433:Kahane, Charles J. (July 1983). 2401:from the original on 2023-04-03. 2281: 2267: 1960: 1936: 1716:Variable-intensity signal lights 1689: 1680: 1657:must be provided to the driver. 1551: 1180: 1027:In Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the 257:ISO symbol for long-range lights 154:sections later in this article. 6007:Turn signal patent, issued 1909 5627:"An Improved Braking Indicator" 5539:from the original on 2023-05-20 5510:from the original on 2023-05-20 5485:from the original on 2022-11-05 5435:from the original on 2023-05-20 5402:from the original on 2023-05-19 5370:from the original on 2023-05-20 5340:from the original on 2023-05-20 5308:from the original on 2023-05-20 5275:from the original on 2023-05-19 4832:from the original on 2007-03-18 4622: 4602: 4581: 4535: 4493: 4475: 4441: 4413: 4395: 4375: 4340: 4314: 4279: 4244: 4226: 4195: 4176: 4141: 4128: 4103: 4014: 3987: 3969: 3955: 3939: 3928: 3914: 3896: 3882: 3861: 3839: 3814: 3778: 3764: 3702: 3678: 3665: 3629: 3536: 3500: 3464:from the original on 2006-08-20 3450: 3398: 3346: 3321: 3290: 3272: 3254: 3243: 3225: 3162: 3103: 3037: 2999: 2978: 2877: 2837: 2818: 2780: 2756: 2735: 2703: 2689: 2666: 2208: 1832:. Many cars have lights in the 1816:Interior and convenience lights 1258:third-generation Renault Master 1103:Double taillights mounted on a 626: 473: 292:ISO symbol for front fog lights 5633:. SAE Technical Paper Series. 5268:. Split, Croatia: HRT Zagreb. 5190:. Washington State Legislature 4712:"'71 Cars: GM's Family Movers" 4543:"Motor Vehicle Rules in India" 3981:vehicleinspection.nzta.govt.nz 3846:Jones, Erika Z. (1988-11-03). 3408:. Daniel Stern. Archived from 2430: 2363: 2145:High intensity discharge (HID) 1843:Most gauges and controls on a 1836:, the engine compartment, the 1735:have in the past been sold as 960:, a set of three slow-turning 870:Sequential turn signals on an 849:self-cancellation or passing. 838:momentary-contact footswitches 521:on axis and no more than 1200 429:ISO symbol for position lights 67:distinctive lighting equipment 1: 6443:Approach and departure angles 5806:Banner, Justin (2023-12-19). 5423:Hochel, Martin (2023-02-23). 4150:American Journal of Optometry 2825:Cobb, James G. (2017-06-29). 2389:Gross, Jessica (2013-07-14). 2370:Motavalli, Jim (2019-10-03). 2356: 2170: 1730:Multicolour auxiliary signals 1483:Rear registration plate light 378: 169: 5667:Davis, Steven (2022-11-01). 5184:"Revised Code of Washington" 4797:. 2019-08-06. Archived from 4795:Vehicular Technology Society 4545:. 2011-08-21. Archived from 4485:. 2011-08-09. Archived from 4347:Dorleans, Guy (1997-02-24). 4183:Francis, Devon (June 1961). 3458:"Flashing Side marker Lamps" 3358:DOT Docket Management System 3333:DOT Docket Management System 3137:Commandeur, Jacques (2008). 2467:. Springer. pp. 95–96. 2418:Historic Vehicle Association 2391:"Who Made That Turn Signal?" 2180:centre high-mount stop light 2127:Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) 1781:material, as well as in the 1280:(from 1971 to 1978) and the 893:between 1967 and 1970, 1969 703: 363:A cornering light on a 1983 7: 6506:Automotive light bulb types 5608:"Dome Light | dc taxi" 5209:"Oregon Vehicle Code, 2015" 4026:, acarplace.com, 2018-01-04 3785:Cuomo, Ronald (June 2003). 3298:"E.U. Directive 2008/89/EC" 2395:The New York Times Magazine 2260: 2101:In North America, the 2000 2025:Light-emitting diodes (LED) 1436:Single rear fog light on a 1319:Emergency stop signal (ESS) 10: 6693: 5982:SAE Technical Paper Series 5867:10.1016/j.jtte.2023.09.005 5704:"Kia Opirus press release" 5685:. Ask.cars.com. 2008-09-16 5683:"What are LED taillights?" 4524:. Ltsa.govt.nz. 2012-07-24 4138:, pp. 12–13, 17, 33, 41–42 4089:SAE Technical Paper Series 2857:SAE Technical Paper Series 2212: 2148: 2028: 2000:mean spherical candlepower 1870:Emergency vehicle lighting 1867: 1461:Lit reversing lights on a 1150: 1143: 1140:Stop lights (brake lights) 1128:Full LED rear lights on a 1114: 1091: 881:fitted to 1965–1971-model 630: 582: 458: 173: 72: 18: 6621: 6584: 6546: 6496: 6485: 6435: 6362: 6302: 6254: 6233: 6070: 6061: 6049: 5908:10.1016/j.tra.2023.103785 5506:. Rohm & Haas. 1969. 5481:. Rohm & Haas. 1967. 4880:"Dynamic stop lamp study" 4825:. Volvo Cars of America. 3910:. April 1962. p. 70. 2412:Paul, John (2016-03-23). 1969:Light source placed in a 1635:Emergency warning devices 1514:End-outline marker lights 1463:Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren 1453:Reversing (backup) lights 1421:as the second generation 577:European Court of Justice 280:operated in urban areas. 77:Early road vehicles used 6526:high-intensity discharge 4591:. Regulations.justia.com 4483:"Mot Test Brakes lights" 4323:"Washington Post Online" 2156:High-intensity discharge 1945:An illuminated taxi sign 1864:Emergency vehicle lights 1804:Research and development 1794:Mondial Paris Motor Show 1522:End outline marker light 1446:prevailing driver's side 1287:Effective with the 1986 1151:Not to be confused with 633:Blinker (disambiguation) 403: 221:ISO symbol for high beam 115:High-intensity discharge 6677:Automotive technologies 4820:"The All-New Volvo S80" 4699:automotivemileposts.com 4681:automotivemileposts.com 4300:10.1080/001401397188378 2710:General Motors (1965). 1984:incandescent light bulb 1933:in certain conditions. 1828:lighting activated via 1087: 853:Sequential turn signals 189:ISO symbol for low beam 125:Colour of light emitted 6210:Stressed member engine 5671:. Halo-Headlights.com. 4650:Motor Vehicle Lighting 3952:, 23 March 1963, p. 65 3045:"Sidelight definition" 2115:AL-Automotive Lighting 2043: 1974: 1946: 1879: 1649: 1537:Australian Design Rule 1523: 1465: 1440: 1384: 1235: 1146:Brake Lights (mixtape) 1132: 1107: 1056: 1024: 1003: 1000:Mercedes-Benz ML-Class 874: 792: 756: 728: 654: 643: 616:Australian Design Rule 600: 491:daytime running lights 486: 470: 455:Daytime running lights 430: 417: 367: 330: 293: 258: 222: 190: 43: 21:AL-Automotive Lighting 6342:Windshield/windscreen 5116:. Sae.org. 1996-08-01 4652:. SAE International. 4329:. The Washington Post 3673:U.S. patent 2,122,508 3284:drivingvisionnews.com 2790:. Sae.org. 2005-09-08 2298:Automotive lamp types 2240:Distributive lighting 2223:received approval in 2048:light-emitting diodes 2038: 1968: 1944: 1913:, or arrays of LEDs. 1899:snow-removal vehicles 1877: 1647: 1640:Hazard warning signal 1521: 1505:Identification lights 1460: 1438:Mercedes-Benz M-Class 1435: 1382: 1248:Land Rover Freelander 1233: 1215:as its light source. 1127: 1102: 1054: 1018: 997: 869: 846:New York City Transit 787: 751: 722: 686:relaxation oscillator 649: 641: 597:1974 Plymouth Valiant 595: 481: 468: 428: 421:Front position lights 411: 362: 325: 291: 256: 220: 188: 31: 6511:Daytime running lamp 5261:Poljak, Ivo (2009). 5114:"SAE J1690:Flashers" 4730:NHTSA (1983-10-18), 4629:NHTSA (2006-01-30), 4233:Allen, Kirk (2009). 3966:, Artt. 41 and 41bis 3690:Join me in the 1900s 3169:Reid, J. A. (1978). 2673:Rumar, Kåre (2000). 1765:including the 1967 1756:Dieter-Lebrecht Koch 1725:Experimental systems 1575:improve this section 1543:Rear overtake lights 1291:, the United States 513:Intensity and colour 461:Daytime running lamp 158:Forward illumination 6473:Weight distribution 6405:Omniview technology 5631:SAE Technical Paper 5529:Giugiaro, Giorgetto 5458:Driving Vision News 3850:. Isearch.nhtsa.gov 3637:U.S. patent 912,831 3587:"SAE International" 3072:. SAE International 2151:Headlamp § HID 2031:Headlamp § LED 1978:Incandescent lights 1859:On service vehicles 1329:European Parliament 1278:Oldsmobile Toronado 1094:End-of-train device 754:Volkswagen Golf Mk5 697:body control module 573:European Commission 414:Dodge Grand Caravan 36:rear lighting on a 6592:Registration plate 5429:3Seas Europe (3SE) 5164:legislation.gov.uk 3548:legislation.gov.uk 3115:legislation.gov.au 3113:. Infrastructure. 2969:"UN Regulation 48" 2831:The New York Times 2219:In December 2023, 2075:Chevrolet Corvette 2044: 1975: 1947: 1883:Emergency vehicles 1880: 1790:Giorgetto Giugiaro 1769:and the and 1969 1753:EU parliamentarian 1743:Front brake lights 1650: 1524: 1489:registration plate 1466: 1441: 1385: 1236: 1133: 1130:BMW 7 Series (G11) 1108: 1057: 1025: 1004: 990:Turn signal colour 875: 793: 757: 729: 655: 644: 601: 525:in any direction. 487: 471: 431: 418: 368: 331: 294: 259: 234:UN ECE Regulations 223: 198:UN ECE regulations 191: 63:emergency vehicles 44: 6659: 6658: 6617: 6616: 6481: 6480: 6312:Glass run channel 6246:Trunk/boot/dickie 6043:Automotive design 5010:. Apps.leg.wa.gov 4956:standards.sae.org 4717:Popular Mechanics 4659:978-1-56091-753-3 4505:standards.sae.org 3950:The Reading Eagle 3922:Popular Mechanics 3827:Isearch.nhtsa.gov 3070:standards.sae.org 3047:. Ldoceonline.com 2712:Optics and Wheels 2345:Twilight Sentinel 2188:Lincoln Mark VIII 2162:lights employing 2123:Cadillac Escalade 1931:mobility scooters 1792:and shown at the 1706: 1705: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1496:On large vehicles 1427:Oldsmobile Aurora 1105:road-rail vehicle 1047:Colour durability 958:reduction gearing 956:driving, through 883:Ford Thunderbirds 867: 834:those in New York 766:side-view mirrors 744:Side turn signals 693:solid-state relay 566:left-hand traffic 101:Florence Lawrence 6684: 6672:Automotive lamps 6649: 6639: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6576:Window deflector 6559:Side-view mirror 6494: 6493: 6117:Continental tire 6080:Backbone chassis 6068: 6067: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6013: 6012: 5994: 5993: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5706:. Archived from 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5329: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5237:"Idaho Statutes" 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4933:. Archived from 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4885:. Archived from 4884: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4779:, Washington, DC 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4736:Federal Register 4727: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4635:Federal Register 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4562: 4551: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4391:. UMTRI-2005-19. 4379: 4373: 4372: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4327:Vehicle Lighting 4318: 4312: 4311: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4208:. Archived from 4207: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4185:"Amber to turn?" 4180: 4174: 4173: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4047: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3983:. December 2019. 3973: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3657:. Archived from 3646: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3608: 3595: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3380: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3264:. Archived from 3258: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2769:. Archived from 2768: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2474:978-3-54036697-3 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2442:lemelson.mit.edu 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2335:Navigation light 2324:Lighting-up time 2319:Hidden headlamps 2303:Bicycle lighting 2291: 2289:Transport portal 2286: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2215:Self-driving car 2103:Cadillac Deville 2086:LEDs; by mixing 2010:Tungsten-halogen 1767:Explorer IV 1693: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1606: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1555: 1547: 1297:Transport Canada 1274:Ford Thunderbird 1253:UN Regulation 48 1211:, or a strip of 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1176:UN Regulation 48 1070: 985: 868: 671:bimetallic strip 545:UN Regulation 48 437: 355:Cornering lights 327:Selective yellow 302:selective yellow 284:Front fog lights 271:Nordic countries 244:Auxiliary lights 151:selective yellow 6692: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6613: 6580: 6542: 6490: 6488: 6477: 6448:Breakover angle 6431: 6358: 6298: 6250: 6229: 6057: 6045: 6040: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5887: 5883: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5650: 5623: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5414: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5330: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5075:Popular Science 5069: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4646: 4642: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4563: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4284: 4280: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4189:Popular Science 4181: 4177: 4156:(12): 695–699. 4146: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4029: 4027: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4002: 4000: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3956: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3915: 3908:Popular Science 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3598: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3117: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2406: 2387: 2383: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2242: 2217: 2211: 2173: 2153: 2147: 2033: 2027: 1980: 1963: 1939: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1818: 1806: 1775:Rohm & Haas 1771:Explorer V 1745: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1710:Retroreflectors 1675: 1673:Retroreflectors 1642: 1637: 1607: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1572: 1556: 1545: 1533: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1485: 1455: 1377: 1375:Rear fog lights 1371: 1321: 1313:chain collision 1183: 1179: 1172: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1122: 1113: 1097: 1090: 1068: 1049: 1021:Honda Ridgeline 992: 983: 911:Nissan Bluebird 899:Japanese-market 891:Shelby Mustangs 887:Mercury Cougars 857: 855: 842:left-hand drive 810:left-hand drive 782: 746: 706: 695:built into the 675:steering column 663:heating element 636: 629: 590: 585: 564:countries with 538: 515: 476: 463: 457: 449:retroreflectors 435: 423: 406: 394: 381: 357: 286: 251: 246: 230:other drivers. 215: 183: 178: 172: 160: 127: 75: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6690: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6643: 6633: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6547:Other elements 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6468:Turning radius 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Bumper sticker 6366: 6364: 6363:Other elements 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6002: 6001:External links 5999: 5996: 5995: 5990:10.4271/960489 5968: 5947: 5922: 5881: 5860:(2): 271–292. 5840: 5819: 5798: 5774: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5695: 5674: 5659: 5648: 5643:10.4271/890189 5617: 5599: 5570: 5549: 5533:"Sibylla GG80" 5531:, ed. (2018). 5520: 5495: 5470: 5445: 5412: 5380: 5350: 5319: 5286: 5253: 5228: 5200: 5175: 5151: 5126: 5105: 5080: 5062: 5037: 5020: 4999: 4981: 4961: 4940: 4937:on 2015-05-03. 4922: 4902: 4871: 4860: 4842: 4811: 4782: 4763: 4741: 4722: 4720:, October 1970 4704: 4686: 4665: 4658: 4640: 4621: 4601: 4580: 4552: 4549:on 2011-08-21. 4534: 4510: 4492: 4489:on 2011-08-09. 4474: 4457: 4440: 4412: 4394: 4374: 4357:10.4271/970913 4339: 4313: 4278: 4261:10.4271/810192 4243: 4225: 4194: 4175: 4140: 4127: 4102: 4097:10.4271/770812 4069: 4039: 4013: 3986: 3968: 3954: 3938: 3927: 3913: 3895: 3881: 3860: 3838: 3813: 3777: 3763: 3749: 3735: 3701: 3677: 3664: 3661:on 2023-08-23. 3641: 3628: 3596: 3578: 3559: 3535: 3521: 3499: 3474: 3449: 3422: 3397: 3383:Gaynor, Mark. 3370: 3345: 3320: 3303: 3289: 3271: 3268:on 2009-04-29. 3253: 3242: 3224: 3210: 3187: 3161: 3126: 3102: 3082: 3057: 3036: 3019: 2998: 2977: 2897: 2876: 2865:10.4271/970657 2836: 2817: 2800: 2779: 2776:on 2008-10-29. 2755: 2734: 2717: 2702: 2688: 2665: 2597: 2577: 2557: 2526: 2503: 2480: 2473: 2453: 2429: 2404: 2381: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2309:Blackout light 2306: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2278: 2262: 2259: 2246:optical fibres 2241: 2238: 2210: 2207: 2172: 2169: 2146: 2143: 2026: 2023: 1988:types of bulbs 1979: 1976: 1962: 1959: 1938: 1935: 1868:Main article: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1817: 1814: 1805: 1802: 1744: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1704: 1703: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1685: 1674: 1671: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1609: 1608: 1559: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1454: 1451: 1376: 1373: 1320: 1317: 1305:novelty effect 1270:Volkswagen Bus 1171: 1168: 1141: 1138: 1112: 1109: 1089: 1086: 1048: 1045: 991: 988: 970:transistorised 954:electric motor 854: 851: 781: 778: 770:E-Class (W210) 745: 742: 705: 702: 628: 625: 589: 586: 584: 581: 537: 536:Dim-dip lights 534: 514: 511: 475: 472: 459:Main article: 456: 453: 422: 419: 405: 402: 393: 390: 380: 377: 356: 353: 285: 282: 250: 249:Driving lights 247: 245: 242: 214: 211: 182: 179: 174:Main article: 171: 168: 159: 156: 126: 123: 74: 71: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6689: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6632: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6484: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385:Hood ornament 6383: 6381: 6380:Front-end bra 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Quarter glass 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6188:Quarter panel 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6090:Body-on-frame 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6004: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5958:. Lrc.rpi.edu 5957: 5951: 5937:on 2011-10-04 5936: 5932: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5830: 5823: 5809: 5802: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5710:on 2014-07-25 5709: 5705: 5699: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5559: 5553: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5484: 5480: 5479:"Explorer IV" 5474: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5369: 5365: 5364:UnfallZeitung 5361: 5354: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5243:on 2009-02-07 5242: 5238: 5232: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4994:acarplace.com 4991: 4985: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4912: 4906: 4892:on 2008-10-29 4888: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4856: 4855:CarAdvice.com 4852: 4846: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4801:on 2019-11-01 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4611: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4467: 4461: 4450: 4444: 4429: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4389:2027.42/57446 4386: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4236: 4229: 4215:on 2012-07-12 4211: 4204: 4198: 4191:. p. 40. 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4066: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4010: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3892:. 2019-07-22. 3891: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3849: 3842: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3803:on 2008-10-29 3799: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774:. 2003-09-23. 3773: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3726:on 2007-09-30 3723: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3575:. 2007-12-04. 3574: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3427: 3412:on 2016-03-22 3411: 3407: 3401: 3386: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3313: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3220: 3214: 3197: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3151:on 2012-02-18 3147: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3008: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 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2189: 2185: 2184:Ford Explorer 2181: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:Lexus LS 600h 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1972: 1967: 1961:Light sources 1958: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1937:Taxi displays 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:mobile cranes 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1871: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1798:Bricklin SV-1 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1700:Ford F-series 1697: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1646: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1605: 1602: 1594: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1560:This section 1558: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1528: 1520: 1511: 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811: 806: 802: 799: 791: 786: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:Mercedes-Benz 755: 750: 741: 737: 734: 726: 721: 717: 715: 711: 701: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 653: 648: 640: 634: 624: 620: 617: 613: 610: 606: 598: 594: 580: 578: 574: 571:In 1988, the 569: 567: 563: 558: 554: 549: 546: 542: 533: 531: 526: 524: 520: 510: 506: 502: 499: 498:type approved 494: 492: 485: 480: 467: 462: 452: 450: 444: 442: 427: 415: 410: 401: 398: 389: 387: 376: 372: 366: 365:Oldsmobile 98 361: 352: 350: 344: 340: 337: 328: 324: 320: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 290: 281: 277: 274: 272: 268: 264: 255: 241: 239: 238:FMVSS / CMVSS 235: 231: 229: 219: 210: 207: 206:FMVSS / CMVSS 202: 199: 195: 187: 177: 167: 165: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 122: 120: 116: 112: 107: 102: 98: 94: 92: 88: 87:carbide lamps 84: 80: 79:fuelled lamps 70: 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 48:motor vehicle 42: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6597:vanity plate 6536:trafficators 6497: 6347:washer fluid 6327:Power window 6322:Opera window 6234:Compartments 6122:Crumple zone 6107:Cabrio coach 6051: 5981: 5971: 5960:. 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Retrieved 2417: 2407: 2394: 2384: 2375: 2365: 2340:Train lights 2250:light guides 2243: 2233:self-driving 2218: 2209:Self Driving 2200: 2182:on the 1995 2174: 2154: 2135: 2131: 2100: 2072: 2064:milliseconds 2052:service life 2046:Since 1993, 2045: 2008: 1993: 1981: 1955: 1948: 1915: 1887:fire engines 1881: 1842: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1807: 1788:designed by 1786:Sibylla GG80 1785: 1773:designed by 1770: 1766: 1763:concept cars 1760: 1750: 1746: 1733: 1719: 1707: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1618:Sovtransavto 1612: 1597: 1588: 1573:Please help 1561: 1534: 1525: 1508: 1499: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1442: 1423:Chrysler 300 1386: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1333: 1326: 1322: 1310: 1286: 1267: 1237: 1221: 1217: 1173: 1157: 1134: 1117: 1083: 1076: 1073: 1058: 1042: 1026: 1005: 980:Ford Mustang 974: 947: 945:since 2010. 885:, 1967–1973 876: 827: 815: 807: 803: 794: 758: 738: 733:trafficators 730: 714:hand signals 707: 690: 679: 660: 656: 652:Toyota Vista 627:Turn signals 621: 614: 608: 604: 602: 570: 562:Commonwealth 556: 550: 539: 527: 516: 507: 503: 495: 488: 484:Audi A4 (B8) 474:Installation 445: 432: 395: 382: 373: 369: 345: 341: 332: 318: 295: 278: 275: 267:derived from 260: 232: 224: 203: 196: 192: 161: 128: 97:Trafficators 95: 83:Ford Model T 76: 60: 45: 32:Extensively 25: 6531:sealed beam 6463:Roll center 6458:Ride height 6395:Japan black 6390:Instruments 6375:Curb feeler 6241:Hood/bonnet 5769:lrc.rpi.edu 5612:dfhv.dc.gov 5139:The Spinoff 5045:Berg, Tom. 4115:youtube.com 2376:cartalk.com 2275:Cars portal 2255:cup holders 2079:concept car 1929:, and even 1895:police cars 1853:speedometer 1737:aftermarket 1621:road trains 1213:neon tubing 1033:South Korea 935:Toyota C-HR 725:trafficator 667:leaf spring 397:Conspicuity 349:aftermarket 336:trim levels 240:standards. 106:Sealed beam 6666:Categories 6317:Greenhouse 5962:2010-11-24 5941:2010-11-24 5901:: 103785. 5834:2024-05-17 5813:2024-05-17 5792:2017-11-12 5714:2014-07-19 5689:2009-05-01 5564:2022-04-15 5543:2023-05-20 5514:2023-05-20 5489:2023-05-20 5464:2023-12-09 5439:2023-05-20 5406:2023-05-19 5374:2023-05-20 5344:2023-05-20 5312:2023-05-20 5279:2023-05-19 5247:2008-11-09 5222:2018-07-19 5194:2011-12-24 5169:2024-05-30 5145:2022-02-23 5120:2010-11-24 5099:2010-11-24 5056:2016-09-29 5014:2010-11-24 4916:2010-11-24 4896:2008-04-17 4836:2007-03-25 4805:2019-11-01 4757:2006-04-26 4615:2010-11-24 4595:2010-11-24 4575:B000JP6DB6 4528:2018-10-22 4434:2024-05-03 4367:. 970913. 4333:2006-08-14 4288:Ergonomics 4271:. 810192. 4219:2012-06-07 4121:2022-09-23 4059:2020-02-15 4030:2020-02-15 4003:2020-02-15 3875:2014-12-10 3854:2010-11-24 3832:2010-11-24 3807:2008-07-12 3730:2006-08-14 3695:2023-11-16 3622:2022-11-03 3553:2022-09-20 3516:2020-02-15 3494:2020-02-15 3468:2006-08-14 3443:2009-07-18 3416:2021-07-28 3391:2006-08-14 3387:. 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