434:. As the buildings began to deteriorate over time, city authorities showed interest in the quarry, not only for the repairs but also for future construction. For now, when some deteriorated kersantite feature has to be replaced, the artificial stone is used (as in the case of the pedestal of the Play of Black Horses). Geologists suggested to the city to obtain the ownership over the land on which the pit is located and to reopen it. The Belgrade City government announced in 2012 that it will unilaterally explore the pit until it gets reopened and inspected it in 2013. Large amounts of already cut kersantite were found. Locals have been illegally extracting the stone and crushing it to use as road cover. After the political change in Belgrade in late 2013, the motion was dropped.
823:. Though officially closed in 1893, the mine was extracting ore only from 1887 to 1891. From 1889 to 1890 some 30 tons of mercury was sold. The survey of Šuplja Stena was continued in 1910 and, with interruptions, lasted until 1959, while the preparatory works for the reopening began in 1967. Smelters was built, the production continued in 1968 and until spring 1972 when it was finally closed, the mine produced 80 tons of mercury. Mine in Šuplja Stena is considered one of the best explored one, in geological, chemical, mineralogical and mining sense.
155:
1196:
464:
1434:. The construction of the complex, which is planned to be operational over the entire year thanks to the artificial snowing system (skiing specifically from November to February), should start in 2019. The piste will start in the immediate vicinity of the tower and end at the logger's cabin. Due to the altitude and the climate, the north-western slope, in the direction of Pinosava, is chosen. The track has been labeled as the "blue", which means it is of and intermediate level of difficulty.
803:
1906. It worked until 1941, and in this period 18,800 tons of ore was extracted. It was reopened in 1948 and closed in 1953. 55,000 tons of ore was extracted in this period, containing lead, zinc, silver, gold and copper. Along the road to
Mladenovac there is the Ciganlija mine, with numerous smaller horizontal pits covered with overgrowth. Next to the mine is Zavljak stream, where remains of the slag dated to Antiquity were discovered. The slag contains lead, zinc, copper and silver.
148:
778:, Vladimir Milojčić said that the "cave is old as Avala", formed by the volcanic activity and elevation of the terrain. The cave was first used by the wild animals and later by the prehistoric peoples, with animal and human remains, and prehistoric mining artefacts have been discovered. However, geographer Dragan Petrović in his work on the caves of Šumadija, lists caves on the present Belgrade's territory, but makes no mention of Šuplja Stena.
882:
1088:
1204:
41:
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Potok, Pinosava and Zuce. Later, a motion for Vrčin to split from the municipality of Grocka and creation of a joint sub-Avalan municipality also appeared. If created, the new municipality would have a population of 27,556 in 2022. In
September 2007 an official motion was started by the municipality of Voždovac to create this new municipality, which would also include
1070:
Railroads also run on both sides of the mountain. Eastern branch is a section of the
Belgrade-Niš railroad. It runs through the tunnel under the Avala at Beli Potok and then through Včrin. Western branch runs through Ripanj and the long "Ripanj tunnel" (though not under the Avala), and continues into
806:
The ore in Šuplja Stena was rediscovered in 1882, and in 1883 survey began with digging of the "Jerina" horizontal pit. By 1886, horizontal pit "Prečica" with smelters, was also finished. During this period, numerous pits and shafts were dug, with 7 km (4.3 mi) being dug only in 1891. From
793:
paintings and was exported to Greece. Mining activities ceased by the 1960s, when the last two mines, Šuplja Stena and Crveni Breg, were closed. Šuplja Stena ("Hollow
Boulder") was a mercury mine while in Crveni Breg ("Red Hill"), lead, zinc, silver and gold were extracted. Crveni Breg was closed in
870:
in 1999. Its total reconstruction began in 2006 and was officially opened at a ceremony on 21 April 2010. The new tower is almost the exact replica of the destroyed one, including the unique three-feet base. Belgrade's
General Urbanistic Plan (GUP) for the 2001–2021 period defines the mountain as a
802:
The survey of the Crveni Breg began in 1870, and the mine was opened in 1886. Lead, zinc and silver were mined. It was intermittently operational till 1901 when it was purchased by the
Belgian company from the previous Serbian owners. Operational again from 1902, it was sold to the French owners in
939:
A movement for creation of the new
Belgrade's municipality called Avalski Venac originated in 1996. A motion for the recreation of the municipality of Ripanj appeared in 2002. The idea was to split municipality of Voždovac of its distant, suburban settlements in the area of the Avala: Ripanj, Beli
754:
around 6000 BC, and that Ionian seamen discovered primitive mine in Šuplja Stena. The
Ionians continued to mine cinnabarite and with their final departure from Vinča, the mine stoppe working until being partially revived by the Celts. Pots with mercury were discovered in Šuplja Stena, but not the
449:
flows on the eastern slopes. Other minor flows include the
Vranovac, a tributary to the Bolečica. A small artificial lake near the village of Pinosava was created on the western slope of the mountain. The settlements in the area are notorious for problems with shortages of drinking water during
1130:
Hotel "Avala"; built in 1928 by the
Russian architect Viktor Lukomsky. Russian sculptor Aleksandr Zagrodnyuk sculpted two sphinx which are located at the hotel's north side, on the staircase to the hotel's terrace. The hotel was privatised in 2005, but in 2007 it was declared a cultural
1421:
The first local, Serbian competition after World War II was also held here, in 1946. The usual route was the one starting at the logger's cabin and ending all the way to the foothills above Ripanj. The tracks were quite crude. Despite low altitude, construction of the
540:
Some areas within the mountain are additionally protected., including the "Complex of mountain beech, oak, maple and elm", which is in the first level of protection. It is located in the valley of the Vranovica stream, close to the "Čarapićev Brest" visitors' complex.
1747:
1095:
Avala is a traditional picnic resort for Belgraders, but its capacities are not being used much. In 1984 number of tourists was only 15,700 despite over 1.5 million of inhabitants in Belgrade. Some attractions and capacities on the mountain include:
763:. Examination showed that it matches materials from Avala. Vinča developed c.5700 BC, Vladimir Milojević claim the production for certain from 2000 BC to 750 BC without being able to say when the mining began. Remains from both the Neolithic and the
878:, Avala functioned as a quarantine. The patients were first placed in the mountaineering camp "Čarapićev Brest", which was adapted into the ad-hoc hospital. The patients were later relocated closer to the main road, in the "1000 Ruža" motel.
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389:
and stopped operating before 1960. In the process of restitution after 2000, the quarry was returned to the surviving owners, but they live abroad so the quarry is still not operational. It is the only known location of
548:. Illegal construction of the complex of houses, without any permits, began in January 2021. Inspections closed it, but the construction continued before it was halted. Demolition of the complex began in August 2022.
556:
Avala is known for its diverse plant life, despite not being a tall mountain. There are over 600 plant species living on the mountain. Some of them are protected by the law as natural rarities, like certain types of
727:
circa 5700 BC. Settlers of Vinča apparently melted cinnabarite and used it in metallurgy. Mining was active on the mountain at 3000 BC. However, it is still contested when people began mining on Avala, from the
798:
are being formed inside. By 2009 the upper level was prepared for visitors, having been cleaned and lighted for some 300 m (980 ft), but the project of turning it into a tourist attraction failed.
334:
with minerals and cinnabarite ore were discovered (Šuplja Stena, Dževerov Kamen, Dževerov Potok, Rupine, Kamenik-Spomenik, Kamenik and Prečica), with 13 additional between Šuplja Stena and Topčiderka river.
1121:, later rebuilt in 2010; In June 2017 the tourist complex was opened at the base of the tower. It includes, among other facilities, a restaurant, ethno-gallery, souvenir shop, sports fields and outdoor gym.
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military delegation which died in an airplane crash on the Avala on October 19, 1964. They were flying to Belgrade for the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the liberation of Belgrade in
232:
Avala is located 16 km (9.9 mi) south-east of downtown Belgrade. The entire area of the mountain belongs to the Belgrade City area, the majority of it being in the municipality of
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On the mountain itself, there are several springs, of which Sakinac is best known. Despite being the only mountain in the area, Avala is not a source of many rivers. The
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Annually, from July 1 until July 10, a traditional camp of Serbian mountaineers is held on the Avala. Among other mountaineering activities, there are competitions in:
589:. Almost 70% of Avala is forested, or 5.01 square kilometres (1.93 sq mi). Thus, the meadow plant communities are rare. Other protected plant species include
303:). Other peaks include Ladne vode (340 m (1,120 ft)), Zvečara (347 m (1,138 ft)), Sakinac (315 m (1,033 ft)). The Avala had deposits of
521:
Despite being officially protected for almost 150 years, it was only in 2007 that preservation plans for the mountain were made. That way, Avala entered a circle of
1051:, the most important road in the southern outskirts of Belgrade, which connects all the southern sections of the city. It is also a projected route of the future
2471:
2416:
1862:
Novak Bjelić (30 Mar 2018). "Казивања о "Трепчи": 1303–2018 – Рудници под једном капом" [Tales of "Trepča": 1303–2018 – Mines under one administration].
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1457:. Projected price is €5 million. As the project includes cutting of the mountain forest, the opposition to the project amounted and no works began before 2020.
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Sub-Avalan settlements are directly connected to Belgrade by the bus lines of the city's public transportation, with terminus in the Belgrade's neighborhood of
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In the early 20th century, plans were made for further forestation of the mountain. In his last visit to Serbia in 1903, Austro-Hungarian naturalist
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The first skiing competition in Yugoslavia was held on Avala in 1929. In 1934, Belgrade was declared a national ski center, and by 1936 there were
970:("Avala road") is an extension of the Boulevard of the Liberation, which directly connects the mountain to downtown Belgrade (via neighborhoods of
2431:
2396:
2068:
2050:
692:, which built a new town in Žrnov's place as a counter-fortress to the Belgrade city fort, and renamed it "havale", which originally comes from
2481:
1146:; Projected by the architect Slobodan Mihajlović in the 1960s, on the northern slopes of the Avala, above Beli Potok. It was renovated in 2003;
844:
835:
in October 1944, a fighting for the liberation of Belgrade in World War II. Germans halted their mechanized units along the Smederevo road, at
494:. The destruction of Žrnov, which was demolished with dynamite, caused massive discontent among the citizens of Belgrade. In the period of the
367:
81:
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Project "Green regulations of Belgrade" - IV phase: Plan of the general regulation of the green area system in Belgrade (concept of the plan)
427:
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In early September 2020, unknown persons began clearing the field in the protected downhill of Avala. The field was a recorded habitat of
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2376:
956:, during the April 2022 campaign for the local elections in Belgrade, favored formation of the municipality, but also of several others.
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but in 2014 it burned to the ground in the fire. In 2016–17 it was reconstructed to look exactly the same way it looked before the fire.
2582:
2019:
Slobodan Kljakić (2 August 2010), "Od šest kvartova do sedamnaest opština" [From six quarters to seventeen municipalities],
2542:
415:
1153:. It was made of wood and stone and named (“Mitrović Home”) after dr Dušan Špirta Mitrović, a medical doctor and volunteer on the
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issued an order for the Avala to get fenced and protected that way. He also banned construction of houses on the mountain itself.
2310:
1605:
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was built in the immediate vicinity of the Avala Tower and Monument to the Unknown Hero. The foundations were consecrated by the
1430:
have been proposed in 1994 and 2005. In October 2018, city government announced plans to set a 550 m (1,800 ft) long
1239:), it was completed in 1938. An earlier monument was erected in 1915 at the location by the German soldiers, on the orders of
1539:
522:
1974:
Dejan Aleksić (8 October 2017), "Dug i skup put do novih opština" [Long and costly road to the new municipalities],
1749:Пројекат "Зелена регулатива Београда" - IV фаза: План генералне регулације система зелених површина Београда (концепт плана)
948:
at the time, it was blocked by the members of the same party on the city level. It was also proposed by the political party
2035:
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in Belgrade by 2018 is located on the mountain. A small camping ground, it is situated on the slopes in the Ripanj section.
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at the mountain, but after the joint attack of Yugoslav Partisans and Red Army, Belgrade was liberated on 20 October 1944.
398:. For decades, kersantite was used for Belgrade buildings. Features built with this stone include the fountain between the
272:, etc.), thus earning its geographical classification. However, Avala remains an "island mountain" as the area around it,
1249:
770:
It is still debated whether Šuplja Stena is a natural cave or was completely dug for the mining purposes. Remains of the
514:, Avala was reduced to the status of the "public property of general benefit" and placed under direct management of the
2303:
1726:
1531:
411:
2275:
2262:
2248:
1592:
1183:, on the top of the mountain. There, it forks in two, one end reaching the tower while the other leads to the church.
900:
839:, continued equipped with the light weapons and spread over Avala. German units were commanded by lieutenant general
244:. It is possible that in the future the entire area of Avala would create a separate municipality of Belgrade, named
794:
1953 and has traces of the usage from the Roman period. It has seven levels, out of which four are flooded, and the
743:
conquest. There are three major mines, Šuplja Stena, Crveni Breg and Ciganlija, the first being the most explored.
2135:
1308:
in 1804 and liberator of Belgrade from the Turks, built in Beli Potok, his birthplace, near the mountaineers home
2784:
1956:
875:
1918:
1685:
2769:
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believed that the vast mines of cinnabarite (mercury-sulfide) on Avala were crucial for the development of the
423:
323:
times. Other metals mined on the mountain include silver, gold and zinc. At the Šuplja Stena localities, seven
2098:
759:. A vast number of potteries discovered in Vinča was internally glazed with cinnabarite, with some quartz and
1235:
shaped like female figures, in this case each one representing a woman from a different historical region of
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1878:
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and M. Krstić. It had a restaurant look-out on 120 m (390 ft). The tower was destroyed during the
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2287:
1666:
1212:
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74:
20:
1808:
212:. It is situated in the south-eastern corner of the city and provides a great panoramic view of Belgrade,
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1466:
1272:
1269:
1118:
511:
220:, as the surrounding area on all sides is mostly lowlands. It stands at 511 metres (1,677 ft) above
201:
147:
1897:
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plateau of the northern Low Šumadija, is low and mostly flat. In the north it extends into the woods of
1445:
cannons, decorative lights, parking lots and special machinery. Phase II comprises the building of the
1284:
257:
2203:
Goran Vesić (18 August 2023). "Авала као прво скијалиште" [Avala as the first skiing ground].
1360:
1334:
1141:
945:
642:
431:
184:
2680:
1076:
224:, which means that it enters the locally defined mountain category just by 11 m (36 ft).
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Avala is well connected with Belgrade and other parts of Serbia via roads, highway and railroads.
2426:
1688:[Still not known what will happen to illegal structured in the protected area of Avala].
740:
475:, or, by the modern standards, "sight of the exquisite values". That year, Serbian ruling prince
407:
196:
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2340:
915:(on the south, the largest one, with a population of 10,084 by the 2022 census of population),
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1500:
1305:
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859:
638:
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885:
811:, when he sold it to an English firm, but continued to manage works. The ore was exported to
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or "Avalski Grad" (Avala town) was located on top of Avala. In 1442. it was conquered by the
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1243:
987:
634:
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476:
419:
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8:
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1220:
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320:
1326:
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2718:
2062:
1313:
1044:
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832:
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to be added next. Protected areas of Avala spread over 48,913 hectares (120,870 acres)
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1195:
944:
from the municipality of Rakovica Supported by the local administration headed by the
863:
2411:
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1588:
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1301:
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noted that the mountain would become "another exceptional excursion area", after the
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264:. Until 600,000 years ago, when the surrounding low areas were flooded by the inner
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1411:
1395:
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472:
129:
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1686:"Još se ne zna šta će biti sa nelegalnim objektima u zaštićenom području na Avali"
720:
2350:
1390:
1288:
1171:
Hiking trail "Sakinac", fully revitalized in September 2020. Formerly paved with
840:
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mining on Avala began in c.1420, after the Law on mines was issued by the Despot
782:
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693:
296:
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1848:
On the interpretation and dating of the site of Belo Brdo at Vinča in Yugoslavia
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1415:
1154:
991:
851:
836:
689:
654:
646:
602:
331:
2635:
2345:
463:
269:
2758:
2733:
2728:
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1570:[Merchants from Vienna, London and China purchased ores from Avala].
1527:
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1351:
1240:
1108:
1040:
1025:
971:
889:
751:
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park. Remains of the medieval Žrnov were removed in 1934 to make way for the
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265:
245:
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96:
83:
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2511:
2441:
2295:
438:
2743:
2700:
2486:
2446:
1375:
1295:
1257:
1253:
622:
570:
386:
284:
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2053:[Veselinović: Batajnica will become new Belgrade's municipality].
1033:
530:
2391:
1453:, mini golf course, artificial climbing rock, children playground and an
1427:
1216:
1114:
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which would continue through the Bolečica river valley and the projected
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771:
681:
598:
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on the south-west, flows on the western slopes of Avala, while the river
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633:
Almost 100 species of birds live on Avala, including strictly protected
534:
487:
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261:
233:
217:
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1442:
1423:
1346:
1338:
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1107:; after the 1990s it turned into a residential place refugees from the
1072:
1064:
1047:, runs east of the mountain, through Vrčin. North of the mountain runs
650:
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403:
391:
277:
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1846:
1349:, built next to the church, is also made of wood. The church contains
1345:
Miroslav Nikolić, it covers only 50 m (540 sq ft). The
1192:
Special attractions of the Avala are several monuments. They include:
1021:
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2640:
2038:[Proposition on change of the Belgrade statute] (in Serbian).
1407:
1228:
1224:
1176:
1165:
1104:
1103:, a former very popular children's resort, located on the mountain's
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one section is a circular road which goes to the top of the mountain.
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729:
507:
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347:
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Ana Vuković (10 June 2017), "Kompleks na Avali dobio novi izgled",
1988:
1902:
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1627:
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Motel "1000 Ruža" in Beli Potok; now adapted into the 3-star hotel;
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209:
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1013:, and makes a connection to the major road in the western Serbia,
928:
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Settlements near the mountain are not much populous. They include
776:
Prehistoric mine Šuplja Stena on Avala hill near Belgrade (Serbia)
710:
685:
268:, Avala was an island, just as the neighboring mountains (Kosmaj,
2690:
1625:
J.Lucić (29 March 2008), "Avala – predeo izuzetnih odlika",
1446:
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1087:
979:
975:
855:
664:
A section of the mountain is organized as a game hunting ground.
594:
395:
339:
1020:
third section goes south-east, parallel to the highway, through
927:(on the north, 3,717), all in the municipality of Voždovac, and
2630:
2537:
1940:[What was it like in the "Čarapića Brest" quarantine].
1342:
1232:
1203:
1028:
and further to the south and east (where it meets the highway).
1006:
912:
816:
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790:
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645:. Total of 21 bird species is protected. Other species include
414:, pedestal of the Play of Black Horses statues in front of the
363:
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324:
237:
205:
167:
64:
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1921:[The night when the sky above Belgrade incandescent].
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1431:
820:
747:
733:
614:
610:
578:
1746:
Anica Teofilović; Vesna Isajlović; Milica Grozdanić (2010).
525:, which also included the mountain of Kosmaj, the island of
385:
was privately owned, but was confiscated by the state after
40:
2051:"Veselinović: Batajnica će postati nova beogradska opština"
920:
756:
503:
371:
342:, named after the mountain, was found. A greenish mineral,
308:
1935:
1811:[Hunters travel to Belgrade with their families].
377:
On the southern slopes, in the area of Ripanj, the closed
1792:[40 natural monuments protected in the capital].
1760:. Urbanistički zavod Beograda. p. 40. Archived from
672:
304:
240:, and the southernmost extension in the municipality of
1304:– dedicated to Vasa Čarapić, one of the leaders of the
843:, who was killed during the battle. Germans also had a
362:
who established its formula. Optically examined by the
236:, with the eastern slopes being in the municipality of
1606:"Malo stepenište na Kalemegdanu čeka beogradski kamen"
903:, is located in Zuce, on the eastern slopes of Avala.
854:
was constructed, one of the tallest structures in the
789:
in 1412. In this period, the cinnabarite was used for
1959:[Rocketmen from Avala guard Belgrade's sky].
1294:
Memorial Park – dedicated to the victims of the
931:(on the east, 8,601), in the municipality of Grocka.
319:
and mining activities which can be traced to the pre-
260:, though it is actually the northernmost mountain in
1005:
second section continues to the south-west, through
1587:, Vol. I, "Narodna knjiga" & "Politika", 2006,
895:
The 1st Air Defense Missile Battalion, one of the "
1724:
1117:, landmark TV Tower that was destroyed during the
2133:
1895:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1603:
1565:
1501:"Avala – lepotiva Beograda: Zaboravljena planina"
1498:
529:and the woods of Stepin Lug, with the forests of
2756:
2018:
1916:
1644:
1437:Phase I includes the construction of the piste,
1215:– dedicated to the unknown Serbian soldier from
1137:, in the southernmost extension of the mountain;
1043:, a section of one of the major European roads,
471:The mountain has been protected since 1859 as a
2255:Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije
2222:[Ski-trail on Avala nowhere in sight].
2119:[New hiking trail "Sakinac" on Avala].
1707:[Fighting communal and urban rampage].
888:, planned seat of the proposed municipality of
1844:
1727:"Prestonica dobija još devet prirodnih dobara"
1705:Обрачун са комуналним и урбанистичким дивљањем
1179:. It connects the Sakinac water spring to the
2325:
2311:
1973:
1954:
1876:
1720:
1718:
1664:
1568:Руду са Авале куповали у Бечу, Лондону и Кини
428:Cathedral Church of St. Michael the Archangel
2123:(in Serbian). 22 September 2020. p. 14.
2033:
1861:
1645:Staniša B. Jovanović, "Detaljnije o Avali",
1426:, with sports and recreational venues and a
1175:, it is covered with the crushed stone from
952:in 2010 and Nova Stranka in 2015. Coalition
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2183:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2101:[Camping tourism – missed chance].
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2067:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1936:Desanka Kosanović Ćetković (13 May 1972).
1790:У престоници заштићено 40 споменика природе
1702:
1524:Srpska enciklopedija, Vol. II, page 142-143
1325:Small church dedicated to the Saint Despot
1111:but was reconstructed and reopened in 2012;
774:culture were discovered in it. In his 1943
338:Avala is also a location where the mineral
2318:
2304:
2140:[Wooden temples preserved faith].
2048:
1715:
1669:[Construction savagery on Avala].
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1124:Weekend-settlement on the southern slopes;
2243:, Third edition (1986), Vol.I; Prosveta;
1938:Како је било у карантину "Чарапића брест"
1783:
1781:
826:
577:. The area is also abundant in medicinal
2780:Serbian military monuments and memorials
2188:[Skiing under the Avala tower].
2172:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1638:
1414:. A special bus line was organized from
1331:Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church
1264:forces participated in the expulsion of
1202:
1194:
1164:One of only three officially designated
1086:
880:
850:In 1965, a 202-metre-high (663 ft)
671:
462:
416:House of the National Assembly of Serbia
358:), it was discovered by Serbian chemist
2155:
2153:
2151:
2099:"Kamping turizam – neiskorišćena šansa"
1957:"Raketaši s Avale čuvaju nebo Beograda"
1919:"Noć kad se usijalo nebo nad Beogradom"
1830:[Explorer of the underground].
1624:
1479:
1418:to the ski structures on the mountain.
1268:. Among those killed in the crash were
746:Vasić also claimed that Vinča hosted a
2757:
1778:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1499:Marija Brakočević (13 November 2016),
1366:
807:1884 to 1889 it was majority owned by
354:alumosilicate (variety of the mineral
2299:
2220:Ски-стаза на Авали још није на видику
2117:Нова пешачка стаза "Сакинац" на Авали
1683:
1653:
1635:
1604:Marija Brakočević (27 October 2013),
1187:
370:who classified it as a member of the
295:, which are injected in the shape of
195:
2148:
1917:Dimitrije Bukvić (21 October 2018).
1826:Branka Vasiljević (17 March 2019).
1518:
1516:
1879:"Pogled s neba i podzemne avanture"
1877:Branka Jakšić (24 September 2017),
1807:Branka Vasiljević (5 August 2018).
1788:Branka Vasiljević (3 April 2022).
1548:
1250:Monument to the Soviet war veterans
1207:Monument to the Soviet war veterans
696:and means "obstacle" or "shelter".
441:river, originating in the woods of
394:in Serbia, a rare type of greenish
13:
1955:Milan Galović (31 December 2021).
1725:Vladimir Vukasović (9 July 2013),
1667:"Graditeljsko divljaštvo na Avali"
1566:Branka Vasiljević (9 July 2023).
1532:Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti
1252:– dedicated to the members of the
412:Small Staircase in Kalemegdan Park
14:
2796:
2281:
2218:Ana Vuković (16 December 2019).
2134:Branka Vasiljević (10 May 2020).
2036:"Predlog izmene statute Beograda"
1942:Politika (reprint on 13 May 2022)
1896:Marija Brakočević (29 May 2009),
1809:"Lovci u Beograd stižu porodično"
1513:
1287:. The monument was sculptured by
959:
934:
901:250th Air Defense Missile Brigade
831:Avala was a key point during the
767:are also discovered in the cave.
676:Žrnov fortress, destroyed in 1934
523:protected green areas of Belgrade
381:("Tešić Quarry") is located. The
2164:[Avala dares Kopaonik].
2162:"Avala izlazi na crtu Kopaoniku"
2034:Nova Stranka (21 January 2015).
1898:"Rudnik na Avali čeka posetioce"
1283:of the Soviet Union and General
1071:western Serbia and further into
699:
153:
146:
39:
2211:
2196:
2160:Ana Vuković (14 October 2018).
2137:Hramovi od drveta sačuvali veru
2127:
2109:
2090:
2075:
2042:
2027:
2012:
2009:Politika, 29 October 2007, p.27
2003:
2000:Politika, 20 October 2007, p.27
1994:
1982:
1967:
1948:
1929:
1910:
1889:
1870:
1855:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1739:
1703:Ana Vuković (24 August 2022).
1696:
1665:Andreja Dodić (24 March 2021).
1312:. It was sculptured in 1991 by
876:1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak
732:, to the earnest mining by the
597:. High woods mostly consist of
2097:Ana Vuković (16 August 2018).
1677:
1618:
1597:
1585:Srpska porodična enciklopedija
1578:
906:
628:
498:, the mountain was declared a
424:Elementary School King Petar I
188:
19:For the villages in Iran, see
1:
2462:Pastures of the Great Bustard
2432:Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit
2241:Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija
2184:Ana Vuković (4 March 2019).
1673:(in Serbian). pp. 24–25.
1472:
1410:and a 20 m (66 ft)
1401:
1281:first deputy defense minister
551:
458:
154:
2288:Mountaineering camp on Avala
2268:Turističko područje Beograda
2049:N1 Beograd (27 March 2022).
1534:, Zavod za udžbenike. 2013.
1213:Monument to the Unknown Hero
1199:Monument to the Unknown Hero
1157:. In 1981 it was declared a
923:(on the north-east, 1,915),
871:sports and recreation area.
492:Monument to the Unknown Hero
251:
45:Мount Avala in February 2015
7:
2186:Скијање под Авалским торњем
1834:(in Serbian). pp. 6–7.
1467:List of mountains in Serbia
1460:
1320:
1273:Sergey Semyonovich Biryuzov
1119:1999 NATO bombing of Serbia
512:National Assembly of Serbia
502:, in 1936. In 1946, by the
453:
256:Avala is a low type of the
227:
97:44.68902389°N 20.51602028°E
10:
2801:
2253:Jovan Đ. Marković (1990):
2234:
1832:Politika-Magazin, No. 1120
1285:Vladimir Ivanovich Zhdanov
1082:
708:
69:511 m (1,677 ft)
18:
2709:
2601:
2525:
2392:Stari Begej – Carska Bara
2369:
2333:
2327:Protected areas of Serbia
2226:(in Serbian). p. 15.
2207:(in Serbian). p. 17.
2192:(in Serbian). p. 15.
2168:(in Serbian). p. 15.
2105:(in Serbian). p. 14.
1963:(in Serbian). p. 12.
1944:(in Serbian). p. 16.
1925:(in Serbian). p. 08.
1866:(in Serbian). p. 20.
1796:(in Serbian). p. 14.
1711:(in Serbian). p. 15.
704:
643:European green woodpecker
432:Main Post Office Building
283:The mountain is built of
258:Pannonian island mountain
140:
135:
125:
117:
112:
73:
63:
55:
50:
38:
33:
28:
2219:
2185:
2136:
2116:
2086:(in Serbian), p. 14
1937:
1827:
1789:
1748:
1704:
1631:(in Serbian), p. 23
1567:
102:44.68902389; 20.51602028
2636:Ćelije hydroacumulation
1991:, 4 November 2007, p.23
1260:, October 20, 1944, as
1149:Mountaineering camp of
1140:Mountaineering camp of
667:
2785:Rhodope mountain range
2417:Jelašnička river Gorge
2257:; Svjetlost-Sarajevo;
1684:FoNet (16 July 2022).
1306:First Serbian Uprising
1208:
1200:
1092:
919:(on the west, 3,239),
892:
868:NATO bombing of Serbia
827:World War II and later
755:smelting artefacts or
750:trade colony from the
723:, on the banks of the
677:
639:European honey buzzard
468:
2770:Geography of Belgrade
2666:Lepterija - Soko Grad
2497:Trešnjica river Gorge
1206:
1198:
1090:
1009:, Lipovička Šuma and
884:
675:
496:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
466:
406:, the bordure of the
2604:outstanding features
2270:, "Geokarta", 2007,
1845:Vladimir J. Fewkes.
1244:August von Mackensen
1077:Belgrade–Bar railway
1041:Belgrade–Niš highway
994:). On the mountain,
899:" battalions of the
858:, by the architects
635:Eurasian sparrowhawk
516:Government of Serbia
484:Felix Philipp Kanitz
420:Belgrade Cooperative
2765:Mountains of Serbia
2686:Veliko Ratno Ostrvo
2656:River Pčinja Valley
2558:Šargan - Mokra Gora
2477:Selevenjske pustare
1367:Mountaineering camp
1357:Nectarios of Aegina
1337:, in 2015. Made of
583:early-purple orchid
527:Veliko Ratno Ostrvo
118:English translation
93: /
2651:Ovčar-Kablar Gorge
2382:Brzansko Moravište
1441:, training trail,
1209:
1201:
1188:Monuments on Avala
1093:
1045:European route E75
1015:Ibarska magistrala
998:divides in three:
893:
833:Belgrade Offensive
678:
659:Eurasian scops owl
469:
51:Highest point
16:Mountain in Serbia
2752:
2751:
2710:Natural monuments
2681:Subotička Peščara
2646:Miruša Waterfalls
2641:Mali Rzav Springs
2412:Gornje Podunavlje
1828:Истраживач лагума
1541:978-86-7946-121-6
1159:cultural monument
1075:, as part of the
860:Uglješa Bogunović
625:and other trees.
546:Caspian whipsnake
418:and buildings of
178:
177:
121:Obstacle, shelter
2792:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2131:
2125:
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2113:
2107:
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2094:
2088:
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2079:
2073:
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2066:
2058:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2025:
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2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
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1971:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1927:
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1914:
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1893:
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1886:
1874:
1868:
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1859:
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1842:
1836:
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1785:
1776:
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1766:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1601:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1449:on rails track,
1412:ski jumping hill
1396:Mountain running
1341:and designed by
1327:Stefan Lazarević
1219:; sculptured by
1173:asphalt concrete
1143:Čarapićev brest
1067:into Vojvodina.
1053:Belgrade beltway
946:Democratic Party
787:Stefan Lazarević
473:natural monument
199:
197:[âv̞ala]
194:
190:
185:Serbian Cyrillic
157:
156:
150:
126:Language of name
108:
107:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
43:
26:
25:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2711:
2705:
2696:Vršac Mountains
2603:
2597:
2521:
2507:Venerina padina
2370:Nature reserves
2365:
2329:
2324:
2290:
2284:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2158:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1890:
1875:
1871:
1860:
1856:
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1839:
1829:
1824:
1820:
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1791:
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1697:
1682:
1678:
1663:
1654:
1643:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1602:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1549:
1542:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1497:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1404:
1391:Mountain biking
1383:(on an outdoor
1369:
1323:
1310:Čarapićev brest
1289:Jovan Kratohvil
1275:, chief of the
1223:in the form of
1190:
1085:
988:Karađorđev Park
962:
937:
909:
864:Slobodan Janjić
845:7th SS division
841:Walter Stettner
829:
783:Medieval Serbia
761:phyllosilicates
713:
707:
702:
670:
631:
554:
477:Miloš Obrenović
461:
456:
374:mineral group.
307:, most notably
254:
230:
192:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
164:
163:
162:
158:
101:
99:
95:
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87:
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79:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2798:
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2787:
2782:
2777:
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2767:
2750:
2749:
2747:
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2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
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2607:
2605:
2599:
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2580:
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2529:
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2514:
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2504:
2499:
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2469:
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2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Deliblato Sand
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:National parks
2331:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2282:External links
2280:
2279:
2278:
2265:
2251:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2195:
2171:
2147:
2126:
2108:
2089:
2074:
2041:
2026:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1981:
1966:
1947:
1928:
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1888:
1869:
1854:
1837:
1818:
1799:
1777:
1738:
1714:
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1676:
1652:
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1547:
1540:
1512:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1455:adventure park
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1359:and pillow of
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1298:
1292:
1247:
1221:Ivan Meštrović
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:Mitrovićev dom
1169:
1162:
1155:Salonika front
1151:Mitrovićev dom
1147:
1138:
1135:Trešnja resort
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1091:Avala TV Tower
1084:
1081:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1003:
961:
960:Transportation
958:
936:
935:Administration
933:
908:
905:
852:Avala TV Tower
837:Mali Mokri Lug
828:
825:
706:
703:
701:
698:
690:Ottoman Empire
684:, the town of
669:
666:
655:common kestrel
647:common buzzard
630:
627:
553:
550:
460:
457:
455:
452:
443:Lipovička šuma
379:Tešićev Majdan
293:magmatic rocks
253:
250:
229:
226:
208:, overlooking
176:
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159:
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31:
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15:
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6:
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2797:
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2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Šalinac Grove
2737:
2735:
2734:Rugova Canyon
2732:
2730:
2729:Resavska cave
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Đavolja Varoš
2717:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
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2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:Đetinja Gorge
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:Landscapes of
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Stara Planina
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
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2518:
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2492:Titelski Breg
2490:
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2397:Danilova kosa
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2357:
2356:Šar Mountains
2354:
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2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
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2328:
2321:
2316:
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2298:
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2277:
2276:86-459-0099-8
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:86-01-02651-6
2260:
2256:
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2250:
2249:86-07-00001-2
2246:
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2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2144:(in Serbian).
2143:
2139:
2130:
2122:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2057:(in Serbian).
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1962:
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1943:
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1815:(in Serbian).
1814:
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1803:
1795:
1784:
1782:
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2533:Begečka jama
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2487:Suva Planina
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1300:Monument to
1296:World War II
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368:Tamir Grodek
360:Sima Lozanić
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285:serpentinite
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2724:Marble cave
2712:(selection)
2626:Kamena Gora
2427:Karađorđevo
2346:Fruška Gora
1361:Saint Petka
1217:World War I
1115:Avala Tower
984:Autokomanda
907:Settlements
874:During the
796:stalactites
772:Neanderthal
739:, prior to
682:Middle Ages
629:Animal life
599:durmast oak
581:, like the
567:black broom
317:cinnabarite
270:Fruška Gora
100: /
75:Coordinates
21:Avala, Iran
2759:Categories
2588:Stara Tisa
2563:Lake Palić
2512:Vinatovača
2442:Lake Ludaš
1771:2022-01-16
1473:References
1443:snowmaking
1424:ski resort
1408:ski pistes
1402:Ski center
1347:bell tower
1339:white pine
1237:Yugoslavia
1229:caryatides
1073:Montenegro
1065:the Danube
1049:Kružni put
925:Beli Potok
886:Beli Potok
709:See also:
651:stock dove
619:black pine
603:Turkey oak
591:common yew
587:belladonna
552:Plant life
459:Protection
439:Topčiderka
404:Stari Dvor
392:kersantite
315:'s ore of
278:Stepin Lug
193:pronounced
88:20°30′58″E
85:44°41′20″N
2568:Ponjavica
2437:Kraljevac
2377:Bagremara
2063:cite news
1428:cable car
1355:of Saint
1225:mausoleum
1177:Struganik
1166:campsites
1131:monument;
1105:wind rose
1034:Trošarina
737:Scordisci
730:Neolithic
531:Košutnjak
508:Presidium
400:Novi Dvor
383:stone pit
348:magnesian
329:carbonate
321:Antiquity
301:laccolith
289:limestone
252:Geography
222:sea level
214:Vojvodina
136:Geography
65:Elevation
2775:Šumadija
2676:Sopoćani
2593:Zlatibor
2548:Jegrička
2517:Zasavica
2467:Prebreza
2351:Kopaonik
2224:Politika
2205:Politika
2190:Politika
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2142:Politika
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2084:Politika
2021:Politika
1989:Politika
1976:Politika
1961:Politika
1923:Politika
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1883:Politika
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1709:Politika
1671:Politika
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1628:Politika
1611:Politika
1572:Politika
1506:Politika
1461:See also
1451:zip-line
1439:ski lift
1381:Climbing
1321:Churches
1262:Red Army
1061:Omoljica
1011:Barajevo
950:G17 Plus
917:Pinosava
607:hornbeam
563:box tree
559:laburnum
535:Topčider
488:Topčider
454:Wildlife
450:summer.
447:Bolečica
352:potassic
344:chromian
274:Pinosava
262:Šumadija
234:Voždovac
228:Location
218:Šumadija
210:Belgrade
202:mountain
2701:Zaovine
2691:Vlasina
2583:Tikvara
2553:Kamaraš
2457:Osredak
2235:Sources
1447:bobsled
1416:Slavija
1270:Marshal
1266:Germans
1233:columns
1227:with 8
1083:Tourism
1022:Trešnja
992:Slavija
980:Banjica
976:Jajinci
856:Balkans
680:In the
595:oregano
510:of the
506:of the
396:granite
364:Israeli
340:avalite
313:mercury
200:) is a
130:Serbian
2631:Kosmaj
2543:Grmija
2538:Golija
2472:Prokop
2387:Bukovo
2341:Đerdap
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1343:deacon
1335:Irinej
1254:Soviet
1007:Ripanj
954:Moramo
942:Resnik
913:Ripanj
817:London
813:Vienna
791:fresco
752:Aegean
748:Ionian
734:Celtic
725:Danube
705:Mining
694:Arabic
657:, and
615:linden
356:illite
325:quartz
238:Grocka
206:Serbia
168:Serbia
113:Naming
2661:Radan
2611:Avala
2452:Okanj
2422:Jerma
1765:(PDF)
1758:(PDF)
1752:[
1432:piste
1057:Vinča
1026:Ralja
929:Vrčin
821:China
741:Roman
711:Žrnov
686:Žrnov
611:beech
579:herbs
332:veins
242:Sopot
189:Авала
181:Avala
161:Avala
59:Žrnov
34:Авала
29:Avala
2502:Uvac
2361:Tara
2272:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2069:link
1589:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1279:and
1039:The
1024:and
990:and
921:Zuce
897:Neva
819:and
757:slag
668:Name
641:and
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585:and
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533:and
504:ukaz
430:and
402:and
372:mica
311:and
309:lead
305:ores
297:cone
291:and
216:and
56:Peak
2671:Ras
2407:Goč
781:In
350:or
204:in
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