Avro Vulcan - Knowledge

2785:" on Runway 34, it came around for a full-stop landing. Turbulence and wind shear caused XH498 to land short of the runway threshold. The port undercarriage leg clipped the embankment at the Moa point or southern end, damaging wing attachments, engine fuel lines, and the main landing gear drag link, which was ruptured and unable to support the aircraft. The port wing tip nearly scraped the runway surface before it was able to lift off again, spilling fuel over the crowd. Pilot actions prevented a possible disaster as spectators were present on the western apron. XH498 flew to RNZAF Ohakea for a safe emergency landing on just the nose and starboard landing gear with little further damage. A UK repair team returned it to airworthiness; on 4 January 1960, XH498 departed, remaining in service until 19 October 1967. 31: 351:

speed of 500 knots (580 mph; 930 km/h) at altitudes between 35,000 and 50,000 ft (11,000 and 15,000 m) was specified. The maximum weight when fully loaded should not exceed 100,000 lb (45,000 kg). Alternatively, the aircraft was to be capable of carrying a conventional bomb load of 20,000 lb (9,100 kg). The similar OR.230 required a "long-range bomber" with a 2,000 nautical miles (2,300 mi; 3,700 km) radius of action with a maximum weight of 200,000 lb (91,000 kg) when fully loaded; this requirement was considered too exacting. Six companies submitted technical brochures to this specification, including Avro.

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more representative of a production aircraft, being fitted with an in-flight refuelling probe and a bulged ECM tail cone. Some subsequent B.2s were initially lacking probes and ECM tail cones, but these were retrofitted. The first 10 B.2s outwardly showed their B.1 ancestry, retaining narrow engine air intakes. Anticipating even more powerful engines, the air intakes were deepened on the 11th (XH557) and subsequent aircraft. Many of the early aircraft were retained for trials, and the 12th B.2, XH558, was the first to be delivered to the RAF in July 1960. Coincidentally, XH558 was also the last Vulcan in service with the RAF, before being retired in 1992.

2792:. XH557 had been allocated to Bristol Siddeley Engines to test the Olympus 301 engine and was being delivered to Filton. Approaching in poor weather conditions, the aircraft touched down halfway along the runway. The braking parachute was streamed, but realising the aircraft would not stop in time, the captain opened the throttles to go round. The Runway Garage took the full force of the jet blast and property damage was sustained; four petrol pumps were blown flat, a streetlight on the A38 was knocked down, railings were blown over, and multiple cars had their windscreens shattered. The aircraft diverted to St. Mawgan, flying into Filton days later. 1405: 966: 437: 2023: 615:

and was fitted with Bristol Olympus 100 engines of 9,750 lbf (43.4 kN) thrust. At Falk's suggestion, a fighter-style control stick had replaced the control wheel. Like VX770, VX777 had the original wing with straight leading edges. VX777 was joined in formation by the first prototype VX770 and four Avro 707s at the 1953 Farnborough Air Show. During trials in July 1954, VX777 was substantially damaged in a heavy landing at Farnborough. It was repaired, fitted with Olympus 101 engines of 11,000 lbf (49 kN) thrust before resuming trials with Avro and the

3016: 1822: 1431: 2514: 312: 501: 643:. This was judged unacceptable for an unarmed bomber. Fitting the phase 2 wing removed the buffeting and an auto-mach trimmer countered the high-speed dive. The latter applied up-elevator as the speed critically increased. This up-elevator force was greater than the force required to counter the dive. Consequently, as speed increased, the control column had to be pushed rather than pulled to maintain level flight. This artificial pitch-up made the Vulcan handle more like other aircraft as its speed increased. 3551: 825: 167: 2369: 833:

enlarged wing of 121 ft (37 m) span with increased fuel capacity; additional fuel tanks in a dorsal spine; a new main undercarriage to carry an all-up-weight of 339,000 lb (154,000 kg); and reheated Olympus 301s of 30,000 lbf (130 kN) thrust. An amended proposal of October 1960 inserted a 10 ft 9 in (3.28 m) plug into the forward fuselage with capacity for six crew members including a relief pilot, all facing forwards on ejection seats, and

1889: 1097: 1498: 706:. The first B.2 was anticipated to be around the 45th aircraft of the 99 then on order. As well as being able to achieve greater heights over targets, operational flexibility was believed to be extended by the provision of in-flight refuelling equipment and tanker aircraft. The increasing sophistication of Soviet air defences required the fitting of electronic countermeasure (ECM) equipment, and vulnerability could be reduced by the introduction of the Avro 1238: 713:, then in development. To develop these proposals, the second Vulcan prototype VX777 was rebuilt with the larger and thinner phase-2C wing, improved flying control surfaces, and Olympus 102 engines, first flying in this configuration in August 1957. Several Vulcan B.1s were used for the development of the B.2: development of the BOl.6 (later Olympus 200), XA891; a new AC electrical system, XA893; ECM including jammers within a bulged tail cone and a 1802: 407:, and was succeeded by Sir William Farren. Reductions in wing thickness made incorporating the split bomb bays and stacked engines impossible, thus the engines were placed side by side in pairs on either side of a single bomb bay, with the fuselage growing somewhat. The wingtip fins gave way to a single fin on the aircraft's centreline. Rival manufacturer Handley Page received a prototype contract for its crescent-winged 2352: 1720: 1058: 3565: 1546: 2960: 721: 2643: 2896:(RAT). As the fire intensified, the captain ordered the aircraft to be abandoned. The three rear crew members escaped around 6,000 ft (1,800 m). After ordering the co-pilot to eject, the captain ejected at around 3,000 ft (910 m), as control was lost. The cause was due to arcing on the RAT's electrical terminals, burning a hole in an adjacent fuel pipe and setting the fuel on fire. 1510:. No. 83 Squadron was the first operational squadron to use the bomber, at first using borrowed Vulcans from the OCU, and on 11 July 1956 it received the first aircraft of its own. By September 1957, several Vulcans had been handed over to No. 83 Squadron. The second OCU course also formed a Flight of 83 Squadron, but subsequent trained crews were also used to form the second bomber squadron, 2766:

steering away from the airfield and populated areas, while the AEO attempted to solve the problem. When it became clear that control would not be regained, Harrison instructed the rear compartment crew to exit the aircraft and the co-pilot to eject, before ejecting himself. All the crew survived, making them the first complete Vulcan crew to successfully escape. The aircraft crashed near

1530:, Britain planned to deploy three squadrons of V-bomber aircraft and 48 Red Beard tactical nuclear weapons to the region, although this was ultimately decided against. Vulcans trained in the region for both conventional and nuclear missions. In the early 1970s, the RAF decided to permanently deploy two squadrons of Vulcans overseas in the Near East Air Force Bomber Wing, based at 1014:, but this requirement was removed in a subsequent amendment; the rear crew's escape system was often an issue of controversy, such as when a practical refit scheme was rejected. A rudimentary sixth seat forward of the navigator radar was provided for an additional crew member; the B.2 had an additional seventh seat opposite the sixth seat and forward of the AEO. The visual 1085:

factory). In the mid-1970s, Vulcan B.2s received a similar scheme with matte camouflage, light aircraft grey undersides, and "low-visibility" roundels. B.2(MRR)s received a similar scheme in gloss; and the front halves of the radomes were no longer painted black. Beginning in 1979, 10 Vulcans received a wrap-around camouflage of dark sea grey and dark green because, during

2750:, XA908 went into a steep dive before crashing, leaving a forty-foot (12 m) crater in the ground, which was later excavated while retrieving wreckage. Despite extensive property damage, there were no ground fatalities and only one hospitalisation. All six crew members were killed, including the co-pilot, who had ejected. The co-pilot's ejection seat was found in 756:) and improved ECM equipment. Nine B.2s were modified for a maritime radar reconnaissance role and six for an airborne tanker role. An updated bomb rack assembly allowing the carriage of 30 1,000 lb bombs, up from 21 was demonstrated by Avro but was not introduced. The updated wing profile increased range to 4,000 nm (7,400 km). 2819:

the aircraft. When he commenced the overshoot, the copilot moved all the throttles to full power. The engines that had been producing power reached full power more quickly than the engines at idle and the resultant asymmetric thrust exceeded the available rudder authority, causing the aircraft to spin and crash. All the crew perished.

2056:, which began displays in 1985. The VDF continued with XH558 until 1992, finishing operations after the Ministry of Defence determined it was too costly to run in light of budget cuts. Both aircraft subsequently entered preservation and survived, although a third, XH560, kept in reserve in the first years, was later scrapped. 913:, had become available. Had the Australian government pre-ordered the TSR-2, several V-bombers, including Vulcans, would have been made available, for interim use by the RAAF; however, the F-111C was ordered. (The UK government almost followed that decision – after the cancellation of the TSR-2 – it was offered the similar 2738:, Michigan, USA. A complete electrical failure occurred around 30,000 ft (9,100 m). The backup system should have provided 20 minutes of emergency power, allowing XA908 to reach one of several airports in the area, but backup power lasted only three minutes due to a short circuit in the service 2682:. It climbed to 35,000 ft (11,000 m) and then dived, intending to reach the target speed at 27,000 ft (8,200 m). Approaching the target altitude, the throttles were closed and full up-elevator applied, but XA892 continued to pitch nose-down. Cottee contemplated pushing forward to go 3784:

notes that when Avro display pilots carried out aerobatics, the displays were followed by a careful but little-known inspection of the inside of the wing's leading edge. Rolls-Royce pilots also carried out aerobatics, but Blackman speculates that Rolls-Royce did not know of the inspections, and VX770

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On 17 January 1977, Vulcan B.2 XM600 of No. 101 Squadron crashed near Spilsby, Lincolnshire. During a practice emergency descent, the bomb-bay fire warning light flashed on followed by No.2 engine fire warning light. The captain shut the engine down and the AEO reported flames coming from the area of

1712:(QRA). Vulcans on QRA were to be airborne within four minutes of receiving an alert, as this was identified as the amount of time between warning of a USSR nuclear strike being launched and it arriving in Britain. The closest the Vulcan came to taking part in potential nuclear conflict was during the 1453:

Early B.1s were equipped with the Olympus 101. Later aircraft were delivered with Olympus 102s. All Olympus 102s became the Olympus 104 on overhaul and ultimately 13,500 lbf (60 kN) thrust on uprating. The first B.2 flew with the second-generation Olympus 200, design of which began in 1952.

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Despite its radical and unusual shape, the airframe was built along traditional lines. Except for the most highly stressed parts, the whole structure was manufactured from standard grades of light alloy. The airframe was broken down into a number of major assemblies: The centre section, a rectangular

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in December 1959, fittings were changed in anticipation of the new missile, one under each wing. Though Skybolt was cancelled in November 1962, many aircraft were delivered or retrofitted with "Skybolt" blisters. Later aircraft were delivered with Olympus 301 engines with 20,000 lbf (89 kN)

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The 26th B.2, XL317, the first of a production batch ordered in February 1956, was the first Vulcan, apart from development aircraft, capable of carrying the Blue Steel missile; 33 aircraft were delivered to the RAF with these modifications. When the Mk.2 version of Blue Steel was cancelled in favour

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The 46th production aircraft and first B.2, XH533, first flew in September 1958 using Olympus 200 engines, six months before the last B.1 XH532 was delivered in March 1959. The second B.2, XH534, flew in January 1959. Powered by production Olympus 201s with 17,000 lbf (76 kN) thrust, it was

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or Canberras and could coordinate attacks by Buccaneers against hostile shipping. Though initially equipped with a number of B.2 aircraft, the Squadron eventually operated nine B.2 (MRR) aircraft (also known by the unofficial designation SR.2). The aircraft were modified for the role by removing the

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The aircraft was controlled by a fighter-type control stick and rudder bar, which operated the powered flying controls, which each had a single electrohydraulic-powered flying control unit, except the rudder, which had two, one running as a back-up. Artificial feel and auto stabilisation in the form

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factors were ever a consideration, an RAE technical note of 1957 stated that of all the aircraft so far studied, the Vulcan appeared by far the simplest radar-echoing object, due to its shape; only one or two components contributed significantly to the echo at any aspect, compared with three or more

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The second prototype, VX777, first flew on 3 September 1953. More representative of production aircraft, it was lengthened to accommodate a longer nose undercarriage leg to increase the angle of attack of the wing, shortening the take-off run. It featured a visual bomb-aiming blister under the cabin

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Due to the delay of the 707 programme, the contribution of the 707B and 707A towards the basic design of the 698 was not considered significant, though it did highlight a need to increase the length of the nosewheel to give a ground incidence of 3.5°, the optimum take-off attitude. The 707B and 707A

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B.35/46 tender in November 1947. Although considered the best option, the contract award for Avro's design was delayed while its technical strength was established. Instructions to proceed with the construction of two Avro 698 prototypes were received in January 1948. As an insurance measure against

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The Vulcan had no defensive weaponry, initially relying upon high-speed, high-altitude flight to evade interception. Electronic countermeasures were employed by the B.1 (designated B.1A) and B.2 from around 1960. A change to low-level tactics was made in the mid-1960s. In the mid-1970s, nine Vulcans

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Writing for the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, J. Seddon and E. L. Goldsmith noted that "Due to its all-wing shape, small vertical fin, and buried engines, at some angles was nearly invisible to radar". While writing about radar systems, authors Simon Kingsley and Shaun Quegan

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On 30 January 1968, Vulcan B.2 XM604 crashed following a loss of control during an overshoot at RAF Cottesmore. The rear crew members were killed, though both pilots ejected. The captain ejected at a very late stage and only survived because his deploying parachute was snagged by some power cables.

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On 7 October 1964, Vulcan B.2 XM601 crashed during an overshoot from an asymmetric power practice approach at Coningsby. The co-pilot had executed the asymmetric power approach with two engines producing thrust and two at idle. He was being checked by the squadron commander, who was unfamiliar with

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between Iceland and the United Kingdom, flying at high level and using the Vulcan's H2S radar to monitor shipping. In peacetime, this could be followed up by visual identification and photography of targets of interest at low level. In the event of war, a Vulcan would leave visual identification of

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On 3 June 1982, Vulcan B.2 XM597 of No. 50 Squadron took part in the "Black Buck 6" mission against Argentinian radar sites at Stanley airfield on the Falkland Islands. While attempting to refuel for its return journey to Ascension Island, the probe broke, leaving the Vulcan with insufficient fuel,

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Although in operational use the Vulcan typically carried various nuclear armaments, the type also had a secondary conventional role. While performing conventional combat missions, the Vulcan could carry up to 21 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs inside its bomb bay. From the 1960s, the various

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B. However, since the aircraft had been designed for high-altitude flight, at low altitudes it could not exceed 350 knots. RAF Air Vice Marshal Ron Dick, a former Vulcan pilot, said "it is questionable whether it could have been effective flying at low level in a war against ... the Soviet Union."

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Vulcans flew some very long-range missions. In June 1961, one flew 18,507 km from RAF Scampton to Sydney in just over 20 hours, facilitated by three air refuellings. Vulcans frequently visited the United States during the 1960s and 1970s to participate in air shows and static displays, as well

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To increase the mission range and flight time for Vulcan operations, in-flight refuelling capabilities were added from 1959 onwards; several Valiant bombers were refurbished as tankers to refuel the Vulcans. Continuous airborne patrols proved untenable, however, and the refuelling mechanisms across

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The first production B.1 XA889 first flew in February 1955 with the original wing and joined the trials in June. In September 1955, Falk, flying the second production B.1 XA890 (which had remained at Woodford as part of the MoS's Air Fleet on radio trials), amazed crowds at the Farnborough Air Show

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desiccant had been inadvertently left in the air intake after maintenance. Less than a second after increasing power from 80% to 100%, these were ingested by one of the port engines, immediately destroying it. The remaining port engine ingested debris from the first engine, destroying this one, as

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In 1960, the Air Staff approached Avro with a request into a study for a patrol missile carrier armed with up to six Skybolt missiles capable of a mission length of 12 hours. Avro's submission in May 1960 was the Phase 6 Vulcan, which would have been the Vulcan B.3. The aircraft was fitted with an

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after a midair explosion caused both No. 3 and No. 4 engines to be shut down. The explosion was caused by the failure of a bearing in No. 4 engine. The starboard wing was extensively damaged, the pilot had insufficient aileron power, and both airspeed indications were highly inaccurate. The whole

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On 11 May 1964, Vulcan B.2 XH535 crashed during a demonstration. The aircraft entered a spin while a very low speed and high rate of descent were being demonstrated. The landing parachute was deployed, stopping the spin briefly before it began to spin again. Around 2,500 ft (760 m), the

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On 24 July 1959, Vulcan B.1 XA891 crashed due to an electrical failure during an engine test. Shortly after takeoff, the crew observed generator warning lights and loss of busbar voltage. The aircraft commander, Avro Chief Test Pilot Jimmy Harrison, climbed XA891 to 14,000 ft (4,300 m),

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In 1957, a Vulcan B.1 XA892 attached to the A&AEE at Boscombe Down for acceptance testing was unintentionally flown to an indicated Mach number (IMN) above 1.04, alerting the crew that it had reached supersonic speed. XA892's commander, Flt Lt Milt Cottee (RAAF), and co-pilot, Flt Lt Ray Bray

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in bad weather, it struck the ground 700 yd (640 m) short of the runway just as engine power was applied. The impact probably broke the drag links on the main undercarriage, allowing the undercarriage to be forced backwards and damaged the wing's trailing edge. After the initial impact,

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tankers would be ordered after the conflict, as a stopgap measure six Vulcans were converted into single-point tankers. The Vulcan tanker conversion was accomplished by removing the jammers from the ECM bay in the tail of the aircraft and replacing them with a single hose drum unit. An additional

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In September 1956, the RAF received its first Vulcan B.1, XA897, which immediately embarked upon a round-the-world tour. The tour was to be an important demonstration of the range and capabilities of the aircraft, but it also had other benefits in the form of conducting goodwill visits in various

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With the adoption of low-level attack profiles in the mid-1960s, B.1As and B.2s were given a glossy sea grey medium and dark green disruptive pattern camouflage on the upper surfaces, white undersurfaces, and "type D" roundels. (The last 13 Vulcan B.2s, XM645 onwards, were delivered thus from the

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drag, which would have restricted the maximum speed. This wing modification resulted in the "phase 2" wing which was first investigated on Avro 707A WD480. This modification was too late to be incorporated on the two prototype 698s and the first three B.1 aircraft before their first flights. (The

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and maintaining the wing area by filling in the space between the wingtips, which enabled the specification to be met. Although Alexander Lippisch is generally credited as the pioneer of the delta wing, Chadwick's team had followed its own logical design process. The initial design submission had

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to UK aviation companies to satisfy Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.229 for "a medium range bomber landplane capable of carrying one 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) bomb to a target 1,500 nautical miles (1,700 mi; 2,800 km) from a base which may be anywhere in the world." A cruising

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gas turbine driving a 40kVA alternator, which could be started once the aircraft was below an altitude of 30,000 ft (9,100 m). Secondary electrical supplies were by transformer-rectifier units for 28 V DC and rotary frequency converters for the 115 V 1600 Hz single-phase supplies.

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of the Blue Steel missile, which had been integrated into the system when the missile had been carried. With the HRS a navigator's heading unit was provided, which enabled the navigator plotter to adjust the aircraft heading, through the autopilot, by as little as 0.1 degrees. The B.2 (MRR) was

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The last B.2 XM657 was delivered in 1965 and the type served until 1984. Whilst in service, the B.2 was continuously updated with modifications, including rapid engine starting, bomb-bay fuel tanks, wing strengthening to give the fatigue life to enable the aircraft to fly at low level (a tactic

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from Royal Navy aircraft carriers. A further two missions saw missiles launched against radar installations and two additional missions were cancelled. At the time, these missions held the record for the world's longest-distance raids. The Vulcans' ECM systems proved to be effective at jamming

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As Avro had no flight experience of the delta wing, the company planned two smaller experimental aircraft based on the 698, the one-third scale model 707 for low-speed handling and the one-half scale model 710 for high-speed handling. Two of each were ordered. The 710 was cancelled when it was

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collapsed. VX770 went into a dive with the starboard wing on fire and struck the ground, killing three occupants of a controllers' caravan and all four crew on board. Proposed causes of the structural failure have included pilot error, metal fatigue due to air intake vibration, and inadequate

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In the early 1980s, Argentina approached the UK with a proposal to buy a number of Vulcans. An application, made in September 1981, requested the 'early availability' of a 'suitable aircraft'. With some reluctance, British ministers approved the export of a single aircraft but emphasised that

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on his second flypast in front of the SBAC president's tent. After two days of flying, he was called in front of service and civil aviation authorities and ordered to refrain from carrying out this "dangerous" manoeuvre. Now fitted with a phase 2 wing, XA889 was delivered in March 1956 to the

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and then rolling upright; instead, he opened the speed brakes. Although the airspeed was above their maximum operating speed, the speed brakes were undamaged and did slow the aircraft, which came back past the vertical at about 18,000 ft (5,500 m) and levelled off at 8,000 ft

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had designed a delta-wing fighter and considered the same delta configuration would be suitable for their bomber. The team estimated that an otherwise conventional aircraft, with a swept wing of 45°, would have doubled the weight requirement. Realising that swept wings increase longitudinal

1375:. Because no manual reversion existed, a total electrical failure would result in a loss of control. The standby batteries on the B.1 were designed to give enough power for 20 minutes of flying time, but this proved to be optimistic and two aircraft, XA891 and XA908, crashed as a result. 2915:

On 3 June 1982, Vulcan XM597 broke its probe while attempting to refuel in flight, while returning from a mission over the Falkland Islands. With insufficient fuel to reach its base on Ascension Island, the pilot discarded classified information over the Atlantic Ocean and diverted to

1450:. The second prototype VX777 first flew with Olympus 100s of 10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust. It was subsequently re-engined with Olympus 101 engines. When VX777 flew with a Phase 2C (B.2) wing in 1957, it was fitted with Olympus 102 engines of 12,000 lbf (53 kN) thrust. 2110:

Vulcan B.1 XA903, surplus to Blue Steel trials, was converted to a similar layout to XA894 to flight test the Olympus 593 Concorde installation. The first flight was on 1 October 1966 and testing continued through to June 1971. In April 1973, XA903 started flying with an underslung

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Fuel was carried in 14 bag tanks, four in the centre fuselage above and to the rear of the nosewheel bay, and five in each outer wing. The tanks were split into four groups of almost equal capacity, each normally feeding its respective engine, though cross-feeding was possible. The

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Engineering work to prepare the five Vulcans that would conduct the missions began on 9 April. Each aircraft required modifications to the bomb bay, the reinstatement of the long out-of-use in-flight refuelling system, the installation of a new navigational system derived from the

3758:. This designation supposedly referred either to Vulcan B.2s fitted with Olympus Mk 301 engines or those modified to carry the Blue Steel missile. However, irrespective of the role or engine fit, the B.2 was the only official designation except for the MRR and tanker variants. 1707:

to ensure coverage of all major Soviet targets from 1958; 108 of the RAF's V-bombers were assigned targets under the plan by the end of 1959. From 1962 onwards, two jets in every RAF bomber base were armed with nuclear weapons and on standby permanently under the principle of

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while turning inbound for an emergency landing. The pilot and co-pilot escaped using their ejection seats, the other five crew members were killed. Large aircraft pieces fell on the town; one woman, Vincenza Zammit, was killed by an electric cable, and some 20 others were

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fighters slung underneath. The Gnats were to have been released in enemy airspace to provide fighter cover, and they were expected to land "in friendly territory" or return to the Vulcan to replenish their tanks by means of a specially installed flight-refuelling drogue.

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until 1993. After being grounded, it was later restored to flight by the Vulcan To The Sky Trust and displayed as a civilian aircraft from 2008 until 2015, before being retired a second time for engineering reasons. In retirement, XH558 is to be retained at its base at

339:. OR.1001 envisaged a weapon not to exceed 24 ft 2 in (7.37 m) in length, 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter and 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) in weight. The weapon had to be suitable for release from 20,000 to 50,000 ft (6,100 to 15,200 m). 2932:. This led to high-level diplomatic talks between the UK and Brazil, which remained neutral during the Falklands War. After seven days of detention, the Vulcan and its crew were allowed to return home on the condition that XM597 play no further part in the conflict. 3672:

singled out the Vulcan's shape as reducing the echo. While aviation author Doug Richardson has credited the Vulcan as having been difficult to acquire on radar, he went on to state that this was unlikely to have conferred a great military advantage. In contrast,

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well. The fire-prevention systems proved effective, neither the airframe nor control systems suffered damage. The pilot had no difficulty bringing the aircraft to a safe stop, having remained on the ground throughout. On 3 July 2012, XH558 returned to flight.

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The first 15 production B.1s were powered by the Olympus 101. Many of these early examples in a metallic finish remained the property of the Ministry of Supply, being retained for trials and development purposes. Those entering RAF service were delivered to

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strike role as part of the British contribution to Europe's standing NATO forces, although they no longer held aircraft at 15 minutes' readiness in peacetime. Two squadrons were also stationed in Cyprus as part of the Near East Air Force and assigned to

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between 1959 and 1963 to the B.1A standard, including features of the B.2 such as ECM equipment, in-flight refuelling receiving equipment, and UHF radio. However, the B.1As were not strengthened for low-level operations and all were withdrawn by 1968.

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in January 1982 stated that little prospect was seen of this happening without ascertaining the Argentine interest and whether such interest was genuine: 'On the face of it, a strike aircraft would be entirely suitable for an attack on the Falklands.'

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and powered by the Olympus 102 with 12,000 lbf (53 kN) thrust, began to enter squadron service in July 1957. The Olympus 102s were modified during overhaul to the Olympus 104 standard, ultimately rated at 13,500 lbf (60 kN) thrust.

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policies. Britain's atom bomb programme began with Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.1001 issued in August 1946. This anticipated a government decision in January 1947 to authorise research and development work on atomic weapons, the U.S.

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The Vulcans were intended to be equipped with the Skybolt missile to replace the Blue Steel, with Vulcan B.2s carrying two Skybolts under the wings. The last 28 B.2s were modified on the production line to fit pylons to carry the Skybolt. A

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As far back as 1952, Bristol Aero Engines had begun development of the BOl.6 (Olympus 6) rated at 16,000 lbf (71 kN) thrust but if fitted to the B.1, this would have reintroduced the buffet requiring further redesign of the wing.

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The first prototype VX770 had its Sapphire engines replaced with four 15,000 lbf (67 kN) Rolls-Royce Conway RCo.7 turbofans in 1957. It was transferred to Rolls-Royce as the Conway test bed. It flew with the Conways, the first

1945:, No. 27 Squadron reformed at RAF Scampton equipped with the Vulcan as a replacement in the maritime radar reconnaissance role. The squadron carried out patrols of the seas around the British Isles, including the strategically important 1900:

and dropped its bombs on the airfield, concentrating on the single runway, with one direct hit, making it unsuitable for fighter aircraft. The Vulcan's mission was quickly followed up by strikes against anti-air installations, flown by

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Six B.2s converted for air-to-air refuelling with Mark 17 hose drum unit (HDU) mounted semi-recessed in the tail cone. TFR deleted. Fitted with three bomb-bay drum tanks, it was the only mark of Vulcan that could jettison fuel in an

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The first two aircraft were delivered to 230 OCU in January 1957 and the training of crews started on 21 February 1957. The first OCU course to qualify was No. 1 Course, on 21 May 1957, and they went on to form the first flight of

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Vulcan B.1 XA894 flew with five Olympus engines, the standard four Mk.101s, plus a reheated Olympus 320 destined for the BAC TSR-2 in an underslung nacelle. This aircraft was destroyed in a ground fire at Filton on 3 December

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After the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the Vulcan B.2 was due to be withdrawn from RAF service that year. The Falklands campaign, however, had consumed much of the airframe fatigue life of the RAF's Victor tankers. While

1293:, four in the upper centre section and two in the lower. Originally, four lower airbrakes were used, but the outboard two were deleted before the aircraft entered service. A brake parachute was installed inside the tail cone. 1762:

SLBM-equipped submarines, the Vulcan bombers adopted a new mission profile of flying high during clear transit, dropping down low to avoid enemy defences on approach, and deploying a parachute-retarded bomb, the

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Vulcan B.1 XA902 was withdrawn from RAF service after a landing accident in 1958. After rebuilding, it replaced VX770 as the Conway test bed, fitted with four RCo.11s. The two inner Conways were replaced with

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continued with the WE.177C until its retirement in 1998. While not a like-for-like replacement, the multi-role Tornado interdictor/strike bomber is the successor for the roles previously filled by the Vulcan.

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dispensers. The bulk of the equipment was carried in a large, extended tail cone, and a flat ECM aerial counterpoise plate was mounted between the starboard tailpipes. Later equipment on the B.2 included: an

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airport; the captain had elected to carry out an unauthorized display at Glenview beforehand. After a low-level run, probably below 100 ft (30 m), the aircraft pulled up for an improperly executed

1619:

tactical nuclear weapon. The UK had already embarked on its own hydrogen bomb programme, and to bridge the gap until these were ready the V-bombers were equipped with an Interim Megaton Weapon based on the

1454:

Subsequent B.2s were engined with either the uprated Olympus 201 or the Olympus 301. The Olympus 201 was designated 202 on being fitted with a rapid air starter. The engine would later be developed into a

1261:

Mk10 autopilot. In the B.2, these features were incorporated into the Smiths Military Flight System (MFS), the pilots' components being: two beam compasses; two director-horizons; and an Mk.10A or Mk.10B

2848:

On 6 April 1967, Vulcan B.2 XL385 burnt out on the runway at RAF Scampton at the beginning of its take-off run. The aircraft was carrying a Blue Steel missile training round. All the crew, including an

1836:

Vulcan squadrons routinely conducted conventional training missions; the aircrews were expected to be able to perform conventional bombing missions, in addition to the critical nuclear strike mission.

225:

The Vulcan B.1 was first delivered to the RAF in 1956; deliveries of the improved Vulcan B.2 started in 1960. The B.2 featured more powerful engines, a larger wing, an improved electrical system, and

2147:

The B.1 with an ECM system in a new larger tail cone (as in B.2). Unlike the B.2, the B.1As did not undergo extensive wing strengthening for low-level flying and were withdrawn from service 1966–67.

2670:, AOC-in-C Bomber Command, both ejected and survived, the other four occupants (including a spare pilot and an Avro representative) were killed when the aircraft hit the ground again and broke up. 685:

Rebuilding B.1s as B.2s was considered but rejected over cost. Nevertheless, to extend the B.1's service life, 28 (the surviving B1 aircraft fitted with Olympus 102/104 engines) were upgraded by

7162: 3685:

Some B.2 aircraft armed with Blue Steel had an additional aerial plate fitted between the port tailpipes as the Blue Steel fin, in the lowered position, blanked signals from the starboard side.

1382:); bomb doors opening and closing; and (B.2 only) AAPP air scoop lowering. Hydraulic pressure was provided by three hydraulic pumps fitted to Nos. 1, 2 and 3 engines. An electrically operated 2621:

communication aircraft to move the crews to dispersal airfields; the importance of these aircraft was only brief, diminishing when the primary nuclear deterrent switched to the Royal Navy's

3007:. XM607 is currently being restored at RAF Waddington, where it has been gate guardian since being retired. XM594 is on display at the Newark Air Museum, Newark, Nottinghamshire, England. 2853:

cadet, escaped unhurt. The aircraft was engulfed in flames and totally destroyed. The accident was caused by the failure of an Olympus 301 HP turbine disc as the engine reached full power.

2661:

On 1 October 1956, Vulcan B.1 XA897, the first to be delivered, crashed at London Heathrow Airport during Operation Tasman Flight, a flag-waving trip to Australia and New Zealand. After a

2139:. Many were converted to B.1A standard 1959–1963. The last few unmodified B.1s in RAF service with No. 230 OCU retired by 1966. Last flight by any B.1, an engine testbed XA903, March 1979. 1869:

conducted the necessary air-to-air refuelling for the Vulcan to cover the distance involved; approximately 1,100,000 imp gal (5,000,000 L) of fuel was used in each mission.

10056: 2171:

Nine B.2s converted to maritime radar reconnaissance (MRR). TFR deleted. Five aircraft were further modified for the air sampling role. Distinctive gloss finish with light grey underside.

536:

engines not being available. The prototype had fuselage fuel tanks but no wing tanks, so temporary additional tankage was carried in the bomb bay. VX770 made an appearance at the 1952

10082: 2864:

crashed due to a blade fatigue failure in the No. 1 engine, damaging the fuel system and causing a fire. The crew abandoned the aircraft safely, after which it crashed harmlessly in

2617:, the V Bomber squadrons were to deploy four aircraft at short notice to each of 26 pre-prepared dispersal airfields around the United Kingdom. In the early 1960s the RAF ordered 20 771:

The Avro 718 was a 1951 proposal for a delta-winged military transport based on the Type 698 to carry 80 troops or 110 passengers. It would have been powered by four Bristol Olympus

2803:

aircraft commander instructed the crew to abandon the aircraft. The commander and co-pilot ejected successfully, but none of the rear compartment crew did so, presumably due to the

2467:

Aircraft were also operated at various times under the direction of the Ministry of Supply/Aviation for trials and evaluation by Avro, Bristol Siddeley Engines, Rolls-Royce and the

1037:

was automatically maintained by electric timers, which sequenced the booster pumps on the tanks. B.2 aircraft could be fitted with one or two additional fuel tanks in the bomb bay.

3857: 2135:

The initial production aircraft. The first few had straight leading edges, later retrofitted with phase 2 (kinked) wings. Early examples were finished in silver, later changed to "

1578:. The results of the tests were classified until 1997. The Vulcan proved quite successful during the 1974 "Giant Voice" exercise, in which it managed to avoid USAF interceptors. 10049: 2155:

Developed version of the B.1. Larger, thinner wing than the B.1 (Phase 2C wing) and fitted with Olympus 201-202 engines, or Olympus 301 engines. Uprated electrics with AAPP and

1121:

transmitter-receiver (ARC-52). The initial B.2 radio fit was similar to the B.1A though it was ultimately fitted with the ARC-52, a V/UHF transmitter/receiver (PTR-175), and a

991:; the nose; the outer wings; the leading edges; the wing trailing edge and rear end of the fuselage; and a single swept tail fin with a single rudder was on the trailing edge. 1423:

that powered the Vulcan. Each Vulcan had four engines buried in the wings, positioned in pairs close to the fuselage. The engine's design began in 1947, intended to power the

1933:

fighters, was permitted an emergency landing at Rio with very little fuel left on board. The Vulcan and her crew were detained until the end of hostilities nine days later.

428:, which, although falling short of the B.35/46 Specification, but being of a more conventional design, would be available sooner. This plane entered service as the Valiant. 6596: 1963: 1716:

in October 1962, where Bomber Command was moved to Alert Condition 3, an increased state of preparedness from normal operations; however, it stood down in early November.

2197:

A total of 134 production Vulcans were assembled at Woodford Aerodrome, 45 to the B.1 design and 89 were B.2 models, the last being delivered to the RAF in January 1965.

1468:

Around 90% power, the engines in the Vulcan would emit a distinctive "howl"-like noise due to the air intake arrangement, which became an attraction at public airshows.

366:. As was obvious to the design team, conventional aircraft could not satisfy the specification. No worthwhile information about high-speed flight was available from the 6818: 2857:

The accident was caused by the failure of an Olympus 301 LP turbine disc after the aircraft had returned to the airfield following indications of a bomb-bay overheat.

471:'s chief test pilot Squadron Leader Samuel Eric Esler, DFC, AE. The second low-speed 707, VX790, built with the still uncompleted 707A's nose section (containing an 1959:

C radio navigation aid. The main external visual difference was the presence of a gloss paint finish, with a light grey undersurface, to protect against sea spray.

2587:

50 Squadron 1961–1984, formed in 1961 to operate the B.1/B.1A, it converted to the B.2 in 1966, from 1982 it also flew the tanker version until disbanding in 1984.

2687:(2,400 m). No sonic boom was reported, so a true Mach number of 1.0 was unlikely to have been reached. Afterwards, a rear bulkhead was found to be deformed. 2590:

83 Squadron 1957–1960, formed in 1957 to be the first operational squadron to operate the B.1 until 1960, it reformed at Scampton later in the year as a B.2 unit.

2188:

Proposed version, intended as a long-endurance missile carrier capable of carrying up to six Skybolt missiles on flights of up to 12 hours duration. Never built.

1371:

The change to an AC system was a significant improvement. Each PFCU had a hydraulic pump that was driven by an electric motor, in modern terminology, this is an

2014:. The Vulcan K.2s were operated by No. 50 Squadron, along with three Vulcan B.2s, in support of UK air defence activities until it was disbanded in March 1984. 1978:. These pods would collect the needed samples on a filter, while an additional smaller "localiser" pod was fitted to the port wing, inboard of the main pylons. 1378:

The main hydraulic system provided pressure for undercarriage raising and lowering and bogie trim; nosewheel centring and steering; wheel brakes (fitted with

659:(In 1956, VX777 was modified with the even larger phase 2(C) wing. Fitted with Olympus 104 engines, it became the aerodynamic prototype of the Vulcan B.2.) 1310: 6865: 1010:, and air electronics officer (AEO) sat facing rearwards and would abandon the aircraft via the entrance door. The original B35/46 specification sought a 5684: 3662:

A contract for 25 production models had been made in July 1952. The same number of the rival Handley Page design, later named Victor, were also ordered.

1182:

Doppler 72 replaced Green Satin in the B.2 around 1969 A continuous display of the aircraft's position was maintained by a ground position indicator.

2381: 1906:

Argentine radars; while a Vulcan was within the theatre, other British aircraft in the vicinity had a reduced chance of coming under effective fire.

1486:

as a show of support and military protection. This first tour, however, was struck by misfortune; on 1 October 1956, while landing in bad weather at

639:

and other undesirable flight characteristics were experienced while approaching the limiting Mach number, including an alarming tendency to enter an

616: 468: 1974:

at Aldermaston. Five aircraft had small pylons fitted to the redundant Skybolt hardpoints, which could be used to carry sampling pods modified from

1771:

After the British Polaris submarines became operational and Blue Steel was taken out of service in 1970, the Vulcan continued to carry WE.177B in a

5391: 744:

thrust. Two earlier aircraft were re-engined (XH557 and XJ784) for trials and development work; another seven aircraft were converted around 1963.

2558:

27 Squadron 1961–1972, formed in 1961 to operate the B.2 until it disbanded in 1972. Reformed in 1973 to operate the B.2 (MRR) variant until 1982.

5372: 1340:

For greater efficiency and higher reliability, the main system on the B.2 was changed to three-phase 200 V AC at 400 Hz supplied by four 40

1069:

The two prototype Vulcans were finished in gloss white. Early Vulcan B.1s left the factory in a natural metal finish; the front half of the nose

464: 1522:, where a fully equipped nuclear-weapons storage facility had been constructed in 1959. These deployments were part of the UK's contribution to 1387: 2683: 8902: 8892: 1574:

defences were tested against possible Soviet air attack, the Vulcans simulating Soviet fighter/bomber attacks against New York, Chicago, and

258: 573:. The chief of the air staff preferred a V-class of bombers, and the Air Council announced the following month that the 698 would be called 7506:

Avro Vulcan Manual: An Insight into Owning, Restoring, Servicing and Flying Britain's Legendary Cold War Bomber (Owner's Workshop Manual).

1738:

with increased wingspan to carry up to six Skybolts was proposed in 1960. When the Skybolt missile system was cancelled by U.S. President

1518:

the Vulcan fleet fell into disuse in the 1960s. Both Vulcans and the other V-force aircraft routinely visited the Far East, in particular

3865: 791:

The Avro Type 722 Atlantic was a 1952 proposal (announced in June 1953) for a 120-passenger delta-winged airliner based on the Type 698.

218:

produced, the Vulcan was considered the most technically advanced, hence the riskiest option. Several reduced-scale aircraft, designated

9803: 9654: 9649: 9604: 9579: 9524: 9407: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9167: 9157: 9117: 9112: 9102: 9072: 9067: 9037: 9027: 9022: 9012: 9002: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8972: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8897: 8887: 8862: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8757: 8752: 8742: 8737: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8707: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8637: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8602: 8592: 8587: 8572: 8562: 8557: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8477: 7940: 6850: 2118:

Vulcan B.2 XH557 was used by BSEL for developing the Olympus 301 and first flew with the larger engine in May 1961. It was returned to

543:

After its Farnborough appearance, the future name of the Avro 698 was a subject of speculation. Avro had strongly recommended the name

2596:

230 OCU 1956–1961, formed in 1956 to train Vulcan crews it moved to Finningley in 1961. A final move to RAF Scampton was made in 1970.

3969: 2799:

crashed in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. During a low-level exercise, the Vulcan was flown into terrain. All five crewmembers were killed.

1690:

for use by Vulcan and Victor bombers. From 1962, three squadrons of Vulcan B.2s and two squadrons of Victor B.2s were armed with the

1093:

forces had found that the grey-painted undersides of the Vulcan became much more visible against the ground at high angles of bank.

1922:. En route, secret papers were dumped along with the two remaining AGM-45 Shrike missiles, although one failed to launch. After a 7841: 6593: 3614: 2446: 2006:

The go-ahead for converting the six aircraft was given on 4 May 1982. Just 50 days after being ordered, the first Vulcan tanker,

674: 1144: 10461: 6785: 2657: 1491: 537: 354:

Required to tender by the end of April 1947, work began on receipt of Specification B.35/46 at Avro, led by technical director

4561:

Force V: The history of Britain's airborne deterrent, by Andrew Brookes. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd; First Edition 1 Jan. 1982,

1201:

The original ECM fit of the B.1A and B.2 was one Green Palm voice communications jammer; two Blue Diver metric jammers; three

958: 463:

considered too time-consuming to develop; a high-speed variant of the 707 was designed in its place, the 707A. The first 707,

10481: 10466: 10432: 7730: 7411: 7263: 7155: 7083: 7068: 7051: 7033: 7001: 6986: 5846: 2564:

83 Squadron 1960–1969, a former B.1/B.1A squadron at Waddington, reformed in 1960 to operate the B.2 until disbanded in 1969.

524:

Painted gloss white, the 698 prototype VX770, with its pure delta wing, flew for the first time on 30 August 1952 piloted by

487:. A second 707A, WZ736, and a two-seat 707C, WZ744, were also constructed, but they played no part in the 698's development. 396:

four large turbojets stacked in pairs buried in the wings on either side of the centreline. Outboard of the engines were two

6825: 1966:

from No. 543 Squadron. This involved flying through plumes of airborne contamination and using onboard equipment to collect

7374:

RAF Squadrons:, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912.

7216: 5713: 2449:

from 1956 to 1981. The first unit to operate the Vulcan, it provided conversion and operational training for Vulcan aircrew

1527: 933: 702:

The decision to proceed with the B.2 versions of the Vulcan was made in May 1956, being developed by Avro's chief designer

528:

flying solo. VX770, fitted with only the first pilot's ejection seat and a conventional control wheel, was powered by four

3653:

RAF bombers had been traditionally named after inland towns in the British Commonwealth or towns associated with industry.

2080:

Vulcan B.1 XA891 was fitted with four Olympus 200 engines in the spring of 1958 for intensive flying trials. The aircraft

1245:'s "aerobatic" display: Note the lower starboard airbrakes, inner and outer. The lower outer airbrakes were later deleted. 868:

Other countries expressed interest in purchasing Vulcans, but as with the other V-bombers, no foreign sales materialised.

3728:

The other two squadrons of the Scampton Wing, No. 35 and 617 Squadron, also had a secondary maritime reconnaissance role.

816:

bomber dating from 1954 (cancelled in 1957 before completion of the prototype), the Type 732 showed its Vulcan heritage.

347: 211: 2593:

101 Squadron 1961–1982, moved from Finningley in 1961 with the B.1/B.1A, converted to B.2 in 1967 and disbanded in 1982.

1877:, and the updating of several onboard electronics. Underneath the wings, new pylons were fitted to carry an ECM pod and 897:

Political pressure for a Canberra replacement came to a head in 1962, by which time agile, supersonic bombers/strategic

391:) at each wingtip. The estimated weight was now only 50% over the requirement; a delta shape resulted from reducing the 7593:

Names With Wings: The Names & Naming Systems of Aircraft & Engines Flown by the British Armed Forces 1878–1984.

2567:

617 Squadron 1958–1981, formed in 1958 to operate the B.1, reformed to operate the B.2 in 1961 until disbanded in 1981.

1704: 1086: 2967:

Several Vulcans survive, housed in museums in both the United Kingdom and North America (USA and Canada). One Vulcan,

2845:. All crew members died. Hilltops at the time were snow-covered and cloud extended down to 1,400 ft (430 m). 30: 9312: 9162: 7712: 7690: 7675: 7652: 7637: 7615: 7600: 7573: 7558: 7543: 7528: 7513: 7498: 7466: 7448: 7433: 7396: 7381: 7359: 7331: 7308: 7293: 7278: 7248: 7201: 7186: 7137: 7105: 7018: 5768: 5419: 4615:"Correspondence between the Australian and British Governments concerning the selection of the F-111 over the TSR-2." 2584:

44 Squadron 1960–1982, formed in 1960 to operate the B.1/B.1A, it converted to the B.2 in 1966 and disbanded in 1982.

2091:

Vulcan B.1 XA896 was withdrawn from RAF service in June 1964 and transferred to be converted to the test bed for the

1586:

As part of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent, the Vulcan initially carried Britain's first nuclear weapon, the

1225:

jammer (replacing a Red Shrimp); the ARI 18146 X-band jammer; replacing the Green Palm; the improved Red Steer Mk.2;

2578:: a number of squadrons at different times between 1957 and 1984, it was the first and last operational Vulcan base 327: 5692: 3629: 2774: 2751: 2608: 2040:

After the disbandment of No. 50 Squadron, two Vulcans continued flying with the RAF in air displays as part of the

7167:

Farnborough, Hants, UK: Royal Aircraft Establishment, September 1957 National Archive Catalogue file, AVIA 6/20895

5979: 5345: 4331: 3987: 3715:

According to UK parlance of the time, "megaton range" was understood to correspond to 500 kt or greater. The

2872: 994:

A five-man crew was accommodated within the pressure cabin on two levels; the first pilot and co-pilot sitting on

2996: 2707: 2702: 1359:

driving a 17 kVA alternator that could operate from high altitudes down to 20,000 ft (6,100 m), and an

929: 599: 289: 2935:

On 28 May 2012, Vulcan B.2 XH558 suffered a failure of the two port engines while starting a take-off roll from

10349: 10278: 7345: 6869: 5869: 4566: 4056: 3624: 3004: 2954: 2743: 2622: 1539: 1514:. The last aircraft from the first batch of 25 aircraft had been delivered by the end of 1957 to 101 Squadron. 1289:. The Vulcan was also fitted with six electrically operated three-position (retracted, medium drag, high drag) 740: 2544:

101 Squadron 1957–1961, formed in 1957 to be the second operational B.1 squadron, moved to Waddington in 1961.

10206: 5503: 2837:

during a low-level exercise. The aircraft struck the ground at 1,910 ft (580 m) near the summit of

1902: 1626: 1438:

As the prototype Vulcan VX770 was ready for flight prior to the Olympus being available, it first flew using

801:

The Avro 732 was a 1956 proposal for a supersonic development of the Vulcan and would have been powered by 8

420:

to the less-stringent Specification B.14/46. The SA.4, later named Sperrin, was not required. In April 1948,

6676: 288:

flew for the last time in October 2015 and is also being kept in taxiable condition. XM612 is on display at

261:

as B.2 (MRR). In the final years of service, six Vulcans were converted to the K.2 tanker configuration for

10186: 10155: 7754: 6563: 6545: 3185: 2759: 1971: 1588: 902: 653: 367: 335:(McMahon Act) having prohibited exporting atomic knowledge, even to countries that had collaborated on the 323: 3463:

0–1,990 imp gal (0–2,390 US gal; 0–9,047 L) / 0–15,920 lb (0–7,221 kg)

2691: 1981:

The squadron disbanded at Scampton in March 1982, passing on its radar reconnaissance duties to the RAF's

10375: 10165: 10041: 7834: 6781:"Board of Inquiry into crash of Vulcan aircraft on Malta on 14th October 1975. With photographs and maps" 4673:"Falklands: FCO to MOD (sale of Vulcans to Argentina – no clearance given for sales – declassified 2012)" 4614: 3216: 3209: 2980: 2561:

35 Squadron 1975–1982, moved from Akrotiri in 1975 and operated the B.2 until it disbanded in March 1982.

2461: 2115:

turbofan destined for the Panavia Tornado. XA903 was the last B.1 to fly, being retired in February 1979.

2003:

cylindrical bomb-bay tank was fitted, giving a fuel capacity of almost 100,000 lb (45,000 kg).

1777: 1696:

missile, a rocket-powered stand-off bomb, which was also fitted with the 1.1 Mt (4.6 PJ) yield

1650: 1443: 1318: 585: 7798: 7789: 7779: 6428: 6404: 5452: 4688: 3886: 10486: 10295: 10160: 3380: 3223: 2900: 2754:, but his body was not recovered until the following spring. They were buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in 2662: 1839:

The Vulcan's only combat missions took place towards the end of the type's service in 1982. During the

1614: 1372: 1326: 1190: 1122: 879: 517: 5369: 4516: 953: 7538:(Aiaa Education Series). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. 3537: 2675: 1862: 1806: 1424: 1171: 883: 846: 802: 332: 226: 7749: 6445: 2468: 1482:

countries; during their service, Vulcans routinely visited various nations and distant parts of the

508:

More influential than the Avro 707 in the 698's design was the wind-tunnel testing performed at RAE

237:, the Vulcan was the backbone of the United Kingdom's airborne nuclear deterrent during much of the 10366: 3676:

author and ex-Vulcan AEO Dr Alfred Price maintains "the Vulcan possessed a large radar signature."

3450:

9,260 imp gal (11,120 US gal; 42,100 L) / 74,080 lb (33,602 kg)

3443:

9,280 imp gal (11,140 US gal; 42,200 L) / 74,240 lb (33,675 kg)

2903:, Illinois, in the United States. The crew had been authorized to carry out a display at Chicago's 2324:

Delivered between Feb 1963 and Jan 1965, one aircraft not flown and used as a static test airframe

2159:(RAT). ECM similar to B.1A. TFR in nose thimble radome fitted to most aircraft in the mid-60s. New 1772: 1446:

ASSa.6 engines of 7,500 lbf (33 kN) thrust. VX770 later became a flying test bed for the

1078: 734: 359: 3469:

2,985 imp gal (3,585 US gal; 13,570 L) / 23,880 lb (10,832 kg)

2929: 1911: 1674:

was the first British thermonuclear weapon to be deployed, and was carried on both the Vulcan and

772: 4502: 3619: 3103:

9,280 imp gal (11,140 US gal; 42,200 L); 74,240 lb (33,675 kg)

2674:(RAF), were tasked to fly at 478 mph (769 km/h) and 0.98 IMN, taking the aircraft to a 2457: 2431:(the first Vulcan squadron operated the B.1/B.1A from 1957 to 1960 and the B.2 from 1960 to 1969) 1487: 1483: 910: 749: 7483: 7441:

Flying Units of the RAF: The Ancestry, Formation and Disbandment of all Flying Units since 1912.

7316: 7233: 7122: 6780: 3466:

1,990 imp gal (2,390 US gal; 9,000 L) / 15,920 lb (7,221 kg)

2487:

9 Squadron 1969–1975, moved from Cottesmore in 1969 it returned to the UK in 1975 to Waddington.

1780:

in a strategic strike role. With the eventual demise of the WE.177B and the Vulcan bombers, the

1355:

compressor on the ground. Standby supplies in the event of a main AC failure were provided by a

436: 10471: 10456: 9554: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 8453: 8448: 7827: 3738: 3160: 3110: 3000: 2865: 2789: 2490:

35 Squadron 1969–1975, moved from Cottesmore in 1969 it returned to the UK in 1975 to Scampton.

2160: 2096: 2092: 1999: 1982: 1257:

compasses; Mk.4 artificial horizons; and zero reader flight display instruments. The B.1 had a

1226: 1217: 1206: 1090: 1015: 484: 72: 7759: 7566:

Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force, 1921–1991

5835: 4807: 4579: 3964:

The Avro Type 698 Vulcan The Secrets Behind Its Design And Development, David W. Fildes 2012,

2666:

XA897 rose back in the air. The pilot, Squadron Leader D. R. Howard, and co-pilot Air Marshal

1404: 1390:. A compressed air (later nitrogen) system was provided for emergency undercarriage lowering. 10230: 7008: 5858: 4048: 3583: 3556: 2975: 2041: 2035: 2022: 1555: 1334: 588:

engines of 7,500 lbf (33 kN) thrust and other systems; it flew again in July 1953.

311: 6594:"Mayday! Fifty years ago, a British bomber crashed into an east-side Detroit neighbourhood." 2758:, alongside 11 RAF student pilots killed during the Second World War in accidents at nearby 965: 540:(SBAC) Farnborough Air Show the next month when Falk demonstrated an almost vertical bank. 10451: 10415: 10133: 7804: 5518:

Sgarlato, Nico. "Avro Vulcan." Aerei magazine, Delta Editions, Parma, November 1996, p. 56.

3502: 3403: 2782: 2440: 2434: 1942: 1853: 1830: 1810: 1713: 1709: 1691: 1599:

was a low-kiloton yield fission bomb designed before the United States detonated the first

1511: 1459: 1360: 1345: 1290: 1118: 1003: 988: 813: 707: 553: 445: 246: 230: 5098: 2099:. The P.1154 was cancelled in February 1965 and XA896 was scrapped before being converted. 1526:

operations, often to test the defences of friendly nations in joint exercises. During the

8: 10117: 9735: 9519: 8552: 8058: 3703: 3588: 3414: 3377: 3199: 2921: 2899:

On 12 August 1978, Vulcan B.2 XL390 of No. 617 Squadron crashed during an air display at

2861: 2796: 2731: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2077:

The first Vulcan B.1 XA889 was used for the flight clearances of the Olympus 102 and 104.

1951: 1927: 1866: 1781: 1727: 1675: 1605: 1567: 1507: 1458:(afterburning) powerplant for the cancelled TSR-2 strike/reconnaissance aircraft and the 1413: 1399: 1322: 1317:

batteries connected in series providing 96 V. Secondary electrical systems were 28 V DC,

1278: 1258: 1110: 1041: 1019: 1011: 891: 686: 512:. This necessitated a wing redesign incorporating a cranked and drooped leading edge and 509: 408: 388: 40: 6626: 2710:

was flown by a Rolls-Royce test pilot on an engine-performance sortie with a flypast at

2507:

35 Squadron 1962–1964, formed in 1962 to operate the B.2 it moved to Cottesmore in 1964.

2504:

12 Squadron 1962–1964, formed in 1962 to operate the B.2 it moved to Cottesmore in 1964.

2244:

First flight of production aircraft 4 Feb 1955, delivered between Jun 1955 and Dec 1957

1970:

released from both above ground and underground nuclear tests for later analysis at the

1073:

was painted black, the rear half painted silver. Front-line Vulcan B.1s had a finish of

928:

clearance had not been given for the sale of a larger number. A letter from the British

10491: 10395: 9884: 9705: 9574: 8857: 8777: 8762: 8732: 8363: 8338: 8308: 8113: 4647: 3695: 3673: 2936: 2876: 2850: 2773:

On 26 October 1959, Vulcan B.1 XH498 participated in an airshow marking the opening of

2767: 2501:

9 Squadron 1962–1964, formed in 1962 to operate the B.2 it moved to Cottesmore in 1964.

2392: 2119: 2112: 1447: 1430: 1352: 1241:

Vulcan B.1 XA890 in early silver scheme landing at Farnborough in September 1955 after

1213: 1045: 714: 592: 578: 421: 371: 343: 7164:

Measurements of the Radar Echoing Area of the Vulcan by the Optical Simulation Method.

3015: 2513: 1821: 1501:

A Vulcan B1A of the Waddington Wing at Filton during a public air display in the 1960s

824: 10476: 9584: 8343: 7726: 7708: 7686: 7671: 7648: 7633: 7611: 7596: 7569: 7554: 7539: 7524: 7509: 7494: 7479: 7462: 7444: 7429: 7407: 7392: 7377: 7355: 7341: 7327: 7312: 7304: 7289: 7274: 7259: 7244: 7229: 7212: 7197: 7182: 7151: 7133: 7118: 7101: 7079: 7064: 7047: 7029: 7014: 6997: 6982: 6844: 5865: 5842: 4562: 3965: 2992: 2984: 2968: 2879:

lost its left undercarriage and damaged the airframe when it undershot the runway at

2755: 2614: 2425:(B.1/B.1A from 1961 to 1966, the B.2 from 1966 to 1984 and the K.2 from 1982 to 1984) 2359: 1229:(flares); and the ARI 18228 PWR with its aerials that gave a squared top to the fin. 1152: 710: 620: 513: 336: 285: 191: 6910: 2646: 2581:

9 Squadron 1975–1982, moved in from Akrotiri in 1975 until it was disbanded in 1982.

2528:

9 Squadron 1964–1969, moved in from Coningsby in 1964, it moved to Akrotiri in 1969.

1896:

On 1 May, the first mission was conducted by a single Vulcan (XM607) that flew over

834: 10021: 9720: 9594: 8687: 8413: 8183: 8178: 7889: 4639: 3836:

3 × 995 imp gal (1,195 US gal; 4,520 L) cylindrical tanks.

3827:

2 × 995 imp gal (1,195 US gal; 4,520 L) cylindrical tanks.

3699: 2988: 2838: 2778: 2667: 2136: 2104: 1858: 1848: 1747: 1667: 1442:

RA.3 engines of 6,500 lbf (29 kN) thrust. These were quickly replaced by

1439: 1271: 1148: 1129: 1074: 678: 529: 262: 199: 171: 57: 4672: 2695:

The prototype Vulcan VX770 in 1954, retaining the original "pure delta" wing shape

2534:

35 Squadron 1964–1969, moved in from Coningsby in 1964, it moved to Akrotiri 1969.

2531:

12 Squadron 1964–1967, moved in from Coningsby in 1964 until it disbanded in 1967.

475:) and redesignated 707B, flew in September 1950 piloted by Avro test pilot Wg Cdr 10107: 10026: 10016: 9945: 9905: 9879: 9823: 9740: 9092: 9077: 9062: 8423: 8388: 8368: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8073: 8053: 7894: 7884: 7144: 7058: 7040: 6600: 6520: 5772: 5453:"Vulcans In Service: A visit to the V-force Delta of No.1 Group in Lincolnshire." 5376: 3602: 3570: 3399: 2893: 2815:

crew successfully abandoned XA909 and was found within a few minutes and rescued.

2723: 2722:

and climbed slightly, during which the starboard wing disintegrated and the main

2387: 2156: 1941:

In November 1973, as a result of the planned closure of the Victor SR.2 equipped

1825:

Engineers and flight crew with the Vulcan prior to deployment to Ascension Island

1789: 1743: 1739: 1356: 1337:

from the main system. The 28 V DC system was backed up by a single 24 V battery.

1167: 1140: 980: 898: 810: 632: 533: 500: 425: 203: 100: 81: 7645:

RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969.

7608:

Vulcan 607: The Epic Story of the Most Remarkable British Air Attack since WWII.

3144:

493 kn (567 mph, 913 km/h) / M0.86 at 45,000 feet (14,000 m)

276:, was restored for use in display flights and air shows, whilst two other B.2s, 10314: 10138: 10073: 10011: 9725: 9478: 8882: 8787: 8393: 8348: 8313: 7879: 7474: 7113: 3768: 3511: 3489: 3371: 2917: 2834: 2830: 2575: 2539: 2522: 2374: 2011: 1915: 1878: 1785: 1759: 1631: 1575: 1302: 1125: 1114: 1062: 1034: 737: 413: 284:, have been kept in taxiable condition for ground runs and demonstrations. B.2 242: 7769: 5403: 4498: 1813:

markings and the small Brazilian flag indicating the aircraft's internment in

10445: 10248: 10196: 10006: 9874: 9745: 9710: 8238: 8028: 7874: 7718: 7472:

Leitch, Andy. "V Force Arsenal: Weapons for the Valiant, Victor and Vulcan".

7454: 7170:

Fildes, David. "Buck Rogers in the 20th Century: The Origins of the Vulcan."

6649: 3781: 3742: 3593: 2618: 2495: 1840: 1600: 1592: 1559: 1364: 1163: 1155: 999: 938: 786: 584:

In January 1953, VX770 was grounded for the installation of wing fuel tanks,

472: 417: 250: 166: 157: 6450: 2547:

230 OCU 1961–1969, moved from Waddington in 1961, moved to Scampton in 1969.

1888: 10420: 10201: 9864: 9730: 9715: 9639: 9619: 9609: 9599: 9589: 9559: 9544: 9082: 9057: 8997: 8977: 8772: 8767: 8712: 8642: 8607: 8597: 8418: 8293: 8273: 8268: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8153: 8138: 7221: 4534: 3800:

Two extra seats could be fitted for crew chiefs, for a total of seven crew.

3179: 3083: 3076: 2925: 2711: 2552: 2481: 1995: 1930: 1897: 1874: 1531: 995: 856: 603: 355: 187: 10071: 7551:

Wither or dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe.

6507:"Extract from National Archives: Ref no. BT 233/403 report on the crash." 5761: 1096: 979:

box containing the bomb bay and engine bays bounded by the front and rear

828:

Silhouette of the original study for the Vulcan B.3 patrol missile carrier

724:

Avro Vulcan B.2 XH533, the first B.2 Vulcan, flying at Farnborough in 1958

452:

of the Vulcan quickly gave it the affectionate nickname of "Tin Triangle".

10191: 10001: 9991: 9869: 9569: 9473: 9017: 8438: 8433: 8383: 8378: 8278: 8253: 8213: 7930: 7925: 7910: 3192: 2983:

as a taxiable aircraft, a role already performed by two other survivors,

2904: 2570:

230 OCU 1969–1981, moved from Finningley in 1969 until disbanded in 1981.

2044:, based at Waddington but administered through No. 55 Squadron, based at 1640: 1341: 1330: 1314: 1250:

of pitch and yaw dampers were provided, as well as an auto Mach trimmer.

1179: 1159: 1081:. Front-line Vulcan B.1As and B.2s were similar, but with pale roundels. 887: 648: 548: 525: 476: 384: 245:, it could also carry out conventional bombing missions, which it did in 4651: 3955:

The Vulcan Story by the Technical Editor, Flight, 31 January 1958, p.143

3809:

Depended upon oxygen equipment fitted. No airframe limitation on height.

1558:'s (SAC) Annual Bombing and Navigation Competition at such locations as 1497: 1139:

and a navigation bombing computer Mk1. Other navigation aids included a

206:(RAF) from 1956 until 1984. Aircraft manufacturer A.V. Roe and Company ( 9996: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9930: 9818: 9808: 9644: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9614: 9564: 9488: 9483: 9468: 9052: 9042: 9032: 9007: 8907: 8877: 8702: 8652: 8647: 8408: 8403: 8358: 8353: 8298: 8288: 8283: 8263: 8258: 8248: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8133: 7111:

Buttler, Tony. "Vital Bombers: Origins of the RAF's 'V-Bomber' Force".

2963:

XH558 performs its first post-restoration public display on 5 July 2008

2940: 2647:

Vulcan B.1 XA897 prior to the accident, stopping over at RAF Khormaksar

2045: 2027: 1755: 1417: 1348: 1237: 1202: 1186: 449: 404: 195: 6570:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 25 October 1958. p. 1. 6480: 2788:

On 16 September 1960, Vulcan B.2 XH557 damaged the "Runway Garage" at

1801: 1061:

Aerial view of a Vulcan B.2 in late RAF markings on static display at

805:

engines. Unlike the proposed Avro 721 low-level bomber of 1952 or the

322:

The origin of the Vulcan and the other V bombers is linked with early

10335: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9659: 8967: 8632: 8567: 8398: 8158: 8128: 8088: 8063: 4643: 3328: 3203: 2719: 2107:, flying for the first time in this configuration on 12 October 1961. 1975: 1882: 1844: 1687: 1610: 1563: 1519: 1263: 1242: 1210: 1136: 1022: 1007: 906: 703: 640: 636: 376: 306: 222:, were produced to test and refine the delta-wing design principles. 6994:

Vulcan Test Pilot: My Experiences in the Cockpit of a Cold War Icon.

4517:"Avro Vulcan High-Altitude Long-Range Heavy Bomber - United Kingdom" 2884: 1306: 1117:

transmitter-receiver (R4187/T4188). The Vulcan B.1A also featured a

467:, flew in September 1949, but crashed later that month, killing the 10264: 10211: 10090: 9986: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9900: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9828: 9813: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9750: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9549: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9514: 9498: 9493: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9382: 9282: 9172: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9097: 9047: 8962: 8872: 8867: 8807: 8802: 8747: 8697: 8692: 8582: 8577: 8522: 8487: 8443: 8373: 8318: 8303: 8218: 8208: 8148: 8143: 8123: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8083: 8078: 8068: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7935: 7920: 7915: 7685:(Aeroguide 29). Ringshall, Suffolk, UK: Ad Hoc Publications, 2003. 7340:

Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd, Second Edition 1987. Hardback.

5392:"Will 'howl' of the Vulcan bomber be heard over Bournemouth again?" 3597: 3444: 3114: 2909: 2880: 2823: 2811: 2747: 2067: 1946: 1857:

raids, each aircraft had to fly 3,889 mi (6,259 km) from

1662: 1549:

Royal Air Force Vulcan B.2 being prepared for flight on 25 May 1985

1462: 1420: 1416:, originally known as the "Bristol BE.10 Olympus", is a two-spool, 984: 806: 595: 457: 441: 397: 392: 380: 238: 234: 219: 215: 7326:

Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd, First Edition 1984. Hardback.

7150:

Vale of Glamorgan Wales, UK: Big Bird Aviation Publication, 2007.

4505:

from the original on 15 November 2021 – via www.youtube.com.

1113:

transmitter/receivers (TR-1985/TR-1986) and an STR-18, 24-channel

7209:

Vulcan's Hammer: V-Force Aircraft and Weapons Projects Since 1945

4630:

Weisbrod, Hanno (1969), "Australia's Decision to Buy the F-111",

3230: 3068: 2912:, resulting in a low-level stall and crash, killing all on board. 2842: 2841:

1,978 ft (603 m), 20 mi (32 km) northeast of

2735: 2351: 1967: 1719: 1379: 1282: 1057: 1029:

F95 Mk.10 camera for assessing simulated low-level bombing runs.

942: 852: 7819: 7303:, Volume 3. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. pp. 34–95. 6677:"Crew Of Five Killed When Vulcan Crashes Into Scottish Mountain" 2959: 1703:

Operationally, RAF Bomber Command and the SAC cooperated in the

1545: 1386:(EHPP) could be used to operate the bomb doors and recharge the 1253:

The flight instruments in the B.1 were traditional and included

886:

might soon become outdated. Potential replacements, such as the

720: 10330: 10216: 10170: 7243:

Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2006.

3767:

When flying at a speed of Mach 1.0, the Vulcan suffered a

2739: 1923: 1919: 1814: 1764: 1679: 1535: 1455: 1286: 1222: 1070: 1026: 914: 851:

To counter improving Soviet defences after the cancellation of

759: 753: 7256:

Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World.

4085:

Hewitt 2003, Ireland's Aviator Heroes of World War II, p. 168.

2718:

display. It flew along the main runway then started a roll to

2163:

aerials on tail fin giving it a square top from the mid-1970s.

1408:

Air intake integrated in the wing, for the Olympus jet engines

483:

proved the design's validity and gave confidence in the delta

7764: 7063:

Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.

3384: 2053: 2049: 1956: 1723: 1635: 1571: 1523: 1195: 1175: 748:

introduced in the mid-1960s), upgraded navigation equipment,

281: 277: 269: 36: 7770:

Video of Roland Falk rolling a Vulcan at Farnborough in 1955

7744: 7406:. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, Paperback edition, 2007. 7179:

The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002–2003.

6627:"ASN Aircraft incident 26-OCT-1959 Avro Vulcan B Mk 1 XH498" 3040:

5 (pilot, co-pilot, AEO, navigator radar, navigator plotter)

2517:

Avro Vulcans of No 617 Squadron at RAF Cottesmore circa 1975

532:

engines of 6,500 lbf (29 kN) thrust, its intended

7850: 7774: 3902: 2974:, was used as a display aircraft by the RAF as part of the 2407:(B.2 from 1961 to 1972 and the B.2 (MRR) from 1973 to 1982) 1851:. The missions performed by the Vulcan became known as the 1538:. The Vulcans were withdrawn in the mid-1970s, however, as 1383: 1351:. Engine starting was then by air-starters supplied from a 945:

on the sale of any military equipment was quickly imposed.

315:

Silhouettes of an early Avro 698 concept and the cancelled

257:

were adapted for maritime radar reconnaissance operations,

207: 77: 7812: 7241:

Avro Vulcan: The History and Development of a Classic Jet.

2555:: four squadrons at different times between 1961 and 1982 2443:(OB.1/B1A from 1958 to 1961 and the B.2 from 1961 to 1981) 2419:(B.1/B.1A from 1960 to 1967 and the B.2 from 1966 to 1982) 2052:, in 1986 that aircraft was sold, having been replaced by 677:(OCU), the first in July 1956. Later aircraft, painted in 440:

The prototype Vulcans (VX777 front, VX770 rear) with four

7389:

B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed.

7369:

Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 1986. 0-711-02750-1

7026:

Victor Units of the Cold War: Osprey Combat Aircraft: 88.

6970:

Austin, Steve. "Workhorse (V-Bombers: Test-bed Vulcan)."

6546:"Flaming British jet crashes in Detroit residential area" 3316:

185,000 lb (84,000 kg) (operational necessity)

2826:, causing it to be written off within a year of delivery. 2437:(B.1/B1A from 1957 to 1967 and the B.2 from 1967 to 1982) 1185:

Vulcan B.2s were eventually fitted with the free-running

7670:. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. 7181:

Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002.

3864:. Trustees of the Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from 3754:

Some sources have attested to the existence of a Vulcan

1678:. The Valiant retained U.S. nuclear weapons assigned to 591:

From 1957, VX770 was used as the flying testbed for the

403:

In August 1947, Chadwick was killed in the crash of the

7632:

Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1989.

6552:. (Ohio). Associated Press. 25 October 1958. p. 1. 5762:"The Falkland Islands: A history of the 1982 conflict." 3741:

drop tanks. while others claim that they were based on

3132:

561 kn (646 mph, 1,039 km/h) at altitude

2228:

Two prototypes were delivered in Aug 1952 and Sep 1953

1025:, in many B.2s, this space housed a vertically mounted 7443:

Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999.

7376:

Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001.

6011: 6009: 4237: 4235: 1109:

The original Vulcan B.1 radio fit was: two 10-channel

983:

and the wing transport joints; the intakes and centre

6864:

Howles, Internet Solutions Services Limited – Lewis.

2460:(G-VLCN, formerly XH558, flying until 2015) based at 1735: 1301:

The main electrical system on the B.1/B.1A was 112 V

1285:(outboard). In the B.2, these were replaced by eight 1274:, its commands being fed into the director-horizons. 717:, XA895: and for Blue Steel development work, XA903. 631:

While exploring VX777's high-speed and high-altitude

479:. The high-speed 707A, WD480, followed in July 1951. 7630:

Lincoln, Canberra & F-111 in Australian service.

3785:

may have already been severely structurally damaged.

3737:

Some sources state that the pods were modified from

3546: 1892:

A Vulcan flying over Ascension Island on 18 May 1982

1648:

warhead was incorporated into a developed weapon as

1189:

heading reference system (HRS) Mk.2, based upon the

941:

less than three months later, after which a British

490: 387:

with only a rudimentary forward fuselage and a fin (

7504:Price, Alfred, Tony Blackman and Andrew Edmondson. 7478:, No. 107, September/October 2003, pp. 52–59. 7428:Raleigh, North Carolina: SciTech Publishing, 1999. 7060:

Encyclopedia of Military Technology And Innovation.

6866:"Vulcan To The Sky – Initial test flight completed" 6006: 5997: 4232: 3578:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

3091:

83,573 lb (37,908 kg) equipped and crewed

1742:on the recommendation of his Secretary of Defense, 1296: 10247:Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile Test Centre, 7814:The autobiography of Bill Wood a Vulcan test pilot 7493:Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. 7089:Buttler, Tony. "Avro Type 698 Vulcan (Database)." 6675: 4580:"Thunder & Lightnings - Avro Vulcan - History" 1962:The squadron also inherited its secondary role of 253:between the United Kingdom and Argentina in 1982. 7228:Vol. 8, No. 12, December 1980, pp. 620–626. 7117:, No. 79, January/February 1999, pp. 28–41. 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 5988: 3477:1 × rudder (duplex), 4 × elevators, 4 × ailerons 3117:engines, 11,000 lbf (49 kN) thrust each 2920:. Shortly after entering Brazilian airspace, the 2883:in Malta. The aircraft broke up over the town of 2822:On 25 May 1965, Vulcan B.2 XM576 crash-landed at 2382:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment 626: 617:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment 495: 469:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment 10443: 7725:Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2007. 7461:Enderby, Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books, 2002. 7098:British Secret Projects: Jet Bombers Since 1949. 5946: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 4972:Price, Blackman and Edmonson 2010, pp. 102, 103. 4968: 4966: 4964: 4904: 4902: 2829:On 11 February 1966, Vulcan B.2 XH536 of IX SQN 1998:tanker conversions had been ordered in 1979 and 1135:The navigation and bombing system comprised an 7523:North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2001. 7078:Bishop Auckland, UK: Pentland Press Ltd, 2001. 6981:. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. 6953: 6951: 6949: 6700: 6698: 6579: 6577: 5875: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5188: 4530: 4528: 4526: 3531: 2602: 2484:in Cyprus: two B.2 squadrons from 1969 to 1975 241:. Although the Vulcan was typically armed with 16:British jet-powered delta wing strategic bomber 7595:Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1995. 7586:Vulcan B.Mk.2 Aircrew Manual (AP101B-1902-15). 7211:. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2011. 7161:Dawson, T.W.G., G.F. Kitchen and G.B. Glider. 6893: 6382: 6380: 6197: 4930: 4928: 4799: 2810:On 16 July 1964, Vulcan B.1A XA909 crashed in 424:also received authority to proceed with their 268:After retirement by the RAF, one example, B.2 10057: 7835: 7491:One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. 7100:Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 2003. 6370: 6368: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6122: 5926: 5786: 5757: 5755: 5682: 5676: 5626: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5530: 5466: 5464: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 4961: 4899: 4702: 4700: 4345: 4343: 4306: 4304: 4102: 4100: 3719:warhead had a predicted yield of 500 kt. 3150:2,265 nmi (2,607 mi, 4,195 km) 547:, in honour of the company's connection with 7803:a 1954 AVRO advertisement for the Vulcan in 7700:, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007. 7625:, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007. 7421:, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007. 7367:V-Force Britain's Airborne Nuclear Deterrent 7174:, Vol. 36, No. 3, Issue No. 419, March 2008. 7093:, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007. 6946: 6802: 6793: 6757: 6755: 6695: 6574: 6494: 6492: 5736: 5734: 5509:, November 2006. Retrieved: 5 November 2009. 5428: 5155: 5002: 4881: 4863: 4657: 4599: 4523: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 2081: 2071: 1955:TFR (and its thimble radome) and adding the 1570:exercises in 1960, 1961, and 1962, in which 1434:Gas-flow diagram of an Olympus Mk 101 engine 1313:. Backup power was provided by four 24 V 40 760:Proposed developments and cancelled projects 652:A&AEE for trials for the type's initial 7580:Vulcan B.Mk.1A Pilot's Notes (AP 4505C–PN). 7417:Jones, Barry. "Black Buck – The Swansong." 7132:North Branch, USA: Speciality Press, 1999. 6707: 6413: 6377: 5904: 5893: 5891: 5572: 4925: 4854: 4757: 4738: 4736: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3903:"City of Norwich Aviation Museum - Norfolk" 3284:105 ft 6 in (32.16 m) 3219:Mk.2 1.1 Mt thermonuclear gravity bomb 10064: 10050: 7842: 7828: 6884: 6363: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6267: 6170: 6149: 6068: 5964: 5752: 5617: 5603: 5496: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5461: 5224: 5202: 5200: 5011: 5008:Price, Blackman and Edmonson 2010, p. 106. 4993: 4934:Price, Blackman and Edmonson 2010, p. 112. 4918: 4916: 4914: 4860:Price, Blackman and Edmonson 2010, p. 113. 4763:Price, Blackman and Edmonson 2010, p. 102. 4697: 4596:"Labour Research, Volume 51." 1962, p. 20. 4340: 4301: 4168: 4166: 4097: 2628: 2084:in July 1958 during a routine test flight. 1178:replaced GEE in the B.1A and B.2 in 1964. 316: 7705:Avro: The History of an Aircraft Company. 7696:Dodds, Colin. "Flying the Tin Triangle." 7568:. Canberra, Australia: AGPS Press, 1992. 7288:London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. 7224:. "The V-bombers: Avro Vulcan – Part 3". 6752: 6556: 6489: 6233: 6231: 5955: 5917: 5731: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 4890: 4814:. Reed Business Information. p. 566. 4766: 4548: 4546: 4460: 4024: 4022: 3237: 1988: 1754:was retained. To supplement it until the 609: 538:Society of British Aircraft Constructors' 10072:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the 7621:Willis, David. "Avro Vulcan survivors." 7076:The Vulcan B.Mk2 From a Different Angle. 6398: 6043: 6041: 6039: 5888: 5714:"Royal Air Force loses nuclear arsenal." 5559: 4984: 4872: 4805: 4733: 4629: 4623: 4175: 4005: 3975: 3014: 2958: 2730:On 24 October 1958, Vulcan B.1 XA908 of 2690: 2512: 2350: 2308:Delivered between Jul 1961 and Nov 1962 2276:Delivered between Sep 1959 and Dec 1960 2260:Delivered between Jan 1958 and Apr 1959 2021: 2017: 1887: 1820: 1800: 1718: 1603:. These were supplemented by U.S.-owned 1544: 1496: 1429: 1403: 1236: 1095: 1056: 987:; the front fuselage, incorporating the 964: 952: 823: 719: 499: 435: 431: 310: 165: 7508:Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes, 2010. 7271:Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. 7196:. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005. 6974:, No. 335, June 2009, pp. 108–113. 6911:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 6538: 6405:"The Vulcan Bomber returns to the sky." 5473: 5197: 4975: 4911: 4198: 4196: 4163: 3615:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force 3233:parachute-retarded nuclear gravity bomb 3010: 2860:On 7 January 1971, Vulcan B.2 XM610 of 2384:aircraft used for trials and evaluation 1266:. From 1966, B.2s were fitted with the 656:which it received the following month. 229:, and many were modified to accept the 10444: 7553:London: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. 7352:Combat Aircraft Prototypes since 1945. 7299:Jackson, Paul. "Vulcan: Delta Force". 7286:Avro Aircraft Since 1908, 2nd Edition. 6902: 6849:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6682:The Liverpool Echo and Evening Express 6258: 6249: 6240: 6228: 6219: 5662: 5543: 5029:pt. 1, ch. 7, paras. 1, 7, 10, 24, 48. 4724: 4543: 4214: 4154: 4046: 4019: 2892:No.2 engine, just behind the deployed 2795:On 12 June 1963, Vulcan B.1A XH477 of 2658:1956 London Heathrow Avro Vulcan crash 2122:in 1964 to be refurbished for the RAF. 1666:, a British-built variant of the U.S. 1630:, a large pure-fission warhead of 400- 1471: 939:Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands 752:, standardisation on a common weapon ( 416:received a contract for the prototype 375:stability, the team deleted the tail ( 370:(RAE) or the US. Avro were aware that 10433:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom 10045: 7823: 7647:London: The Stationery Office, 1997. 7404:V-Bombers: Valiant, Victor and Vulcan 7046:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2009. 7028:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2011. 7013:Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. 7010:Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces. 6443: 6036: 3306:3,964 sq ft (368.3 m) 3303:3,554 sq ft (330.2 m) 3273:111 ft 0 in (33.83 m) 3212:Mk.1 400 kt nuclear gravity bomb 2948: 1972:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 1644:. Only five were deployed before the 1490:at the completion of the world tour, 667: 210:) designed the Vulcan in response to 7723:The Avro Vulcan: A Complete History. 7707:Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. 6908: 6027: 4193: 3818:At specific gravity of .8 (8lb/gal). 3281:97 ft 1 in (29.59 m) 3270:99 ft 5 in (30.30 m) 3202:nuclear gravity bomb supplied under 3064:3,554 sq ft (330.2 m) 2525:: three squadrons from 1964 to 1969 2498:: three squadrons from 1962 to 1964 1796: 1613:programme) and later by the British 1581: 1040:Despite being designed before a low 855:, Avro proposed a Vulcan with three 7775:Vulcan Test Pilot Roly Falk history 6137:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 14, 92. 5838:RAR Illustrated: Avro Vulcan Part 1 5540:September/October 2003, pp. 55, 58. 3295:27 ft 1 in (8.26 m) 3292:26 ft 6 in (8.08 m) 3178:21 × 1,000 pounds (454 kg) of 3052:99 ft 5 in (30.30 m) 3046:97 ft 1 in (29.59 m) 2999:. XJ823, a B.2, can be seen at the 2292:Delivered between Jan and May 1961 2059: 1427:'s own rival design to the Vulcan. 1329:115 V AC at 400 Hz, driven by 1018:compartment could be fitted with a 863: 13: 7659: 7424:Kingsley, Simon and Shaun Quegan. 6863: 6624: 6167:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 92–93. 6128:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 16–17. 5864:, Osprey Publishing Limited 2001, 5632:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 14–15. 5404:"Vulcan XH558 Awesome Howl Sounds" 5099:"National Archive file AVIA 2347." 4887:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 36–41. 4869:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 33–35. 4833:Seddon and Goldsmith 1999, p. 343. 4808:"The Bomber that radar cannot see" 4457:Brookes and Davey 2009, pp. 21–23. 4160:Hamilton-Paterson 2010, pp. 18–19. 3702:, which in turn was taken over by 3058:26 ft 6 in (8.08 m) 2742:, locking the controls. Bound for 1843:, the Vulcan was deployed against 1705:Single Integrated Operational Plan 1566:, Florida. Vulcans also took part 675:No 230 Operational Conversion Unit 586:Armstrong Siddeley ASSa.6 Sapphire 14: 10503: 7849: 7738: 7258:London: Faber & Faber, 2010. 7039:Brookes, Andrew and Chris Davey. 6650:"ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55322" 6564:"Bomber crashes, fires dwellings" 5458:, 27 September 1957, pp. 502–503. 5394:The Daily Echo, 30 December 2009. 4842:Kingsley and Quegan 1999, p. 293. 3694:Bristol Aero Engines merged with 3480:1 × rudder (duplex), 8 × elevons 3319:204,000 lb (93,000 kg) 2095:vectored thrust turbofan for the 2026:Vulcan B.2 in formation with the 1936: 1682:under the dual-key arrangements. 1052: 579:Roman god of fire and destruction 504:Comparison of Vulcan wing designs 491:Prototypes and type certification 7534:Seddon, J. and E. L. Goldsmith. 7354:Arco/Prentice Hall Press, 1986. 6937: 6928: 6857: 6811: 6773: 6764: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6668: 6642: 6633: 6618: 6609: 6586: 6529: 6514: 6501: 6474: 6465: 6446:"Round The World Vulcan Crashes" 6437: 6422: 6389: 6188: 6179: 6140: 6131: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6059: 6050: 6018: 5973: 5852: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5777: 5743: 5722: 5707: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5594: 5585: 5521: 5512: 5487: 5446: 5412: 5397: 5385: 5363: 5354: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5246: 5212: 5176: 5164: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 4584:www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk 3972:, Bob Lindley recollections p.18 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3774: 3761: 3748: 3731: 3722: 3709: 3688: 3679: 3630:List of V Bomber dispersal bases 3563: 3549: 3518:21 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) 3496:21 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) 3314:167,000 lb (76,000 kg) 3195:400 kt nuclear gravity bomb 3097:170,000 lb (77,111 kg) 2775:Wellington International Airport 2706:On 20 September 1958, prototype 2641: 2609:List of V Bomber dispersal bases 2367: 1758:took on the deterrent role with 1638:) yield. This bomb was known as 1609:bombs (made available under the 1528:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 1297:Electrical and hydraulic systems 521:B.1s were quickly retrofitted). 29: 7745:Avro Vulcan Bomber Tribute Page 7681:Chesnau, Roger and Ray Rimell. 7273:London: Stackpole Books, 2007. 6964: 4949: 4937: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4818: 4806:Sweetman, Bill (4 March 1982). 4787: 4775: 4745: 4712: 4681: 4666: 4608: 4590: 4572: 4555: 4509: 4499:"Vulcan Bomb loading procedure" 4491: 4482: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4325: 4316: 4289: 4286:Brookes and Davey, 2009, p. 12. 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4223: 4205: 4184: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4040: 4031: 3907:City of Norwich Aviation Museum 3887:"Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd." 3665: 3656: 3647: 2997:Wellesbourne Mountford Airfield 2703:1958 Syerston Avro Vulcan crash 2469:Blind Landing Experimental Unit 2452:Bomber Command Development Unit 1476: 1100:Avro Vulcan rear crew positions 1089:exercises in the US, defending 930:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 662: 324:British atomic weapon programme 7800:The Virtues of the Avro Vulcan 7489:Polmar, Norman and Dana Bell. 6979:Olympus: The First Forty Years 6943:Aircrew Manual AP 101B-1902-15 6749:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 92. 6521:"Anniversary of Vulcan crash." 6481:"Catalogue Ref. AIR 20/12396." 6158:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 10. 6074:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 15. 5841:, Big Bird Publications 2007, 5683:Mellow, Craig (January 2004). 5623:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 43. 5614:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 14. 5582:September/October 2003, p. 57. 5470:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 49. 5255:pt. 1, ch. 10, paras. 1–3, 48. 5017:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 57. 4784:pt. 1, ch. 8, paras. 1, 2, 48. 4772:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 65. 4620:. Retrieved: 11 November 2010. 4618:National Archives of Australia 4479:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 83. 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3895: 3880: 3850: 3625:List of surviving Avro Vulcans 3404:Airborne Auxiliary Power Plant 3156:56,000 ft (17,000 m) 3005:Carlisle Lake District Airport 2955:List of surviving Avro Vulcans 2623:Polaris (UK nuclear programme) 1926:call, the Vulcan, escorted by 1903:British Aerospace Sea Harriers 1847:forces which had occupied the 1540:Cypriot intercommunal violence 1460:supersonic passenger transport 1361:airborne auxiliary power plant 1002:whilst on the lower level the 741:air-launched ballistic missile 627:Testing and type certification 496:First prototype VX770 and name 412:both radical designs failing, 383:, it thus became a swept-back 295: 1: 10462:1950s British bomber aircraft 10421:Blue Peacock nuclear landmine 7391:New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. 7044:(Osprey Combat Aircraft: 72). 6890:Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 264. 6176:Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 262. 5970:Polmar and Bell 2004, p. 261. 5861:Air War in the Falklands 1982 5104:Retrieved: 11 September 2012. 4181:Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 8. 4172:Wansbrough-White 1995, p. 44. 3635: 3343:(Mach 0.92 with 301 engines) 3113:/ Mk.102 / Mk.104 twin-spool 2192: 2048:. Initially displaying using 1194:additionally fitted with the 1012:jettisonable crew compartment 894:and Vulcan were considered. 837:versions of the Olympus 301. 693: 448:in September 1953: The large 147:March 1984 (Royal Air Force) 10482:Aircraft first flown in 1952 10467:Tailless delta-wing aircraft 7610:London: Bantam Press, 2006. 7426:Understanding Radar Systems. 7042:Vulcan Units of The Cold War 6511:, Retrieved: 24 August 2010. 5194:Blackman 2007, pp. 100, 101. 4754:pt. 1, introduction, para 2. 4676:Margaret Thatcher Foundation 3862:National Cold War Exhibition 3843: 3532:Notable appearances in media 2760:Naval Air Station Grosse Ile 2603:V-Bomber dispersal airfields 2346: 1562:, Louisiana, and the former 1205:S-band jammers; a Blue Saga 903:North American A-5 Vigilante 654:Certificate of Airworthiness 368:Royal Aircraft Establishment 202:, which was operated by the 7: 7588:London: Air Ministry, 1984. 7582:London: Air Ministry, 1961. 7459:The Vulcan Story: 1952–2002 7239:Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. 6996:London: Grub Street, 2007. 6434:, 14 November 1968, p. 805. 4946:pt. 1, ch. 14, paras. 1–12. 4796:pt. 1, ch. 8, paras. 3, 12. 4709:pt. 1, leading particulars. 4694:, 13 December 1957, p. 926. 4678:. Retrieved: 4 August 2013. 4241:Blackman 2007, pp. 128–129. 3858:"Hawker Siddeley Vulcan B2" 3542: 2981:Doncaster Sheffield Airport 2462:Doncaster Sheffield Airport 2126: 1881:antiradar missiles at wing 1778:Central Treaty Organization 1746:in 1962, precipitating the 1444:Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire 1232: 1104: 973: 882:(RAAF) recognised that the 820:Vulcan Phase 6 (Vulcan B.3) 362:; the type designation was 274:The Spirit of Great Britain 10: 10508: 7591:Wansbrough-White, Gordon. 7254:Hamilton-Paterson, James. 7194:Time Flies: Heathrow at 60 6934:Pilot's Notes AP 4505-C PN 6899:Laming 2002, pp. 155, 182. 6684:, p. 18, 13 June 1963 6656:. Flight Safety Foundation 6429:"Treasury and the Basset". 6194:Darling 2007, pp. 122–124. 6033:Jackson 1990, pp. 409–411. 5783:Darling 2007, pp. 116–117. 5493:Darling 2007, pp. 65, 108. 5128:pt. 1, ch. 10, para. 1(a). 4448:Bulman 2001, pp. 149, 150. 4151:Blackman 2007, pp. 38, 40. 4047:Jerram, Mike (June 1993). 3993:, 31 January 1958, p. 143. 3535: 2952: 2901:Naval Air Station Glenview 2700: 2663:ground-controlled approach 2655: 2606: 2033: 1828: 1397: 1373:electro-hydraulic actuator 1168:radio and radar altimeters 1123:single-sideband modulation 880:Royal Australian Air Force 844: 784: 455: 304: 300: 233:missile. As a part of the 227:electronic countermeasures 110:136 (including prototypes) 10429: 10408: 10388: 10359: 10348: 10323: 10307: 10288: 10277: 10257: 10240: 10229: 10179: 10148: 10126: 10100: 10089: 10080: 9964: 9893: 9837: 9764: 9668: 9507: 9431: 9424: 8462: 7958: 7949: 7903: 7867: 7858: 6471:Gallop 2005, pp. 114–115. 6216:Laming 2002, pp. 217–227. 6083:Austin 2009, pp. 111–113. 5985:, 14 April 1979, p. 1136. 5351:15 February 1957, p. 200. 4663:Wilson 1989, p. 146. 4552:Gibson 2011, pp. 117–118. 4540:Retrieved: 4 August 2013. 4439:Bulman 2001, pp. 155–161. 4394:Laming 2002, pp. 218, 219 4322:Laming 2002, pp. 217–220. 4259:Laming 2002, pp. 217–219. 3892:, 29 August 1963, p. 342. 3523: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3459: 3449: 3442: 3430: 3398: 3395: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3358: 3337: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3302: 3294: 3291: 3283: 3272: 3269: 2640: 2635: 2357:Vulcan to the Sky Trust's 1807:National Museum of Flight 1554:as to participate in the 1425:Bristol Aeroplane Company 1393: 1172:instrument landing system 948: 884:English Electric Canberra 847:Airborne aircraft carrier 803:de Havilland Gyron Junior 333:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 153: 143: 135: 127: 119: 114: 106: 96: 88: 71: 63: 53: 48: 28: 23: 10409:Other cancelled projects 7765:Vulcan Restoration Trust 6146:Darling 2007, pp. 62–63. 6101:Baxter 1989, pp. 60, 64. 5291:Laming 2002, pp. 45, 46. 4958:pt. 1, ch. 16, para. 11. 4632:The Australian Quarterly 4412:Laming 2002, pp. 63, 64. 4358:Wynn 1997, pp. 315, 316. 4211:Blackman 2007, pp. 82/83 4002:Laming 2002, pp. 23, 24. 3640: 3474:Powered flying controls 3428:Olympus 200-series, 301 2475: 2070:in the world, until its 1207:passive warning receiver 6915:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 6654:Aviation Safety Network 6444:Pathé, British (1956). 5380:Vulcan To The Sky Trust 5375:11 January 2014 at the 5360:Baxter 1990, pp. 50–64. 5327:Baxter 1990, pp. 44–46. 5173:pt. 1, ch. 7, para. 77. 4851:Richardson 2001, p. 56. 4313:pt. 1, ch. 16, para. 5. 3620:List of bomber aircraft 3417:Olympus 101, 102 or 104 3031:General characteristics 2971:Spirit of Great Britain 2629:Accidents and incidents 2458:Vulcan To The Sky Trust 2413:(B.2 from 1962 to 1982) 2401:(B.2 from 1962 to 1967) 2395:(B.2 from 1962 to 1982) 1910:forcing a diversion to 1488:London Heathrow Airport 750:terrain-following radar 635:at the A&AEE, mild 290:Norwich Aviation Museum 9894:Sports/racing aircraft 7668:Britain and the H-Bomb 6957:Blackman 2007, p. 213. 6808:Blackman 2007, p. 153. 6799:Blackman 2007, p. 162. 6770:Blackman 2007, p. 159. 6731:Blackman 2007, p. 157. 6722:Blackman 2007, p. 155. 6704:Blackman 2007, p. 154. 6615:Blackman 2007, p. 112. 6583:Blackman 2007, p. 161. 6535:Blackman 2007, p. 151. 6015:Halpenny 2006, p. 243. 6003:Halpenny 2006, p. 244. 5685:"God Save the Vulcan!" 5504:"The Day Nobody Flew." 5443:Blackman 2007, p. 142. 5425:, January 1958, p. 66. 5370:"We all love the howl" 5152:pt. 1, ch. 7, para 70. 5140:pt. 1, ch. 7, para. 7. 5089:pt.1, ch. 12, para. 1. 5065:pt.1, ch. 16, para. 3b 5053:pt.1, ch. 20, para. 3b 4721:pt. 1, ch. 2, para. 2. 4689:"Building the Vulcan." 4605:Stephens 1992, p. 142. 4337:15 February 1957 p 200 4049:"Can Vulcan be Saved?" 3780:Avro Chief Test Pilot 3739:de Havilland Sea Vixen 3538:Avro Vulcan in fiction 3238:Comparison of variants 3111:Bristol Olympus Mk.101 3020: 3001:Solway Aviation Museum 2964: 2939:, Doncaster. Bags of 2696: 2518: 2362: 2161:Radar warning receiver 2097:Hawker Siddeley P.1154 2093:Bristol Siddeley BS100 2031: 1989:Aerial refuelling role 1893: 1826: 1818: 1730: 1550: 1502: 1435: 1409: 1246: 1128:transmitter-receiver ( 1101: 1066: 970: 962: 911:General Dynamics F-111 878:As early as 1954, the 841:Fighter-support Vulcan 829: 725: 610:Second prototype VX777 598:engine. It crashed at 551:. The weekly magazine 516:to avoid the onset of 505: 453: 405:Avro Tudor 2 prototype 319: 184:Hawker Siddeley Vulcan 175: 7146:Avro Vulcan, Part One 6789:. 1975. AIR 20/12628. 6786:The National Archives 6740:Jackson 1990, p. 178. 6498:Blackman 2007, p. 90. 6386:Jefford 1998, p. 101. 6047:Jackson 1990, p. 411. 6024:Darling 2007, p. 124. 5826:Darling 2007, p. 118. 5799:Braybook 1982, p. 17. 5771:18 March 2007 at the 5650:Darling 2007, p. 116. 5041:pt.1, ch. 16, para. 1 4488:Darling 2007, p. 122. 4229:Blackman 2007, p. 48. 4190:Blackman 2007, p. 41. 4124:Blackman 2007, p. 33. 4106:Blackman 2007, p. 21. 4037:Wynn 1997, pp. 52–54. 3937:Wynn 1997, pp. 44–46. 3919:Wynn 1997, pp. 7, 16. 3584:Boeing B-47 Stratojet 3557:United Kingdom portal 3362:45,000ft to 60,000ft 3018: 2976:Vulcan Display Flight 2962: 2930:Galeão Air Force Base 2694: 2656:Further information: 2607:Further information: 2516: 2354: 2042:Vulcan Display Flight 2036:Vulcan Display Flight 2025: 2018:Vulcan Display Flight 1950:potential targets to 1912:Galeão Air Force Base 1891: 1824: 1809:, Scotland; note the 1804: 1722: 1556:Strategic Air Command 1548: 1500: 1494:in a fatal accident. 1433: 1407: 1325:at 1600 Hz, and 1305:supplied by four 22.5 1240: 1209:with four aerials; a 1198:C navigation system. 1099: 1079:RAF "type D" roundels 1060: 1049:on most other types. 968: 957:Avro Vulcan XH558 at 956: 827: 723: 530:Rolls-Royce RA.3 Avon 503: 439: 432:Avro 707 and Avro 710 379:) and the supporting 348:Specification B.35/46 342:In January 1947, the 314: 305:Further information: 212:Specification B.35/46 186:from July 1963) is a 169: 10315:Polaris A3T and A3TK 9767:& reconnaissance 6713:Laming 2002, p. 219. 6599:22 July 2011 at the 6526:, 19 September 2008. 6432:Flight International 6419:Jefford 2001, p. 27. 6374:Jefford 1998, p. 54. 6360:Jefford 1998, p. 50. 6346:Jefford 1998, p. 41. 6334:Jefford 1998, p. 39. 6322:Jefford 1998, p. 37. 6306:Jefford 1998, p. 34. 6294:Jefford 1998, p. 28. 6282:Jefford 1998, p. 27. 6185:Bulman 2001, p. 154. 6110:Darling 2007, p. 60. 6092:Austin 2009, p. 113. 5994:Frawley 2002, p. 44. 5983:Flight International 5952:Brookes 2011, p. 70. 5749:Darling 2007, p. 63. 5728:Segell 1997, p. 124. 5695:on 10 September 2013 5673:Darling 2007, p. 65. 5600:Darling 2007, p. 76. 5591:Darling 2007, p. 19. 5556:Darling 2007, p. 32. 5484:Darling 2007, p. 55. 5456:Flight International 5423:Flight International 5300:Laming 2002, p. 108. 5161:Darling 1999, p. 19. 5116:pt. 1, ch. 15, p. 5. 4999:Bulman 2001, p. 153. 4908:Buttler 2007, p. 72. 4896:Bulman 2001, p. 170. 4421:Bulman 2001, p. 152. 4403:Laming 2002, p. 230. 4202:Darling 2007, p. 15. 4028:Buttler 2003, p. 31. 3431:4 × Bristol Siddeley 3426:4 × Bristol Siddeley 3391:Emergency electrical 3338:Mach 0.95 indicated 3311:Max. takeoff weight 3226:nuclear gravity bomb 3188:nuclear gravity bomb 3011:Specifications (B.1) 2871:On 14 October 1975, 2783:touch-and-go landing 2668:Sir Harry Broadhurst 1831:Operation Black Buck 1811:Operation Black Buck 1805:Vulcan XM597 at the 1714:Cuban Missile Crisis 1710:Quick Reaction Alert 1384:hydraulic power pack 998:3K (3KS on the B.2) 446:Farnborough Air Show 247:Operation Black Buck 149:October 2015 (XH558) 10118:Handley Page Victor 7780:Building the Vulcan 7536:Intake Aerodynamics 7387:Jenkins, Dennis R. 6761:Baxter 1990, p. 66. 6639:Baxter 1992, p. 60. 6264:Halley 2003, p. 63. 6255:Halley 2003, p. 54. 6246:Halley 2003, p. 50. 6237:Halley 2003, p. 41. 6119:Laming 2002, p. 99. 6065:Baxter 1989, p. 50. 6056:Baxter 1989, p. 44. 5961:Bulman 2001, p. 90. 5923:Bulman 2001, p. 87. 5808:Hearn 2007, p. 268. 5659:Laming 2002, p. 89. 5641:Laming 2002, p. 88. 5527:Darling 2007, p. 6. 5382:, 13 December 2013. 5346:"16,000 lb Thrust." 5336:Baxter 1990, p. 50. 5318:Laming 2002, p. 63. 5309:Laming 2002, p. 47. 5282:Baxter 1990, p. 13. 5273:Baxter 1990, p. 11. 5264:Baxter 1990, p. 18. 5243:Laming 2002, p. 60. 4878:Bulman 2001, p. 43. 4742:Laming 2002, p. 64. 4385:Laming 2002, p. 82. 4349:Laming 2002, p. 62. 4277:Baxter 1990, p. 46. 4250:Laming 2002, p. 48. 4142:Darling 2007, p. 13 4133:Laming 2002, p. 43. 4115:Laming 2002, p. 32. 4094:Laming 2002, p. 29. 4076:Laming 2002, p. 27. 4057:Hachette Filipacchi 4016:Laming 2002, p. 26. 3988:"The Vulcan Story." 3589:Handley Page Victor 3498:conventional bombs 3433:Olympus 200-series 3341:Mach 0.93 indicated 3244: 3095:Max takeoff weight: 2995:(G-VULC), based at 2922:Brazilian Air Force 2807:forces in the spin. 2010:, was delivered to 1928:Brazilian Air Force 1782:Blackburn Buccaneer 1728:Farnborough Airshow 1676:Handley Page Victor 1568:Operation Skyshield 1492:XA897 was destroyed 1472:Operational history 1414:Rolls-Royce Olympus 1400:Rolls-Royce Olympus 1281:(inboard) and four 1042:radar cross-section 934:Ministry of Defence 892:Handley-Page Victor 687:Armstrong Whitworth 641:uncontrollable dive 606:in September 1958. 389:vertical stabilizer 358:and chief designer 49:General information 10416:Blue Water missile 7683:Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 7521:Stealth Warplanes. 7519:Richardson, Doug. 7269:Hearn, Chester G. 7226:Aeroplane Monthly, 7148:(RAF Illustrated). 6831:on 2 February 2014 6410:, 18 October 2007. 6225:Halley 2003, p. 8. 5885:2007, pp. 158–159. 5420:"Bomex By Vulcan." 5409:, 28 October 2012. 5102:National Archives. 4990:Wynn 1997, p. 151. 4981:Wynn 1997, p. 321. 4922:Wynn 1997, p. 137. 4824:Dawson 1957, p. 3. 4430:Wynn 1997, p. 401. 4376:Wynn 1997, p. 314. 4367:Wynn 1997, p. 154. 4268:Wynn 1997, p. 145. 3696:Armstrong Siddeley 3674:electronic warfare 3520:conventional bombs 3367:Electrical system 3243:Variants compared 3242: 3180:conventional bombs 3021: 2987:(G-VJET) based at 2965: 2949:Surviving aircraft 2937:Robin Hood Airport 2851:Air Training Corps 2768:Kingston upon Hull 2714:Battle of Britain 2697: 2519: 2363: 2113:Rolls-Royce RB.199 2074:in September 1958. 2032: 1894: 1865:on the Falklands. 1827: 1819: 1731: 1686:was positioned in 1660:, was fitted with 1624:casing containing 1551: 1503: 1448:Rolls-Royce Conway 1436: 1410: 1388:brake accumulators 1311:starter-generators 1247: 1214:tail warning radar 1102: 1067: 971: 963: 830: 726: 715:tail warning radar 668:Vulcan B.1 and B1A 593:Rolls-Royce Conway 506: 477:Roland "Roly" Falk 454: 372:Alexander Lippisch 344:Ministry of Supply 320: 176: 10487:Low-wing aircraft 10439: 10438: 10404: 10403: 10344: 10343: 10336:Chevaline upgrade 10273: 10272: 10234:(1960, cancelled) 10225: 10224: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10034: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9415: 8474: 7995: 7755:Vulcans in Camera 7750:Vulcan to the Sky 7731:978-0-85979-127-4 7628:Wilson, Stewart. 7412:978-1-86126-945-4 7365:Jackson, Robert. 7350:Jackson, Robert. 7264:978-0-571-24794-3 7177:Frawley, Gerard. 7156:978-1-84799-237-6 7084:978-1-85821-899-1 7069:978-1-57356-557-8 7052:978-1-84603-297-4 7034:978-1-84908-339-3 7024:Brookes, Andrew. 7002:978-1-904943-88-4 6987:978-0-9511710-9-7 6909:Lednicer, David. 6509:National Archives 6484:National Archives 5914:1996, pp. 67, 78. 5847:978-1-84799-237-6 5767:, 29 April 2010. 5740:Bull 2004, p. 84. 4730:Wynn 1997, p. 50. 4535:"Avro Type List." 4220:Wynn 1997, p. 62. 3970:978 1 84884 284 7 3946:Wynn 1997, p. 47. 3928:Wynn 1997, p. 18. 3529: 3528: 2756:Trenton, Michigan 2652: 2651: 2615:transition to war 2464:) until June 2023 2360:Avro Vulcan XH558 2344: 2343: 2137:anti-flash" white 2105:Rolls-Royce Speys 1797:Conventional role 1726:taking off, 2008 1582:Nuclear deterrent 1277:The B.1 had four 1191:inertial platform 1158:to determine the 1035:centre of gravity 1008:navigator plotter 711:stand-off missile 514:vortex generators 337:Manhattan Project 328:nuclear deterrent 263:aerial refuelling 198:, high-altitude, 164: 163: 128:Introduction date 10499: 10379:-class submarine 10370:-class submarine 10360:launch platforms 10357: 10356: 10299:-class submarine 10286: 10285: 10238: 10237: 10098: 10097: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10043: 10042: 10022:Roe III Triplane 9429: 9428: 8472: 7993: 7956: 7955: 7890:Roe III Triplane 7865: 7864: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7821: 7820: 7790:the Vulcan Story 7643:Wynn, Humphrey. 7606:White, Rowland. 7564:Stephens, Alan. 7336:Jackson Robert. 7322:Jackson Robert. 7217:978-19021-0917-6 7007:Braybrook, Roy. 6992:Blackman, Tony. 6958: 6955: 6944: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6868:. Archived from 6861: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6824:. Archived from 6823: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6800: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6750: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6572: 6571: 6568:Spokesman-Review 6560: 6554: 6553: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6487: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6441: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6375: 6372: 6361: 6358: 6347: 6344: 6335: 6332: 6323: 6320: 6307: 6304: 6295: 6292: 6283: 6280: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6195: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6147: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5856: 5850: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5750: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5719:, 31 March 1998. 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5691:. Archived from 5680: 5674: 5671: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5471: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5426: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4923: 4920: 4909: 4906: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4695: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4644:10.2307/20634276 4627: 4621: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4576: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4338: 4332:16,000 lb Thrust 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4017: 4014: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3984: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3868:on 6 August 2020 3854: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3700:Bristol Siddeley 3698:in 1959 to form 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3356:Service ceiling 3245: 3241: 3173: 3154:Service ceiling: 3125: 3033: 2989:Southend Airport 2928:to escort it to 2873:Vulcan B.2 XM645 2839:Fan Bwlch Chwyth 2779:Rongotai Airport 2734:crashed east of 2645: 2644: 2633: 2632: 2613:In the event of 2373: 2371: 2370: 2200: 2199: 2060:Engine test beds 2000:Lockheed TriStar 1943:No. 543 Squadron 1859:Ascension Island 1849:Falkland Islands 1773:tactical nuclear 1651:Yellow Sun Mk.1. 1440:Rolls-Royce Avon 1272:General Dynamics 1227:infra-red decoys 1075:anti-flash white 864:Export proposals 679:anti-flash white 600:a flying display 561:after rejecting 200:strategic bomber 172:anti-flash white 58:Strategic bomber 33: 21: 20: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10425: 10400: 10384: 10352: 10340: 10319: 10303: 10289:Launch platform 10281: 10269: 10253: 10233: 10221: 10175: 10144: 10122: 10108:Vickers Valiant 10093: 10085: 10076: 10070: 10040: 10031: 10027:Roe IV Triplane 10017:Roe II Triplane 9960: 9889: 9833: 9766: 9765:Maritime patrol 9760: 9664: 9503: 9412: 8464: 8458: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7899: 7895:Roe IV Triplane 7885:Roe II Triplane 7860: 7854: 7848: 7795:article of 1958 7741: 7736: 7703:Holmes, Harry. 7666:Arnold, Lorna. 7662: 7660:Further reading 7284:Jackson, A. J. 7207:Gibson, Chris. 7096:Buttler, Tony. 7074:Bulman, Craig. 7057:Bull, Stephen. 6967: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6872:on 14 July 2014 6862: 6858: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6819:"Archived copy" 6817: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6687: 6685: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6625:Ranter, Harro. 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6601:Wayback Machine 6591: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6442: 6438: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6364: 6359: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5857: 5853: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5773:Wayback Machine 5765:Royal Air Force 5760: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5689:Air & Space 5681: 5677: 5672: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5507:airspacemag.com 5502:Mola, Roger A. 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5429: 5418:Lambert, C. M. 5417: 5413: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5377:Wayback Machine 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4687:Gunston, W. T. 4686: 4682: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4628: 4624: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4309: 4302: 4298:intro. Para. 1. 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4053:Flying Magazine 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3710: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3603:Vickers Valiant 3571:Aviation portal 3569: 3564: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3497: 3495: 3456: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3400:Ram air turbine 3392: 3347: 3342: 3324:Cruising speed 3315: 3240: 3174: 3169: 3121: 3029: 3013: 2969:XH558 (G-VLCN) 2957: 2951: 2894:ram air turbine 2833:crashed in the 2831:Cottesmore Wing 2797:No. 50 Squadron 2732:No. 83 Squadron 2705: 2660: 2642: 2631: 2611: 2605: 2478: 2388:Royal Air Force 2368: 2366: 2349: 2335: 2318: 2302: 2286: 2270: 2254: 2238: 2222: 2195: 2157:Ram Air Turbine 2129: 2062: 2038: 2020: 1991: 1939: 1833: 1799: 1790:Panavia Tornado 1744:Robert McNamara 1740:John F. Kennedy 1672:Yellow Sun Mk 2 1658:Yellow Sun Mk 2 1584: 1508:No. 83 Squadron 1479: 1474: 1402: 1396: 1357:ram air turbine 1299: 1235: 1187:dual-gyroscopic 1143:radio compass ( 1107: 1055: 1020:T4 (Blue Devil) 1004:navigator radar 976: 959:Duxford Airshow 951: 899:strike aircraft 866: 849: 811:stainless steel 789: 762: 696: 670: 665: 647:by executing a 633:flight envelope 629: 619:(A&AEE) at 612: 534:Bristol Olympus 518:compressibility 498: 493: 460: 434: 309: 303: 298: 243:nuclear weapons 214:. Of the three 204:Royal Air Force 148: 101:Royal Air Force 82:Hawker Siddeley 80: 64:National origin 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10505: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10437: 10436: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10373: 10372:(1994–present) 10363: 10361: 10354: 10353:(1994–present) 10346: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10292: 10290: 10283: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10244: 10242: 10235: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10187:Mk.1 atom bomb 10183: 10181: 10177: 10176: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10104: 10102: 10095: 10091:V bomber force 10087: 10086: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10074:United Kingdom 10069: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10012:Roe I Triplane 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9926:Antarctic Baby 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9741:Manchester (2) 9738: 9736:Manchester (1) 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 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7862: 7856: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7810: 7796: 7787: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7760:Vulcan history 7757: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7739:External links 7737: 7735: 7734: 7719:McLelland, Tim 7716: 7701: 7694: 7679: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7641: 7626: 7619: 7604: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7562: 7549:Segell, Glen. 7547: 7532: 7517: 7502: 7487: 7475:Air Enthusiast 7470: 7452: 7437: 7422: 7415: 7402:Jones, Barry. 7400: 7385: 7370: 7363: 7348: 7334: 7320: 7297: 7282: 7267: 7252: 7237: 7219: 7205: 7192:Gallop, Alan. 7190: 7175: 7168: 7159: 7143:Darling, Kev. 7141: 7126: 7114:Air Enthusiast 7109: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7055: 7037: 7022: 7005: 6990: 6977:Baxter, Alan. 6975: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6856: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6772: 6763: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6724: 6715: 6706: 6694: 6667: 6641: 6632: 6617: 6608: 6592:Bak, Richard. 6585: 6573: 6555: 6537: 6528: 6513: 6500: 6488: 6473: 6464: 6436: 6421: 6412: 6397: 6388: 6376: 6362: 6348: 6336: 6324: 6308: 6296: 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4844: 4835: 4826: 4817: 4798: 4794:Aircrew Manual 4786: 4782:Aircrew Manual 4774: 4765: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4723: 4719:Aircrew Manual 4711: 4696: 4680: 4665: 4656: 4622: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4571: 4554: 4542: 4538:Avro Heritage. 4522: 4508: 4490: 4481: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4339: 4324: 4315: 4300: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4039: 4030: 4018: 4004: 3995: 3986:Gunston, W.T. 3974: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3894: 3879: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3773: 3771:of about 0.07. 3769:position error 3760: 3747: 3730: 3721: 3708: 3687: 3678: 3664: 3655: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3591: 3586: 3575: 3574: 3560: 3544: 3541: 3536:Main article: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3510:1 × free-fall 3499: 3488:1 × free-fall 3486: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455:Fuel capacity 3452: 3451: 3448: 3441: 3438:Fuel capacity 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3136:Maximum speed: 3133: 3130:Maximum speed: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3101:Fuel capacity: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3084:NACA 0008 mod. 3077:NACA 0010 mod. 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3026:Polmar, Laming 3012: 3009: 2953:Main article: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2933: 2918:Rio de Janeiro 2913: 2897: 2889: 2869: 2862:No.44 Squadron 2858: 2854: 2846: 2835:Brecon Beacons 2827: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2771: 2763: 2728: 2701:Main article: 2689: 2688: 2671: 2650: 2649: 2638: 2637: 2636:External image 2630: 2627: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2576:RAF Waddington 2573: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2540:RAF Finningley 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2523:RAF Cottesmore 2511: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2375:United Kingdom 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2203:Contract date 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2100: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2061: 2058: 2034:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2012:RAF Waddington 1990: 1987: 1938: 1937:Reconnaissance 1935: 1916:Rio de Janeiro 1867:Victor tankers 1798: 1795: 1786:SEPECAT Jaguar 1748:Skybolt Crisis 1632:kiloton-of-TNT 1583: 1580: 1576:Washington, DC 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1346:constant-speed 1344:engine-driven 1309:engine-driven 1298: 1295: 1270:TFR, built by 1234: 1231: 1106: 1103: 1063:RAF Mildenhall 1054: 1053:Colour schemes 1051: 1000:ejection seats 989:pressure cabin 975: 972: 950: 947: 925: 924: 922: 901:, such as the 876: 875: 873: 865: 862: 845:Main article: 843: 842: 822: 821: 799: 798: 796: 785:Main article: 783: 782: 780: 769: 768: 766: 761: 758: 738:GAM-87 Skybolt 695: 692: 669: 666: 664: 661: 628: 625: 611: 608: 497: 494: 492: 489: 456:Main article: 433: 430: 414:Short Brothers 302: 299: 297: 294: 162: 161: 155: 154:Developed into 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 139:30 August 1952 137: 133: 132: 131:September 1956 129: 125: 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7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7574:0-644-24388-0 7571: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559:1-901414-03-5 7556: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544:1-56347-361-5 7541: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7529:0-7603-1051-3 7526: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7514:1-84425-831-9 7511: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7499:1-59114-686-0 7496: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7467:1-85605-701-1 7464: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7449:1-84037-086-6 7446: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7434:1-891121-05-7 7431: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7397:0-07-134694-5 7394: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7382:1-84037-141-2 7379: 7375: 7372:Jefford,C.G. 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360:0-671-61953-5 7357: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7333: 7332:0-850-59630-0 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7309:1-874023-70-0 7306: 7302: 7301:Wings of Fame 7298: 7295: 7294:0-85177-834-8 7291: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279:0-8117-3398-X 7276: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249:1-84415-426-2 7246: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222:Gunston, Bill 7220: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7202:0-7509-3840-4 7199: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187:1-875671-55-2 7184: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7138:1-58007-023-X 7135: 7131: 7128:Darling Kev. 7127: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7107: 7106:1-85780-130-X 7103: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7019:0-85045-493-X 7016: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6940: 6931: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6846: 6827: 6820: 6814: 6805: 6796: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6701: 6699: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6636: 6628: 6621: 6612: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6532: 6525: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6468: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6416: 6409: 6406: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6261: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6222: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6153: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5943:2007, p. 159. 5942: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5920: 5913: 5912:Wings of Fame 5907: 5900: 5899:Wings of Fame 5894: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5859:Chris Chant, 5855: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836:Kev Darling, 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5737: 5735: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5597: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5567:Wings of Fame 5562: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5357: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5279: 5270: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5191: 5184: 5183:Pilot's Notes 5179: 5172: 5167: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5126:Pilot's Notes 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5075:Pilot's Notes 5071: 5064: 5063:Pilot's Notes 5059: 5052: 5051:Pilot's Notes 5047: 5040: 5039:Pilot's Notes 5035: 5028: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4956:Pilot's Notes 4952: 4945: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4813: 4812:New Scientist 4809: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4753: 4752:Pilot's Notes 4748: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4707:Pilot's Notes 4703: 4701: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4674: 4669: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4319: 4312: 4311:Pilot's Notes 4307: 4305: 4297: 4296:Pilot's Notes 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4236: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3782:Tony Blackman 3777: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3743:Hawker Hunter 3740: 3734: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3609:Related lists 3604: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3594:Tupolev Tu-16 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3572: 3561: 3558: 3547: 3539: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3323: 3322: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3298: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3164: 3162: 3161:Thrust/weight 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142:Cruise speed: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089:Empty weight: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2956: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926:Northrop F-5s 2923: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877:No.9 Squadron 2874: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Lake St Clair 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2619:Beagle Basset 2616: 2610: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2496:RAF Coningsby 2494: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2448: 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1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Falklands War 1837: 1832: 1823: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1601:hydrogen bomb 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Barksdale AFB 1557: 1547: 1543: 1542:intensified. 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:Doppler radar 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:H2S Mk9 radar 1133: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 967: 960: 955: 946: 944: 940: 935: 931: 923: 920: 919: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 874: 871: 870: 869: 861: 858: 854: 848: 840: 839: 838: 836: 826: 819: 818: 817: 815: 812: 808: 804: 797: 795:Avro Type 732 794: 793: 792: 788: 787:Avro Atlantic 781: 779:Avro Atlantic 778: 777: 776: 774: 767: 765:Avro Type 718 764: 763: 757: 755: 751: 745: 742: 739: 736: 730: 722: 718: 716: 712: 709: 705: 700: 691: 688: 683: 680: 676: 660: 657: 655: 650: 644: 642: 638: 634: 624: 622: 621:Boscombe Down 618: 607: 605: 601: 597: 594: 589: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 519: 515: 511: 502: 488: 486: 480: 478: 474: 473:ejection seat 470: 466: 459: 451: 447: 443: 438: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 406: 401: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 361: 360:Stuart Davies 357: 352: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 329: 325: 318: 313: 308: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 254: 252: 251:Falklands War 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 173: 168: 159: 158:Avro Atlantic 156: 152: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 10431:part of the 10376: 10367: 10296: 10202:Green Bamboo 10149:bomb casings 10112: 9965:Experimental 9755: 9615:Super Trader 9337: 9107: 9087: 8428: 7952:designations 7904:Type letters 7868:Roe aircraft 7861:designations 7813: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7783: 7722: 7704: 7697: 7682: 7667: 7644: 7629: 7622: 7607: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7565: 7550: 7535: 7520: 7505: 7490: 7473: 7458: 7440: 7439:Lake, Alan. 7425: 7418: 7403: 7388: 7373: 7366: 7351: 7338:Avro Vulcan. 7337: 7324:Avro Vulcan. 7323: 7300: 7285: 7270: 7255: 7240: 7225: 7208: 7193: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7145: 7130:Avro Vulcan. 7129: 7112: 7097: 7090: 7075: 7059: 7041: 7025: 7009: 6993: 6978: 6971: 6965:Bibliography 6939: 6930: 6918:. Retrieved 6914: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6874:. Retrieved 6870:the original 6859: 6833:. Retrieved 6826:the original 6813: 6804: 6795: 6784: 6775: 6766: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6686:, retrieved 6681: 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6653: 6644: 6635: 6620: 6611: 6606:, July 2008. 6604:Hour Detroit 6603: 6588: 6567: 6558: 6550:Toledo Blade 6549: 6540: 6531: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6503: 6483: 6476: 6467: 6455:. Retrieved 6449: 6439: 6431: 6424: 6415: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6221: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6029: 6020: 5999: 5990: 5982: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5940: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5901:1996, p. 67. 5898: 5882: 5877: 5860: 5854: 5837: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5779: 5764: 5745: 5724: 5716: 5709: 5697:. Retrieved 5693:the original 5688: 5678: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5596: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5569:1996, p. 48. 5566: 5561: 5537: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5506: 5498: 5489: 5455: 5448: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5399: 5387: 5379: 5365: 5356: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4977: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4691: 4683: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4557: 4537: 4511: 4493: 4484: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4310: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4186: 4177: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4052: 4042: 4033: 3998: 3990: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3866:the original 3861: 3852: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3776: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3733: 3724: 3716: 3711: 3690: 3681: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3608: 3607: 3577: 3576: 3514: 3512:nuclear bomb 3506: 3492: 3490:nuclear bomb 3423:Olympus 104 3170: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3022: 2970: 2966: 2804: 2727:maintenance. 2715: 2712:RAF Syerston 2708:Vulcan VX770 2679: 2612: 2553:RAF Scampton 2482:RAF Akrotiri 2441:617 squadron 2435:101 squadron 2356: 2332: 2313:22 Jan 1958 2297:25 Feb 1956 2281:31 Mar 1955 2265:30 Sep 1954 2249:30 Sep 1954 2233:14 Aug 1952 2196: 2039: 2007: 2005: 1996:Vickers VC10 1992: 1980: 1964:air sampling 1961: 1940: 1931:Northrop F-5 1908: 1898:Port Stanley 1895: 1875:Vickers VC10 1871: 1852: 1838: 1834: 1770: 1751: 1732: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1683: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1604: 1596: 1593:gravity bomb 1587: 1585: 1552: 1532:RAF Akrotiri 1516: 1512:101 Squadron 1504: 1484:Commonwealth 1480: 1477:Introduction 1467: 1452: 1437: 1411: 1377: 1370: 1339: 1331:transformers 1319:single-phase 1300: 1276: 1267: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1200: 1184: 1134: 1108: 1083: 1068: 1039: 1031: 1016:bomb-aimer's 996:Martin-Baker 993: 977: 926: 896: 877: 867: 850: 831: 800: 790: 770: 746: 731: 727: 701: 697: 684: 671: 663:Into service 658: 645: 630: 613: 604:RAF Syerston 590: 583: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 552: 544: 542: 523: 507: 481: 461: 402: 363: 356:Roy Chadwick 353: 346:distributed 341: 321: 273: 267: 259:redesignated 255: 224: 183: 179: 177: 136:First flight 120:Manufactured 107:Number built 97:Primary user 73:Manufacturer 35:Avro Vulcan 18: 10452:Avro Vulcan 10377:Dreadnought 10282:(1968–1996) 10241:launch site 10231:Blue Streak 10207:Green Grass 10192:Violet Club 10156:Blue Danube 10141:(cancelled) 10113:Avro Vulcan 10094:(1955–1993) 9946:Cabin Cadet 9751:Silver King 9595:Lancastrian 7455:Laming, Tim 6835:10 February 6457:18 November 5699:9 September 4638:(2): 7–27, 3717:Green Grass 3704:Rolls-Royce 3457:(bomb bay) 3421:4 × Bristol 3335:Max. speed 3193:Violet Club 3186:Blue Danube 3123:Performance 3107:Powerplant: 2905:Meigs Field 2781:. After a " 2777:, formerly 2744:Lincoln AFB 2676:load factor 2429:83 squadron 2423:50 squadron 2417:44 squadron 2411:35 squadron 2405:27 squadron 2399:12 squadron 2321:Vulcan B.2 2305:Vulcan B.2 2289:Vulcan B.2 2273:Vulcan B.2 2257:Vulcan B.1 2241:Vulcan B.1 2225:Prototypes 2217:6 Jul 1948 2072:fatal crash 1885:locations. 1845:Argentinian 1736:B.3 variant 1668:W28 warhead 1646:Green Grass 1641:Violet Club 1627:Green Grass 1622:Blue Danube 1597:Blue Danube 1589:Blue Danube 1349:alternators 1327:three-phase 1164:drift angle 1160:groundspeed 1153:Green Satin 888:Boeing B-47 809:supersonic 649:barrel roll 549:Avro Canada 510:Farnborough 450:delta wings 385:flying wing 296:Development 249:during the 188:jet-powered 180:Avro Vulcan 170:Vulcans in 41:Farnborough 24:Avro Vulcan 10446:Categories 10297:Resolution 10166:Yellow Sun 10134:Blue Steel 9956:Water Baby 9824:Shackleton 9814:Arrowscout 9600:Lincolnian 9508:Transports 7994:(wing set) 7346:1852600101 6451:Pathé News 5980:"Defence." 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3329:indicated 3267:Wingspan 3224:Red Beard 3204:Project E 3198:1 × U.S. 3138:Mach 0.96 3050:Wingspan: 3024:Data from 2924:sent two 2720:starboard 2347:Operators 2206:Quantity 2168:B.2 (MRR) 2068:turbofans 1883:hardpoint 1861:to reach 1700:warhead. 1688:Singapore 1684:Red Beard 1616:Red Beard 1611:Project E 1564:McCoy AFB 1520:Singapore 1335:inverters 1291:airbrakes 1279:elevators 1264:autopilot 1243:Roly Falk 1211:Red Steer 1170:, and an 1023:bombsight 921:Argentina 907:BAC TSR-2 872:Australia 775:engines. 704:Roy Ewans 637:buffeting 526:Roly Falk 442:Avro 707s 398:bomb bays 377:empennage 307:V bombers 220:Avro 707s 216:V bombers 123:1956–1965 10477:Quadjets 10368:Vanguard 10324:warheads 10308:missiles 10258:warheads 10212:Red Snow 10180:warheads 10127:missiles 10101:Aircraft 10083:Timeline 9838:Fighters 9711:Antelope 9585:Eighteen 9432:Trainers 8465:projects 7961:aircraft 7853:aircraft 7809:magazine 6920:16 April 6845:cite web 6597:Archived 6524:BBC News 6408:BBC News 5910:Jackson 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7482: 7465: 7447: 7432: 7410: 7395: 7380: 7358: 7344: 7330: 7315: 7307: 7292: 7277: 7262: 7247: 7232: 7215: 7200: 7185: 7154: 7136: 7121: 7104: 7082: 7067: 7050: 7032: 7017: 7000: 6985: 6876:9 June 6688:19 May 6660:19 May 5939:Jones 5881:Jones 5872:(p.92) 5868: 5845: 4692:Flight 4650: 4565: 4335:Flight 3991:Flight 3968: 3890:Flight 3745:tanks. 3370:112 V 3200:Mark 5 3148:Range: 2991:, and 2885:Żabbar 2790:Filton 2740:busbar 2471:(BLEU) 2372: 2329:Total 2212:Notes 2030:, 2015 1924:mayday 1920:Brazil 1879:Shrike 1815:Brazil 1788:, and 1765:WE.177 1680:SACEUR 1536:Cyprus 1394:Engine 1321:115 V 1259:Smiths 1223:L band 1216:; and 1071:radome 1065:, 1984 1027:Vinten 949:Design 915:F-111K 814:canard 754:WE.177 575:Vulcan 569:, and 567:Apollo 559:Albion 554:Flight 545:Ottawa 89:Status 43:, 2015 9997:Burga 9931:Avian 9819:Bison 9809:Anson 9655:XXIII 9630:Tudor 9580:Eight 9565:Anson 9489:Tutor 9479:Cadet 9469:Anson 7959:Built 6829:(PDF) 6822:(PDF) 4648:JSTOR 3641:Notes 3524:None 3460:None 3445:avtur 3253:B.1A 3074:root: 3038:Crew: 2993:XM655 2985:XL426 2476:Bases 2088:1962. 2054:XH558 2050:XL426 2008:XH561 1957:LORAN 1724:XH558 1572:NORAD 1524:SEATO 1365:Rover 1218:chaff 1196:LORAN 1180:Decca 1176:TACAN 981:spars 961:2012 773:BOl.3 465:VX784 409:HP.80 286:XH558 282:XM655 278:XL426 270:XH558 39:over 37:XH558 9941:Baby 9936:Avis 9875:Pike 9746:Pike 9660:York 9650:XXII 9590:Five 9425:Role 8968:685B 7859:Avro 7851:Avro 7727:ISBN 7709:ISBN 7687:ISBN 7672:ISBN 7649:ISBN 7634:ISBN 7612:ISBN 7597:ISBN 7570:ISBN 7555:ISBN 7540:ISBN 7525:ISBN 7510:ISBN 7495:ISBN 7480:ISSN 7463:ISBN 7445:ISBN 7430:ISBN 7408:ISBN 7393:ISBN 7378:ISBN 7356:ISBN 7342:ISBN 7328:ISBN 7313:ISSN 7305:ISBN 7290:ISBN 7275:ISBN 7260:ISBN 7245:ISBN 7230:ISSN 7213:ISBN 7198:ISBN 7183:ISBN 7152:ISBN 7134:ISBN 7119:ISSN 7102:ISBN 7080:ISBN 7065:ISBN 7048:ISBN 7030:ISBN 7015:ISBN 6998:ISBN 6983:ISBN 6922:2019 6878:2014 6851:link 6837:2016 6690:2020 6662:2020 6459:2021 5866:ISBN 5843:ISBN 5701:2013 4563:ISBN 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