Avebury - Knowledge

1076: 2057:. Ley lines are commonly seen as tracks on the land, intersecting at various monuments and landmarks, supposedly connecting "earth energies". They are recalled to be ancient paths that connected sacred spaces. Those who study crop circles claim that the circles are formed by extraterrestrial creatures trying to warn the world about events such as climate change or people trying to communicate from an alternate universe. Others believe in natural methods of explaining the phenomena, such as vortexes or ball lightning. There are a great number of crop circles in Wiltshire, including Stonehenge and Avebury. Crop circle season often begins at the end of May and ends by September, when the harvesting of the crops cuts away the circular patterns. 36: 1760: 490: 1866: 1974:

interested in proving an association with his antiquarian work and the Avebury stones to provide additional information on the holy doctrine of the Trinity. He believed that the snake illustrated on the stones represented the Messiah and the circle meant "divine," a symbol for God. In the remaining part of the trinity, wings, which were not depicted on the stones, represent the holy spirit. He concluded that the absence of wings on the pattern of stones at Avebury was because of the challenge of depicting them on stones. Terence Meaden held the theory that Neolithic inhabitants carved faces in the stones.

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point in the early 14th century, villagers began to demolish the monument by pulling down the large standing stones and burying them in ready-dug pits at the side, presumably because they were seen as having been erected by the Devil and thereby being in opposition to the village's Christian beliefs. Although it is unknown how this situation came about, archaeologist Aubrey Burl suggests that it might have been at the prompting of the local Christian priest, with the likely contenders being either Thomas Mayn (who served in the village from 1298 to 1319), or John de Hoby (who served from 1319 to 1324).

1948:, priests of the Iron Age peoples of north-western Europe, who were persecuted by Roman invaders. Political events such as the Acts of Union 1707 and the Hanoverian succession of 1714 motivated British nationalism and Stukeley's antiquarian ideals. In the 1720s scholarly opinion was largely based on the idea that the stones were Roman works. Most believed that ancient Britons were "too unsophisticated" to construct an intricate architectural structure. Archaeologists since then have identified the monument as having been constructed two thousand years before the Iron Age, during the Neolithic. 1199: 52: 2843: 59: 879: 1978: 785: 703: 1563:, a fortnight later, and the site further captivated the king's interest, who commanded Aubrey to dig underneath the stones in search of any human burials. Aubrey, however, never undertook the king's order. In September 1663, Aubrey began making a more systematic study of the site, producing a plan that has proved invaluable for later archaeologists, for it contained reference to many standing stones that would soon after be destroyed by locals. 1097:

the people would have been watching ceremonies or standing on the earthen banks. A lack of pottery and animal bone from excavations at Avebury suggest that the entrance to the henge was prohibited. The lack of "mess" and archaeological finds indicates "sanctity". Many of the stones had former uses before being transported to Avebury. For instance, many of the sarsens had been used to polish stone axes, while others had been "heavily worked".

1469: 4775: 559: 1040: 432: 1376:, a type of timber hut with a sunken floor, being constructed just outside the monument's west bank in the 6th century. Only a few farmers appeared to have inhabited the area at the time, and they left the Avebury monument largely untouched. In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Anglo-Saxon peoples began gradually converting to Christianity, and during the 10th century a church was built just west of the monument. 611: 1460: 497: 545: 776: 742:, dated between 7000 and 4000 BC, having been found in the area. The most important of these discoveries is a densely scattered collection of worked flints found 300 m (980 ft) to the west of Avebury, which has led archaeologists to believe that that spot was a flint working site occupied over a period of several weeks by a group of nomadic hunter-gatherers who had set up camp there. 513: 627: 579: 529: 595: 947: 977: 354:(a bank and a ditch) with a large outer stone circle and two separate smaller stone circles situated inside the centre of the monument. Its original purpose is unknown, although archaeologists believe that it was most likely used for some form of ritual or ceremony. The Avebury monument is a part of a larger prehistoric landscape containing several older monuments nearby, including 2046:. Researcher and author Paul Devereux deemed the monuments in the Avebury landscape to be associated with one another by "engineered sightlines" towards Silbury Hill. He believed that the terracing towards the top of the mound indicated a connection between the complex constructions in the area. Environmental evidence from buried soil under Silbury Hill showed no evidence of soil 1555:, who privately made many notes about Avebury and other prehistoric monuments which remained unpublished. Aubrey had first encountered the site whilst out hunting in 1649 and, in his own words, had been "wonderfully surprised at the sight of those vast stones of which I had never heard before." Hearing of Avebury and taking an interest in it, 1336:, where they may have come into conflict with the Britons already settled there. Aubrey Burl suggested the possibility that a small group of British warriors may have used Avebury as a fortified site to defend themselves from Anglo-Saxon attack. He gained this idea from etymological evidence, suggesting that the site may have been called 1587: 1404: 1239:. Coins dating from the 1320s were found with the skeleton, and the evidence suggests that the man was fatally injured when the stone fell on him whilst he was digging the hole in which it was to be buried in a mediaeval "rite of destruction". As well as the coins, Keiller's team found a pair of scissors and a 1247:

publish a full report. The archeologist Isobel Smith was commissioned by Gabrielle Keiller to synthesise and complete the full report. Smith completed the publication in 1965, reorganised the stone numbering system for the landscape, and put Windmill Hill, Avebury and West Kennet Avenue into context.

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Alexander Keiller financed and led excavations on West Kennet Avenue in 1934 and 1935; the North West sector of Avebury in 1937; the South West sector in 1938, and the South East sector in 1939. It can reasonably be said that "Avebury today is largely Keiller's creation", as Keiller directed his team

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Archaeologist Aaron Watson highlighted the possibility that by digging up earth and using it to construct the large banks, those Neolithic labourers constructing the Avebury monument symbolically saw themselves as turning the land "inside out", thereby creating a space that was "on a frontier between

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Stukeley most likely shared his theories with his friends within the Antiquarian Society or the Roman Knights. He was motivated in proving that the Druids had formed the stones because he could prove that ancient Britons were well-informed about science, disproving sceptics like Hearne. Stukeley was

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around the site, preventing many souvenir shops from opening up in an attempt to keep the area free from the "customary gaudiness that infiltrates most famous places" in the United Kingdom. Two shops have been opened in the village catering to the tourist market, one of which is the National Trust's

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The construction of large monuments such as those at Avebury indicates that a stable agrarian economy had developed in Britain by around 4000–3500 BC. The people who built them had to be secure enough to spend time on such non-essential activities. Avebury was one of a group of monumental sites

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During the Late Neolithic, British society underwent another series of major changes. Between 3500 and 3300 BC, these prehistoric Britons ceased their continual expansion and cultivation of wilderness and instead focused on settling and farming the most agriculturally productive areas of the island:

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near the monument's southern entrance that would have once supported a large wooden post. Although this posthole was never dated when it was excavated in the early 20th century, and so cannot definitely be ascribed to the Mesolithic, Gillings and Pollard noted that its positioning had no relation to

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Stukeley determined that by gathering a mass of information about all known stone circles and other archaeological sites, one could build a typology and provide an accurate understanding of prehistoric sites. He formed a typology of "Celtic" stone temples, attempting to associate the monuments with

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requested that the skeleton be re-buried in 2006, but in April 2010 the decision was made to keep it on public view. From the mid 1960s to her death in 1978, Faith Vatcher was the curator of the museum. She was heavily involved in the excavations on the western side of the henge in 1969 and in what

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in 1837, the majority of Neolithic standing stones at Avebury had gone, having been either buried by pious locals in the 14th century or broken up for building materials in the 17th and 18th. Meanwhile, the population of Avebury village was rapidly increasing, leading to further housing being built

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visited the site, where he witnessed the destruction being undertaken by the local people. Between then and 1724 he visited the village and its monument six times, sometimes staying for two or three weeks at the Catherine Wheel Inn. In this time, he made meticulous plans of the site, considering it

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hit the village in 1349, almost halving the population. Those who survived focused on their agricultural duties to grow food and stay alive. As a result, they would not have had the time or manpower to once more attempt to demolish any part of the non-Christian monument, even if they had wanted to.

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antlers as their primary digging tool, producing a henge ditch with a 9-metre (30 ft) high bank around its perimeter. Gray recorded the base of the ditch as being 4 metres (13 ft) wide and flat, but later archaeologists have questioned his use of untrained labour to excavate the ditch and

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to the south, has caused some to describe the area as a "ritual complex"—a site with many monuments of interlocking religious function. Based on the scale of the site and wealth of archaeological material found in its ditches, particularly animal bone, it is theorised that the enclosure on Windmill

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The southern inner ring was 108 metres (354 ft) in diameter before its destruction in the 18th century. The remaining sections of its arc now lie beneath the village buildings. A single large monolith, 5.5 metres (18 ft) high, stood in the centre along with an alignment of smaller stones.

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Within the henge is a great outer circle. With a diameter of 331.6 metres (1,088 ft), this is one of Europe's largest stone circles, and Britain's largest. It was either contemporary with, or built around four or five centuries after, the earthworks. It is thought that there were originally 98

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The top of the bank is irregular, something Caroline Malone suggested was because of the irregular nature of the work undertaken by excavators working on the adjacent sectors of the ditch. Later archaeologists such as Aaron Watson, Mark Gillings and Joshua Pollard have, however, suggested that this

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studies of recent and contemporary societies, Gillings and Pollard suggest that forests, clearings, and stones were important in Neolithic culture, not only as resources but as symbols; the site of Avebury occupied a convergence of these three elements. Neolithic activity at Avebury is evidenced by

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that included pottery. These developments allowed hunter-gatherers to settle down and produce their own food. As agriculture spread, people cleared land. At the same time, they also erected the first monuments to be seen in the local landscape, an activity interpreted as evidence of a change in the

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and analysis of pollen and occasionally insects in buried soils have shown that the environment of lowland Britain changed around 4250–4000 BC. During the Neolithic period, argillic (clayey) brownearths reigned in the landscape formed by the acidifying conditions of a closed woodland, becoming

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in 1993, those assembled divide into two groups, one referred to as the God party and the other as the Goddess party. Those with the Goddess party go to the "Devil's Chair" at the southern entrance to the Avebury henge, where a woman representing the spirit guardian of the site and the Goddess who

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Alexander Keiller and Stuart Piggott published short reports from the excavations, however the outbreak of World War II, Keiller's failing health and dwindling finances, and Piggott's career which took him abroad during the war and into new archaeological projects post war, meant that they did not

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The purpose which Neolithic people had for the Avebury monument has remained elusive, although many archaeologists have postulated about its meaning and usage. Many suggest that the henge could have been a meeting place for the citizens of the area for seasonal fairs or festivals. During that time

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viewpoint to the monument, believed that the way in which the Avenue had been constructed in juxtaposition to Avebury, the Sanctuary, Silbury Hill and West Kennet Long Barrow had been intentional, commenting that "the Avenue carefully orchestrated passage through the landscape which influenced how

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speaks through her sits in the chair-like cove in the southern face of the sarsen stone. Meanwhile, those following the God party process around the outer bank of the henge to the southern entrance, where they are challenged as to their intent and give offerings (often of flowers, fruit, bread or

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Stukeley was disgusted by the destruction of the sarsen stones in the monument, and named those local farmers and builders who were responsible. He remarked that "this stupendous fabric, which for some thousands of years, had brav'd the continual assaults of weather, and by the nature of it, when

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in the popular imagination of the locals. The largest stone at the southern entrance became known as the Devil's Chair, the three stones that once formed the Beckhampton Cove became known as the Devil's Quoits and the stones inside the North Circle became known as the Devil's Brand-Irons. At some

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that vehemently denounced things considered to be "pagan", which would have included pre-Christian monuments like Avebury. The majority of the standing stones that had been a part of the monument for thousands of years were smashed up to be used as building material for the local area. This was

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techniques. Environmental factors may also have made a contribution. The long grassland area formed a dense vegetational mat which eventually led to the decalcification of the soil profile. In the Mesolithic period, woodland was dominated by alder, lime, elm and oak. There is a major decline in

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have interpreted Avebury and its neighbouring prehistoric monuments differently from academics. These interpretations have been defined by professional archaeologist Aubrey Burl as being "more phony than factual", and in many cases "entirely untenable". Such inaccurate ideas originated with

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Due to the fact that various Pagan, and in particular Druid groups, perform their ceremonies at the site, a rota has been established, whereby the Loyal Arthurian Warband (LAW), the Secular Order of Druids (SOD) and the Glastonbury Order of Druids (GOD) use it on Saturdays, whilst the

1603:, the Iron Age priests of north-western Europe, in the year 1859 BC. He developed the idea that the two Inner Circles were a temple to the moon and to the sun, respectively, and eventually came to believe that Avebury and its surrounding monuments were a landscaped portrayal of the 1427:

under one of the toppled stones in 1938. He had been carrying a leather pouch, in which were three silver coins dated to around 1320–25, as well as a pair of iron scissors and a lancet. From these latter two items, the archaeologists surmised that he had probably been a travelling

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believed that the Iron Age Britons living in the region would not have known when, why or by whom the monument had been constructed, perhaps having some vague understanding that it had been built by an earlier society or considering it to be the dwelling of a supernatural entity.

377:. During the Early Middle Ages, a village first began to be built around the monument, eventually extending into it. In the late medieval and early modern periods, local people destroyed many of the standing stones around the henge, both for religious and practical reasons. The 1881:

and later artefacts collected from across the Avebury landscape. As well as financing excavations at Avebury, Alexander Keiller demolished some newer structures and built the museum now bearing his name. The museum is housed in the 17th-century stables, and is operated by

1634:, which had been published in 1723. Whereas Stukeley claimed that Avebury and related prehistoric monuments were the creations of the druids, Twining thought that they had been constructed by the later Romans, justifying his conclusion on the fact that Roman writers like 1518:, in 1586, he made no mention of it. He rectified this for his English language version in 1610, but even in this he only included a fleeting reference to the monument at "Abury", believing it to have been "an old camp". In 1634, it was once more referenced, this time in 1437:

or even the Devil himself. The event appears to have left a significant influence on the minds of the local villagers, for records show that in the 18th and 19th centuries there were still legends being told in the community about a man being crushed by a falling stone.

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who journeyed between market towns offering his services. It appears that the death of the barber-surgeon prevented the locals from pulling down further stones, perhaps fearing that it had in some way been retribution for toppling them in the first place, enacted by a

992:, some weighing in excess of 40 tons. The stones varied in height from 3.6 metres (12 ft) to 4.2 metres (14 ft), as exemplified at the north and south entrances. Radiocarbon dating of some stone settings indicate a construction date of around 2870–2200 BC. 738:, often moving around the landscape in small familial or tribal groups in search of food and other resources. Archaeologists have unearthed evidence that there were some of these hunter-gatherers active around Avebury during the Late Mesolithic, with stray finds of 1263:

In April 2003, during preparations to straighten some of the stones, one was found to extend at least 2.1 metres (7 ft) below ground. It was estimated to weigh more than 100 tons, making it one of the largest found in the UK. Later that year, a

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invaded southern Britain, making alliances with certain local monarchs and subsuming the Britons under their own political control. Southern and central Britain would remain a part of the Empire until the early 5th century, in a period now known as

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survey of the southeast and northeast quadrants of the circle by the National Trust revealed at least 15 of the megaliths lying buried. The survey identified their sizes, the direction in which they are lying, and where they fitted in the circle.

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the rest of the henge, and that it may therefore have been erected centuries or even millennia before the henge was actually built. They compared this with similar wooden posts that had been erected in southern Britain during the Mesolithic at

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A great deal of interest surrounds the morphology of the stones, which are usually described as being in one of two categories; tall and slender, or short and squat. This has led to numerous theories relating to the importance of gender in

1359:. It is known from etymological sources that they associated many prehistoric sites in the Wiltshire area with their gods, for instance within a ten-mile of radius of Avebury there are four sites that were apparently named after Woden: 1630:(1743), in which he intentionally falsified some of the measurements he had made of the site to better fit his theories about its design and purpose. Meanwhile, the Reverend Thomas Twining had also published a book about the monument, 807:

In the 4th millennium BC, around the start of the Neolithic period in Britain, British society underwent radical changes. These coincided with the introduction of domesticated species of animals and plants, as well as a changing

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in the ditch-fill but he did recover scattered human bones, amongst which jawbones were particularly well represented. At a depth of about 2 metres (7 ft), Gray found the complete skeleton of a 1.5-metre (5 ft) tall woman.

1185:, on behalf of the British Association. The discovery of over 40 antler picks on or near the bottom of the ditch enabled Gray to demonstrate that the Avebury builders had dug down 11 metres (36 ft) into the natural chalk using 1897:

The museum was first built to house Keiller's collection of artefacts from Windmill Hill and Avebury, with artefacts brought to the site from his Charles Street, London, address in 1938. The collections feature artefacts mostly of

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and visited Avebury and its surrounding prehistoric monuments via a newly constructed road. Evidence of visitors at the monument during this period has been found in the form of Roman-era pottery sherds uncovered from the ditch.

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The question of access to the site at certain times of the year has been controversial and the National Trust, who steward and protect the site, have held discussions with a number of groups. The National Trust have discouraged

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as an inspector of monuments and was the curator of Avebury's Alexander Keiller Museum, it is possible that the monuments associated with Neolithic sites such as Avebury and Stonehenge constituted ritual or ceremonial centres.

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in the 18th century and the later Druid Vow are typically recited. One particular group, known as the Gorsedd of Bards of Caer Abiri, focus almost entirely upon holding their rites at the prehistoric site, referring to it as

958:, a type of monument consisting of a large circular bank with an internal ditch. The henge is not perfectly circular and measures 347.4 metres (380 yd) in diameter and over 1,000 metres (1,090 yd) in circumference. 1678:

developed an interest in Avebury and West Kennet Avenue while conducting excavations at nearby Windmill Hill. Keiller decided that the best way to preserve Avebury was to purchase it in its entirety. Keiller was heir to the

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for the River Kennet and supports local springs and seasonal watercourses. The monument stands slightly above the local landscape, sitting on a low chalk ridge 160 m (520 ft) above sea level; to the east are the

1286:, it appears that the Avebury monument had ceased to be used for its original purpose, and was instead largely ignored, with little archaeological evidence that many people visited the site at this time. Archaeologist 825:

dating from the early 4th and 3rd millennia BC. Five distinct areas of Neolithic activity have been identified within 500 m (1,600 ft) of Avebury; they include a scatter of flints along the line of the

1147:). Being a henge and stone circle site, astronomical alignments are a common theory to explain the positioning of the stones at Avebury. The relationships between the causewayed enclosure, Avebury stone circles, and 1030:

by archaeologists from the Universities of Leicester and Southampton indicated 'an apparently unique square megalithic monument within the Avebury circles' which may be one of the earliest structures on this site.

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created illustrations, plans and section drawings. Upwards of 50 men from across Wiltshire served as 'hands' during the excavations over the 6 year period, doing the hard work of digging and re-erecting stones.

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believed that rituals would have been performed at Avebury by Neolithic peoples in order "to appease the malevolent powers of nature" that threatened their existence, such as the winter cold, death and disease.

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travelled through Wiltshire and made note of the existence of Avebury and its neighbouring prehistoric monuments. Despite this, Avebury remained relatively unknown to anyone but locals and when the antiquarian

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in 1943, and they went on to acquire further farmland in the area. The National Trust had a policy to demolish houses within the circle as they fell vacant, but by 1976, those remaining were allowed to stand.

1787:, or spirits of place. Typically, such Pagan rites at the site are performed publicly, and attract crowds of curious visitors to witness the event, particularly on major days of Pagan celebration such as the 2509:

The ditches and banks of Avebury henge have yielded radiocarbon dates around 2900–2600 cal BC (Pitts and Whittle 1992), 3040–2780 cal BC (Cleal 2001, 63) and 2840–2460 cal BC (Pollard and Cleal 2004, 121)

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In 1829, the foot of the Cove stone was dug to a 'yard' in depth, and in 1833 Henry Browne claimed to find evidence for 'burnt human sacrifices' also at the Cove in the north-east sector. in 1865, the

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Nearer the middle of the monument are two additional, separate stone circles. The northern inner ring is 98 metres (322 ft) in diameter, but only two of its four standing stones remain upright. A

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The chronology of Avebury's construction is unclear. It was not designed as a single monument, but is the result of various projects that were undertaken at different times during late prehistory.

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When a new village school was built in 1969 there was a further opportunity to examine the site, and in 1982 an excavation to produce carbon dating material and environmental data was undertaken.

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Late Neolithic Britons also appeared to have changed their religious beliefs, ceasing to construct the large chambered tombs that are widely thought by archaeologists to have been connected with

1367:, Waden Hill ("Wodin's Hill)" and perhaps Wanborough (also "Woden's Hill"). It is not known if they placed any special religious associations with the Avebury monument, but it remains possible. 1970:, he asserted the common characteristics between all stone structures in Britain. In doing so, he wished to advance the Avebury and Stonehenge were developed by ancient inhabitants of Britain. 664:

The area was originally a mix of deep argillic brownearths on clay-rich areas along with calcareous (chalky) brownearths that were "predisposed" to transforming into grassland. The change to a

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The henge, although clearly forming an imposing boundary to the circle, could have had a purpose that was not defensive as the ditch is on the inside (this is the defining characteristic of a

934:. For this reason, he speculated that there may have been a "religious revival" at the time, which led to huge amounts of resources being expended on the construction of ceremonial monuments. 848:"After over a thousand years of early farming, a way of life based on ancestral tombs, forest clearance and settlement expansion came to an end. This was a time of important social changes." 676:

Pollen is poorly preserved in the chalky soils found around Avebury, so the best evidence for the state of local environment at any time in the past comes from the study of the deposition of

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was unsure if the stones had been built by the Romans or the ancient Britons, but Stukeley was confident that the Avebury and associated sites were much older than the Roman period.

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armies from Denmark came into conflict with Anglo-Saxon groups in the area around Avebury, and it may be that they destroyed Avebury village, for the local prehistoric monument of

3536: 1019:, Mark Gillings and Aaron Watson believed that any sounds produced inside Avebury's Inner Circles would have created an echo as sound waves reflected off the standing stones. 654:. The monuments are preserved as part of a Neolithic and Bronze Age landscape for the information they provide regarding prehistoric people's relationship with the landscape. 749:

suggested the possibility that Avebury first gained some sort of ceremonial significance during the Late Mesolithic period. As evidence, they highlighted the existence of a

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with the taller stones considered "male" and the shorter ones "female". The stones were not dressed in any way and may have been chosen for their pleasing natural forms.

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sites. Ancestor worship on a huge scale could have been one of the purposes of the monument and would not necessarily have been mutually exclusive with any male/female

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noted that the addition of the stones to the henge occurred at a similar date to the construction of Silbury Hill and the major building projects at Stonehenge and

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sponsored excavations which put a trench through the bank of the south-east sector, which gave the first indication that the earthwork was built in two phases.

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supported A. C. Smith and W. Cunnington to spend a week directing excavations in fourteen places, including around the Cove; they found no human bones. In 1894

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suggests dates of 3000 BC for the central cove, 2900 BC for the inner stone circle, 2600 BC for the outer circle and henge, and around 2400 BC for the avenues.

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commanded Aubrey to come to him and describe the site, which he did in July 1663. The two subsequently travelled to visit it together on the monarch's trip to

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The skeletal remains of the man, likely a barber-surgeon, who was killed in an accident whilst trying to topple the stones at Avebury in the early 14th century

2828: 2028:, believed that there was an astrological axis connecting Avebury to the later megalithic site at Stonehenge, and that this axis was flanked on one side by 1166: 5586: 680:

shells. Different species of snail live in specific habitats, so the presence of a certain species indicates what the area was like at a particular time.

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During excavations in 1938, Keiller's team excavated the skeleton of a man from beneath Stone 38 (Stone 9 using Isobel Smith's system), now known as the

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was fortified and used as a defensive position, apparently by a local Anglo-Saxon population attempting to protect themselves from Viking aggression.

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people could move and what they could see, emphasising connections between places and maximising the spectacle of moving between these monuments."

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took an interest in Avebury during the 17th and 18th centuries, respectively, and recorded much of the site between various phases of destruction.

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The human bones found by Gray point to some form of funerary purpose and have parallels in the disarticulated human bones often found at earlier

5314: 1671:) purchased much of the available land in the monument, and encouraged other buyers to build their houses outside rather than within the henge. 3642: 2001:(1872) put forward the idea that the megalithic monument had been constructed in the Early Mediaeval period to commemorate the final battle of 1415:, England had been entirely converted to Christianity, and Avebury, being an evidently non-Christian monument, began to be associated with the 1650:

had described these megaliths in their works, and that such monuments must have therefore been constructed between the two sets of accounts.

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achieved by lighting a fire to heat the sarsen, then pouring cold water on it to create weaknesses in the rock, and finally smashing at the

5005: 1112:, Colin Richards suggested that the stone and wooden circles built in Neolithic Britain might have represented the centre of the world, or 1551:

was published in 1695, which described the monument at "Aubury" in more detail. This entry had been written by the antiquarian and writer

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In the latter part of the 17th and then the 18th centuries, destruction at Avebury reached its peak, possibly influenced by the rise of

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Following Stukeley, other writers produced inaccurate theories about how Avebury was built and by whom. The Reverend R. Weaver, in his

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woodland, and as the Neolithic progressed, the woodland around Avebury and the nearby monuments receded and was replaced by grassland.

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claimed through social media and a press release that their rangers were moving one of the stones in order to realign the circle with

699:. Evidence of activity in the region before the 4th millennium BC is limited, suggesting that there was little human occupation. 444: 6680: 3540: 6700: 6665: 4785: 4750: 4669: 902:. These monument types are not exclusive to the Avebury area. For example, Stonehenge features the same kinds of monuments, and in 695:

The history of the site before the construction of the henge is uncertain, because little datable evidence has emerged from modern

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The two large stones at the Southern Entrance had an unusually smooth surface, likely due to having stone axes polished on them.

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environment from damp, heavy soils and expanses of dense forest was mostly brought about by farmers, probably through the use of

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Alongside its usage as a sacred site amongst Pagans, the prehistoric monument has become a popular attraction for those holding

2682: 1607:, thereby backing up his erroneous ideas that the ancient druids had been followers of a religion very much like Christianity. 650:

in a co-listing with the monuments at Stonehenge, 17 miles (27 km) to the south, in 1986. It is now listed as part of the

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Haunted spaces, sacred places : a field guide to stone circles, crop circles, ancient tombs, and supernatural landscapes

2599: 2217: 2560: 2206:; Wheatley, David; Peterson, Rick; Cleal, Rosamund; Cooper, Nicholas; Courtney, Paul; Coward, Fiona; David, Andrew (2008). 51: 3620: 6705: 5238: 4949: 3383: 3731: 3485: 1075: 5923: 5309: 5243: 4972: 4964: 2806: 2660: 2010: 2050:. This could signify that if the sightline Devereux suggested was used, it was very late in the landscape at Avebury. 1683:

marmalade business and was able to use his wealth to acquire much of the site between 1924 and 1939. He also acquired

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inside the henge. In the 1870s, to prevent further construction on the site, the wealthy politician and archaeologist

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The site was surveyed and excavated intermittently between 1908 and 1922 by a team of workmen under the direction of

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The available evidence suggests that in the early Neolithic, Avebury and the surrounding hills were covered in dense

673:

pollen around 4500 BC, but an increase in grasses from 4500 BC to 3200 BC and the first occurrence of cereal pollen.

397: 3819: 1958:(1665). The book consisted of architectonic designs, depicting the broken "Roman" construction. The English diarist 1783:. These worshippers view the monument as a "living temple" which they associate with the ancestors, as well as with 1007:

of three stones stood in the middle, its entrance facing northeast. Taking experiments undertaken at the megalithic

4998: 2017:

who, in the ancient period crossed the Atlantic Ocean to build the great megalithic monuments of southern Britain.

1027: 863:

Orkney, eastern Scotland, Anglesey, the upper Thames, Wessex, Essex, Yorkshire and the river valleys of the Wash.

6352: 6347: 6342: 6262: 4179: 2619:

Cleal, R and Montague, R. 2001 "Neolithic and Early Bronze Age", in A. Chadburn and M. Pomeroy-Kellinger (eds.),

1993:, an ancient seafaring people whom many Victorian Britons believed had first brought civilisation to the island. 1919: 1623:, hath fallen a sacrifice to the wretched ignorance and avarice of a little village unluckily plac'd within it." 1079:

The postulated original layout of Avebury, published in a late 19th-century edition of the Swedish encyclopaedia

3668: 2005:, and that Arthur's slain warriors had been buried there. W. S. Blacket introduced a third idea, arguing in his 1118:, for those who constructed them, something Aaron Watson adopted as a possibility in his discussion of Avebury. 5340: 4849: 3976: 1907: 1642:

had not referred to stone circles when discussing the Iron Age Britons, whereas Late Mediaeval historians like

646:

The site lies at the centre of a collection of Neolithic and early Bronze Age monuments and was inscribed as a

6518: 4740: 4400:

Richards, Colin (1996). "Monuments as Landscape: creating the centre of the world in late Neolithic Orkney".

2837: 911: 440: 423:

and its associated settlement of Avebury Trusloe, and in the nearby hamlets of Beckhampton and West Kennett.

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that were established in this region during the Neolithic. Its monuments comprise the henge and associated

5273: 6377: 6100: 5790: 5760: 5517: 5258: 5253: 5208: 4991: 1994: 1959: 1063: 6543: 1227:

illustrated the stones and facial reconstructions for the human remains found across the landscape; and

6690: 6175: 6110: 6040: 5755: 5616: 5581: 5335: 762:, both of which were sites that like Avebury saw the construction of large monuments in the Neolithic. 696: 415:, in the latter capacity being seen as a part of the wider prehistoric landscape of Wiltshire known as 408: 373:, the site had been effectively abandoned, with some evidence of human activity on the site during the 35: 19:

This article is about the prehistoric site. For the modern village and civil parish containing it, see

5735: 1759: 838:. Pollard suggests that areas of activity in the Neolithic became important markers in the landscape. 734:, which connected Britain to continental Europe. During this era, those humans living in Britain were 6548: 6528: 6095: 5960: 5811: 5355: 4821: 4643: 2074: 2047: 1424: 1236: 1203: 335:, in south-west England. One of the best-known prehistoric sites in Britain, it contains the largest 2842: 5740: 5705: 5470: 5370: 5122: 4954: 4707: 3020:

British Archaeology, Issue no 48, October 1999, "Lost skeleton of `barber-surgeon' found in museum"

1808:

section during which poems, songs and stories are publicly performed. The Druid Prayer composed by

1541: 1303:

or the Roman Iron Age. It was during this Roman period that tourists came from the nearby towns of

1090: 236: 5622: 1865: 339:

stone circle in the world. It is both a tourist attraction and a place of religious importance to

6594: 6402: 6397: 6327: 6035: 5878: 5852: 5745: 5395: 5233: 5228: 4902: 4660: 3643:"National Trust reacts to clocks changing with stone move at ancient Avebury World Heritage Site" 2029: 1727:

By the late 1970s the site was being visited by around a quarter of a million visitors annually.

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of paired stones, leads from the southeastern entrance of the henge; and traces of a second, the

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were constructed in the nearby vicinity of Avebury several centuries before the henge was built.

641:

Boundary and key sites for the Avebury section of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site

6634: 6332: 6030: 6010: 5873: 5821: 5816: 5294: 5248: 5162: 5112: 5050: 2067: 1915: 1684: 1680: 1379:

In 939, the earliest known written record of the monument was made in the form of a charter of

1304: 1191: 1004: 809: 558: 503: 449: 359: 5627: 3511:"Sacred Sites, Contested Rights/Rites project:Paganisms, Archaeological Monuments, and Access" 730:, at a time when the island was heavily forested and when there was still a land mass, called 6639: 6488: 6387: 6140: 6080: 6000: 5944: 5893: 5765: 5551: 5435: 5415: 5405: 4897: 4871: 4732: 4591: 2014: 1708: 1556: 1333: 1308: 1224: 1182: 1086: 393: 5263: 4582:– A 30-minute BBC TV programme made in 1983 of a day spent exploring Avebury and Marlborough 3447: 6463: 6372: 6170: 5903: 5770: 5410: 5360: 5192: 4807: 4688: 4674: 4656: 3065: 3039: 1780: 1643: 1492: 1348: 1216: 1133: 1052: 899: 831: 448:, Avebury is respectively about 6 and 7 miles (10 and 11 km) from the modern towns of 4371:; Gillings, Mark (1998). "Romancing the stones: towards a virtual and elemental Avebury". 1956:

The Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, Vulgarly called Stone-Heng on Salisbury Plain

1198: 8: 6513: 6423: 5425: 5400: 5071: 4944: 4918: 4797: 4793: 4223: 3598: 1923:

is now the modern day visitor car park, in 1976. The museum collections are owned by the

1839: 1822: 1739: 1731: 1647: 927: 867: 854: 647: 512: 412: 206: 5152: 3797: 2504: 2209:

Landscape of the Megaliths: Excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments, 1997–2003

544: 6584: 6125: 6060: 6020: 5883: 5750: 5715: 5690: 5480: 5460: 5380: 5268: 4831: 4755: 4454: 4446: 4417: 4388: 4356: 4315: 4261:

Landscape of the Megaliths: excavation and fieldwork on the Avebury monuments 1997–2003

3868:

William Stukeley : science, religion and archaeology in eighteenth-century England

2223: 1911: 1768: 1540:, with one of the battles in the conflict taking place five miles away from Avebury at 1528:

opera; however, further antiquarian investigation was prevented by the outbreak of the

1514: 1384: 1081: 1056: 1048: 961: 907: 827: 657: 569: 3621:"National Trust's South West Blog – Putting the clock forward at Avebury Stone Circle" 496: 6267: 6145: 6120: 6045: 5888: 5780: 5710: 5695: 5455: 5375: 5345: 5182: 5117: 5097: 4867: 4736: 4694: 4551: 4511: 4489: 4458: 4392: 4360: 4319: 4264: 4234: 4209: 4187: 4149: 4125: 4102: 4071: 4065: 4047: 4028: 4009: 3955: 3882: 3872: 2972: 2802: 2742: 2595: 2471: 2213: 1936: 1818: 1576: 1529: 1370:

During the Early Mediaeval period, there were signs of settlement at Avebury, with a

1325: 822: 480: 420: 328: 20: 6503: 6337: 5531: 5521: 4044:

Sacred Sites Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments

2823: 1223:

co-directed excavations; local archaeologist William E. V. Young served as Foreman;

6453: 6443: 6322: 6280: 6241: 6160: 6155: 6075: 5826: 5785: 5725: 5445: 5218: 5137: 5102: 4934: 4882: 4860: 4702: 4683: 4438: 4409: 4380: 4348: 4307: 3099: 2134: 2084: 1941: 1903: 1883: 1664: 1595: 1482: 1412: 1283: 1228: 1170: 931: 919: 735: 385: 370: 290: 6508: 5526: 4413: 3019: 661:

more chalky as a result of clearance and anthropogenic (human-made) interference.

6589: 6564: 6367: 6357: 6246: 6185: 6015: 5918: 5898: 5700: 5659: 5601: 5596: 5076: 5029: 4764: 4759: 4651: 4201: 4143: 3949: 3026: 2568: 2463: 1788: 1524: 1434: 1364: 1351:

which venerated a selection of deities, the most notable of whom were apparently

1243:, the tools of a barber-surgeon at that time, hence the name given to the stone. 1008: 915: 817: 470:

square miles (23 square kilometres). Avebury lies in an area of chalkland in the

5299: 4323: 4099:

Pagan Themes in Modern Children's Fiction: Green Man, Shamanism, Earth Mysteries

4025:

Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC

6619: 6448: 6300: 6200: 6195: 5913: 5795: 5720: 5576: 5556: 5546: 5496: 4889: 4712: 4636: 4368: 4339:

Pitts, Michael W. & Whittle, A. (1992). "Development and date of Avebury".

4256: 4175: 4117: 2203: 2039: 1910:

and later periods. The museum also features the skeleton of a child nicknamed "

1887: 1735: 1700: 1560: 1509: 1429: 1380: 1220: 1016: 989: 759: 746: 727: 669: 565: 404: 389: 166: 4442: 4384: 4352: 4311: 3375: 2873: 2746: 1403: 878: 346:

Constructed over several hundred years in the third millennium BC, during the

6659: 6473: 6468: 6433: 6407: 6362: 6290: 6025: 5842: 5501: 5420: 5107: 4813: 4722: 4679: 4139: 3886: 3735: 3446:

Baggs, A.P.; Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1983). Crowley, D.A. (ed.).

1835: 1809: 1716: 1688: 1668: 1659: 1635: 1300: 1126: 835: 633: 626: 585: 578: 535: 528: 374: 106: 93: 6115: 2799:

The Old Stones: A Field Guide to the Megalithic Sites of Britain and Ireland

2227: 2207: 1977: 6624: 6458: 6312: 6295: 6285: 6130: 6085: 6055: 5995: 5669: 5440: 5385: 5034: 4939: 4878: 4802: 4572: 4543: 2033: 2021: 1850: 1772: 1744: 1599:

to be a "British Temple", and believing it to having been fashioned by the

1586: 1580: 1392: 1295: 1152:

Hill was a major, extra-regional focus for gatherings and feasting events.

964:

suggests that the henge was made by the middle of the third millennium BC.

798: 601: 594: 471: 363: 324: 185: 2042:

suggested that Avebury was constructed with a site-to-site alignment with

1954:

was the first to suggest that the stones were built by Romans in his book

1944:

in the late 17th century, who believed that Avebury had been built by the

6538: 6523: 6483: 6478: 6428: 6382: 6305: 6135: 6105: 6005: 5571: 5475: 5450: 5177: 5066: 4717: 4145:

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy

4085: 4061: 3448:"Victoria County History: Wiltshire: Vol 12 pp86-105 – Parishes: Avebury" 2002: 1951: 1878: 1552: 1496: 1478: 1442: 1341: 1329: 1287: 1265: 1101: 895: 887: 739: 381: 378: 340: 5606: 5541: 5157: 2507:. The Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham. 6533: 6498: 6236: 6180: 6150: 6090: 6070: 5857: 5430: 5390: 4826: 4163: 2994:

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Bi-Annual Bulletin

1894:

barn houses a permanent exhibit gallery about Avebury and its history.

1805: 1784: 1567: 1504: 1372: 1328:, which began in the 5th century following the collapse of Roman rule, 1114: 784: 755: 731: 723: 702: 5674: 4450: 4421: 2936:

Windmill Hill and Avebury. Excavations by Alexander Keiller, 1925–1939

2736: 2661:"'Secret Square' discovered beneath world-famous Avebury stone circle" 6629: 6609: 6493: 6317: 6272: 6226: 5985: 5928: 5847: 5664: 5172: 5167: 5147: 4983: 4727: 4280:

Windmill Hill and Avebury: Excavations by Alexander Keiller 1925–1939

3866: 2175: 1990: 1899: 1891: 1533: 1215:

to find and re-erect fallen or buried stones, and to build concrete '

1123: 665: 475: 347: 332: 258: 151: 78: 2592:

Prehistoric Britain from the air: a study of space, time and society

1485:

are responsible for initiating modern study of the Avebury monument.

6392: 6216: 6190: 6165: 6065: 6050: 5536: 5365: 5350: 5213: 5142: 5132: 5092: 5015: 4745: 2109: 2079: 2054: 1612: 1537: 1468: 1387:, a parish adjacent to Avebury. In the following century, invading 1360: 1186: 750: 336: 126: 2992:

Grant King, Denis (1972). "William E. V. Young, FSA (Scot), BEM".

2621:

Archaeological Research Agenda for the Avebury World Heritage Site

6438: 5643: 5561: 5223: 5187: 3514: 2311: 2309: 1854: 1846: 1754: 1721: 1720:

own shop. The other, known as The Henge Shop, focuses on selling

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around the site in the belief that they might be able to detect

1590:

William Stukeley's drawing of the stones being broken up by fire

1190:

suggested that its form may have been different. Gray found few

6614: 6599: 6231: 2201: 2180: 1945: 1767:

Avebury has been adopted as a sacred site by many adherents of

1600: 1388: 1356: 1137: 1109: 1012: 986: 968:

was an original Neolithic feature of the henge's architecture.

903: 456:. The monuments at the Avebury World Heritage Site cover about 141: 4621: 2306: 2053:

Avebury's association with crop circles invokes the theory of

1459: 713:

scanning) shows the huge bank and ditch surrounding the stones

305: 6604: 5465: 2043: 1989:(1840) argued that both Avebury and Stonehenge were built by 1776: 1620: 1616: 1416: 1352: 1144: 955: 775: 710: 706: 677: 453: 351: 320: 4092:(2nd ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 946: 652:

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site

4001:

Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley & Leitch, Victoria (2008).

2470:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. p. 172. 1827: 1800: 1687:, as much of the Kennet Avenue as possible, and the nearby 1512:

published his Latin language guide to British antiquities,

976: 308: 296: 3599:"Twitter / paultheranger: Just seen National Trust moving" 1653: 400:

overseeing a project to reconstruct much of the monument.

2785:

Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans

1707:

The Stonehenge and Avebury landscape became a designated

684: 4550:. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: The Aquarian Press. 1626:

Stukeley published his findings and theories in a book,

3298: 3296: 3242: 3240: 2967:

Childe, Vere Gordon; Daniel, Glyn Edmund, eds. (1989).

2683:"'The Square inside Avebury's Circles' by Marley Brown" 2032:, which he believed symbolised the Mother Goddess, and 4467:

Pagan, New Age and alternative archaeological sources

2969:

The pastmasters: eleven modern pioneers of archaeology

2531: 2529: 2484: 4296:"Neolithic settlement patterns at Avebury, Wiltshire" 3445: 2829:

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine

4488:(illustrated ed.). Courier Dover Publications. 3293: 3237: 2623:. Wessex Archaeology/English Heritage, Wessex, 8–14. 1794:

Druidic rites held at Avebury are commonly known as

1167:

Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society

726:

period in Britain lasted from circa 11,600 to 7,800

302: 299: 3669:"April Fools' Day jokes 2014 – the best on the web" 3325: 3323: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2526: 2036:, which he believed to be a symbol of masculinity. 1441:Soon after the toppling of many of the stones, the 690: 350:, or New Stone Age, the monument comprises a large 293: 4855:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd 4148:. Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 3092:"Buried megaliths discovered at stone circle site" 2133: 1981:Panoramic view of the southern end of the monument 1272: 4168:Avebury Reconsidered: from the 1660s to the 1990s 1804:(a Druidic concept meaning inspiration), with an 1691:, where he was to live until his death in 1955. 1632:Avebury in Wiltshire, the Remains of a Roman Work 834:that connects Avebury with the Neolithic site of 396:leading an excavation of the bank and ditch, and 392:investigation followed in the 20th century, with 6657: 4046:. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. 3320: 3276: 1869:The Barn Gallery of the Alexander Keiller Museum 66:Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Avebury 4070:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 4233:. London: B.T. Batsford and English Heritage. 4208:. London: B.T. Batsford and English Heritage. 4186:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. 3158: 3156: 3119: 3117: 2631: 2629: 2405: 1755:Contemporary Paganism and the New Age movement 16:Neolithic henge monument in Wiltshire, England 4999: 4607: 4475:Researches into the Lost Histories of America 4166:; Hunter, M.; Clark, A.J.; David, A. (1991). 2007:Researches into the Lost Histories of America 1842:(BDO) instead plan their events for Sundays. 1742:. The story was picked up by local media and 1277: 1155: 519: 4955:Town of St George and Related Fortifications 4027:. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. 3864: 3168: 2966: 2505:"Digital Avebury: New 'Avenues' of Research" 2422: 2420: 813:way people viewed their place in the world. 435:Aerial photo of the site and village in 2017 419:. About 480 people live in 235 homes in the 4429:Watson, Aaron (2001). "Composing Avebury". 3153: 3114: 2626: 2594:. Cambridge University Press. p. 185. 1968:History of the Temples of the Ancient Celts 1860: 1499:that warranted investigation. Around 1541, 426: 5006: 4992: 4623:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom 4614: 4600: 4259:; Peterson, Rick; Wheatley, David (2008). 4042:Blain, Jenny & Wallis, Robert (2007). 2991: 2176:"Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites" 1817:. In their original ceremony, composed by 34: 4573:Avebury information at the National Trust 3954:. Oxford Univ Pr on Demand. p. 100. 3941: 2951:"The man who made Avebury's stone circle" 2417: 1930: 1699:Keiller sold some of his property to the 1570:in the village, a fundamentalist form of 1319: 1062:The archaeologist Aaron Watson, taking a 821:flint, animal bones, and pottery such as 40:South Inner Circle of Avebury in May 2014 4751:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 4670:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape 4096: 3794:"Heritage Key: Alexander Keiller Museum" 2948: 2734: 2127: 1976: 1864: 1758: 1585: 1547:With the war over, a new edition of the 1495:that Avebury was first recognised as an 1402: 1398: 1347:The early Anglo-Saxon settlers followed 1197: 1108:In his study of those examples found at 1074: 1038: 975: 945: 877: 701: 430: 417:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 249:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 3974: 3368: 2796: 2589: 2071:– a television series filmed at Avebury 1925:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 1654:Victorian period and early 20th century 1532:(1642–51), which was waged between the 857:on the Late Neolithic in Britain (2005) 6671:National Trust properties in Wiltshire 6658: 5013: 4903:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales 4341:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 3441: 3439: 3437: 2900:"The History of the Avebury Monuments" 2730: 2728: 2462: 1935:Various non-archaeologists as well as 1449: 1059:, lead out from the western entrance. 998: 938:worlds above and beneath the ground." 4987: 4595: 4527:Rude Stone Monuments in All Countries 4502: 4481: 4124:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. 3335: 2962: 2960: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2856: 2854: 2821: 2689:. Archaeological Institute of America 2615: 2613: 2611: 2143:Research records (formerly PastScape) 1999:Rude Stone Monuments in All Countries 1927:and are on loan to English Heritage. 1628:Abury, a Temple of the British Druids 1503:, the librarian and chaplain to King 971: 910:and a causewayed enclosure at nearby 745:The archaeologists Mark Gillings and 4536:The Pagan Altar and Jehovah's Temple 4003:The Handbook of British Archaeology 3947: 3729: 3623:. Ntsouthwest.co.uk. 17 October 2013 2949:Johnston, Philip (18 October 2000). 1694: 1344:, the language of the Anglo-Saxons. 1340:, meaning "moat of the Britons", in 403:Avebury is owned and managed by the 5239:Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3977:"England's crop circle controversy" 3820:"Alexander Keiller Museum, Avebury" 3434: 2725: 1830:) to the Goddess's representative. 1619:, would have lasted as long as the 13: 4973:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City 4773: 3975:Stables, Daniel (23 August 2021). 3066:"'Lost' Avebury stones discovered" 3040:"100-ton stone astounds academics" 2957: 2920: 2851: 2608: 2502: 1849:beliefs, with some visitors using 1798:and involve participants invoking 1219:' in the place of missing stones. 765: 14: 6717: 6686:Archaeological sites in Wiltshire 5776:Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja 4566: 4184:Avebury: Biography of a Landscape 3486:"The Avebury World Heritage Site" 3386:from the original on 20 June 2009 2874:"The Ditch and Bank of the Henge" 2787:, Harper Perennial, London, p.224 2026:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 841: 6681:Scheduled monuments in Wiltshire 4579:Day Out: Avebury and Marlborough 4101:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3968: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3812: 2841: 1906:date, with other items from the 1467: 1458: 1383:which defined the boundaries of 1311:and the villas and farms around 906:there is a henge on the edge of 882:The north-west sector of Avebury 783: 774: 691:Mesolithic and Neolithic history 625: 609: 593: 577: 557: 543: 527: 511: 495: 488: 289: 57: 50: 6701:World Heritage Sites in England 6666:Megalithic monuments in England 6263:List of recumbent stone circles 4898:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal 4510:. London: Thames & Hudson. 4482:Brown, Peter Lancaster (2000). 3990: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3734:. Druidry.co.uk. Archived from 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3661: 3635: 3613: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3529: 3503: 3478: 3466: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3380:Avebury a present from the past 3356: 3344: 3308: 3264: 3252: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3141: 3129: 3084: 3058: 3032: 3013: 3004: 2985: 2942: 2892: 2866: 2815: 2790: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2713: 2701: 2675: 2653: 2641: 2583: 2553: 2541: 2514: 2496: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2294: 2282: 1920:Council of British Druid Orders 1730:On 1 April 2014, as part of an 1332:tribes from continental Europe 1273:Development after the Neolithic 1015:as a basis, the archaeologists 898:, stone circles, avenues and a 873: 853:Archaeologist and prehistorian 58: 5341:List of multiple-stone circles 4850:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape 2822:Smith, Alfred Charles (1866). 2277:Adkins, Adkins and Leitch 2008 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2195: 2168: 2156: 2102: 1089:, based on an illustration by 551:Avebury stone circle 1: 4808:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 4689:Frontiers of the Roman Empire 4414:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980340 3098:. Ananova Ltd. Archived from 2971:. London: Thames and Hudson. 2838:Biodiversity Heritage Library 2468:Neolithic Britain and Ireland 2091: 1034: 914:. According to archaeologist 717: 6696:Protected areas of Wiltshire 6676:Stone Age sites in Wiltshire 6640:Photographs of stone circles 4928:British Overseas Territories 3865:Boyd Haycock, David (2002). 3537:"Avebury Sacred Sites Forum" 2953:– via telegraph.co.uk. 2096: 1334:migrated to southern Britain 1250: 1209: 1176: 483:, an area of lowland hills. 7: 5791:Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech 5761:Barreira Megalithic Complex 5259:Route of Megalithic Culture 4477:. London: Trübner & Co. 3951:Megalithic Sites in Britain 3601:. Twitter.com. 1 April 2014 2663:. University of Southampton 2060: 2020:The prominent modern Druid 1085:. Original illustration by 407:. It has been designated a 10: 6722: 6706:Stone circles in Wiltshire 6111:Long Meg and Her Daughters 5909:Dolmen del prado de Lácara 5756:Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro 5336:List of five-stone circles 5310:La Gran'mère du Chimquière 4542: 4533: 4524: 4472: 4428: 4399: 4367: 4338: 4293: 4282:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4277: 4254: 4222: 4200: 4174: 4162: 4138: 4115: 4084: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4000: 3935: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3852: 3840: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3717: 3705: 3693: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3472: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3362: 3350: 3341:Brown (2000), p. 179. 3329: 3314: 3302: 3287: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3162: 3147: 3135: 3123: 2938:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2860: 2836:(29): 209–216 – via 2771: 2759: 2719: 2707: 2647: 2635: 2547: 2535: 2520: 2490: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2162: 1890:. The nearby 17th-century 1278:Iron Age and Roman periods 1156:Archaeological excavations 1070: 954:The Avebury monument is a 697:archaeological excavations 409:Scheduled Ancient Monument 323:monument containing three 207:UNESCO World Heritage Site 18: 6577: 6557: 6529:St Lythans burial chamber 6416: 6255: 6209: 5978: 5969: 5953: 5937: 5866: 5835: 5812:Dolmens of North Caucasus 5804: 5706:Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎ 5683: 5652: 5636: 5510: 5489: 5356:Ardristan standing stones 5328: 5282: 5201: 5085: 5059: 5043: 5022: 4963: 4927: 4911: 4840: 4822:Heart of Neolithic Orkney 4784: 4771: 4718:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens 4644:Great Spa Towns of Europe 4629: 4525:Fergusson, James (1872). 4443:10.1080/00438240120079307 4385:10.1017/s1380203800001276 4353:10.1017/s0079497x00004151 4312:10.1017/S0003598X0005208X 4023:Barrett, John C. (1994). 3029:Retrieved on 16 June 2009 3010:Evans (2006), p. 11. 2648:Pollard and Gillings 1998 2590:Darvill, Timothy (1996). 2548:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2352:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2340:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2328:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2316:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2301:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2265:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2163:Gillings and Pollard 2004 2139:"Avebury Henge (220746)" 2075:List of largest monoliths 1966:the druids. In his book, 1724:paraphernalia and books. 1611:left to itself, like the 1594:In 1719, the antiquarian 1237:Barber surgeon of Avebury 709:topography (using aerial 278: 274: 264: 254: 244: 229: 221: 213: 204: 200: 180: 172: 162: 157: 147: 137: 132: 122: 85: 74: 45: 33: 6645:Middle Eastern megaliths 6544:Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber 5741:Anta da Pedra dos Mouros 5471:Templebryan Stone Circle 5371:Brennanstown Portal Tomb 5123:Broken Menhir of Er Grah 4708:Jodrell Bank Observatory 4586:Alexander Keiller Museum 4485:Megaliths, Myths and Men 4373:Archaeological Dialogues 4097:Bramwell, Peter (2009). 3948:Thom, Alexander (1967). 2824:"Excavations at Avebury" 2735:Haughton, Brian (2008). 2114:aveburyparishcouncil.org 2110:"Avebury Parish Council" 2087:– symbolism of megaliths 1875:Alexander Keiller Museum 1861:Alexander Keiller Museum 1658:By the beginning of the 1349:their own pagan religion 1160: 980:Part of the Outer Circle 941: 427:Location and environment 327:, around the village of 269:Europe and North America 6595:Concentric stone circle 5879:Chabola de la Hechicera 5746:Anta das Pedras Grandes 5736:Antas do Olival da Pêga 5396:Castlenalacht Stone Row 5229:Lancken-Granitz dolmens 5128:Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned 4503:Dames, Michael (1996). 4294:Holgate, Robin (1987). 4263:. Oxford: Oxford Bows. 4224:Pearson, Michael Parker 3025:20 January 2012 at the 2783:Pryor, Francis (2004). 2030:West Kennet Long Barrow 1914:", found in a ditch at 1572:Protestant Christianity 1258: 1149:West Kennet Long Barrow 950:Part of the outer ditch 795:West Kennet Long Barrow 722:What is now termed the 618:West Kennet Long Barrow 356:West Kennet Long Barrow 6635:Recumbent stone circle 6031:Burnmoor stone circles 5874:Antequera Dolmens Site 5822:Megaliths in the Urals 5249:Oldendorfer Totenstatt 5163:Locmariaquer megaliths 5113:Menhir de Champ-Dolent 4778: 4529:. London: John Murray. 4473:Blacket, W.S. (1883). 3454:. University of London 3452:British History Online 3376:"The shame of Avebury" 3072:. BBC. 2 December 2003 2934:Smith, Isobel (1965). 2801:. Watkins Publishing. 2797:Burnham, Andy (2018). 2687:Archaeology (magazine) 2567:. 2009. Archived from 2068:Children of the Stones 1997:disagreed, and in his 1982: 1931:Controversial theories 1916:Windmill Hill, Avebury 1870: 1764: 1591: 1408: 1320:Early Mediaeval period 1206: 1093: 1044: 981: 951: 883: 850: 714: 436: 6489:Lligwy Burial Chamber 6141:Nine Stones, Altarnun 5945:Obelisk of Theodosius 5894:Dolmen of Guadalperal 5766:Dolmen of Cunha Baixa 5623:Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum 5416:Gaulstown Portal Tomb 5406:Creevykeel Court Tomb 4935:Gorham's Cave Complex 4777: 4733:Palace of Westminster 4538:. Thomas Ward and Co. 4008:. London: Constable. 3871:. The Boydell Press. 3769:Blain and Wallis 2007 3757:Blain and Wallis 2007 3718:Blain and Wallis 2007 3706:Blain and Wallis 2007 3694:Blain and Wallis 2007 3574:Blain and Wallis 2007 2255:. pp. 31, 34–35. 2024:, the founder of the 2015:Appalachian Mountains 1980: 1868: 1762: 1751:s "Best of the Web". 1709:UNESCO World Heritage 1681:James Keiller and Son 1589: 1423:Archaeologists found 1406: 1399:Late Mediaeval period 1225:Doris Emerson Chapman 1201: 1183:Harold St George Gray 1078: 1042: 979: 949: 881: 846: 793:The two monuments of 705: 434: 394:Harold St George Gray 6464:Carreg Coetan Arthur 5904:Dolmen de la Pastora 5771:Dolmen of Carapito I 5731:Anta do Monte Abraão 5361:Beltany stone circle 5193:Verziau of Gargantua 4741:St Margaret's Church 4675:Derwent Valley Mills 4661:St Augustine's Abbey 4657:Canterbury Cathedral 3732:"Gorsedd Caer Abiri" 3046:. BBC. 17 April 2003 1937:pseudoarchaeologists 1644:Geoffrey of Monmouth 1134:causewayed enclosure 900:causewayed enclosure 107:51.42861°N 1.85417°W 6514:Parc Cwm long cairn 6424:Barclodiad y Gawres 5628:Xagħra Stone Circle 5426:Grange stone circle 5401:Castlestrange Stone 4945:Inaccessible Island 4548:The Book of Druidry 4534:Weaver, R. (1840). 4326:on 22 December 2012 4249:Excavation reports 4228:Bronze Age Britain 4090:Prehistoric Avebury 4067:Prehistoric Avebury 2439:Parker Pearson 2005 2388:Parker Pearson 2005 2376:Parker Pearson 2005 2364:Parker Pearson 2005 2009:(1883) that it was 1840:British Druid Order 1823:British Druid Order 1740:British Summer Time 1648:Henry of Huntingdon 1493:Early modern period 1450:Early Modern period 1363:("Wodin's ditch"), 999:Inner Stone Circles 928:Mike Parker Pearson 868:ancestor veneration 855:Mike Parker Pearson 648:World Heritage Site 472:Upper Kennet Valley 413:World Heritage Site 341:contemporary pagans 103: / 30: 6585:Axial stone circle 6353:Loanhead of Daviot 6348:Kirkton of Bourtie 6343:Easter Aquhorthies 6021:Brown Willy Cairns 5924:La Torre–La Janera 5751:Anta da Vidigueira 5716:Anta de Carcavelos 5691:Almendres Cromlech 5518:Megalithic Temples 5481:Uragh Stone Circle 5461:Poulnabrone dolmen 5264:Sieben Steinhäuser 4794:Edinburgh Old Town 4779: 4756:Studley Royal Park 4728:Maritime Greenwich 4665:St Martin's Church 4588:– English Heritage 4505:The Avebury Cycle 4288:Academic articles 4278:Smith, I. (1965). 3822:. English Heritage 3517:on 13 October 2016 3102:on 12 October 2004 2907:Wessex Archaeology 2741:. New Page Books. 2565:The National Trust 1983: 1871: 1771:religions such as 1769:contemporary Pagan 1765: 1763:West Kennet Avenue 1592: 1520:Sir John Harington 1409: 1207: 1094: 1082:Nordisk familjebok 1057:Beckhampton Avenue 1049:West Kennet Avenue 1045: 1028:geophysical survey 982: 972:Outer Stone Circle 962:Radiocarbon dating 952: 884: 828:West Kennet Avenue 715: 658:Radiocarbon dating 570:Beckhampton Avenue 437: 421:village of Avebury 255:Reference no. 112:51.42861; -1.85417 28: 6691:Henges in England 6653: 6652: 6573: 6572: 6268:Auld Bourtreebush 6146:Nine Stones Close 5889:Dolmen de Axeitos 5781:Menhir of Outeiro 5711:Antas do Barrocal 5696:Anta de Adrenunes 5567:Qortin l-Imdawwar 5376:Brownshill dolmen 5295:Le Creux ès Faïes 5183:Tombeau de Merlin 5118:Dolmen de Bagneux 5098:Tumulus of Bougon 4981: 4980: 4892: 4885: 4874: 4868:Caernarfon Castle 4863: 4816: 4737:Westminster Abbey 4697: 4646: 4517:978-0-500-27886-4 4495:978-0-486-41145-3 4431:World Archaeology 4402:World Archaeology 4270:978-1-84217-313-8 4240:978-0-7134-8849-4 4230:(Revised Edition) 4193:978-0-7524-1957-2 4155:978-0-631-17288-8 4108:978-0-230-21839-0 4053:978-1-84519-130-6 4034:978-0-631-18954-1 4015:978-1-84529-606-3 4005:(Revised Edition) 3961:978-0-19-813148-9 2978:978-0-500-05051-4 2878:avebury-web.co.uk 2601:978-0-521-55132-8 2503:Davies, Simon R. 2342:. pp. 29–33. 2303:. pp. 23–25. 2243:. pp. 31–32. 2219:978-1-84217-971-0 1819:Philip Shallcrass 1695:Post World War II 1676:Alexander Keiller 1577:fire-cracked rock 1530:English Civil War 1477:The antiquarians 1326:Early Middle Ages 918:, who worked for 823:Peterborough ware 481:Marlborough Downs 398:Alexander Keiller 282: 281: 240: 21:Avebury (village) 6713: 6454:Bryn Gwyn stones 6444:Bryn Cader Faner 6323:Clach an Trushal 6210:Northern Ireland 6161:Rudston Monolith 5976: 5975: 5827:Russian geoglyph 5786:Menhir of Bulhoa 5726:Antas da Valeira 5446:Meehambee Dolmen 5244:Niedertiefenbach 5219:Fraubillen cross 5153:Hotié de Viviane 5138:Gallardet Dolmen 5103:Caixa de Rotllan 5008: 5001: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4950:Henderson Island 4919:Giant's Causeway 4912:Northern Ireland 4888: 4877: 4866: 4861:Beaumaris Castle 4859: 4812: 4776: 4703:Ironbridge Gorge 4693: 4641: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4561: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4507:(second edition) 4499: 4478: 4462: 4425: 4396: 4364: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4322:. Archived from 4306:(232): 259–263. 4283: 4274: 4255:Gillings, Mark; 4244: 4219: 4202:Malone, Caroline 4197: 4180:Reynolds, Andrew 4171: 4159: 4135: 4116:Gillings, Mark; 4112: 4093: 4081: 4057: 4038: 4019: 3985: 3984: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796:. Archived from 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3738:on 8 August 2012 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3696:. pp. 41 and 48. 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539:. Archived from 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3513:. Archived from 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3490:English Heritage 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3443: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2617: 2606: 2605: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2464:Malone, Caroline 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2202:Gillings, Mark; 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2135:Historic England 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2106: 2085:Petrosomatoglyph 2011:Native Americans 1942:William Stukeley 1904:Early Bronze Age 1884:English Heritage 1750: 1732:April Fools' Day 1665:Sir John Lubbock 1596:William Stukeley 1534:Parliamentarians 1522:'s notes to the 1483:William Stukeley 1471: 1462: 1413:Late Middle Ages 1284:British Iron Age 1229:Denis Grant King 1064:phenomenological 1043:The stone avenue 932:Durrington Walls 920:English Heritage 858: 810:material culture 787: 778: 736:hunter-gatherers 636: 629: 620: 613: 604: 597: 588: 581: 572: 561: 552: 547: 538: 531: 522: 515: 506: 499: 492: 469: 468: 464: 461: 447: 386:William Stukeley 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 234: 196: 193: 191: 189: 187: 118: 117: 115: 114: 113: 108: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 61: 60: 54: 38: 31: 27: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6590:Chambered cairn 6569: 6565:Manx runestones 6553: 6412: 6368:Ring of Brodgar 6358:Lochmaben Stone 6251: 6205: 6126:Mitchell's Fold 5971: 5965: 5961:Boundary Stones 5949: 5933: 5919:Dolmen de Viera 5899:Dolmen of Menga 5884:Cova d'en Daina 5862: 5831: 5800: 5701:Anta de Agualva 5679: 5648: 5632: 5506: 5485: 5324: 5278: 5197: 5081: 5077:Tatul Sanctuary 5055: 5039: 5018: 5012: 4982: 4977: 4959: 4923: 4907: 4836: 4780: 4774: 4769: 4765:Tower of London 4760:Fountains Abbey 4652:Blenheim Palace 4625: 4620: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4518: 4496: 4465: 4369:Pollard, Joshua 4329: 4327: 4286: 4271: 4257:Pollard, Joshua 4247: 4241: 4216: 4194: 4176:Pollard, Joshua 4156: 4132: 4118:Pollard, Joshua 4109: 4078: 4054: 4035: 4016: 3995:Academic books 3993: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3800:on 12 July 2012 3792: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3647:Western Gazette 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3444: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419:. p. 51 and 57. 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3027:Wayback Machine 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2965: 2958: 2947: 2943: 2932: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2840: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2602: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2571:on 22 June 2009 2559: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2220: 2212:. Oxbow Books. 2204:Pollard, Joshua 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2063: 1995:James Fergusson 1987:The Pagan Altar 1933: 1863: 1789:summer solstice 1757: 1748: 1697: 1667:(later created 1656: 1557:King Charles II 1525:Orlando Furioso 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1452: 1435:vengeful spirit 1401: 1322: 1280: 1275: 1261: 1253: 1212: 1179: 1163: 1158: 1073: 1037: 1009:Ring of Brodgar 1001: 990:standing stones 974: 944: 916:Caroline Malone 876: 860: 852: 844: 818:anthropological 805: 804: 803: 802: 790: 789: 788: 780: 779: 768: 766:Early Neolithic 720: 693: 644: 643: 642: 639: 638: 637: 632: 630: 622: 621: 616: 614: 606: 605: 600: 598: 590: 589: 584: 582: 574: 573: 564: 562: 554: 553: 550: 548: 540: 539: 534: 532: 524: 523: 518: 516: 508: 507: 502: 500: 474:that forms the 466: 462: 459: 457: 443: 429: 411:, as well as a 292: 288: 209: 184: 111: 109: 105: 102: 97: 94: 92: 90: 89: 70: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 62: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6719: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6620:Standing stone 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6449:Bryn Celli Ddu 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6196:Trethevy Quoit 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Devil's Arrows 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Dolmen de Soto 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5843:Picture stones 5839: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5796:Xerez Cromlech 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5721:Anta da Estria 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5617:Xrobb l-Għaġin 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Borġ l-Imramma 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5497:Jersey dolmens 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Piper's Stones 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5346:Aideen's Grave 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5305:Les Fouillages 5302: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5051:Gobustan Rocks 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890:Harlech Castle 4886: 4875: 4864: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4713:Jurassic Coast 4710: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695:Hadrian's Wall 4686: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4568: 4567:External links 4565: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4437:(2): 296–314. 4426: 4408:(2): 190–208. 4397: 4365: 4336: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4192: 4172: 4170:. Unwin Hyman. 4160: 4154: 4140:Hutton, Ronald 4136: 4130: 4113: 4107: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4058: 4052: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4014: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3967: 3960: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3912:Fergusson 1872 3904: 3892: 3877: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3811: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3675:. 1 April 2014 3660: 3649:. 1 April 2014 3634: 3612: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3543:on 18 May 2006 3528: 3502: 3477: 3465: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3334: 3319: 3307: 3292: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3167: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3113: 3083: 3057: 3031: 3012: 3003: 2984: 2977: 2956: 2941: 2919: 2891: 2865: 2850: 2814: 2808:978-1786781543 2807: 2789: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2674: 2652: 2640: 2625: 2607: 2600: 2582: 2552: 2540: 2525: 2513: 2495: 2493:. pp. 197-199. 2483: 2476: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2218: 2194: 2167: 2155: 2126: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2059: 2040:Alexander Thom 1932: 1929: 1888:National Trust 1862: 1859: 1756: 1753: 1736:National Trust 1711:site in 1986. 1701:National Trust 1696: 1693: 1674:Archaeologist 1655: 1652: 1561:Bath, Somerset 1510:William Camden 1491:It was in the 1476: 1475: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1430:barber-surgeon 1400: 1397: 1381:King Athelstan 1365:Wodin's Barrow 1321: 1318: 1294:In 43 AD, the 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1221:Stuart Piggott 1211: 1208: 1178: 1175: 1171:Sir Henry Meux 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1100:Archaeologist 1072: 1069: 1036: 1033: 1017:Joshua Pollard 1000: 997: 973: 970: 943: 940: 926:Archaeologist 875: 872: 845: 843: 842:Late Neolithic 840: 792: 791: 782: 781: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 767: 764: 760:Hambledon Hill 747:Joshua Pollard 719: 716: 692: 689: 670:slash and burn 640: 631: 624: 623: 615: 608: 607: 599: 592: 591: 583: 576: 575: 563: 556: 555: 549: 542: 541: 533: 526: 525: 517: 510: 509: 501: 494: 493: 487: 486: 485: 441:grid reference 428: 425: 405:National Trust 390:Archaeological 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 188:.nationaltrust 182: 178: 177: 176:National Trust 174: 170: 169: 167:National Trust 164: 160: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 87: 83: 82: 76: 72: 71: 65: 56: 55: 49: 48: 47: 46: 43: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6718: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6519:Penrhos Feilw 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6509:Moel Tŷ Uchaf 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Coetan Arthur 6472: 6470: 6469:Carreg Samson 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Bedd Taliesin 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6408:Yonder Bognie 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6121:Merry Maidens 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Gardom's Edge 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Craddock Moor 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853:Stone circles 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Thunder Stone 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 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Retrieved 2113: 2104: 2066: 2052: 2038: 2034:Silbury Hill 2022:Ross Nichols 2019: 2006: 1998: 1986: 1984: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1955: 1950: 1934: 1896: 1874: 1872: 1857:emanations. 1851:dowsing rods 1844: 1832: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1766: 1745:The Guardian 1743: 1729: 1726: 1713: 1706: 1698: 1673: 1657: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1609: 1593: 1581:sledgehammer 1565: 1548: 1546: 1523: 1513: 1490: 1440: 1425:a man's body 1422: 1410: 1393:Silbury Hill 1378: 1371: 1369: 1346: 1337: 1323: 1296:Roman Empire 1293: 1281: 1262: 1254: 1245: 1234: 1213: 1204:Barber Stone 1180: 1164: 1142: 1131: 1120: 1113: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1091:John Britton 1080: 1061: 1046: 1025: 1021: 1002: 994: 983: 966: 960: 953: 936: 925: 896:long barrows 892: 885: 874:Construction 865: 861: 851: 847: 815: 806: 799:Silbury Hill 744: 721: 694: 682: 675: 663: 656: 651: 645: 602:Silbury Hill 438: 402: 379:antiquarians 375:Roman period 368: 364:Silbury Hill 345: 284: 283: 25: 6558:Isle of Man 6539:Tinkinswood 6524:Pentre Ifan 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