698:
1441:, who in a letter to a friend (1340–1353) written during his stay at Avignon, described Avignon of that time as the "Babylon of the west", referring to the worldly practices of the church hierarchy. The nickname is polemical, in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings. As noted, the "captivity" of the popes at Avignon lasted about the same amount of time as the exile of the Jews in Babylon, making the analogy convenient and rhetorically potent. The Avignon papacy has been and is often today depicted as being totally dependent on the French kings, and sometimes as even being treacherous to its spiritual role and its heritage in Rome.
1312:
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1258:(1352–1362), born Etienne Aubert, was less partisan than Clement VI. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict. However, he was also indecisive and impressionable, already an old man when being elected Pope. In this situation, the King of France managed to influence the papacy, although papal legates played key roles in various attempts to stop the conflict.
96:
329:
368:
1156:. Phillip exerted strong influence on the cardinals of the collegium, and compliance with his demand could mean a severe blow to the church's authority. Much of Clement's politics was designed to avoid such a blow, which he finally did (persuading Phillip to leave the trial to the Council of Vienne, where it lapsed). However, the price won concessions on various fronts; despite strong personal doubts, Clement supported Phillipe's proceedings against the Templars, and he personally ruled to suppress the order.
354:
3840:
315:
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1106:, the strongest critic of the papacy in the French inner circle, led a delegation to Rome, with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope, if necessary by force, before a council to rule on the charges brought against him. Nogaret coordinated with the cardinals of the Colonna family, long-standing rivals against whom the pope had even preached a crusade earlier in his papacy. In 1303 French and Italian troops attacked the pope in
1327:(1370–1378) was the return to Rome, beginning on 13 September 1376 and ending with his arrival on 17 January 1377. Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King, the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself. When the papacy established an embargo against grain exports during a food scarcity 1374 and 1375,
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794:. He absolved King Philip IV and his subjects of their actions against Pope Boniface VIII, though the culprits who assaulted Boniface were excommunicated and ordered to appear before a pontifical tribunal. Benedict XI died within eight months of being elected to the papacy. After eleven months, Bertrand de Got, a Frenchman and a personal friend of King Philip IV, was elected as pope and took the name Pope Clement V.
1045:, no one was allowed to speak at that occasion except when asked by the Pope. The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case—the cardinals of the collegium originally ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense, but the arrival of the King of France in Vienne put pressure on the collegium, and that decision was revoked.
113:
1149:. In this situation of dependency on powerful neighbours in France, three principles characterized the politics of Clement V: the suppression of heretic movements (such as the Cathars in southern France); the reorganization of the internal administration of the church; and the preservation of an untainted image of the church as the sole instrument of God's will on earth.
935:
Overall the public life of leading church members began to resemble the lives of princes rather than members of the clergy. This splendor and corruption at the head of the Church found its way to the lower ranks: when a bishop had to pay up to a year's income for gaining a benefice, he sought ways of
1226:
and adviser to
Philippe IV before, so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors. At some point he even financed French war efforts out of his own pockets. He reportedly loved luxurious wardrobe and under his rule the extravagant life style in Avignon reached new
1377:
in reference to the eight
Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict. The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the forwarding of clerical taxes was stopped. Trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution. In his decision about returning
1280:
of the papacy became more direct. Urban V himself is described as the most austere of the
Avignon popes after Benedict XII and probably the most spiritual of all. However, he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances, a crucial issue during the
1025:
convened to make a ruling concerning the
Templars. The council, overall unconvinced about the guilt of the order as a whole, was unlikely to condemn the entire order based on the scarce evidence brought forward. Exerting massive pressure in order to gain part of the substantial funds of the Order,
789:
In 1303 AD, Pope
Boniface VIII followed up with a bull that would excommunicate the king of France and put an interdict over all France. Before this was finalized, Italian allies of the King of France broke into the papal residence and beat Pope Boniface VIII. He died shortly thereafter. Nicholas
1466:
and King Philip IV of France, it turned to cooperation from 1305 to 1342, and finally to a papacy under strong influence by the French throne up to 1378. Such partisanship of the papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution, which in turn was one of the reasons for the
989:
in
England). Furthermore, the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church, which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles, was used by enemies of the papacy to raise charges against the popes; King Philip of France employed this strategy, as did
1209:
in general, he was reported to be very careful about the souls of the examined, taking a lot of time in the proceedings. His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of
England, before the outbreak of the
785:
decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff." This was directed primarily to King Philip IV of France who responded by saying, "Your venerable conceitedness may know that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters."
867:
was more reminiscent of princes than clerics; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Pope
Boniface VIII still fresh.
908:; special taxes for crusades that never took place; and many forms of dispensation, from the entering of benefices without basic qualifications like literacy for newly appointed priests to the request of a converted Jew to visit his unconverted parents. Popes such as
647:" or "the great controversy of the antipopes" by some Catholic scholars and "the second great schism" by many secular and Protestant historians. Parties within the Catholic Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope. The
876:
The temporal role of the
Catholic Church increased the pressure upon the papal court to emulate the governmental practices and procedures of secular courts. The Catholic Church successfully reorganised and centralized its administration under
1265:, Guy de Boulogne, tried to set up a conference. After initial successful talks the effort failed, largely due to the mistrust from the English side over Guy's strong ties with the French court. In a letter Innocent VI himself wrote to the
1269:: "Although we were born in France and although for that and other reasons we hold the realm of France in special affection, yet in working for peace we have put aside our private prejudices and tried to serve the interests of everyone."
1839:. (English: "Essay on the manners and spirit of nations and on the principal facts of history from Charlemagne to Louis XIII") Vol I, T XI, Chap LXV; edited by René Pomeau (1990) in 2 Volumes (Garnier frères, Paris)
1110:, his home town, and arrested him. He was freed three days later by the population of Anagni. Boniface VIII, then 68 years of age, was deeply shattered by this attack on his own person and died a few weeks later.
952:
and were despised. This sentiment strengthened movements calling for a return to absolute poverty, relinquishment of all personal and ecclesiastical belongings, and preaching as the Lord and his disciples had.
468:
as pope in 1305. Clement refused to move to Rome, and in 1309 he moved his court to the papal enclave at
Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the
1129:
In reaction to the intransigence of Popes like Boniface VIII, the French tightened their influence under the papacy, eventually reducing the Popes to puppets and stacking the Papal court with French clerics.
1133:
The death of Pope Boniface VIII deprived the papacy of its most able politician who could stand against the secular power of the king of France. After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI (1303–04),
1362:, pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities. He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries. To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of
1189:
justified secular supremacy in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict with the Emperor, often fought out in expensive wars, drove the papacy even more into the arms of the French king.
825:, which was ultimately declared heretical. The movement was fueled in no small part by the strong sense of independence in the South even though the region had been severely weakened during the
1872:
725:
in secular matters. In the early 14th century, the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule – its importance had peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries. The success of the early
965:, an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property, this was a dangerous development, and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared
1078:
with charges against the king, summoning him before a council to Rome. In a bold assertion of papal sovereignty, Boniface declared that "God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms."
4288:
4751:
1145:, in southern France, but was not directly connected to the French court. He owed his election to the French clerics. He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in
1119:
1193:
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1246:
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1160:
4302:
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and had the majority of the people massacred (between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead). Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened.
1205:(1334–1342), born Jacques Fournier in Pamiers, was previously active in the inquisition against the Cathar movement. In contrast to the rather bloody picture of the
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4283:
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1093:, sorcery, and heresy against the pope and summoned him before the council. The pope's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty. In
1402:, to succeed Gregory XI, thus beginning a second line of Avignon popes. Clement VII and his successors are not regarded as legitimate, and are referred to as
4795:
4721:
4378:
829:
a hundred years before. By the time of the Avignon Papacy, the power of the French King in this region was uncontested, although still not legally binding.
697:
4819:
4525:
6352:
821:
is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north. Even in terms of religion, the South produced its own variety of Christianity,
112:
5593:
5073:
4827:
4454:
3788:
493:
abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome, arriving in January 1377. After Gregory's death in 1378, deteriorating relations between his successor
5968:
4520:
1879:
4388:
1081:
In response, Philip wrote "Your venerable conceitedness may know, that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters," and called for a meeting of the
6043:
4449:
4942:
4251:
4050:
1152:
The latter was directly challenged by Philip IV when he demanded a posthumous trial of his former adversary, the late Boniface VIII, for alleged
801:, elected 1305, all popes during the Avignon papacy were French. However, this makes French influence seem greater than it was. Southern France (
1474:
In the period of the Schism, the power struggle in the papacy became a battlefield of the major powers, with France supporting the antipopes in
4459:
5353:
5080:
4874:
4434:
1262:
1462:
The relationship between the papacy and France changed drastically over the course of the 14th century. Starting with open conflict between
5032:
4208:
5626:
5119:
4515:
4261:
4256:
4242:
3657:
1729:
1181:, who denied the sole authority of the Pope to crown the Emperor. Louis followed the example of Philippe IV, and summoned the nobles of
6008:
5307:
1398:. Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals, who held a second conclave electing one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who took the name
805:) at that time had a culture quite independent from Northern France, where most of the advisers to the King of France were based. The
6337:
6317:
1450:
1297:'s sons to marry Margaret. This clearly showed the partisanship of the papacy; correspondingly, the respect for the church dropped.
5761:
4631:
1266:
95:
1632:
Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §17, pp. 188-189; under year 1300, §26, p. 272-273; under year 1303, §33, p. 325-326.
101:
5025:
4510:
4370:
3651:
6312:
5455:
5397:
856:, the Catholic Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon, which was surrounded by the lands of the papal fief of
1102:
He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France when in September 1303,
1099:(18 November 1302), he decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff."
4297:
3716:
1795:
1425:, was elected in 1417; other claimants to succeed to Avignon line (though not resident at Avignon) continued until c. 1437.
5265:
5161:
1834:
Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII
1482:. At the end of the century, still in the state of schism, the papacy had lost most of its direct political power, and the
1311:
87:
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1421:(1414–1418) settled the question of papal succession and declared the French conclave of 1378 to be invalid. A new Pope,
597:
Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had little or no public following, and were not resident at Avignon:
6165:
5467:
5218:
4911:
4621:
4038:
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1606:
The History of the Council of Constance, page 403, Stephen Whatley, Jacques Lenfant, published by A. Bettesworth, 1730.
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the King managed to get the ruling he wanted, and Pope Clement V ordered by decree the suppression of the order.
1021:
are representative of this time, reflecting the various powers and their relationships. In 1314 the collegium at
81:
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5563:
5487:
5107:
5085:
4851:
4731:
4535:
4398:
4278:
4163:
2169:
677:
848:, and to escape from the infighting of the powerful Roman families that had produced earlier Popes, such as the
5802:
5421:
5068:
5060:
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4415:
4026:
2223:
1664:
940:
for all kinds of sins. While pardoners were hated but popularly regarded as helpful to redeem one's soul, the
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5676:
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3812:
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991:
643:
The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival claimants to the title of pope, is referred to as the "
1222:
Under Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) the French interests started dominating the papacy. Clement VI had been
944:
who were commonly regarded as failing to follow the Church's moral commandments by ignoring their vows of
6332:
6102:
5472:
5245:
4808:
4726:
4684:
4125:
3984:
3641:
1521:
1085:, a council of the lords of France, who had supported his position. The King of France issued charges of
6111:
5136:
4901:
4706:
4568:
4220:
4133:
2218:
1038:
863:
During its time in Avignon, the papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its
529:
Among the popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these:
501:. This started a second line of Avignon popes, subsequently regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon
6170:
5872:
5183:
4883:
4711:
4701:
2198:
1822:
806:
429:
361:
334:
137:
701:
A map of Rome, showing an allegorical figure of Rome as a widow in black mourning the Avignon Papacy
6003:
5578:
5095:
4321:
4185:
4138:
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1242:. Also during his reign, in 1348, the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins.
1082:
889:, abandoning the customary election process that traditionally allotted this considerable income.
734:
4694:
1437:" of the popes. When and where this term originated is uncertain although it may have sprung from
1238:
that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1350 and is believed to have killed about one-third of
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5621:
5477:
5204:
4716:
4616:
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2203:
1787:
1700:
Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378)
1516:
1374:
1306:
860:. Formally it was part of Arles, but in reality it was under the influence of the French king.
738:
449:
1074:, retracting all privileges granted to the French king by previous popes, and a few weeks later
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1211:
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raising this money from his new office. This was taken to extremes by the pardoners who sold
753:
by the Pope during a Crusade. Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the
681:
617:
611:
601:
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1962:
1947:
1920:
1434:
1418:
1399:
1328:
1103:
648:
584:
518:
486:
470:
1454:(1520), but he claimed it had nothing to do with the Western Schism or papacy in Avignon.
844:
in France in 1305, and then to Avignon in 1309. Following the impasse during the previous
8:
6269:
5993:
5983:
5932:
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5776:
5636:
5378:
5141:
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2049:
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1223:
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457:
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2240:
1463:
1415:
1379:
1186:
1067:
999:
782:
765:
718:
453:
5847:
1006:, who were outspoken critics of the papacy, and who had found refuge with Louis IV in
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2013:
1995:
1344:
1255:
857:
791:
706:
664:
629:
557:
474:
461:
405:
347:
320:
161:
133:
48:
1022:
771:
This state of affairs culminated in the unbridled declaration of papal supremacy,
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1042:
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917:
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569:
551:
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233:
165:
62:
1010:. In response, William charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies.
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2273:
2155:
2147:
1821:
Vale, M., "The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500". In:
1468:
1411:
1390:
This resolution was short-lived when, having returned the papal court to Rome,
1359:
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882:
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220:
34:
5431:
764:
wanted to use the finances of the Church to pay for his war with the English.
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2313:
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2022:
1986:
1568:
1445:
1422:
1395:
1367:
1034:
986:
853:
652:
201:
117:
Map of the Papal states with the ecclesiastical enclave of Avignon in France.
1486:
of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe.
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5588:
5432:
5178:
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5156:
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4120:
4055:
4021:
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3920:
3806:
3622:
3602:
3587:
3567:
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3401:
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2860:
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2724:
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2629:
2549:
2474:
2388:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2303:
1483:
1273:
1196:
1095:
773:
669:
563:
126:
1857:
6033:
5862:
5837:
5812:
5785:
5772:
5681:
5583:
5270:
4974:
4193:
4082:
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3577:
3457:
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3406:
3030:
2895:
2890:
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2734:
2679:
2669:
2664:
2534:
2358:
2308:
2263:
1844:
1504:
1231:
1206:
974:
833:
730:
722:
286:
248:
16:
Period during which the Pope lived in Avignon, France in the 14th century
5817:
5402:
4957:
4155:
3691:
3366:
2885:
2870:
2684:
2659:
2494:
2398:
2318:
2268:
2210:
1316:
1249:
970:
937:
814:
778:
490:
1726:"Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy"
1617:
Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774–1791
1546:, Vol. VI, Ed. Michael Jones, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 653.
4863:
4678:
4326:
4225:
2428:
1163:
1122:
1030:
822:
818:
802:
754:
514:
465:
186:
1041:, were sitting next to him when he issued the decree. Under pain of
448:). The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the
6276:
5631:
5385:
5373:
5001:
4109:
3899:
2230:
1713:
The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community
1510:
1438:
1403:
1235:
978:
945:
893:
886:
841:
726:
577:
502:
494:
1118:
904:, the income of the first year after filling a position such as a
5888:
5502:
5124:
1475:
1340:
1336:
1281:
war with England. In 1369 Pope Urban V supported the marriage of
1182:
1146:
1142:
1138:
982:
949:
929:
905:
901:
742:
729:
added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of
721:
was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of
633:
572:: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to return to Rome on 13 September 1376)
425:
420:) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive
147:
129:
1853:, pp. 653–673, 2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1755:
Montaillou, Catholics and Cathars in a French Village, 1294–1324
1373:
Florence came in open conflict with the Pope, a conflict called
1192:
809:
was not yet part of France at that time, formally a part of the
6054:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
5497:
5407:
5312:
4314:
1363:
1174:
1153:
1107:
1090:
1086:
1007:
966:
921:
637:
510:
437:
389:
1849:
Zutschi, P. N. R., "The Avignon Papacy". In: Jones, M. (ed.),
1177:, and previously archbishop in Avignon) was his conflict with
651:
finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of
1245:
941:
897:
445:
157:
4707:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
745:
for the popes and leading "their" armies. One exception was
713:
in addition to its spiritual role. The conflict between the
489:, and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 1376,
4589:
4117:
3917:
3868:
2178:
1851:
The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume VI c.1300–c.1415
1479:
1331:
organized several cities into a league against the papacy:
925:
837:
714:
441:
421:
1657:
Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes
871:
464:, Philip forced a deadlocked conclave to elect the French
5943:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
1582:
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History
1159:
885:. The papacy now directly controlled the appointments of
790:
Boccasini was elected as his successor and took the name
566:: 1362–1370 (in Rome 1367–1370; returned to Avignon 1370)
40:
4824:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
1444:
Almost a century and a half later, Protestant reformer
1382:, later canonized, who preached for a return to Rome.
1358:
The papal legate, Robert of Geneva, a relative of the
1319:
returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy.
920:
reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobes, and
676:, they were absorbed by the short-lived revolutionary
513:. After five years besieged by the French, he fled to
509:, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of
5974:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
4717:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
1500:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
692:
4892:
4774:
1768:, Phoenix Press. Chapter 17, "The Temple Destroyed"
1555:Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper,
1544:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415
741:, and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as
5047:
1394:died. A conclave met and elected an Italian pope,
1378:to Rome, the Pope was also under the influence of
892:Many other forms of payment brought riches to the
536:: 1305–1314 (curia moved to Avignon, 9 March 1309)
1643:History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848
6294:
6044:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
2177:
680:, which, in turn, was abolished in favor of the
1037:in Vienne, the King of France and his son, the
485:A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all
270:• Return to Rome of the last Avignon pope
1323:The most influential decision in the reign of
832:A stronger impact was made by the move of the
6363:States and territories disestablished in 1437
6358:States and territories disestablished in 1378
6308:1300s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
5033:
4875:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
3884:
2163:
1873:
1048:
477:
1778:
1686:, ed. William Kibler, (Routledge, 1995), 89.
1595:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes
1293:, rather than giving dispensation to one of
497:and a faction of cardinals gave rise to the
54:
4303:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
1887:
593:: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)
26:
6353:States and territories established in 1309
6059:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
6009:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
5040:
5026:
3891:
3877:
2170:
2156:
1880:
1866:
1757:, trans. B. Bray, 1978. Also published as
1300:
111:
1641:François Guizot and Mme. Guizot de Witt,
1619:, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 13.
1557:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
1513: – Radical Christian reform movement
1451:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
1169:One important issue during the papacy of
998:excommunicated two leading philosophers,
517:in 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the
4632:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1715:, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
1654:
1457:
1310:
1244:
1191:
1158:
1117:
900:, a ten-percent tax on church property;
696:
623:
1559:, (Oxford University Press, 2000), 227.
872:Centralization of Church administration
6295:
1759:Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error
1630:Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici
5021:
4369:
3872:
2151:
1861:
1827:The Oxford History of Medieval Europe
1597:, (Yale University Press, 1997), 165.
956:
672:until 1791 when, under pressure from
456:after his arrest and maltreatment by
1478:and England supporting the popes in
1230:Clement VI was also pope during the
460:. Following the subsequent death of
5913:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
4907:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
1507: – Rejection of ultramontanism
1498: – commune in Vaucluse, France
994:. In his conflict with the latter,
13:
5468:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4912:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
4622:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1923:election begins the Western Schism
1746:
1291:Margaret III, Countess of Flanders
102:Coat of arms of the Avignon Papacy
88:Banner of the Papal States (1300s)
14:
6374:
4690:Pontifical North American College
4252:Section for Relations with States
1784:Avignon and its Papacy, 1309–1417
1645:Volume I (New York 1885), p. 474.
813:. The literature produced by the
693:Temporal role of the Roman Church
6338:History of Catholicism in France
6318:1378 disestablishments in Europe
6275:
6263:
5594:Fourth Council of Constantinople
5549:Second Council of Constantinople
5000:
4988:
4384:Extraordinary general assemblies
3850:
3839:
3838:
1829:, Oxford University Press, 1988.
1732:from the original on 4 June 2011
1684:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
1584:, (Liturgical Press, 2009), 104.
1433:The period has been called the "
1414:, persisted from 1378 until the
747:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
524:
482:, i.e. "Avignonese captivity").
366:
352:
327:
313:
94:
80:
5564:Third Council of Constantinople
5488:First Council of Constantinople
4852:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
4752:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
4732:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
4531:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
1718:
1705:
1689:
1673:
1648:
1410:. This situation, known as the
604:: 1423–1429 (recognized in the
5803:Dissolution of the monasteries
5069:History of the Catholic Church
4541:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1635:
1622:
1609:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1562:
1549:
1533:
1113:
768:protested, leading to a feud.
733:, with monarchs like those of
612:Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier)
452:, culminating in the death of
260:• Curia moved to Avignon
1:
6313:1305 establishments in Europe
5677:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5652:Second Council of the Lateran
5261:Apostles in the New Testament
4804:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1815:, Papermac, 1978. Chapter 16
1659:. McFarland. pp. 41–43.
1527:
1375:"the war of the eight saints"
1217:
777:, in November 1302. In that
687:
5791:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5657:Third Council of the Lateran
5647:First Council of the Lateran
5103:Catholic ecumenical councils
4627:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
3898:
1655:Williams, George L. (2004).
1569:Catholic Encyclopaedia entry
1276:(1362–1370), the control by
1179:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1137:(1305–1314) became the next
1013:The proceedings against the
992:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
4809:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
4685:Pontifical Urban University
4379:Ordinary general assemblies
4126:Cardinal Secretary of State
1522:Palais des papes of Sorgues
1489:
977:movements in Italy and the
678:Kingdom of France (1791–92)
618:Benedict XIV (Jean Carrier)
10:
6379:
5137:History of the Roman Curia
4902:Basilica of the Holy House
4526:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
3934:Sovereignty and government
1304:
1049:Papacy in the 14th century
6258:
6158:
6024:
5951:
5886:
5873:European wars of religion
5770:
5705:
5607:
5529:
5420:
5343:
5203:
5192:
5184:Eastern Catholic Churches
5059:
4983:
4928:
4859:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
4842:
4712:Palace of the Holy Office
4702:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4674:Palace of Saint Callixtus
4644:
4607:
4597:
4586:
4567:
4496:
4473:
4425:
4397:
4341:
4236:
4184:
4154:
4108:
4081:
3955:
3943:Sovereign judicial entity
3906:
3834:
3761:
3701:
3640:
3631:
3445:
3159:
2758:
2462:
2256:
2189:
2058:
1893:
1786:. Lanham, Maryland, USA:
1428:
1385:
1261:Most notably in 1353 the
382:
292:
282:
278:
268:
258:
254:
244:
240:
227:
214:
210:
200:
181:
171:
153:
143:
122:
110:
76:
71:
21:
6328:14th-century Catholicism
6004:Mary of the Divine Heart
5627:Clash against the empire
5579:Second Council of Nicaea
5473:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4800:Archaeological Institute
3985:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3980:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3975:History of papal primacy
1808:, Faber and Faber, 1999.
1788:Rowman & Littlefield
1058:After the arrest of the
1053:
428:(at the time within the
6270:Vatican City portal
5622:Investiture Controversy
5478:First Council of Nicaea
4995:Vatican City portal
4727:Palace of the Vicariate
4521:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
4045:Prisoner in the Vatican
4034:Investiture Controversy
3652:During the Roman Empire
1950:ends the Western Schism
1888:Western Schism timeline
1517:Medieval Restorationism
1307:War of the Eight Saints
1301:War of the Eight Saints
1173:(born Jacques Duèze in
668:) remained part of the
6323:14th century in France
6282:Catholicism portal
6093:Second Vatican Council
5979:Our Lady of La Salette
5786:Protestant Reformation
5773:Protestant Reformation
5692:Second Council of Lyon
5081:Ecclesiastical history
5007:Catholicism portal
4963:Apostolic Penitentiary
4937:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4884:Santa Maria di Galeria
4209:For Vatican City State
3857:Catholic Church Portal
3717:Conflicts with the HRE
1320:
1252:
1199:
1185:to back his position.
1166:
1126:
702:
674:French Revolutionaries
658:Avignon and the small
640:
576:The two Avignon-based
478:
417:
409:
55:
41:
27:
5989:First Vatican Council
5687:First Council of Lyon
5451:Constantine the Great
5147:Christian monasticism
4791:San Carlo ai Catinari
4762:Paul VI Audience Hall
4748:Benedictine monastery
4695:Bambino Gesù Hospital
4465:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
3633:History of the papacy
1702:, (Brill, 2008), 182.
1682:, Thomas M. Izbicki,
1471:from 1378 to 1417.
1458:Effects on the papacy
1314:
1295:Edward III of England
1248:
1195:
1162:
1121:
969:. These included the
700:
682:French First Republic
655:was accepted by all.
627:
473:" of the Papacy (cf.
154:Common languages
28:Status Ecclesiasticus
6166:Sexual abuse scandal
6075:Mit brennender Sorge
5918:Age of Enlightenment
5697:Bernard of Clairvaux
5574:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5513:Council of Chalcedon
5293:Council of Jerusalem
5162:Role in civilization
5142:Religious institutes
5074:By country or region
4617:St. Peter's Basilica
4310:Apostolic nunciature
4169:College of Cardinals
4164:Secretariat of State
3795:Revolutionary Papacy
3789:Age of Enlightenment
1948:Council of Constance
1780:Rollo-Koster, Joëlle
1753:Ladurie, E. le Roi.
1435:Babylonian captivity
1419:Council of Constance
1125:in a later engraving
928:plates were used at
684:the following year.
649:Council of Constance
519:Council of Constance
479:cattività avignonese
471:Babylonian captivity
444:(now the capital of
5994:Papal infallibility
5984:Our Lady of Lourdes
5933:Shimabara Rebellion
5777:Counter-Reformation
4968:Apostolic Signatura
4796:Collegio Bellarmino
4668:Adjoining buildings
4243:Multilateral policy
3642:Antiquity and Early
3446:17th–21st centuries
3160:13th–16th centuries
1696:Joëlle Rollo-Koster
1496:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
1448:wrote his treatise
1278:Charles V of France
1240:Europe's population
1224:Archbishop of Rouen
1064:Philip IV of France
896:and its cardinals:
827:Albigensian Crusade
762:Philip IV of France
614:: 1424–1429 or 1430
458:Philip IV of France
6333:History of Avignon
6039:Our Lady of Fátima
5828:Ignatius of Loyola
5752:Catherine of Siena
5720:Pope Boniface VIII
5539:Benedict of Nursia
5508:Council of Ephesus
5345:Ante-Nicene period
5298:Split with Judaism
5132:Crusading movement
4737:Collegio Teutonico
4654:Lateran University
4498:Suffragan dioceses
4475:Territorial abbeys
4445:Porto-Santa Rufina
4427:Suburbicarian sees
4389:Special assemblies
4284:Permanent Observer
3777:Reformation Papacy
3771:Renaissance Papacy
3713:(1012–1044 / 1048)
3666:Ostrogothic Papacy
2759:9th–12th centuries
1628:A. Theiner (ed.),
1540:The Avignon Papacy
1464:Pope Boniface VIII
1380:Catherine of Siena
1321:
1253:
1212:Hundred Years' War
1200:
1187:Marsilius of Padua
1167:
1127:
1068:Pope Boniface VIII
1000:Marsilius of Padua
957:A political Church
783:Pope Boniface VIII
766:Pope Boniface VIII
719:Holy Roman Emperor
705:The papacy in the
703:
641:
454:Pope Boniface VIII
6290:
6289:
6250:COVID-19 pandemic
6228:Pope Benedict XVI
6133:Pope John Paul II
5908:Pope Benedict XIV
5894:French Revolution
5878:Thirty Years' War
5868:Robert Bellarmine
5853:John of the Cross
5757:Pope Alexander VI
5742:Council of Vienne
5672:Francis of Assisi
5662:Pope Innocent III
5531:Early Middle Ages
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5463:Arian controversy
5416:
5415:
5364:Apostolic Fathers
5015:
5014:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4882:antennae area of
4873:Summer estate of
4838:
4837:
4770:
4769:
4742:Teutonic Cemetery
4640:
4639:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4580:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4516:Civita Castellana
4419:
4363:
4337:
4336:
4102:
4039:Age of Revolution
4012:Donation of Pepin
4007:Donation of Sutri
3947:international law
3866:
3865:
3830:
3829:
3722:Wandering Papacy
3685:Saeculum obscurum
3658:Under Constantine
2463:5th–8th centuries
2257:1st–4th centuries
2241:papal resignation
2145:
2144:
1908:move back to Rome
1797:978-1-4422-1532-0
1711:Margaret Harvey,
1580:Joseph F. Kelly,
1542:, P.N.R. Zutshi,
1287:Duchy of Burgundy
1267:Duke of Lancaster
1203:Pope Benedict XII
1141:. He was born in
1060:Bishop of Pamiers
1019:Council of Vienne
1004:William of Ockham
811:Holy Roman Empire
546:Pope Benedict XII
440:) rather than in
434:Holy Roman Empire
418:Papauté d'Avignon
398:
397:
378:
377:
374:
373:
362:Kingdom of France
340:
339:
335:Kingdom of France
229:• 1370–1378
216:• 1305–1314
194:elective monarchy
176:Roman Catholicism
56:Papauté d'Avignon
6370:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6245:Patriarch Kirill
6118:Pope John Paul I
5923:Anti-clericalism
5903:Pope Innocent XI
5823:Society of Jesus
5808:Council of Trent
5762:Age of Discovery
5707:Late Middle Ages
5609:High Middle Ages
5599:East–West Schism
5483:Pope Sylvester I
5429:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5328:General epistles
5323:Pauline epistles
5256:John the Baptist
5239:Great Commission
5201:
5200:
5152:Catholic culture
5042:
5035:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5005:
5004:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4895:extraterritorial
4890:
4889:
4868:Adjacent gardens
4828:Nympheum of Nero
4777:extraterritorial
4772:
4771:
4664:Sancta Sanctorum
4642:
4641:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4572:
4423:
4422:
4404:
4401:province of Rome
4367:
4366:
4348:
4199:Apostolic Camera
4106:
4105:
4088:
3970:Primacy of Peter
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3842:
3841:
3762:Early Modern and
3672:Byzantine Papacy
3638:
3637:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2121:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:Voltaire, F-M, "
1817:The Papal Schism
1813:A Distant Mirror
1801:
1771:Renouard, Yves.
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1537:
1501:
1256:Pope Innocent VI
1070:issued the bull
858:Comtat Venaissin
807:Kingdom of Arles
792:Pope Benedict XI
749:, who was twice
707:Late Middle Ages
665:Comtat Venaissin
558:Pope Innocent VI
481:
462:Pope Benedict XI
430:Kingdom of Arles
370:
369:
356:
355:
348:Comtat Venaissin
344:
343:
331:
330:
321:Comtat Venaissin
317:
316:
310:
309:
294:
293:
196:
134:Comtat Venaissin
132:and part of the
115:
98:
84:
66:
58:
52:
44:
38:
30:
19:
18:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6254:
6176:World Youth Day
6154:
6143:World Youth Day
6087:Pacem in terris
6081:Pope John XXIII
6020:
5947:
5938:Edict of Nantes
5896:
5892:
5882:
5848:Teresa of Ávila
5843:Tridentine Mass
5779:
5775:
5766:
5747:Knights Templar
5701:
5603:
5559:Gregorian chant
5517:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5424:
5412:
5339:
5208:
5196:
5188:
5055:
5053:Catholic Church
5046:
5016:
5011:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4948:Papal household
4916:
4894:
4888:
4844:
4834:
4820:Sant'Apollinare
4818:Two Palaces of
4814:Russian College
4776:
4766:
4636:
4609:Major basilicas
4588:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4555:
4492:
4469:
4414:
4403:
4400:
4393:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4333:
4262:Of the Holy See
4257:To the Holy See
4240:
4238:Foreign affairs
4232:
4180:
4150:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:judicial entity
4084:
4077:
3951:
3929:Diocese of Rome
3902:
3897:
3867:
3862:
3826:
3809:(1929–present)
3763:
3757:
3711:Tusculan Papacy
3703:
3697:
3678:Frankish Papacy
3643:
3627:
3441:
3155:
2754:
2458:
2252:
2185:
2183:Catholic Church
2176:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:Council of Pisa
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1886:
1856:
1836:
1798:
1749:
1747:Further reading
1744:
1735:
1733:
1728:. Fordham.edu.
1724:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1499:
1492:
1460:
1431:
1408:Catholic Church
1392:Pope Gregory XI
1388:
1325:Pope Gregory XI
1309:
1303:
1283:Philip the Bold
1263:Bishop of Porto
1220:
1116:
1104:William Nogaret
1083:Estates General
1056:
1051:
1043:excommunication
1039:King of Navarre
1015:Knights Templar
963:Catholic Church
959:
874:
854:Orsini families
797:Beginning with
709:played a major
695:
690:
606:Crown of Aragon
570:Pope Gregory XI
552:Pope Clement VI
527:
410:Papat d'Avinhon
394:
367:
353:
328:
314:
271:
261:
230:
217:
192:
185:
118:
106:
105:
104:
99:
91:
90:
85:
67:
60:
53:
46:
42:Papat d'Avinhon
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Western Schism
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6303:Avignon Papacy
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6272:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6071:
6066:
6064:Lateran Treaty
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5889:Baroque period
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5858:Peter Canisius
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:Francis Xavier
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5797:Exsurge Domine
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Pope Clement V
5734:
5733:
5732:
5730:Avignon Papacy
5725:Western Schism
5722:
5717:
5715:Thomas Aquinas
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5569:Saint Boniface
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Pope Gregory I
5551:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Biblical canon
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5447:
5445:
5426:
5422:Late antiquity
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Pope Clement I
5359:Church Fathers
5356:
5350:
5348:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5215:
5213:
5198:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:Biblical canon
5115:Catholic Bible
5112:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4783:Palace of the
4780:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4649:Lateran Palace
4645:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4581:
4578:territoriality
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Velletri-Segni
4437:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4399:Ecclesiastical
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4355:full communion
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:European Union
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4279:United Nations
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4174:Papal conclave
4166:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4129:Pietro Parolin
4123:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:Lateran Treaty
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:Temporal power
4019:
4017:Avignon Papacy
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3990:Lateran Palace
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3848:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3804:
3801:Roman Question
3798:
3792:
3791:(c. 1640–1740)
3786:
3783:Baroque Papacy
3780:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3752:Western Schism
3749:
3746:Avignon Papacy
3743:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3692:Crescentii era
3689:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Alexander VIII
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Anastasius III
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1830:
1819:
1809:
1804:Sumption, J.,
1802:
1796:
1776:
1773:Avignon Papacy
1769:
1762:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1717:
1704:
1688:
1680:Avignon Papacy
1672:
1665:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1561:
1548:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1459:
1456:
1430:
1427:
1412:Western Schism
1387:
1384:
1360:House of Savoy
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1219:
1216:
1171:Pope John XXII
1135:Pope Clement V
1115:
1112:
1072:Salvator Mundi
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
996:Pope John XXII
958:
955:
873:
870:
751:excommunicated
694:
691:
689:
686:
645:Western Schism
622:
621:
615:
609:
595:
594:
588:
574:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
540:Pope John XXII
537:
534:Pope Clement V
526:
523:
499:Western Schism
436:; now part of
432:, part of the
402:Avignon Papacy
396:
395:
393:
392:
386:
384:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
364:
358:
357:
350:
341:
338:
337:
332:
324:
323:
318:
306:
305:
300:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
246:
245:Historical era
242:
241:
238:
237:
231:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
124:
120:
119:
116:
108:
107:
100:
93:
92:
86:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6375:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6271:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:Mother Teresa
6121:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:Pope Pius XII
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6015:Rerum novarum
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5999:Pope Leo XIII
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:United States
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5959:Pope Pius VII
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:Scholasticism
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Pope Urban II
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Justin Martyr
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:New Testament
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Commissioning
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:Apostolic Age
5206:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5096:Papal primacy
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Peter's Pence
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4881:
4880:Vatican Radio
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:Holy Apostles
4782:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Anagni-Alatri
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:Papal primacy
4356:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Congregations
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4092:international
4086:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Duchy of Rome
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Apostolic see
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:episcopal see
3912:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:High and Late
3700:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Benedict XIII
3516:
3514:
3513:Innocent XIII
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Alexander VII
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Innocent VIII
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Callixtus III
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Boniface VIII
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Celestine III
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Alexander III
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Anastasius IV
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Sylvester III
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Benedict VIII
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Anastasius II
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:Pope emeritus
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:List of popes
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2051:
2035:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1973:
1972:Benedict XIII
1964:
1949:
1936:
1922:
1921:Clement VII's
1907:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1811:Tuchman, B.,
1810:
1807:
1806:Trial by Fire
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:Read, P. P.,
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1615:P. M. Jones,
1612:
1603:
1596:
1593:Eamon Duffy,
1590:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1484:nation states
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:Martin Luther
1442:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1423:Pope Martin V
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1368:John Hawkwood
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1313:
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1136:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:Ausculta fili
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Saint Maurice
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
987:John Wycliffe
985:(inspired by
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
869:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
769:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:temporal role
708:
699:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
662:to the east (
661:
656:
654:
653:Pope Martin V
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
626:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
592:
591:Benedict XIII
589:
586:
583:
582:
581:
579:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
530:
525:Avignon popes
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Benedict XIII
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
391:
388:
387:
385:
383:Today part of
381:
365:
363:
360:
359:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
336:
333:
326:
325:
322:
319:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
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250:
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232:
226:
222:
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213:
209:
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195:
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188:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
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159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
114:
109:
103:
97:
89:
83:
75:
70:
64:
57:
50:
43:
36:
29:
20:
6343:Papal States
6237:
6233:Pope Francis
6159:21st century
6108:Pope Paul VI
6085:
6073:
6026:20th century
6013:
5964:Pope Pius IX
5952:19th century
5928:Pope Pius VI
5795:
5729:
5667:Latin Empire
5637:Universities
5589:Pope Leo III
5456:Christianity
5441:state church
5433:Great Church
5234:Resurrection
5197:(30–325/476)
5194:Early Church
5179:Latin Church
5174:Papal States
5169:Vatican City
4935:
4757:Beda College
4659:Scala Sancta
4483:Montecassino
4416:Vatican City
4099:Legal status
4068:World War II
4056:Vatican City
4051:Savoyard era
4022:Papal States
4016:
3938:Vatican City
3855:
3843:
3813:World War II
3807:Vatican City
3745:
3683:
3654:(until 493)
3618:Benedict XVI
3613:John Paul II
3533:Clement XIII
3528:Benedict XIV
3503:Innocent XII
3437:Clement VIII
3412:Gregory XIII
3392:Marcellus II
3352:Alexander VI
3302:Innocent VII
3267:Benedict XII
3222:Nicholas III
3187:Alexander IV
3177:Celestine IV
3167:Honorius III
3151:Innocent III
3136:Gregory VIII
3096:Celestine II
3081:Callixtus II
3051:Alexander II
2976:Sylvester II
2956:Benedict VII
2916:Stephen VIII
2801:Benedict III
2655:Adeodatus II
2600:Boniface III
2454:Anastasius I
2123:
2005:Innocent VII
1850:
1833:
1826:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1783:
1772:
1766:The Templars
1765:
1758:
1754:
1734:. Retrieved
1720:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1389:
1372:
1357:
1322:
1274:Pope Urban V
1271:
1260:
1254:
1229:
1221:
1201:
1197:Benedict XII
1168:
1151:
1132:
1128:
1101:
1096:Unam sanctam
1094:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1057:
1028:
1012:
960:
934:
914:Benedict XII
891:
875:
862:
831:
796:
788:
774:Unam sanctam
772:
770:
759:
704:
670:Papal States
663:
657:
642:
630:Papal palace
620:: 1430?–1437
608:; abdicated)
602:Clement VIII
596:
575:
564:Pope Urban V
528:
484:
450:French crown
401:
399:
303:Succeeded by
302:
297:
23:Papal States
6239:Laudato si'
6034:Pope Pius X
5863:Philip Neri
5838:Pope Pius V
5813:Thomas More
5682:Inquisition
5584:Charlemagne
5544:Monasticism
5354:Persecution
5246:Holy Spirit
5229:Crucifixion
5108:First seven
4975:Swiss Guard
4722:Palazzo Pio
4226:Dicasteries
4204:Commissions
4194:Roman Curia
4073:Warsaw Pact
3821:(1945–1991)
3815:(1939–1945)
3803:(1870–1929)
3797:(1775–1848)
3785:(1585–1689)
3779:(1534–1585)
3773:(1417–1534)
3754:(1378–1417)
3748:(1309–1378)
3740:, 1228–1304
3734:, 1262–1297
3728:, 1257–1281
3719:(1048–1257)
3704:Middle Ages
3644:Middle Ages
3608:John Paul I
3583:Benedict XV
3563:Gregory XVI
3538:Clement XIV
3523:Clement XII
3493:Innocent XI
3432:Innocent IX
3427:Gregory XIV
3377:Clement VII
3307:Gregory XII
3297:Boniface IX
3277:Innocent VI
3252:Benedict XI
3242:Celestine V
3237:Nicholas IV
3232:Honorius IV
3182:Innocent IV
3141:Clement III
3091:Innocent II
3086:Honorius II
3076:Gelasius II
3056:Gregory VII
3046:Nicholas II
3006:Benedict IX
2951:Benedict VI
2926:Agapetus II
2901:Stephen VII
2876:Sergius III
2866:Benedict IV
2856:Theodore II
2841:Boniface VI
2740:Stephen III
2720:Gregory III
2710:Constantine
2675:Benedict II
2610:Adeodatus I
2605:Boniface IV
2585:Pelagius II
2545:Boniface II
2485:Celestine I
2424:Sylvester I
2409:Marcellus I
2404:Marcellinus
2339:Callixtus I
2324:Eleutherius
2299:Telesphorus
2289:Alexander I
2211:Papal names
2034:Alexander V
2014:Gregory XII
1996:Boniface IX
1963:Clement VII
1505:Gallicanism
1400:Clement VII
1232:Black Death
1207:Inquisition
1114:Cooperation
938:absolutions
834:Roman Curia
815:troubadours
731:Christendom
723:Christendom
587:: 1378–1394
585:Clement VII
560:: 1352–1362
554:: 1342–1352
548:: 1334–1342
542:: 1316–1334
424:resided in
298:Preceded by
287:Roman scudo
249:Middle Ages
6297:Categories
6112:coronation
5818:Pope Leo X
5403:Tertullian
5333:Revelation
5308:Background
4958:Roman Rota
4856:Papal farm
4789:Palace of
4681:Hill area
4569:Properties
4455:Palestrina
4327:Concordats
4186:Government
4156:Governance
3764:Modern Era
3694:(974–1012)
3598:John XXIII
3508:Clement XI
3483:Clement IX
3473:Innocent X
3468:Urban VIII
3463:Gregory XV
3387:Julius III
3322:Nicholas V
3287:Gregory XI
3272:Clement VI
3207:Innocent V
3197:Clement IV
3172:Gregory IX
3126:Lucius III
3106:Eugene III
3071:Paschal II
3061:Victor III
3041:Stephen IX
3026:Damasus II
3021:Clement II
3016:Gregory VI
2991:Sergius IV
2986:John XVIII
2936:Benedict V
2921:Marinus II
2846:Stephen VI
2826:Adrian III
2806:Nicholas I
2791:Sergius II
2786:Gregory IV
2766:Stephen IV
2730:Stephen II
2715:Gregory II
2635:Theodore I
2620:Honorius I
2615:Boniface V
2580:Benedict I
2570:Pelagius I
2555:Agapetus I
2515:Gelasius I
2505:Simplicius
2490:Sixtus III
2480:Boniface I
2470:Innocent I
2334:Zephyrinus
2248:Pope-elect
2224:non-extant
2050:John XXIII
1906:Gregory XI
1823:Holmes, G.
1736:2011-06-10
1666:0786420715
1528:References
1416:ecumenical
1317:Gregory XI
1250:Clement VI
1218:Submission
975:Waldensian
971:Fraticelli
918:Clement VI
779:papal bull
688:Background
491:Gregory XI
234:Gregory XI
187:Theocratic
182:Government
6128:Communism
6098:Ecumenism
5444:(380–451)
5436:(180–451)
5425:(313–476)
5347:(100–325)
4864:Barberini
4679:Gianicolo
4573:including
4407:Vicariate
4351:universal
4289:in Geneva
4134:Cardinals
4110:Officials
4083:Sovereign
3911:Apostolic
3688:(904–964)
3680:(756–857)
3674:(537–752)
3668:(493–537)
3660:(312–337)
3558:Pius VIII
3488:Clement X
3422:Urban VII
3372:Adrian VI
3362:Julius II
3342:Sixtus IV
3317:Eugene IV
3262:John XXII
3257:Clement V
3227:Martin IV
3202:Gregory X
3131:Urban III
3116:Adrian IV
3101:Lucius II
3036:Victor II
2981:John XVII
2971:Gregory V
2946:John XIII
2831:Stephen V
2821:Marinus I
2816:John VIII
2811:Adrian II
2781:Valentine
2776:Eugene II
2771:Paschal I
2705:Sisinnius
2690:Sergius I
2625:Severinus
2590:Gregory I
2560:Silverius
2530:Hormisdas
2525:Symmachus
2510:Felix III
2444:Damasus I
2419:Miltiades
2394:Eutychian
2384:Dionysius
2379:Sixtus II
2374:Stephen I
2364:Cornelius
2284:Evaristus
2279:Clement I
2274:Anacletus
2204:canonised
2199:graphical
1404:antipopes
1366:he hired
1227:heights.
1164:John XXII
1123:Clement V
1066:in 1301,
1031:cathedral
967:heretical
910:John XXII
906:bishopric
887:benefices
883:John XXII
879:Clement V
865:cardinals
823:Catharism
819:Languedoc
803:Occitania
799:Clement V
755:Holy Land
578:antipopes
515:Perpignan
466:Clement V
221:Clement V
172:Religion
72:1309–1376
6138:HIV/AIDS
5632:Crusades
5386:Irenaeus
5379:Ignatius
5374:Polycarp
5224:Ministry
5212:(30–100)
5086:Timeline
4929:See also
4450:Frascati
4322:Treaties
4216:Councils
4144:Advisers
3900:Holy See
3845:Category
3819:Cold War
3593:Pius XII
3573:Leo XIII
3548:Pius VII
3417:Sixtus V
3382:Paul III
3357:Pius III
3312:Martin V
3292:Urban VI
3217:John XXI
3212:Adrian V
3192:Urban IV
3066:Urban II
3001:John XIX
2961:John XIV
2941:Leo VIII
2931:John XII
2836:Formosus
2745:Adrian I
2700:John VII
2650:Vitalian
2645:Eugene I
2640:Martin I
2595:Sabinian
2575:John III
2565:Vigilius
2540:Felix IV
2500:Hilarius
2449:Siricius
2439:Liberius
2434:Julius I
2414:Eusebius
2369:Lucius I
2329:Victor I
2314:Anicetus
2294:Sixtus I
2231:Antipope
2023:Martin V
1987:Urban VI
1845:70306666
1782:(2015).
1730:Archived
1511:Lollardy
1490:See also
1439:Petrarch
1396:Urban VI
1329:Florence
1236:epidemic
979:Hussites
961:For the
946:chastity
930:banquets
894:Holy See
846:conclave
842:Poitiers
743:marshals
727:Crusades
717:and the
503:antipope
495:Urban VI
283:Currency
190:absolute
6103:Judaism
5503:Vulgate
5313:Gospels
5288:Stephen
5205:Origins
5125:Vulgate
5061:General
5051:of the
5049:History
4843:Outside
4551:Viterbo
4488:Subiaco
4345:of Rome
4343:Diocese
4121:Francis
3957:History
3927:of the
3921:Francis
3738:Perugia
3732:Orvieto
3726:Viterbo
3623:Francis
3603:Paul VI
3588:Pius XI
3568:Pius IX
3553:Leo XII
3543:Pius VI
3402:Pius IV
3397:Paul IV
3337:Paul II
3332:Pius II
3282:Urban V
2966:John XV
2911:Leo VII
2906:John XI
2861:John IX
2851:Romanus
2750:Leo III
2725:Zachary
2695:John VI
2630:John IV
2550:John II
2475:Zosimus
2389:Felix I
2354:Anterus
2349:Pontian
2344:Urban I
2304:Hyginus
2181:of the
2124:Avignon
1476:Avignon
1406:by the
1341:Perugia
1337:Bologna
1285:of the
1183:Germany
1147:Avignon
1143:Gascony
1139:pontiff
1029:In the
1017:in the
983:Bohemia
950:poverty
902:annates
850:Colonna
817:in the
735:England
660:enclave
634:Avignon
475:Italian
426:Avignon
406:Occitan
223:(First)
162:Occitan
148:Avignon
144:Capital
136:within
130:enclave
49:Occitan
6069:Nazism
5891:to the
5498:Jerome
5408:Origen
5091:Papacy
4943:Awards
4862:Villa
4587:Inside
4576:extra-
4546:Tivoli
4460:Albano
4371:Synods
4349:with
4315:Nuncio
3995:Museum
3945:under
3925:bishop
3578:Pius X
3458:Paul V
3453:Leo XI
3407:Pius V
3031:Leo IX
2896:Leo VI
2891:John X
2796:Leo IV
2735:Paul I
2680:John V
2670:Leo II
2665:Agatho
2535:John I
2359:Fabian
2309:Pius I
2219:extant
2215:Tombs
2137:= Pisa
2135:
2131:= Rome
2129:
2120:
1843:
1825:(ed.)
1794:
1663:
1571:para 7
1469:schism
1429:Legacy
1386:Schism
1364:Cesena
1234:, the
1175:Cahors
1154:heresy
1108:Anagni
1091:simony
1087:sodomy
1023:Vienne
1008:Munich
942:friars
922:silver
916:, and
898:tithes
739:France
638:France
580:were:
511:France
487:French
438:France
414:French
390:France
236:(Last)
206:
166:French
138:France
123:Status
63:French
59:
45:
31:
6171:Islam
5439:Roman
5398:Canon
5271:Peter
5219:Jesus
4536:Rieti
4506:Gaeta
4435:Ostia
4274:Italy
4267:Heads
4089:under
3367:Leo X
2886:Lando
2871:Leo V
2685:Conon
2660:Donus
2495:Leo I
2399:Caius
2319:Soter
2269:Linus
2264:Peter
2179:Popes
1353:Genoa
1349:Lucca
1333:Milan
1315:Pope
1272:With
1054:Curia
836:from
760:King
446:Italy
422:popes
158:Latin
127:Papal
35:Latin
6221:2023
6216:2019
6211:2016
6206:2013
6201:2011
6196:2008
6191:2005
6186:2002
6181:2000
6148:1995
5318:Acts
5281:Paul
5276:John
5251:Mary
4893:Non-
4845:Rome
4775:Non-
4590:Rome
4411:Rome
4139:List
4118:Pope
3918:Pope
2429:Mark
2110:1416
2104:1411
2098:1406
2092:1401
2086:1396
2080:1391
2074:1386
2068:1381
2062:1376
1841:OCLC
1792:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1480:Rome
1351:and
1345:Pisa
1289:and
1002:and
973:and
948:and
926:gold
924:and
881:and
852:and
838:Rome
715:Pope
628:The
442:Rome
400:The
274:1377
264:1309
202:Pope
5207:and
5157:Art
4094:law
3936:of
3923:as
3916:of
1355:.
1062:by
1033:of
981:in
840:to
632:in
6299::
4409::
2122:=
1790:.
1698:,
1347:,
1343:,
1339:,
1335:,
1214:.
1089:,
932:.
912:,
781:,
757:.
737:,
636:,
521:.
505:,
416::
412:;
408::
164:,
160:,
6114:)
6110:(
5041:e
5034:t
5027:v
4418:)
4413:,
4405:(
4362:)
4358:(
4245:)
4241:(
4101:)
4097:(
4047:"
4043:"
3892:e
3885:t
3878:v
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
2108:│
2102:│
2096:│
2090:│
2084:│
2078:│
2072:│
2066:│
2060:│
2038:→
1943:↓
1931:↓
1916:↱
1901:↓
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1837:"
1800:.
1775:.
1761:.
1739:.
1669:.
469:"
404:(
65:)
61:(
51:)
47:(
37:)
33:(
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